Article(id=1199644779790299638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199644777219191267, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1667318400000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-02, revisedDate=1678291200000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763947203824, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1703001600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763947203824, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763947203824, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763947203824, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199644777219191267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='135', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763947203211, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563728010, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210619277716099586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199644777219191267, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210619277716099587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199644777219191267, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=92, endPage=97, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199644780096483841, articleId=1199644779790299638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of nano-doping on inhomogeneous thermal ageing characteristics of epoxy composite insulating material, columnId=1199644778280350182, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Advanced Electrical Materials for Large Capacity Offshore Wind Power Transmission, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Epoxy composite insulating materials doped with 0%, 1%, and 10% of modified nano Al2O3 were prepared and conducted thermal ageing tests at 150℃, and their thermal ageing characteristics and mechanism were studied through dynamic thermal mechanical testing, scanning electron microscopy testing, and linear thermal expansion testing. The results show that an inhomogeneous ageing structure is formed in epoxy composite insulating material during thermal ageing, and the thickness of surface ageing layer is related to the content of nano Al2O3. When the doping mass fraction of nano Al2O3 is 1%, the thickness of surface ageing layer is the smallest, and the nanoparticles are well dispersed and closely embedded in the epoxy matrix. According to the free volume theory of glass transition, it is found that the free volume fraction of sample is the smallest when the doping mass fraction is 1%, the corresponding α main relaxation time of the epoxy matrix is the longest, and the molecular chain activity is the lowest. Adding an appropriate amount of modified nano Al2O3 into the epoxy resin can improve the cross-linking degree of molecular chain and reduce the free volume of system. Thereby the diffusion of oxygen in the material is weakened, and finally the inhomogeneous thermal ageing degree of the epoxy composite insulating material is reduced.

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本文制备了改性纳米氧化铝掺杂质量分数分别为0%、1%、10%的环氧复合绝缘材料,对其在150℃下开展了热老化试验,并通过动态机械(DMA)测试、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测试和线性热膨胀测试研究其热老化特性及机理。结果表明:环氧复合绝缘材料在热老化过程中形成了不均匀的老化结构,且表面老化层厚度与纳米氧化铝的含量有关。当纳米氧化铝掺杂质量分数为1%时,试样的表面老化层厚度最小,此时纳米颗粒分散性良好且紧密地镶嵌在环氧基体中。结合玻璃化转变的自由体积理论,计算发现纳米氧化铝掺杂质量分数为1%时,试样的自由体积分数最小,且对应的环氧基体α主松弛时间最长,分子链活动性最低。在环氧树脂中加入适量改性纳米氧化铝可以提高分子链的交联程度,降低体系的自由体积,进而削弱氧气在材料内部的扩散能力,最终降低环氧复合绝缘材料的不均匀热老化程度。

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任志刚(1983-),男(汉族),北京人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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任志刚(1983-),男(汉族),北京人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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任志刚(1983-),男(汉族),北京人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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Al2O3质量分数/%玻璃化转变温度Tg/℃自由体积分数fv/%
0126.853.33
1129.753.18
10126.533.32
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试样的自由体积分数计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Al2O3质量分数/%玻璃化转变温度Tg/℃自由体积分数fv/%
0126.853.33
1129.753.18
10126.533.32
), ArticleFig(id=1211311073949512470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644779790299638, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=The α relaxation time of samples at 150℃, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Al2O3质量分数/%τ/s
02.44×10-3
13.22×10-3
102.21×10-3
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试样在150℃时的α松弛时间

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Al2O3质量分数/%τ/s
02.44×10-3
13.22×10-3
102.21×10-3
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纳米掺杂对环氧复合绝缘材料不均匀热老化特性的影响
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任志刚 , 潘泽华 , 郭卫 , 陈平 , 及洪泉
绝缘材料 | 面向大容量海上风电送出的先进电工材料 2023,56(12): 92-97
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绝缘材料 | 面向大容量海上风电送出的先进电工材料 2023, 56(12): 92-97
纳米掺杂对环氧复合绝缘材料不均匀热老化特性的影响
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任志刚, 潘泽华, 郭卫, 陈平, 及洪泉
作者信息
  • 国网北京市电力公司电力科学研究院,北京 100075
  • 任志刚(1983-),男(汉族),北京人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

Effect of nano-doping on inhomogeneous thermal ageing characteristics of epoxy composite insulating material
Zhigang REN, Zehua PAN, Wei GUO, Ping CHEN, Hongquan JI
Affiliations
  • State Grid Beijing Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100075, China
出版时间: 2023-12-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.012
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本文制备了改性纳米氧化铝掺杂质量分数分别为0%、1%、10%的环氧复合绝缘材料,对其在150℃下开展了热老化试验,并通过动态机械(DMA)测试、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测试和线性热膨胀测试研究其热老化特性及机理。结果表明:环氧复合绝缘材料在热老化过程中形成了不均匀的老化结构,且表面老化层厚度与纳米氧化铝的含量有关。当纳米氧化铝掺杂质量分数为1%时,试样的表面老化层厚度最小,此时纳米颗粒分散性良好且紧密地镶嵌在环氧基体中。结合玻璃化转变的自由体积理论,计算发现纳米氧化铝掺杂质量分数为1%时,试样的自由体积分数最小,且对应的环氧基体α主松弛时间最长,分子链活动性最低。在环氧树脂中加入适量改性纳米氧化铝可以提高分子链的交联程度,降低体系的自由体积,进而削弱氧气在材料内部的扩散能力,最终降低环氧复合绝缘材料的不均匀热老化程度。

纳米氧化铝  /  环氧树脂  /  热老化  /  自由体积

Epoxy composite insulating materials doped with 0%, 1%, and 10% of modified nano Al2O3 were prepared and conducted thermal ageing tests at 150℃, and their thermal ageing characteristics and mechanism were studied through dynamic thermal mechanical testing, scanning electron microscopy testing, and linear thermal expansion testing. The results show that an inhomogeneous ageing structure is formed in epoxy composite insulating material during thermal ageing, and the thickness of surface ageing layer is related to the content of nano Al2O3. When the doping mass fraction of nano Al2O3 is 1%, the thickness of surface ageing layer is the smallest, and the nanoparticles are well dispersed and closely embedded in the epoxy matrix. According to the free volume theory of glass transition, it is found that the free volume fraction of sample is the smallest when the doping mass fraction is 1%, the corresponding α main relaxation time of the epoxy matrix is the longest, and the molecular chain activity is the lowest. Adding an appropriate amount of modified nano Al2O3 into the epoxy resin can improve the cross-linking degree of molecular chain and reduce the free volume of system. Thereby the diffusion of oxygen in the material is weakened, and finally the inhomogeneous thermal ageing degree of the epoxy composite insulating material is reduced.

nano alumina  /  epoxy resin  /  thermal ageing  /  free volume
任志刚, 潘泽华, 郭卫, 陈平, 及洪泉. 纳米掺杂对环氧复合绝缘材料不均匀热老化特性的影响. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (12) : 92 -97 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.012
Zhigang REN, Zehua PAN, Wei GUO, Ping CHEN, Hongquan JI. Effect of nano-doping on inhomogeneous thermal ageing characteristics of epoxy composite insulating material[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (12) : 92 -97 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.012
环氧基复合材料具有优异的介电性能和力学性能,被广泛应用于电力电子器件和电力设备的主绝缘材料[1-3]。然而,随着电力电子器件和电力设备朝着高功率和高集成化的方向快速发展,设备在运行过程中会积聚大量热量,从而引起温度的急剧上升。由于长期暴露在高温下,环氧复合绝缘材料不可避免地发生热老化,导致其分子结构发生显著变化,甚至造成绝缘性能的严重劣化,从而对器件、设备的安全稳定运行造成重大威胁[4-6]。因此,全面评估环氧复合绝缘材料的热老化状态并探究其机理具有重要的意义。
对于环氧树脂高分子聚合物而言,通常认为,热老化的本质是在氧气参与下分子链发生的一系列化学反应,老化前后环氧树脂在化学结构上的变化已经被广泛报道[7-9]。P MUSTO等[10]发现环氧树脂/二胺体系在空气中老化后会出现明显的劣化,而在惰性气氛中则没有明显变化,这表明氧气的参与是环氧树脂热老化的关键。YANG Y M等[11]在环氧树脂的热老化研究中发现,老化后环氧树脂红外光谱中的C-H和-CH2吸收峰强度相比于老化前出现了明显下降,而羰基C=O吸收峰强度出现了明显增大,这表明环氧树脂在热老化中发生了严重的氧化反应。B DAO等[12]认为由于氧气在环氧树脂内部的扩散能力有限,环氧树脂与氧气直接接触的外表面部分将经历显著的老化,而其内部可能保持着一种未老化的状态。LONG Y W等[6]提出了环氧树脂表面老化层的形成是环氧树脂高温氧化反应和再交联反应共同作用的结果,且该表面老化层的厚度随着老化时间的延长而逐渐增大。通常认为,氧气、水等小分子物质在聚合物中的扩散主要通过分子链间的空隙即自由体积进行。自由体积会影响分子链运动,改变聚合物热、机械和链松弛特性,也会影响电荷输运过程,改变聚合物的电学性能[13]。L A UTRACKI等[14]提出纳米粒子会抑制聚合物分子链运动,从而降低体系的自由体积。然而,目前对环氧复合绝缘材料在高温条件下的老化特性及其机理仍缺乏足够的认识。
本文制备了改性纳米Al2O3掺杂质量分数分别为0%、1%、10%的3种环氧复合绝缘试样,使用动态热机械分析(DMA)研究3种试样的不均匀热老化特性。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、线性热膨胀实验和宽频介电谱表征改性纳米Al2O3不同掺杂量对环氧复合绝缘材料自由体积的影响,最后从化学结构层面阐释改性纳米粒子调控环氧复合绝缘材料自由体积的机理。
选用E51双酚A型环氧树脂作为基体,购自南通星辰合成材料有限公司;选用甲基四氢邻苯二甲酸酐(MTHPA)作为固化剂,2,4,6-三(二甲氨基甲基)苯酚(DMP-30)作为促进剂,固化剂和促进剂均购自阿拉丁试剂(上海)有限公司;选用的纳米Al2O3平均粒径为30 nm,使用KH570硅烷偶联剂经过水解、包覆、反应和干燥等步骤对纳米Al2O3进行表面改性,均购自北京德科岛金科技有限责任公司。
环氧树脂基体、固化剂和促进剂的质量比为100∶80∶1,纳米Al2O3的掺杂质量分数分别为0%、1%、10%。首先按比例称量环氧树脂基体和纳米Al2O3后一并放入THINKY MIXER ARE-310型搅拌罐中,以2 000 r/min的转速混合15 min,然后放入超声波清洗机中进行30 min的超声处理。随后按比例加入固化剂和促进剂,并再次放入搅拌罐中以2 000 r/min的转速混合15 min,然后以2 200 r/min的转速脱气15 min,最后将混合物缓慢倒入不锈钢模具中进行固化。固化温度设定为80℃/2 h+105℃/2 h+120℃/4 h。
环氧复合绝缘试样的热老化试验在150℃下的空气中进行,老化时长为720 h。
采用动态热机械分析(DMA,Netzsch DMA242E型)中的拉伸模式对3种试样进行测试,测试温度范围为70~200℃,频率为1 Hz,升温速率为5℃/min。
采用VE9800型扫描电子显微镜(日本KEYENCE公司)观察试样断裂面处的微观形貌、纳米粒子在基体中的分散性以及与基体的结合程度。为了保证良好的成像,需要在试样断面处进行喷金处理。
采用L75型热膨胀仪(德国LINSETS公司)测量试样的相对伸长量随温度的变化。采用圆柱形试样(直径为6 mm,高度为20 mm),测试温度为20~220℃,升温速率为2℃/min。
使用Concept 80型(德国NOVOCONTROL公司)宽带介电谱仪测试试样的介电响应特性,测试电压为1 V,测试温度为150℃,频率范围为10-1~106 Hz。在测试前,需要对试样表面进行喷金处理,喷金面直径为30 mm。
图1为环氧复合绝缘试样在老化720 h前后的tanδ曲线。从图1可以看出,对于未老化试样,仅观察到与玻璃化转变过程相关的α松弛峰。经过720 h的热老化后,试样的松弛峰分裂为两个更高温度的峰,即α1(约141℃)和α2(约175℃)。出现该现象的主要原因是热老化后环氧复合绝缘材料形成了不均匀的老化结构,即表层老化严重,而内部保持原有状态。由老化曲线可以看出,3种试样的两个松弛峰强度各有差异,其中纳米Al2O3质量分数为1%的试样,其代表内层未老化的α2松弛峰的强度最高,表明在环氧基体加入适量的纳米Al2O3,可能起到了降低环氧复合绝缘老化程度的作用。
通过对老化后试样进行表面处理,即打磨不同厚度的表面老化层(厚度标记为R),再对试样进行DMA测试,获得的tanδ曲线如图2所示。由图2可以看出,当去掉相同厚度的表面老化层后,加入1%纳米Al2O3试样的tanδ曲线恢复程度最高。当tanδ曲线恢复为老化前的状态时,加入1%纳米Al2O3试样的表面老化层厚度最小。该结果进一步证明,加入1%纳米Al2O3到环氧树脂基体后,降低了环氧复合绝缘体系表层的热老化程度。
采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观测纳米Al2O3在不同掺杂量下的环氧复合绝缘试样断裂面微观形貌,结果如图3所示。从图3可以看出,未掺杂纳米Al2O3的试样断裂面光滑平整。当掺杂纳米Al2O3质量分数为1%时,试样断裂面整体依旧保持光滑、完整的形貌,纳米Al2O3均匀地镶嵌在环氧树脂基体中,与基体结合较为紧密。当掺杂纳米Al2O3质量分数增加到10%时,试样断裂面处出现了大量沟壑与断层,纳米颗粒松散地附着在基体表面,且出现了明显的团聚。由SEM结果可以看出,当加入适量纳米Al2O3到环氧基体中时,纳米粒子分散均匀,试样整体保持着致密的状态。
对于非晶聚合物,无规则的分子链交联网络中存在大量的空隙,这些空隙即为自由体积[15]。而聚合物自身分子或原子实际占有的体积为固有体积。依据玻璃化转变的自由体积理论[16-17],在玻璃化转变温度前,聚合物的分子链段被冻结,空隙的尺寸和形状基本保持不变,聚合物体积的增大来源于固有体积的膨胀。在玻璃化转变温度之后,分子链可以自由运动,聚合物的体积增大不仅与固有体积的膨胀有关,也与自由体积的膨胀有关。因此,在玻璃化转变温度前后,随着温度的升高,聚合物呈现出不同的热膨胀特性,可以用来表征其内部自由体积的大小。
M WILLIAMS等[17]根据玻璃化转变的自由体积理论提出了计算聚合物内部自由体积分数的模型,如式(1)所示。
fv=fg+Δλf(T-Tg)
式(1)中:fv为自由体积分数;T代表温度(K)(此处取423 K);Tg代表玻璃化转变温度(此处取DMA的测试结果);fg代表聚合物在玻璃化转变温度时的自由体积分数,根据Fox-Flory理论[18],通常取0.025;Δλf是一个系数,一般来说[13],其计算公式如式(2)所示。
Δλf=3ΔλlΔλl=λ2-λ1
式(2)中:Δλl为聚合物在玻璃化转变温度上、下的线膨胀系数之差;λ2λ1分别为聚合物在玻璃化转变温度上、下的线膨胀系数。
对不同纳米Al2O3掺杂量的环氧复合绝缘试样进行线性热膨胀测试,得到试样相对伸长率随温度的变化曲线如图4所示。通过计算曲线玻璃化转变温度前后的斜率可以得到λ1λ2,结合DMA测试中各试样的Tg,代入式(1)式(2),可以计算出各试样的自由体积分数,结果如表1所示。从表1可以看出,加入1%纳米Al2O3的试样自由体积最小,而加入10%纳米Al2O3试样的自由体积与纯环氧树脂相比没有明显变化。
自由体积会影响分子链在外加应力下的松弛过程。当自由体积减小时,分子链完成极化的转向空间减少,分子链间的阻力增大,运动受到限制,导致松弛时间增大[19-21]
本文测试了3种环氧复合绝缘试样在150℃下的介电松弛特性,并使用Havriliak-Negami拟合提取α松弛。Havriliak-Negami方程如式(3)所示[22-24]
ε*(ω)=εr+Δεi[1+(iωτi)βi]γi+σdciε0ω
式(3)中:ω代表角频率;ε*代表复介电常数;εr∞代表光频介电常数;σdc为直流电导率;对于该式中自由松弛贡献的部分,Δεi表征松弛强度;τi代表松弛时间;βiγi为形状参数。
图5是3种试样在150℃时的介电常数虚部拟合结果。基于Havriliak-Negami拟合提取的α松弛过程的松弛强度和松弛时间等参数,采用Arrhenius公式计算松弛活化能[25],如式(4)所示。
τ=τ0exp(EAkBT)
式(4)中:T为测试温度;τT温度下该松弛的松弛时间;τ0为前置因子;k为Boltzmann常数;EA为该松弛的松弛活化能。
3种试样α松弛的松弛时间τ计算结果如表2所示。从表2可以看出,在温度为150℃时,Al2O3掺杂质量分数1%的试样松弛时间最长,表明此时环氧复合材料的自由体积最小。
纳米粒子具有较大的比表面积和表面能,可以吸附附近电离的分子链段,在一定程度上促使分子链连接更加紧密。为了避免加入到基体中的纳米粒子团聚,通常会对纳米粒子进行有机偶联剂改性。通过氢键或共价键的作用,偶联剂进一步加强了纳米粒子与基体的连接强度,促使整个交联网络更加紧密,从而降低体系的自由体积[26-27]
本文使用KH570偶联剂(γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷)对纳米粒子进行改性。KH570作用的机理可以概括为水解、缩合和成键3个连续的步骤,如图6所示。首先经水解反应,KH570水解生成硅醇,硅醇之间脱水缩合形成的网络结构会包覆纳米粒子表面;然后硅醇与纳米Al2O3表面的羟基会以氢键或脱水缩合的方式紧密结合;最后硅醇上的其他羟基同样以氢键或共价键的方式与环氧树脂分子链上相应基团进行结合。
当加入1%的纳米Al2O3时,纳米颗粒含量较低,由SEM结果可知纳米粒子分散性良好,且与环氧基体结合紧密,因此可以认为质量分数为1%时,几乎所有纳米Al2O3颗粒都能与环氧基体有效结合,从而增加了分子链间的交联密度,减小了整个体系的自由体积,削弱了氧气在材料内部的扩散能力,从而降低了环氧复合绝缘材料的热老化程度。
而当加入10%的纳米Al2O3时,纳米粒子含量较高,可以从SEM结果中看出纳米粒子出现了明显的团聚。此时纳米粒子比表面积降低,表面能减小,对分子链的吸附能力减弱;同时,有大量纳米颗粒只是简单地附着在环氧基体表面,没有与基体形成有效的连接。表明在纳米Al2O3含量较高时,部分纳米粒子将孤立于基体中,在基体中占据独立的空间,从而会引入额外的自由体积。因此在纳米Al2O3掺杂质量分数为10%时,相比于纯环氧而言其自由体积并没有明显变化,也就没有起到明显降低热老化程度的作用。
本文主要研究了纳米Al2O3环氧复合绝缘材料在150℃热条件下的不均匀老化特性,结合微观形貌、自由体积和介电松弛特性,分析了纳米Al2O3含量对环氧复合绝缘材料不均匀老化特性的影响机理,主要得到如下结论:
(1)通过DMA测试发现,在经过720 h的热老化之后,试样的玻璃化转变松弛峰分裂为两个更高温度的峰,表明试样出现了不均匀老化现象。其中掺杂1% Al2O3的试样表面老化层厚度最小,而掺杂10% Al2O3的试样不均匀老化结构与纯环氧树脂无明显差异。因此,加入1%纳米Al2O3有效降低了环氧树脂体系的不均匀热老化程度。
(2)由SEM结果可知,当Al2O3质量分数为1%时,纳米颗粒分散性良好,且紧密地镶嵌在环氧基体中。通过线性热膨胀实验并结合基于玻璃化转变的自由体积理论,计算得出此时复合材料的自由体积分数最小,同时导致其α主松弛时间最大,分子链段的活动性最低。
(3)不同纳米Al2O3含量的环氧复合绝缘材料在不均匀热老化程度上的差别来源于纳米粒子对其内部自由体积的调控作用。当加入1%的纳米Al2O3时,纳米颗粒与环氧基体之间结合程度较好,分子链间的交联程度得到提高,减小了整个体系的自由体积,削弱了氧气在材料内部的扩散能力,从而降低了环氧复合绝缘的热老化程度;而当纳米Al2O3质量分数增加到10%时,纳米粒子出现了严重的团聚,其比表面积降低,进而表面能减小,对分子链的吸附能力减弱,且存在部分纳米颗粒孤立于基体中而引入的额外自由体积,因此没有起到明显的降低热老化程度的作用。
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2023年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.012
  • 接收时间:2022-11-02
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-02
  • 修回日期:2023-03-09
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    国网北京市电力公司电力科学研究院,北京 100075
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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