Article(id=1199644777961583076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199644777219191267, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1690646400000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-30, revisedDate=1696262400000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763947203388, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1703001600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763947203388, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763947203388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763947203388, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199644777219191267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='135', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763947203211, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563728010, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210619277716099586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199644777219191267, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210619277716099587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199644777219191267, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=111, endPage=121, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199644778347459047, articleId=1199644777961583076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Analysis on ampacity model of submarine cable under typical laying mode in transmission section, columnId=1199644778280350182, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Advanced Electrical Materials for Large Capacity Offshore Wind Power Transmission, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The difference of laying methods in different sections of marine transmission line has a great impact on the ampacity of submarine cable, so it is of great significance to study the ampacity under typical laying methods in transmission section. In this paper, an electric-heat-current coupling model of submarine cable in landing section and submarine section of submarine cable line in ±160 kV DC transmission project was established. On the basis of finite element method, the influence of air domain size, position of angle steel support, seawater and soil factor on the steady ampacity of submarine cable were studied under four typical laying methods, which is the submarine cable laid at the bottom of cable trench and laid on the angle steel support in landing section and the submarine cable laid and directly buried in submarine section. The results show that the submarine cable laid at the bottom of cable trench is greatly affected by the air domain size, and increasing the convection area can effectively improve the steady ampacity of submarine cable. The semi-closed area between the support and the inner wall of trench should be taken into account in calculating the ampacity of cable laid on the angle steel support. The temperature of submarine cable laid at the shallow depth of support is lower and its ampacity is larger. In the submarine section, the submarine cable temperature changes in the same direction with the rise and fall of sea water temperature, which is opposite to the increase and decrease trend of sea water velocity. The increase of soil temperature results in the decrease of buried submarine cable ampacity. The landing section is the bottleneck section of ampacity calculation, and the ampacity can be improved effectively by using the water filling cable trench when the submarine cable is laid at the bottom of cable trench. When the submarine cable is laid on the support, the ampacity can meet the engineering requirements by installing cooling water pipe.

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海上送电线路中不同段敷设方式的差异性会对海缆载流量造成较大影响,因此从送电区段角度出发研究段内典型敷设方式下的载流量具有重要意义。本文建立了±160 kV直流输电工程送出海缆线路中登陆段、海底段的海缆电-热-流耦合模型,基于有限元用控制变量法研究了登陆段中海缆敷设于电缆沟底部和角钢支架、海底段中铺设和直埋4种典型敷设方式下的空气域尺寸、角钢支架放置位置、海水温度和流速及土壤温度对海缆稳态载流量的影响。结果表明:海缆敷设于电缆沟底部时受空气域尺寸的影响较大,增大对流散热面积可有效提高海缆稳态载流量;计算敷设于角钢支架上的海缆载流量要考虑到支架与沟内壁形成的半封闭区域,埋设于深度浅的支架时海缆的温度更低,载流量更大;在海底段,铺设时海缆温度跟随海水温度的升降发生同向变化,与海水流速增减趋势相反;土壤温度的升高造成埋设海缆载流量降低;登陆段为载流量计算的瓶颈段,电缆沟底部敷设可采用充水电缆沟有效提升载流量;敷设在支架上时加装冷却水管可使其载流量达到工程要求。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张涛(1981-),男(汉族),安徽阜阳人,教授,主要研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术、电力系统优化运行与控制技术。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=j/+gKS7bxkLDXJ/ZporG7w==, magXml=rzngR8SV4X+rNBRDFfHj0Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=WD4jvPy8f4vnyw9LCS91Ew==, pdfFileSize=14284630, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ZjyWOQ3yfJN0myRmpsXCMA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=rmXSd6GCS/cstJdwb9FIvg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

吴倩(1999-),女(汉族),四川遂宁人,硕士生,主要研究方向为海底电缆载流量计算与提升。

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吴倩(1999-),女(汉族),四川遂宁人,硕士生,主要研究方向为海底电缆载流量计算与提升。

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吴倩(1999-),女(汉族),四川遂宁人,硕士生,主要研究方向为海底电缆载流量计算与提升。

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journalName=高电压技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=胡列翔,欧阳本红,刘宗喜,等.交流500kV海底电缆登陆段载流能力提升[J].高电压技术,2019,45(11):3421-3428., articleTitle=交流500kV海底电缆登陆段载流能力提升, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1211311090777067939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, awardId=51577105, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(51577105), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1211311081411186886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1211311081415381190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, companyId=1211311081411186886, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Engineering Technology Research Center for Power Transmission Line, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China), 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figureFileBig=LMrbbjnL/3T87Jm3BIfcDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311086855393650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=CN, label=图7, caption=A型矩形电缆沟速度场分布图, figureFileSmall=4PxEv0sj8uInVdxZQ7BSjw==, figureFileBig=LMrbbjnL/3T87Jm3BIfcDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311086926696820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Steady-state temperature field distribution diagram of B-type rectangular cable trench, figureFileSmall=yOTTC/zoxy2oNJit0924Yw==, figureFileBig=7Pqf5Ihncf+WkVkKsIaSKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311086997999990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=CN, label=图8, caption=B型矩形电缆沟稳态温度场分布图, figureFileSmall=yOTTC/zoxy2oNJit0924Yw==, figureFileBig=7Pqf5Ihncf+WkVkKsIaSKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311087090274680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Velocity field distribution of B-type rectangular cable trench, figureFileSmall=AjuZU9cZWeICbMz7ghgb3w==, figureFileBig=YXSpJUOBMw1GNzkfstkVfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311087153189242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=CN, label=图9, caption=B型矩形电缆沟速度场分布图, figureFileSmall=AjuZU9cZWeICbMz7ghgb3w==, figureFileBig=YXSpJUOBMw1GNzkfstkVfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311087228686716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Steady-state ampacity when submarine cables laid in different sizes of cable trenches, figureFileSmall=fab9ALDQJ0IZp320uzOaCQ==, figureFileBig=ZdRMoiTY232plj9musPi3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311087291601278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Steady-state velocity field distribution diagram of submarine cables laid directly on the cable trench support, figureFileSmall=3bV4KE7hCvwgdX1WT4e7XA==, figureFileBig=Edx2OvnbHQUCJWpaxOjUtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311087530676611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=CN, label=图12, caption=直接敷设于电缆沟支架上的海缆稳态速度场分布图, figureFileSmall=3bV4KE7hCvwgdX1WT4e7XA==, figureFileBig=Edx2OvnbHQUCJWpaxOjUtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311087585202564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Steady-state temperature field distribution of submarine cable when the buried depth of cable trench bracket is 0.6 m, figureFileSmall=kKDSuYDi5REdBJBi8BagTA==, figureFileBig=7KnDCn5ZAVehKWIU2tQlyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311087652311429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=CN, label=图13, caption=电缆沟支架埋深为0.6 m时的海缆稳态温度场分布图, figureFileSmall=kKDSuYDi5REdBJBi8BagTA==, figureFileBig=7KnDCn5ZAVehKWIU2tQlyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311087715225991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Steady-state velocity field distribution diagram of submarine cable when the buried depth of cable trench bracket is 0.6 m, figureFileSmall=r3hhGtBHINoRQ9LnxBGnVg==, figureFileBig=ZpBwfqZJxbLQ+Xww+SZr+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311087778140552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=CN, label=图14, caption=电缆沟支架埋深为0.6 m时的海缆稳态速度场分布图, figureFileSmall=r3hhGtBHINoRQ9LnxBGnVg==, figureFileBig=ZpBwfqZJxbLQ+Xww+SZr+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311087836860809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Steady-state ampacity of submarine cables laid at different depths of supports, figureFileSmall=G0DCUhPGulMCJo7EuBzV9Q==, figureFileBig=02yDuNKgBwlbjHnT6voCgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311087891386762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=CN, label=图15, caption=敷设于深度不同支架时的海缆稳态载流量, figureFileSmall=G0DCUhPGulMCJo7EuBzV9Q==, figureFileBig=02yDuNKgBwlbjHnT6voCgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311087954301323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Distribution map of laying submarine cable velocity field at v=0.2m/s, figureFileSmall=Dt5lgJhhspvHZf5u7XCvFA==, figureFileBig=lcXJkkc58F7+hn52mAV30g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311088042381708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=CN, label=图16, caption=v=0.2 m/s时的铺设海缆速度场分布图, figureFileSmall=Dt5lgJhhspvHZf5u7XCvFA==, figureFileBig=lcXJkkc58F7+hn52mAV30g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311088096907661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Temperature of laying submarine cable core under different seawater conditions, figureFileSmall=UoqwaGE2OaAsLfXBe9ZoMw==, figureFileBig=aCg6RYPbTJ8UVZOsJfTJeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311088155627918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=CN, label=图17, caption=不同海水状态下的铺设海缆缆芯温度, figureFileSmall=UoqwaGE2OaAsLfXBe9ZoMw==, figureFileBig=aCg6RYPbTJ8UVZOsJfTJeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311088222736783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Ampacity of cable under different seawater velocities, figureFileSmall=XbGl1xvlfQ4hxfLDGIfGJA==, figureFileBig=jatZySZmP++zLfk6olnl3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311088285651344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=CN, label=图18, caption=不同海水流速下的海缆载流量, figureFileSmall=XbGl1xvlfQ4hxfLDGIfGJA==, figureFileBig=jatZySZmP++zLfk6olnl3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311088348565905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Temperature field distribution of buried submarine cable at v=0.2 m/s, figureFileSmall=byqFvy8GrjvEgIJtJ21ciQ==, figureFileBig=zuMNty7hi374j8IPSnBqeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311088403091858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=CN, label=图19, caption=v=0.2 m/s时的埋设海缆温度场分布图, figureFileSmall=byqFvy8GrjvEgIJtJ21ciQ==, figureFileBig=zuMNty7hi374j8IPSnBqeg==, tableContent=null), 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=CN, label=图21, caption=4种敷设方式下的海缆载流量对比, figureFileSmall=xuZrtiXQmt6TiU6G1Y0qOw==, figureFileBig=hvXaJ/Yfg+Kh3u+rgb8C1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311088734441879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=EN, label=Fig.22, caption=The current carrying capacity of the submarine cable in the water-filled cable trench, figureFileSmall=EUBwTkV8t4699Ng4/dE8xw==, figureFileBig=KaPisOu7QLrJ+JtgwSM/DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311088801550744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=CN, label=图22, caption=充水电缆沟内海缆载流量, figureFileSmall=EUBwTkV8t4699Ng4/dE8xw==, figureFileBig=KaPisOu7QLrJ+JtgwSM/DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311088889631129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=EN, label=Fig.23, caption=Cloud map of temperature field distribution of submarine cable after adding cooling water pipe device, figureFileSmall=n+Y7oxOe3kC6sPEJYIyy2A==, figureFileBig=ri9nXn27aUBK2nVSgShYQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311088956739994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=CN, label=图23, caption=增加冷却水管装置后的海缆温度场分布图, figureFileSmall=n+Y7oxOe3kC6sPEJYIyy2A==, figureFileBig=ri9nXn27aUBK2nVSgShYQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311089015460251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=EN, label=Fig.24, caption=Effect of distance between cable and cooling water pipe on the ampacity of submarine cable, figureFileSmall=qb1RMpIZlZ+gDPz+Ofuhiw==, figureFileBig=PBK8dQ0MF8W8kuX7bP7sjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311089074180508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=CN, label=图24, caption=海缆与冷却水管距离对海缆载流量的影响, figureFileSmall=qb1RMpIZlZ+gDPz+Ofuhiw==, figureFileBig=PBK8dQ0MF8W8kuX7bP7sjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211311090265362845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Heat transfer coefficient of submarine cable, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构类型外径/mm传热系数/(W/(m·K))
导体13.35400
导体屏蔽14.550.285 7
XLPE绝缘30.550.285 7
绝缘屏蔽31.550.285 7
铅护套35.4535.300 0
HDPE护套38.200.285 7
光单元层9.200.070 0
PP内衬45.700.220 0
钢丝铠装51.7050
外护套55.700.220 0
), ArticleFig(id=1211311090345054622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199644777961583076, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海缆传热系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构类型外径/mm传热系数/(W/(m·K))
导体13.35400
导体屏蔽14.550.285 7
XLPE绝缘30.550.285 7
绝缘屏蔽31.550.285 7
铅护套35.4535.300 0
HDPE护套38.200.285 7
光单元层9.200.070 0
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环境参数登陆段海底段
土壤热阻系数/(K·m/W)1.21.0
埋设深度/m1.01.0
间距/m11
外界环境温度/℃2015
地表对流换热系数/(W/(m2·K))12.5200.0
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各敷设段的具体环境参数

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环境参数登陆段海底段
土壤热阻系数/(K·m/W)1.21.0
埋设深度/m1.01.0
间距/m11
外界环境温度/℃2015
地表对流换热系数/(W/(m2·K))12.5200.0
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海水流速/(m/s)海缆稳态载流量/A相比前速变化量/A
0.2849.460
0.4851.101.64
0.6852.401.30
0..8855.002.60
1.0858.663.66
1.2862.323.66
1.4865.563.64
1.8869.063.50
2.0872.563.60
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不同海水流速下的埋设海缆载流量

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海水流速/(m/s)海缆稳态载流量/A相比前速变化量/A
0.2849.460
0.4851.101.64
0.6852.401.30
0..8855.002.60
1.0858.663.66
1.2862.323.66
1.4865.563.64
1.8869.063.50
2.0872.563.60
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送电区段内典型敷设方式下海缆载流量模型分析
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吴倩 1 , 张涛 1 , 冉华军 1 , 江世杰 2 , 时光蕤 1
绝缘材料 | 面向大容量海上风电送出的先进电工材料 2023,56(12): 111-121
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绝缘材料 | 面向大容量海上风电送出的先进电工材料 2023, 56(12): 111-121
送电区段内典型敷设方式下海缆载流量模型分析
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吴倩1, 张涛1, 冉华军1, 江世杰2, 时光蕤1
作者信息
  • 1三峡大学 湖北省输电线路工程技术研究中心,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 2国网浙江省电力有限公司建德供电公司,浙江 建德 311600
  • 吴倩(1999-),女(汉族),四川遂宁人,硕士生,主要研究方向为海底电缆载流量计算与提升。

通讯作者:

张涛(1981-),男(汉族),安徽阜阳人,教授,主要研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术、电力系统优化运行与控制技术。
Analysis on ampacity model of submarine cable under typical laying mode in transmission section
Qian WU1, Tao ZHANG1, Huajun RAN1, Shijie JIANG2, Guangrui SHI1
Affiliations
  • 1Engineering Technology Research Center for Power Transmission Line, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
  • 2Jiande Power Supply Company, State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Jiande 311600, China
出版时间: 2023-12-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.015
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海上送电线路中不同段敷设方式的差异性会对海缆载流量造成较大影响,因此从送电区段角度出发研究段内典型敷设方式下的载流量具有重要意义。本文建立了±160 kV直流输电工程送出海缆线路中登陆段、海底段的海缆电-热-流耦合模型,基于有限元用控制变量法研究了登陆段中海缆敷设于电缆沟底部和角钢支架、海底段中铺设和直埋4种典型敷设方式下的空气域尺寸、角钢支架放置位置、海水温度和流速及土壤温度对海缆稳态载流量的影响。结果表明:海缆敷设于电缆沟底部时受空气域尺寸的影响较大,增大对流散热面积可有效提高海缆稳态载流量;计算敷设于角钢支架上的海缆载流量要考虑到支架与沟内壁形成的半封闭区域,埋设于深度浅的支架时海缆的温度更低,载流量更大;在海底段,铺设时海缆温度跟随海水温度的升降发生同向变化,与海水流速增减趋势相反;土壤温度的升高造成埋设海缆载流量降低;登陆段为载流量计算的瓶颈段,电缆沟底部敷设可采用充水电缆沟有效提升载流量;敷设在支架上时加装冷却水管可使其载流量达到工程要求。

不同送电区段  /  海缆  /  稳态载流量  /  有限元法  /  瓶颈载流量提升  /  充水电缆沟  /  冷却水管

The difference of laying methods in different sections of marine transmission line has a great impact on the ampacity of submarine cable, so it is of great significance to study the ampacity under typical laying methods in transmission section. In this paper, an electric-heat-current coupling model of submarine cable in landing section and submarine section of submarine cable line in ±160 kV DC transmission project was established. On the basis of finite element method, the influence of air domain size, position of angle steel support, seawater and soil factor on the steady ampacity of submarine cable were studied under four typical laying methods, which is the submarine cable laid at the bottom of cable trench and laid on the angle steel support in landing section and the submarine cable laid and directly buried in submarine section. The results show that the submarine cable laid at the bottom of cable trench is greatly affected by the air domain size, and increasing the convection area can effectively improve the steady ampacity of submarine cable. The semi-closed area between the support and the inner wall of trench should be taken into account in calculating the ampacity of cable laid on the angle steel support. The temperature of submarine cable laid at the shallow depth of support is lower and its ampacity is larger. In the submarine section, the submarine cable temperature changes in the same direction with the rise and fall of sea water temperature, which is opposite to the increase and decrease trend of sea water velocity. The increase of soil temperature results in the decrease of buried submarine cable ampacity. The landing section is the bottleneck section of ampacity calculation, and the ampacity can be improved effectively by using the water filling cable trench when the submarine cable is laid at the bottom of cable trench. When the submarine cable is laid on the support, the ampacity can meet the engineering requirements by installing cooling water pipe.

different transmission sections  /  submarine cable  /  steady ampacity  /  finite element method  /  ampacity boost  /  water-filled cable trench  /  cooling water pipe
吴倩, 张涛, 冉华军, 江世杰, 时光蕤. 送电区段内典型敷设方式下海缆载流量模型分析. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (12) : 111 -121 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.015
Qian WU, Tao ZHANG, Huajun RAN, Shijie JIANG, Guangrui SHI. Analysis on ampacity model of submarine cable under typical laying mode in transmission section[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (12) : 111 -121 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.015
载流量是海缆在敷设方式和环境条件都已经确定的情况下,海缆在运行至稳定状态时所能承受的载流能力[1]。若导体负荷电流大于海缆载流量,导致海缆各层温度大于海缆运行时所允许的最高温度,缩短海缆的可使用寿命,因此载流量直接影响电缆的运行可靠性和经济性[2]。柔性直流输电工程中多采用高压直流海底电缆,直流海底电缆连接海洋与陆地,是地下与海底直流电能传输效率的关键所在,而衡量海缆传输能力的指标就是稳态载流量。针对海缆载流量模型的研究,本质上是解决一个将电磁场、热场和流体场结合在一起的复杂耦合问题[3-5],这是因为海缆运行过程中的热量交换不仅与电缆的结构参数相关,还与敷设区段、敷设方式、敷设的环境参数有关。
解析计算法和数值计算法是目前研究海缆载流量模型的两大主流算法。解析计算法从IEC 60287:1999的第三部分出发,计算出简化为一维模型的海缆本体及周围介质的热阻,代入由传热学推导出的公式即可得知海缆的载流量数值。数值计算法主要分为有限元法、有限差分法和边界元法[6]。其中有限元法可模拟海缆实际敷设情况,使计算出的载流量数值最大程度上接近实际,计算准确度较高而被广泛应用。文献[7]考虑到海缆在登陆段采用非开挖方式时的散热性能较差,通过有限元法建立三场耦合的模型对比了不同敷设方式下海缆载流量的受影响程度。文献[8]以220 kV实际海缆工程为例,对可能成为瓶颈的敷设段载流量进行计算并确定了其短时过载能力。文献[9]通过有限元法来对比研究不同敷设方案下登陆段载流能力的提升效果,为工程设计提供了可靠的指导。文献[10]建立了海底段三芯交流海缆埋设与铺设时的COMSOL仿真模型,研究了海水因素对其载流量及温度场的影响。文献[11]在将流场考虑在内的前提下,采用有限元法研究了直流海缆正常运行时的径向温度与电场分布,得出海缆载流量是其主要影响因素。文献[12]根据多场耦合理论,基于数值计算,针对三芯交流海缆在仿真软件中分别建立了海缆埋设、铺设等敷设方式下的载流量分析模型,并研究了海水流动速度、海水表层温度对海缆载流量的影响。文献[13]采用回填低热阻材料的方式对敷设在保护套管中的海缆进行载流量提升研究。
综上,海缆为海上风电输送环节中重要的一环,针对被用于衡量海缆电能传输能力的载流量,学者已进行了大量研究,但研究主要集中于送电区段中的某一特定段。而在工程中海缆敷设途经多种不同区段,不同区段的海缆敷设方式及环境工况差异较大。仅在其中一段分析海缆载流量及温度场分布,只能就当下环境得出引起载流量变化的因素与影响的剧烈程度,无法以全局视角进行整体性对比和进一步研究海缆敷设段中载流量瓶颈所在,从而无法对不满足工程需要的载流量提升至达标。为此,本文采用有限元法在COMSOL Multiphysics软件中分别建立登陆段、海底段中典型敷设方式下的海缆载流量分析模型。其中,登陆段采用海缆敷设于电缆沟底部和角钢支架两种方式;海底段采用铺设、埋设两种方式,仿真分析这两大送电区段4种敷设方式下的海缆载流量,并通过更换对流换热介质、增加辅助散热装置来提升瓶颈段载流量,为实际工程中海缆整体敷设提供可靠的数据参考。
热量产生于负荷电流流过的海缆导体,传递至海缆各结构层。海底段海缆本体与海水进行热量交换的过程中涉及到电磁场、传热场及流体场;登陆段海缆主要与电缆沟中的空气进行固体与流体传热。此外,还有电缆沟与海缆表面的辐射参与传热。以上热量传递过程涉及到的控制方程如下:
(1)电场模块控制方程
电场模块控制方程如式(1)~(4)所示。
εE=ρ
μH=εH
E=-Bt
H=σE+Dt
式(1)~(4)中:E为电场强度,单位为V/m;B为磁感应强度,单位为T;D为电位移矢量,单位为C/m2H为磁场强度,单位为A/m;ρ为电荷密度,单位为 A/m3ε为介电常数,单位为F/m;μ为磁导率,单位为H/m;σ为电导率,单位为S/m;t为时间,单位为s。
导体电导率与温度之间满足式(5)的关系[14]
σ=σ20[1+α(T-20)]
式(5)中:σ为单位长度导体在温度为T时的电导率,单位为S/m;σ20为导体在20℃时的电导率;α为导体的温度系数,单位为℃-1T为海缆导体温度,单位为℃。
海缆内部发热控制方程如式(6)~(7)所示。
ρCρ1T=(kT)+Qe
Qe=JE
式(6)~(7)中:Cρ1为恒压热容,单位为kg/m3k为导热系数,单位为J/(kg·℃);Qe为海缆单位长度的热源,单位为W/m;J为电流密度矢量,A/m3
(2)流场模块控制方程
海底段中海水层流体的连续和运动控制方程如式(8)~(9)所示。
(ρ1v1)=0
ρ1(v1)v1=-P+(μ(v1+(v1)T)-23μ(v1)I+ρ1g
式(8)~(9)中:ρ1为海水流体材料的密度,单位为kg/m3v1为流体在海水层中的速度矢量,单位为 m/s;P为压强,单位为Pa;μ为动力黏度,单位为Pa·s;I是单位矩阵;g为重力加速度,取9.8 m/s2
登陆段中空气层流体的控制方程如式(10)~(11)所示。
ut+ρf(uux+vuy)=px+μ1(2ux2+2uy2)
vt+ρf(uvx+vvy)=px+μ1(2vx2+2vy2)+ρref[1-β(θ-θref)]g
式(10)~(11)中:uv为速度矢量在x、y轴上的分量,单位为m/s;ρf为空气流体的密度,单位为kg/m3p为空气流场的压强,单位为Pa;μ1为动力黏度,单位为Pa·s;θref为参考温度,单位为℃;ρref是参考密度,单位为kg/m3β为体积膨胀系数,单位为℃-1θ为流体温度,单位为℃。
(3)传热模块方程
海底段热量自海缆本体结构中产生并传至表面,在海水层中与流体产生对流换热。对流换热控制方程如式(12)所示。
ρ1C1(Tt+(v)T)=-(q)+τ:s-Tρ1ρ1T|p|(ρ1T+(v)p)+Q1
式(12)中:C1为流体材料常压下的比热容,单位为 J/(kg·K);q为传导热通量,单位为W/m2τ为粘滞应力张量,单位为Pa;s=0.5(▽v+(▽v)T),为应变率张量,单位为s-1Q1为流体材料中的热源,单位为W/m3
登陆段中海缆在电缆沟内存在空气的自然对流,电缆表面与电缆沟内壁产生热辐射,共同参与热量交换。热辐射的控制方程如式(13)所示。
uT1x+vT1y-k1(2T1x2+2T1y2)=0
式(13)中,k1为空气的导热系数,单位为W/(m·K);T1为电缆沟中空气的温度,单位为℃。
由于电缆外表面与管道内壁、电缆沟内壁之间存在辐射传热的情况,根据玻尔兹曼定律,温度分别为θiθj的两表面的辐射传热计算公式可表示为式(14)
Qi=σ1εiFijAi(θi2+θj2)(θi+θj)(θi-θj)
式(14)中:Qi为表面i的传热率,为比值,单位为1;σ1为Stefan-Boltzman常数,单位为W/(m2·℃);εi为热辐射率,为比值,单位为1;Fij为角系数,为比值,单位为1;Ai为表面i的表面积,单位为m2
送电线路在长距离输电中的海域部分通常采用高压直流海底电缆进行电能的传输,在接入陆地终端站后采用架空线或陆地电缆继续输送电能[15]。海底电缆的送电区段可划分为海域段和陆域段,海域段是跨海输电线路的主要区段,占有绝对长度优势;陆域段是海底电缆入海前或登陆上岸后的区段,长度一般仅在几百米至几公里。送电区段如图1所示。
本文以南澳岛±160 kV直流输电系统中的单芯直流海缆为研究对象,其实际结构见图2表1为海缆的具体参数。
海缆工程长达千米,海缆外径与线路总长相比相差多个数量级,敷设海缆可视为无限远[16],因此截取登陆段20 m×10 m、海底段20 m×13 m的矩形区域进行二维模型下的载流量计算。
电缆沟敷设是海缆在登陆段的主要敷设方式,选取海缆直接放置在电缆底部与海缆放置在角钢支架上这两种方式进行载流量模型研究,设置电缆沟材料为混凝土,支架选用角钢。海底段通常采用海缆铺设与埋设,直埋时,海缆埋设于海床下1 m位置;铺设时海缆平铺于海床上,由于重力下陷于海底土壤中。为简化分析,对仿真模型作出如下设定:①假定海缆各层的内外表面为等温面;②将海底土壤视为均匀分布层[17]
在海缆本体施加负荷电流后会产生焦耳热,这部分焦耳热即海缆导体产生的损耗,损耗使得海缆温度上升。此时的导体作为一个等效热源进行传热,由于外界环境温度低于导体温度,在传热时始终存在温度梯度,因此海缆周围介质温度场也发生变化。而海缆的电导率通常随温度变化,温度又反过来影响海缆本体参数,进而影响产生的电磁场和损耗。登陆段中海缆温度升高导致空气密度改变,产生升浮力发生自然对流,且电缆沟内壁与海缆存在表面对表面辐射,辐射传热和固体与流体传热共同参与对流传热;海底段中,当海水流动至发热海缆周围时受热流速变大,海水密度因此发生改变,海水与海缆发生对流换热带走一部分海缆热量,再次影响温度场分布。电-热-流三场耦合机理如图3所示。
本文采用有限元法对海缆载流量模型进行分析,所建立的模型涉及电场、流体场和传热场,具体边界条件设置如下:
(1)电场:海缆敷设完成后,在海缆导体上施加160 kV电压,以法向电流密度的形式加载电流。
(2)流体场:现实中海水在海域内以相对稳定的速度沿某一方向水平运动,为了使海缆敷设环境无限接近现实敷设工况,设置海水自计算域左侧以一定速度流入[18],到达计算右侧壁面时洋流速度减为0,体现为壁面无滑移,达到边界零压力P=0。该界面的海水流速计算表达式为式(14)
v=-v0n
式(14)中:v0为海水流入界面的初始速度;n为法向向量。
(3)传热场:登陆段电缆沟模型中,对电缆铜芯处施加负荷电流I0,电缆外壁为磁绝缘。土壤底部离发热海缆较远,认为其不受温度变化的影响,看作恒温边界条件,温度为20℃;在缆芯左右两侧边界施加第二类边界条件,热通量为0,并在右边界取一压力约束点,设置P=P0[19];上边界为土壤与空气接触边界,发生对流换热,可表示为式(15)
q=λ(T1-T0)
海底段计算域中海缆敷设底部边界被认为离海缆无限远,不受海缆发热影响,因此敷设环境底部的环境温度满足传热学第一类边界条件,海域底部设置恒定温度10℃;流动的海水与海缆本体之间存在温差,两者之间产生对流现象,满足第二类边界条件,海水域左右边界热通量保持为0;海水上侧直接与空气接触,根据牛顿换热定律,用对流热通量模拟海水的散热过程。对流热通量可表示为式(16)
q1=λ'(T-T0)
式(15)~(16)中:q1为热通量,单位为J/s;λ为地表换热系数,取12.5 W/(m2·K);λ'为海水与上层空气传热系数,取值200 W/(m2·K)[20]T0为环境温度。图4图5分别为登陆段、海底段海缆矩形计算域所设置的边界条件,海缆与登陆段、海底段的条件设置保持一致。
海缆在登陆段采用电缆沟敷设时,海缆本体与电缆沟内壁即外部土壤之间存在热传导;海缆本体与电缆沟内空气之间涉及三种传热方式,分别为热传导、热对流、热辐射。当海缆直接敷设于电缆沟底部时,电缆沟内壁与海缆外壁间存在表面对表面辐射,辐射率分别为0.60和0.90;当海缆敷设于角钢支架上时,两者直接接触产生面对面辐射,海缆底部与角钢支架上表面相切辐射率为0.79。
基于上述模型,在仿真过程中对电缆导体施加一定电流值,稳态载流量为海缆缆芯温度达到70℃时的稳态工作电流[21]。采用控制变量法分别研究两大送电区段内直接敷设于电缆沟底部、放置于电缆沟角钢支架上、海缆铺设和海缆埋设4种典型敷设方式下潜在因素对稳态载流量的影响。各敷设段的具体环境参数如表2所示。
当海缆直接敷设在电缆沟底部时,电缆沟表面与海缆之间的介质为空气。分别建立A、B两种类型的矩形电缆沟,尺寸分别为1.70 m×1.05 m、2.40 m×1.90 m。考虑到两海缆之间的热效应,保持缆芯间距1 m不变,施加440.50 A的负荷电流于海缆缆芯,设置环境温度为20℃。引入Boussinesq近似模拟浮力效果,确定沟内壁与海缆外壁无滑移,得到海缆的温度场分布图及计算域空气流体速度场分布图如图69所示。
图69可知,当缆芯负荷电流为440.5 A时,A型矩形电缆沟内海缆缆芯最高温度已至70℃,达到稳态,其电缆沟左右内壁最大速度为0.12 m/s。而B型矩形电缆沟内海缆最高温度仅为59.2℃,相比之下两种尺寸的电缆沟内海缆存在10.8℃的温差,且最大温度出现在海缆上方。经过计算得到A型、B型电缆沟内的平均空气流体速度分别为0.045 m/s、0.061 m/s。B型电缆沟内海缆的温度明显低于A型电缆沟内海缆,探究其原因为:虽然小尺寸A型电缆沟内多次出现高速空气流动,但沟内平均速度低于大尺寸B型电缆沟内平均速度。A型电缆沟低速面积整体小于B型电缆沟。由于电缆沟空间有限,沟内流体与海缆对流换热的实质为:空气受到电缆本体与电缆沟壁位置的约束,自然对流过程形成环状流动。流体高速流动的面积越大,空气流动的充分性越好,散热的空间越大,海缆温度越低[22]
保持海缆埋设深度及周围环境设定不变,改变空气域面积。A型电缆沟域面积为1.80 m2,B型电缆沟域面积为4.60 m2。每隔0.70 m2取值,研究海缆稳态载流量与空气域面积之间的关系,得到海缆在不同尺寸电缆沟内的载流量如图10所示。
图10可知,空气域截面尺寸的增加会使稳态载流量得到提升。当电缆沟面积为1.80 m2时,稳态载流量仅为440.50 A;当电缆沟面积增加到4.60 m2时,稳态载流量提升至550.19 A,相比之下提高了109.69 A。随着空气域截面尺寸的增加,稳态载流量的增幅不断减小,稳态载流量呈现先增大后趋于平稳的趋势。这是由于电缆沟是一个封闭的空间,当空气高速流动的面积增大至一定限度时,其对流换热的能力也会达到极限。此时空间的大小对海缆温度场及载流量的影响逐渐削弱,因此缆芯温度的下降趋势及海缆载流量的增长进入平稳阶段。
海缆敷设于电缆沟角钢支架上时,海缆以两条角钢支架为支撑,电缆底部与角钢表面贴合[23]。通过设置角钢的有无,探究敷设方式对电缆沟中海缆的温度场与稳态载流量的影响。
图10可知,B型电缆沟内海缆的载流量为550.19 A。角钢支架的有无体现在边界条件的设置中,即添加了支架与海缆表面的表面对表面辐射。敷设方式的改变,使电缆表面接触的对象从电缆沟底部内壁转换为角钢支架表面,接触传热发生了物体种类变化但其原理不变。在有角钢支架的仿真模型中保持其他设定与B型电缆沟模型一致,包括电缆沟尺寸、取值为1 m的缆芯距离以及边界条件。图11为海缆敷设于支架时的温度场分布图,图12为计算域内速度场云图。
图11可以看出,敷设于电缆沟支架上的海缆最高温度为51.9℃,较敷设于沟底端的海缆最高温度降低了18.1℃。支架与海缆直接接触发热,致使支架首端温度高于末端。从图12可以看出,以支架为界,上下计算域存在一定速度差异。支架上界电缆沟左右内壁出现空气高速流动,这是由于升浮力使空气继续向上流动作循环态。以两海缆缆芯距离的中垂线为界,电缆沟内壁与两海缆发热正上方各自形成环状流动区域,近似为轴对称。支架下界温度与速度明显低于支架上界,这是由于支架下方受电缆发热影响较小,温度更低、流速更小的空气在下端产生对流[24]
保持电缆沟尺寸大小及支架位置的横坐标不变,改变支架敷设深度由1.0 m减小至0.6 m,得到海缆放置在深0.6 m的角钢支架上时的温度场与速度场分布图,分别如图13图14所示。
分析图1314可知,支架敷设深度减小后,海缆缆芯最高温度较之前更低,仅为43.6℃。场内空气最大、最小流速分别为0.051 m/s、1.503×10-5 m/s。虽然计算域内流体速度最大值小于角钢支架敷设深度为1 m时的电缆沟内流速,但前者平均流速达到0.089 8 m/s,后者为0.079 0 m/s。
保证海缆本体与敷设环境仿真条件不变,在[0.4,1.2]区间内取值,改变电缆沟支架放置的深度,得到海缆稳态载流量的变化如图15所示。
图15可以看出,支架放置深度与海缆载流量存在线性关系。敷设于放置深度为0.4 m的电缆沟支架时,海缆的载流量最大,埋设深度最大与最小时的稳态载流量相差95.85 A。这是由于电缆沟敷设时,热量可以借助内部辐射和空气的自然对流先传递到四壁再向四周转移,热量可以通过盖板直接向外界传递[25]。当角钢支架敷设得更靠近地面时,海缆更易与外界产生热量交换,将自身热量发散出去,因此敷设于深度浅的支架时海缆的温度更低,稳态载流量更大。
与登陆段电缆沟敷设不同,铺设于海床之上时,有海水自一定方向流过海缆。海缆周围的介质并非空气而是海水,海水流动会带走部分海缆发热产生的热量。计算模型给定海水域入口速度为0.2 m/s,海水温度为15℃,计算出海底电缆达到最高温度70℃时的载流量为1 200.86 A,图16为其速度场分布图。从图16可以看出,海水自计算域左入口流入,在靠近海缆时流速降低。海水流经海缆上侧时,海缆发热影响海水密度,洋流速度增大。水冷散热效果并不是靠水本身,而是靠水的流动。水在不断流动,温差就一直存在,换热率就不会降低,使海缆上方受热量影响出现高速流动漩涡。
海域中海水流速受季节影响多在0~2 m/s内波动,因此海水流速数值取自[0, 2]区间,保持海缆本体建模与周围环境媒介参数不变,对比施加相同负荷电流时,海水静态及动态下的海缆温度以及海缆达到稳态时的载流量。图17描述了不同海水流速、不同海水温度时海缆缆芯的温度变化。由图17可知,海水静止时,海水环境温度的改变对海缆缆芯温度场的影响较小,环境每增加2℃,海缆仅有约0.1℃的温升。在初始流动状态下(v0=0.2 m/s),导体温度较静止状态下降低了18.7℃,即使是处于较小流速的海水流过海缆本体,都会使铺设的海缆缆芯最高温度降低。随着海水流速的增加,海缆温度继续降低。海水静动态对温度场分布的影响较大,可见将海水因素考虑进入海缆载流量模型分析能较大幅度地提高计算精确度。
图18为海水流速在0~2 m/s内变化时海缆载流量数值的变化。由图18可知,随着海水流速的增大,海缆载流量增大,v=0 m/s时海缆载流量为1 056.55 A,v=0.2 m/s时载流量增至1 200.86 A,增大了近145 A,其变化趋势与海缆温度场在不同流速下的变化一致。但当海水流速上升至2 m/s附近时,载流量增幅减小。与v=1.8 m/s时的载流量相比,v=2 m/s时的载流量增长率仅为0.7%。由于海水对流换热能力有限,当海水流动可带走的热量到达极限时,海缆温度将不再持续下降,同理载流量也不再无限增大。
海缆埋设于海底土壤中时,通常取埋设深度不超过10 m,现有研究结果证明10 m之外的区域不受海缆发热的影响[26]。海缆埋设时海洋环境边界条件设置保持与海缆铺设情况时相同,计算出海缆表面达到最高温度70℃的截流量为849.46 A,图19为其温度场分布图。从图19可以看出,温度以缆芯为圆心点向外扩散并依次递减,海缆最外层因其远离发热中心成为表面温度最低点。
表3为埋设海缆上方海水流速不同时的载流量,可见由于埋设海缆与海水未有接触,海水流速与温度因素对埋设方式下的海缆影响较铺设时小,海缆载流量最大值与最小值仅相差23.10 A。
由于海缆处于海底直埋方式时下陷于海底土壤中,直接与土壤接触产生联系。因此仍保持海底埋设各敷设环境设定不变,重点研究土壤温度对海缆稳态载流量的影响。土壤温度取15~30℃,每隔2℃取一值,缆芯通等量的负荷电流。图20为不同土壤温度下直埋海缆的温度与稳态载流量分布图。由图20可知,当给定的负荷电流相等时,海缆缆芯温度在土壤温度为20℃左右升至稳态最大值。随着土壤温度的增加,缆芯温度进一步升高。载流量的变化趋势与缆芯温度的变化趋势相反,缆芯温度越低,海缆散热效果越好,与周围介质对流换热越强烈,载流量越大。处于最高与最低温度下的海缆载流量从792.62 A提升至981.00 A,提升幅度达到23.8%。
已知±160 kV直流输电系统额定电流为625 A[27],登陆段、海底段中4种敷设方式下的海缆载流量如图21所示。
图21可知,海底段中铺设与埋设时海缆载流量分别为1 200.86 A、849.46 A,均大于625 A,满足海缆输电要求。登陆段中敷设在电缆沟上的海缆载流量为550.19 A;直接敷设在电缆沟底部的海缆载流量仅为为440.50 A,为两大送电区段4种敷设方式中最小值,二者均未达标。
跟海底段铺设与埋设两种敷设方式下的海缆相比,登陆段这两种敷设方式下的海缆散热效果更差,缺少了海水这种良好的散热介质,说明单一固体传热下的海缆载流量远低于固体与流体传热时的载流量。
因此,在不改变海底电缆本体结构与登陆段结构的情况下,在海缆直接敷设于电缆沟底部时采用充水电缆沟的方式以改善电缆登陆段周边介质的散热条件,缓解登陆段电缆的温升效应,实现对海底电缆载流量的提升[28]。设置环境温度为20℃,电缆沟内充水,计算域施加压力约束点使之形成自然对流,得到将电缆沟内介质由空气改为水之后的稳态载流量如图22所示。由图22可知,电缆沟内充水时,海缆载流能力的提升效果非常明显,优于电缆沟内流动介质为空气时的情况。例如:电缆沟面积为4.60 m2时,敷设于充水电缆沟内的海缆载流量为690.36 A,达到输电要求,且电缆沟充水后海底电缆载流能力提升了近25.5%。
因此登陆段可将电缆沟面积扩大至4.60 m2,就近取材取地将电缆沟充满海水以实现高效快捷有效的载流量提升,以满足实际工程需求。
海缆敷设于电缆沟支架上时,可以在支架上电缆旁平行放置冷却水管辅助降温,提升载流量。设置冷水管距离海缆轴心0.4 m,内置15℃冷却水。图23为增加冷却水管装置后的海缆温度场分布图,双极海缆温度呈轴对称分布,为进一步观察海缆及附近环境温度变化,取正极海缆侧观察。
当海缆被施加620.63 A,即提升前的海缆载流量时,海缆缆芯温度为54.6℃,与达到稳态时的70℃相比下降了15.4℃。使用牛顿拉夫逊法迭代求解增加冷却水管装置时的负荷电流,直至缆芯温度达到要求。经计算,缆芯流过电流为712 A时海缆才达到最高温度70℃,712 A>625 A,说明提升后的海缆载流量已符合输电条件。
改变冷却水管平行敷设时与海缆轴心的距离,以50 cm为一间隔,轴心距离在[0.4, 0.6]内变化。图24为海缆与冷却水管距离对海缆载流量的影响。由图24可知,随着轴心距离的增加,海缆载流量逐渐减小。考虑到冷却效果随平行敷设距离的加大而减弱,选择将冷却水管敷设在距离海缆缆芯较近处,此时海缆载流量已被提升至输电要求之上,任意取冷却水管与海缆距离位于[0.4, 0.6]区间均符合工程需求。
本文通过建立登陆段内直接敷设于电缆沟底部、放置于电缆沟角钢支架上以及海底段海缆铺设、埋设4种敷设方式下的海缆模型,探究了与之相关性较大的空气域尺寸、支架放置位置、海水温度及流速、土壤温度因素对海缆温度场及载流量的影响,得出如下结论:
(1)登陆段中,直接敷设在电缆沟底部时的海缆载流量与空气域尺寸有紧密联系,面积为4.6 m2的电缆沟载流量大于面积为1.8 m2的电缆沟载流量,且空气域尺寸增加,载流量增大。但当空气高速流动的面积增大至一定限度时,即使空气域截面尺寸增加,稳态载流量的增幅也会不断减小,其对流换热趋于饱和。
(2)敷设于角钢支架上的海缆载流量略大于敷设于电缆沟底部的海缆载流量。前者以角钢为界上下通风,自然对流的面积更大,平均流速也更大。当角钢支架敷设近地面时,海缆更易与外界产生热量交换,因此敷设于深度浅的支架时海缆的温度更低,稳态载流量更大。
(3)海底段中,海水因素对铺设海缆影响更为显著,海水流速与海缆温度具有异步变化趋势,且海缆铺设于静动态海水时的载流量差异大,一定范围内海水流速越大,载流量越大;埋设海缆载流量的变化趋势与土壤温度走势相反,土壤温度越低,海缆散热效果越好,与周围介质的对流换热越剧烈,载流量数值越高。
(4)采用充水电缆沟对海缆登陆段敷设于电缆沟底部时的载流量有显著提升作用,提升幅度近25.5%,可满足工程输电要求。需要时可选择比热容较大的海水代替空气参与对流换热。采用加装冷却水管的方式可帮助提升海缆敷设于电缆沟支架时的稳态载流量直至达到工程所需的625 A。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51577105)
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2023年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.015
  • 接收时间:2023-07-30
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-12-20
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2023-07-30
  • 修回日期:2023-10-03
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51577105)
作者信息
    1三峡大学 湖北省输电线路工程技术研究中心,湖北 宜昌 443002
    2国网浙江省电力有限公司建德供电公司,浙江 建德 311600

通讯作者:

张涛(1981-),男(汉族),安徽阜阳人,教授,主要研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术、电力系统优化运行与控制技术。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.12.015
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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