Article(id=1199644781522551033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199644777219191267, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1668268800000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-13, revisedDate=1671379200000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763947204237, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1703001600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763947204237, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763947204237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763947204237, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199644777219191267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='135', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763947203211, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563728010, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210619277716099586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199644777219191267, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210619277716099587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199644777219191267, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=85, endPage=91, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199644781979730172, articleId=1199644781522551033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of interface contact state and temperature on interfacial breakdown voltage and morphology of cable accessories, columnId=1199644778280350182, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Advanced Electrical Materials for Large Capacity Offshore Wind Power Transmission, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The cable joint interface is easy to discharge along the surface, which would lead to insulation failure, making it become the weakest link in the power cable system. In this paper, the effects of different interface roughness, pressure, and temperature on the AC breakdown voltage of the silicone rubber/polyethylene double-layer dielectric interface were investigated, and the interface discharge channels after breakdown were analyzed. The results show that the interface breakdown voltage at room temperature is related to the interface roughness. The higher the interface smooth degree, the higher the interface breakdown voltage, and the smaller the interface carbonization area. The bigger the interface pressure, the higher the interface breakdown voltage, while the interface carbonization area increases at first and then decreases. With the increase of temperature, the interface breakdown voltage decreases, but the breakdown voltage at higher temperature does not decrease significantly. In addition, the interface carbonization area increases at first and then decreases with the increase of temperature, and the change of interface contact state at different temperatures is one of the main reasons affecting its properties. The interface state of cable accessories has a significant impact on their interface breakdown characteristics, which should be paid attention to during cable operation and maintenance.

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由于电缆接头界面易产生沿面放电,进而引发绝缘故障,使其成为电力电缆系统中最为薄弱的环节。本文研究了不同界面粗糙度、压强及温度对硅橡胶/聚乙烯双层介质界面交流击穿电压的影响,并对击穿后的界面放电通道进行分析。结果表明:常温下界面击穿电压与界面粗糙度有关,界面光滑程度越高,界面击穿电压越高,且界面碳化区域越小。界面压强越大,界面击穿电压越高,而界面碳化区域呈先增大后减小的趋势。随着温度升高,界面击穿电压呈下降趋势,但高温下的击穿电压并未显著下降。此外,界面碳化区域随温度的升高呈先增大后减小的趋势,不同温度下界面接触状态变化是影响其特性的主要原因。电缆附件界面状态对界面击穿特性有着重要影响,故在电缆使用和维护的过程中应特别注意。

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张天峰(1999-),男(汉族),江苏南通人,硕士生,主要从事电缆附件故障检测的研究。
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吴凯(1990-),男(汉族),安徽枞阳人,工程师,主要从事电网运维检修管理、设备管理的研究。

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吴凯(1990-),男(汉族),安徽枞阳人,工程师,主要从事电网运维检修管理、设备管理的研究。

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吴凯(1990-),男(汉族),安徽枞阳人,工程师,主要从事电网运维检修管理、设备管理的研究。

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界面接触状态和温度对电缆附件界面击穿电压和形态特性影响研究
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吴凯 1 , 吴少雷 1 , 冯玉 1 , 张天峰 2 , 池正南 2
绝缘材料 | 面向大容量海上风电送出的先进电工材料 2023,56(12): 85-91
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绝缘材料 | 面向大容量海上风电送出的先进电工材料 2023, 56(12): 85-91
界面接触状态和温度对电缆附件界面击穿电压和形态特性影响研究
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吴凯1, 吴少雷1, 冯玉1, 张天峰2, 池正南2
作者信息
  • 1国网安徽省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,安徽 合肥 230601
  • 2福州大学 电气工程与自动化学院,福建 福州 350108
  • 吴凯(1990-),男(汉族),安徽枞阳人,工程师,主要从事电网运维检修管理、设备管理的研究。

通讯作者:

张天峰(1999-),男(汉族),江苏南通人,硕士生,主要从事电缆附件故障检测的研究。
Effect of interface contact state and temperature on interfacial breakdown voltage and morphology of cable accessories
Kai WU1, Shaolei WU1, Yu FENG1, Tianfeng ZHANG2, Zhengnan CHI2
Affiliations
  • 1Electric Power Research Institute, Anhui Electric Power Company of State Grid, Hefei 230601, China
  • 2College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
出版时间: 2023-12-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.011
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由于电缆接头界面易产生沿面放电,进而引发绝缘故障,使其成为电力电缆系统中最为薄弱的环节。本文研究了不同界面粗糙度、压强及温度对硅橡胶/聚乙烯双层介质界面交流击穿电压的影响,并对击穿后的界面放电通道进行分析。结果表明:常温下界面击穿电压与界面粗糙度有关,界面光滑程度越高,界面击穿电压越高,且界面碳化区域越小。界面压强越大,界面击穿电压越高,而界面碳化区域呈先增大后减小的趋势。随着温度升高,界面击穿电压呈下降趋势,但高温下的击穿电压并未显著下降。此外,界面碳化区域随温度的升高呈先增大后减小的趋势,不同温度下界面接触状态变化是影响其特性的主要原因。电缆附件界面状态对界面击穿特性有着重要影响,故在电缆使用和维护的过程中应特别注意。

界面  /  电缆附件  /  硅橡胶  /  击穿电压  /  碳化

The cable joint interface is easy to discharge along the surface, which would lead to insulation failure, making it become the weakest link in the power cable system. In this paper, the effects of different interface roughness, pressure, and temperature on the AC breakdown voltage of the silicone rubber/polyethylene double-layer dielectric interface were investigated, and the interface discharge channels after breakdown were analyzed. The results show that the interface breakdown voltage at room temperature is related to the interface roughness. The higher the interface smooth degree, the higher the interface breakdown voltage, and the smaller the interface carbonization area. The bigger the interface pressure, the higher the interface breakdown voltage, while the interface carbonization area increases at first and then decreases. With the increase of temperature, the interface breakdown voltage decreases, but the breakdown voltage at higher temperature does not decrease significantly. In addition, the interface carbonization area increases at first and then decreases with the increase of temperature, and the change of interface contact state at different temperatures is one of the main reasons affecting its properties. The interface state of cable accessories has a significant impact on their interface breakdown characteristics, which should be paid attention to during cable operation and maintenance.

interface  /  cable accessories  /  silicone rubber  /  breakdown voltage  /  carbonization
吴凯, 吴少雷, 冯玉, 张天峰, 池正南. 界面接触状态和温度对电缆附件界面击穿电压和形态特性影响研究. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (12) : 85 -91 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.011
Kai WU, Shaolei WU, Yu FENG, Tianfeng ZHANG, Zhengnan CHI. Effect of interface contact state and temperature on interfacial breakdown voltage and morphology of cable accessories[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (12) : 85 -91 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.011
2021年我国首次将“双碳”目标写入政府工作报告,意味着现阶段能源的利用开始向低碳化、清洁化方向转变[1]。近年来,随着海上风电的战略地位不断提高,应用于大陆与海岛供电系统中的海底电缆需求也不断增加[2-4]。电缆系统通常包括电缆本体和电缆附件,在常用的电缆系统中,附件绝缘和电缆本体主绝缘通常采用不同的材料,使得电缆附件中存在多处不同绝缘介质界面。其中内屏蔽罩与外应力锥之间的界面最为关键,通常由内部的绝缘层和外部的附件绝缘层组成,一般“电缆接头界面”均指该区域的界面。事实上,电缆本体与附件绝缘之间易发生沿面放电的击穿,导致电缆附件成为整个电缆系统中最薄弱的地方[5-10]。据统计,大约70%的电缆故障是由电缆附件的故障引起[11-12]。不同于单一介质绝缘体表面的击穿,电缆附件内的复合界面击穿不仅与介质材料的绝缘性能有关,复合界面的接触状态和界面间隙填充物也是导致界面击穿的重要因素。
随着电缆的大量使用,电缆接头双层介质界面击穿故障逐渐引起研究人员的重视,已有学者针对电缆附件界面失效机理展开了研究。D FOURNIER等[13-15]研究了双层介质界面的交流击穿特性,结果发现界面击穿电压随着界面压强的增大而增大,而老化会降低界面压强,从而使得界面击穿电压降低。E KANTAR等[16-18]针对界面粗糙度、界面压力、材料弹性模量和复合介质填充物对双层介质界面击穿强度的影响开展了研究,结果发现界面交流击穿电压随着界面压强的增大而增大,弹性模量越小,其对界面压强的影响越显著。此外,还发现使用绝缘油充满界面空腔有利于提高界面击穿电压。杜伯学课题组[19-21]研究分析了双层介质界面击穿电压随粗糙度、界面压强等因素的变化,并基于分形维数研究了XLPE表面的破坏现象,结果发现界面粗糙程度越大,界面放电光越强,电痕破坏通道越宽。另外,电痕的破坏通道随着压力的增加而变窄且更加规则。
目前研究学者针对界面粗糙度、界面压强对双层介质界面击穿电压的影响进行了相关研究,而关于界面接触状态和温度对界面击穿电压以及击穿特性的研究还有所缺乏。因此,本文选取电缆附件用绝缘材料硅橡胶(silicone rubber, SR)和聚乙烯(polyethylene, PE)材料,搭建多物理场下界面击穿试验平台,研究在交流电压下,不同界面粗糙程度、不同界面压强及不同温度对SR/PE复合界面击穿电压的影响规律,对击穿后的界面进行拍摄,分析不同条件下界面击穿形态的微观特性;基于此,对多物理场下SR/PE界面击穿的影响过程进行分析与讨论。
采用中蓝晨光的双组分液体硅橡胶为原材料,制备厚度为2 mm的块状样品。首先以1∶1的质量比称取双组分SR,将其放入悬臂式搅拌器搅拌20 min以上,使其充分混和;接着将混合完成的原料放入真空干燥箱处理10 min,以去除材料中的气泡;最后将原料注入模具,使用平板硫化机在165℃、5 MPa下进行硫化,得到尺寸为40 mm×40 mm×2 mm的试验样品。
选用万河塑胶绝缘材料公司的PE材料,从PE上切取长宽均为40 mm、厚度为1 mm的薄片作为试验样品。之后分别使用80、400、600、1 000、2 000目的磨砂纸对PE样品进行打磨,并使用无水乙醇进行清洗,制成5种不同粗糙度的薄片试样。根据界面粗糙度的不同,将打磨完的聚乙烯试样分别记为PEg80、PEg400、PEg600、PEg1000、PEg2000,而SR/PEg80则代表由SR试片与80目磨砂纸打磨过的PE试片组成的复合样品,其余样品命名方式以此类推。
图1(a)(b)分别为SR/PE双层介质界面试样布置和界面电极布置。使用厚度为0.05 mm的铜箔作为界面电极,采用尖-板电极模型,其具体参数如图1(b)所示。
为了对试样施加一定的压力,本文采用如图2所示的界面施压装置。该装置主要由3块有机玻璃板、环氧树脂材料的螺栓和螺母以及压力传感器组成。有机玻璃板四角的孔径略大于螺栓直径,故螺栓与玻璃板之间的力可以忽略不计。上两片板中间放置试样,下两片板之间放置压力传感器。试验前旋紧螺母,压力通过螺栓传至板间。压力传感器的示数即可认为是试样所受的力。
图3为交流电压下的界面击穿试验平台,由交流高压电源、调压器、交流阻容分压器、保护电阻、试验区域等组成。试验区域主要包括SR/PE界面试样、烘箱以及界面施压装置。
界面粗糙度和界面压强组的试验均在25 ℃、70%湿度下进行。界面温度组的温度通过图3中试验区域中的鼓风干燥箱控制。试验前,将样品放置在干燥箱中静置30 min使其充分受热。试验中采用短时快速加压的方式,以0.5 kV/s的升压速率进行击穿试验。不同的变量组分别进行10次击穿试验,将10次击穿电压取平均值作为该变量下SR/PE界面的击穿电压。将击穿后的PE、SR界面放置在光学显微镜下观察击穿通道。
图4为不同粗糙程度的SR/PE试样在0.1 MPa压强下的界面击穿电压分布规律。从图4可以看出,SR/PEg2000样品的界面击穿电压最高为17.7 kV,而SR/PEg80样品的界面击穿电压仅为10.1 kV。试验结果表明双层介质界面的击穿电压受界面粗糙度的影响显著,界面越光滑越有利于提高界面的击穿电压。此外,由于未打磨的PE样品在制备过程中表面难免会存在一些划痕、微凹槽等缺陷[21],界面的光滑程度反而不如由细密的2 000目磨砂纸打磨的PE界面,因此其击穿电压低于SR/PEg2000样品。
图5为PE和SR界面的接触示意图。实际在粗糙面接触时,都是由表面上最高的微凸体先接触,因此两个介质界面的接触可视为粗糙面上不规则的微凸体之间的接触[22]。从图5(a)可以看出,使用80目磨砂纸打磨的PE表面的微凸体高度随机分布,PE与SR的真实接触面积较小,界面间隙数量少但尺寸大。间隙中的气体是影响界面击穿的重要因素,与固体介质相比,空气的介电常数较小,导致空气在更低的电压下引发局部放电和击穿,因此试样SR/PEg80的界面击穿电压最低。从图5(b)可知,使用2 000目磨砂纸打磨的PE板表面光滑,PE表面的微凸体高度分度较为规整,PE与SR的真实接触面积较大,界面间隙的数量多且尺寸小,总的间隙体积小,因此SR/PEg2000击穿电压高。
图6为不同粗糙度下SR/PE样品界面击穿后的图像,其中(a1)~(a5)为PE界面,(b1)~(b5)为SR界面,图像中棕黄略带黑色的部分为碳化区域。从图6可以明显看出碳化区域的碳痕主要留在PE表面,而在SR表面的碳痕相较于PE表面并不明显。因此后续主要针对击穿后的PE界面的击穿形态图像进行分析。
图7给出了双层介质界面碳痕演变的示意图。随着界面电压的升高,间隙中的气体率先被击穿,出现放电现象。随着放电的进行,高能粒子产生的能量使得PE材料表面的C=C、C-H键逐渐被打断,缺陷表面开始出现碳化现象,碳颗粒随着碳化析出随机附着在PE表面。随着电压的不断升高,PE表面碳化越来越严重,界面的碳颗粒逐渐联结形成碳痕。随着电场的进一步增大,碳化现象愈加严重,最终界面的碳颗粒相互连接成一个完整的通道贯穿整个界面,又由于碳颗粒具有一定的导电性,此时相当于将高压电极和接地极短路,导致界面绝缘完全失效。
此外,从图6(a1)(a5)可以发现,随着界面光滑程度的提高,碳化区域减小。这是因为碳化区域的大小与放电的随机性相关。界面越光滑,PE和SR界面间的间隙总尺寸越小,使得放电的随机性降低,从起始放电到界面击穿,所有的放电路径几乎在同一位置,同一位置的界面被反复破坏,致使碳化现象出现的地方集中,即碳化区域减小[21]
图8为SR/PEg400样品在0.05、0.075、0.10、0.20及0.30 MPa压强下的界面击穿电压。从图8可以看出,在0.05 MPa的界面压强下,界面的击穿电压最低为5.9 kV。当压强增大至0.10 MPa时,界面击穿电压快速上升至11.1 kV,上升幅度为88.1%。后期随着界面压强的进一步上升,击穿电压上升幅度减缓,当界面压强上升至0.30 MPa时,击穿电压提高至13.0 kV,相较于0.10 MPa下的击穿电压仅上升了17.1%。
J A GREENWOOD等[23-24]基于Hetz 弹性接触理论建立了粗糙表面接触的Greend-Williamson(G-W)模型。根据G-W模型可以估算出SR/PE双层介质界面在不同状态下界面接触的特征量,其中弹性接触条件下真实接触面积与界面压强的定义如式(1)所示[25]
ArAa=3.2×PaE*σβm
式(1)中:Ar为真实接触面积;Aa为理论接触面积;Pa为界面压强;E*为复合界面的弹性模量;σ为微凸体高度的均方差;βm为微凸体平均曲率半径。
当界面压强较小时,复合界面存在着大量的间隙,而间隙中气体的介电常数小于PE或者SR,因此界面电场分布极不均匀。由于气隙的击穿场强远低于固体材料,界面更容易放电[26]。而增大界面压强时,由式(1)可知双层介质界面的真实接触面积Ar增大(其中Aa为定值),间隙中的气体体积减小,这时界面电场的分布变均匀,放电也不容易产生。因此增加界面压强有利于提升界面的绝缘性能[20,27]
图9为不同压强下PE界面的击穿形态。
图9可知,当界面压强为0.05 MPa时,击穿形态并没有明显的碳化区域。这是因为低压强下,复合界面的间隙较大,此时击穿电压较低,产生局部放电现象至界面完全被击穿的时间间隔较短,所以界面碳化现象并不严重。当界面压强增大到0.075 MPa时,随着电压的逐渐升高,伴随着局部放电产生的高能粒子,碳颗粒开始在PE表面积聚,此时由于界面产生起始放电至击完全击穿具有明显的时间间隔,界面上的碳颗粒逐渐联结出现了明显的碳化现象。随着界面压强的进一步增大,界面碳化区域逐渐减小。虽然高压强下击穿电压有所提升,但其提升幅度较小,如图8所示。此时,间隙随着压强的增大而大幅减小,界面放电的随机性较弱,因此界面碳化区域减小[26]
本试验在0.1 MPa的压强下分别测试了25、40、55、70、85℃下SR/PEg400样品的击穿电压,结果如图10所示。从图10可以看出,25℃时界面的击穿电压最高,达到11.1 kV。
根据固体介质的陷阱理论,介质的能带在外加电场的作用下发生倾斜,载流子通过尖电极按照Richardson-Schottky定律[28]以热电离的方式注入双层介质界面。此外,聚乙烯或者硅橡胶材料表面难免会存在缺陷,随着温度的升高,缺陷俘获的载流子受热激发获得足够的能量后越过势垒到达双层介质界面[29],从而引发载流子激增。
文献[30]提出击穿场强与聚合物的自由体积有关。当温度升高时,介质表面材料的自由体积增多,载流子平均自由行程增加,促使电离更加容易,此时界面击穿速率更快,因此当温度为40℃时击穿电压明显下降。
图10所示,随着温度的进一步上升,击穿电压并未显著下降。PE的熔点在85~110℃范围内,此时温度逐渐接近PE材料的熔点,使得PE表面变得柔软。在一定界面压力的作用下,PE和SR之间界面的真实接触面增大,界面的间隙减小。此时的界面载流子虽然增多,但由于界面间隙减小,载流子平均自由行程减小,在外电场的作用下载流子获得的能量不足以引起电离至界面击穿,因此在高温下界面击穿电压并未显著下降。
图11为不同温度下PE界面的击穿形态。从图11可以看到,随着温度从25℃升高至55℃,界面碳化区域变大,颜色更深。这是因为温度升高,界面间隙中气体的热电离更剧烈,导致界面放电更剧烈,PE界面的分子链断裂严重,所以界面的碳化区域更大。而随着温度的进一步上升,由于材料软化导致界面接触面积上升,间隙尺寸减小,间隙中气体分子数量减少,导致界面放电概率下降,从而对界面的破坏能力减弱,因此界面碳化区域减小。
本文针对不同界面接触状态和温度对SR/PE双层介质界面的击穿电压和形态进行研究,得到以下主要结论:
(1)SR/PE双层介质界面击穿后的碳痕主要留在PE板表面。
(2)PE界面光滑程度越高,SR/PE界面击穿电压越高,且PE界面的碳化区域越小;界面压强越大,双层介质界面击穿电压越高,而PE界面的碳化区域呈先增大后减小的趋势。
(3)SR/PE双层介质的界面击穿电压随温度的升高整体呈下降的趋势。由于温度的升高,SR变得更加柔软,在一定压力下SR/PE的真实接触面积增大,导致界面的击穿电压没有明显下降。此外,随着温度的升高,PE界面碳化面积呈现先增大后减小的趋势。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51907101)
  • 国网安徽省有限公司科技项目(B31205210010)
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2023年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.011
  • 接收时间:2022-11-13
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-13
  • 修回日期:2022-12-19
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51907101)
国网安徽省有限公司科技项目(B31205210010)
作者信息
    1国网安徽省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,安徽 合肥 230601
    2福州大学 电气工程与自动化学院,福建 福州 350108

通讯作者:

张天峰(1999-),男(汉族),江苏南通人,硕士生,主要从事电缆附件故障检测的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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