Article(id=1199642733053833567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199642729207660562, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.11.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1670428800000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-08, revisedDate=1674230400000, revisedDateStr=2023-01-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763946715844, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1700409600000, pubDateStr=2023-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763946715844, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763946715844, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763946715844, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199642729207660562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='116', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763946714927, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563708953, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210619197772657229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199642729207660562, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210619197772657230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199642729207660562, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=57, endPage=64, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199642734328901998, articleId=1199642733053833567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Molecular simulation on effect of silane coupling agent modified TiO2 on water molecular diffusion behavior in vegetable insulating oil, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The nanomolecular model of TiO2/vegetable oil interface structures before and after modification of two silane coupling agents (KH570 and KH792) were established by molecular dynamics simulation, and the effect of TiO2 interface before and after modification with silane coupling agents on the diffusion behavior of water molecules in oil were further investigated by dynamics simulation. The results show that compared with the untreated TiO2, the modified TiO2 interface has stronger adsorption of water molecules, which inhibits the migration behavior of water molecules in the oil, resulting in the significant reduction of their diffusion coefficient, thus reducing the formation of “small bridges” of water molecule impurities in the oil, and improving the insulating properties of vegetable insulating oil. Among them, the modification effect of KH792 is more significant. Further, by calculating the interaction energy between water molecules and TiO2 interface system, the number of hydrogen bonds form and the free volume fraction, the causes and physical mechanisms of above phenomena are explain, which provides theoretical support for the study of nanoparticle doping to improve the insulating properties of vegetable insulating oil.

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本文采用分子动力学模拟的方法建立了两种硅烷偶联剂(KH570、KH792)改性前后TiO2/植物绝缘油界面结构的纳米分子模型,并进一步通过动力学仿真研究了硅烷偶联剂改性前后TiO2界面对油中水分子扩散行为的影响。结果表明:相较于未处理的TiO2,改性后TiO2界面对水分子有更强的吸附性,束缚了水分子在油中的扩散行为,致使其扩散系数显著降低,从而降低了油中水分子杂质形成“小桥”的概率,提升了植物绝缘油的绝缘性能,其中KH792的改性效果更为显著。进一步通过计算水分子与TiO2界面体系相互作用能、形成氢键的数量和自由体积分数,解释了上述现象的成因与物理机制,为研究纳米粒子掺杂改善植物绝缘油绝缘性能提供了理论支撑。

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赵曼卿(1997-),男(汉族),陕西渭南人,硕士生,主要从事特征产物分子在油纸绝缘中的产生及扩散机理的研究;

王洋(1984-),男(汉族),吉林人,副教授,博士,主要从事高分子绝缘材料导电、导热机理的分子模拟研究。

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赵曼卿(1997-),男(汉族),陕西渭南人,硕士生,主要从事特征产物分子在油纸绝缘中的产生及扩散机理的研究;

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赵曼卿(1997-),男(汉族),陕西渭南人,硕士生,主要从事特征产物分子在油纸绝缘中的产生及扩散机理的研究;

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王洋(1984-),男(汉族),吉林人,副教授,博士,主要从事高分子绝缘材料导电、导热机理的分子模拟研究。

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王洋(1984-),男(汉族),吉林人,副教授,博士,主要从事高分子绝缘材料导电、导热机理的分子模拟研究。

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label=图8, caption=植物绝缘油/TiO2界面模型的自由体积分布图, figureFileSmall=b3/IRdWWjPt9h3CtKSky2g==, figureFileBig=GO4ksELcCKIw3fveLay4+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217475520422396854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199642733053833567, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=The slope of MSD curve and diffusion coefficient of water molecules in three kinds of interface structure, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数未改性KH570改性KH792改性
a2.771.080.61
D/(Å2/ps)0.460.180.10
), ArticleFig(id=1217475520548225977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199642733053833567, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3种界面结构中水分子MSD曲线斜率及扩散系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数未改性KH570改性KH792改性
a2.771.080.61
D/(Å2/ps)0.460.180.10
), ArticleFig(id=1217475520640500670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199642733053833567, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Average number of hydrogen bonds in three kinds of TiO2/vegetable insulating oil interface model, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
界面模型未改性KH570改性KH792改性
平均氢键个数/个84.492.296.6
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3种TiO2/植物绝缘油界面模型中的平均氢键个数

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界面模型未改性KH570改性KH792改性
平均氢键个数/个84.492.296.6
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参数未改性KH570改性KH792改性
EW104.641 4320.719 4303.713 4
EN-465 809.714 6-465 301.328 7-465 112.724 2
Eint-461.849 9-634.046 7-648.776 1
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3种界面结构中水分子与TiO2界面的相互作用能

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参数未改性KH570改性KH792改性
EW104.641 4320.719 4303.713 4
EN-465 809.714 6-465 301.328 7-465 112.724 2
Eint-461.849 9-634.046 7-648.776 1
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硅烷偶联剂改性TiO2对植物绝缘油中水分子扩散行为影响的分子模拟研究
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赵曼卿 1 , 王洋 1 , 李健飞 1 , 张仟凯 1 , 李华强 2 , 朱庆东 3
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2023,56(11): 57-64
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2023, 56(11): 57-64
硅烷偶联剂改性TiO2对植物绝缘油中水分子扩散行为影响的分子模拟研究
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赵曼卿1, 王洋1, 李健飞1, 张仟凯1, 李华强2, 朱庆东3
作者信息
  • 1西安工程大学 电子信息学院,陕西 西安 710048
  • 2西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点 实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 3国网山东省电力公司电力科学研究院,山东 济南 250001
  • 赵曼卿(1997-),男(汉族),陕西渭南人,硕士生,主要从事特征产物分子在油纸绝缘中的产生及扩散机理的研究;

    王洋(1984-),男(汉族),吉林人,副教授,博士,主要从事高分子绝缘材料导电、导热机理的分子模拟研究。

Molecular simulation on effect of silane coupling agent modified TiO2 on water molecular diffusion behavior in vegetable insulating oil
Manqing ZHAO1, Yang WANG1, Jianfei LI1, Qiankai ZHANG1, Huaqiang LI2, Qingdong ZHU3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Electronics and Information, Xi′an Polytechnic University, Xi′an 710048, China
  • 2State Key Lab of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
  • 3State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company Electric Power Research Institute, Jinan 250001, China
出版时间: 2023-11-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.11.010
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本文采用分子动力学模拟的方法建立了两种硅烷偶联剂(KH570、KH792)改性前后TiO2/植物绝缘油界面结构的纳米分子模型,并进一步通过动力学仿真研究了硅烷偶联剂改性前后TiO2界面对油中水分子扩散行为的影响。结果表明:相较于未处理的TiO2,改性后TiO2界面对水分子有更强的吸附性,束缚了水分子在油中的扩散行为,致使其扩散系数显著降低,从而降低了油中水分子杂质形成“小桥”的概率,提升了植物绝缘油的绝缘性能,其中KH792的改性效果更为显著。进一步通过计算水分子与TiO2界面体系相互作用能、形成氢键的数量和自由体积分数,解释了上述现象的成因与物理机制,为研究纳米粒子掺杂改善植物绝缘油绝缘性能提供了理论支撑。

植物绝缘油  /  纳米粒子  /  变压器  /  硅烷偶联剂  /  含水量

The nanomolecular model of TiO2/vegetable oil interface structures before and after modification of two silane coupling agents (KH570 and KH792) were established by molecular dynamics simulation, and the effect of TiO2 interface before and after modification with silane coupling agents on the diffusion behavior of water molecules in oil were further investigated by dynamics simulation. The results show that compared with the untreated TiO2, the modified TiO2 interface has stronger adsorption of water molecules, which inhibits the migration behavior of water molecules in the oil, resulting in the significant reduction of their diffusion coefficient, thus reducing the formation of “small bridges” of water molecule impurities in the oil, and improving the insulating properties of vegetable insulating oil. Among them, the modification effect of KH792 is more significant. Further, by calculating the interaction energy between water molecules and TiO2 interface system, the number of hydrogen bonds form and the free volume fraction, the causes and physical mechanisms of above phenomena are explain, which provides theoretical support for the study of nanoparticle doping to improve the insulating properties of vegetable insulating oil.

vegetable insulating oil  /  nanoparticles  /  transformer  /  silane coupling agent  /  water content
赵曼卿, 王洋, 李健飞, 张仟凯, 李华强, 朱庆东. 硅烷偶联剂改性TiO2对植物绝缘油中水分子扩散行为影响的分子模拟研究. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (11) : 57 -64 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.11.010
Manqing ZHAO, Yang WANG, Jianfei LI, Qiankai ZHANG, Huaqiang LI, Qingdong ZHU. Molecular simulation on effect of silane coupling agent modified TiO2 on water molecular diffusion behavior in vegetable insulating oil[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (11) : 57 -64 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.11.010
油浸式变压器作为一种核心输变电设备,其安全稳定运行对电网至关重要[1-4]。目前,我国在运的油浸式变压器中的绝缘油多为矿物油,虽然其具有良好的绝缘性能与物化稳定性,但因过度开采及其组分与杂质中的毒性物质,环境正面临着能源短缺和污染等问题。植物绝缘油作为一种新型环保绝缘材料,相比于矿物油,具有更高的闪点,且含碳量更低,属于绿色可再生能源,近年来受到了学者的广泛关注[5-7]。但植物绝缘油的理化特性和绝缘性能相较于矿物油还有一定差距。因此,提高植物绝缘油的绝缘性能对于植物绝缘油变压器的应用与推广、保障电网的安全稳定运行及实现低碳环保可持续发展具有重要的意义。
近年来,纳米材料改性技术是绝缘材料领域的研究热点[8-9]。大量研究表明在变压器油中掺杂纳米粒子可以有效提高其介电性能[10-11]、导热性能[12-13]和抗老化性能[14]。S NAGENDRAN等[15]研究发现葵花籽油掺杂纳米SiO2后具有更高的电气强度和更好的导热性能。杜岳凡等[16]通过研究纳米粒子对植物绝缘油中空间电荷输运特性的影响,发现纳米粒子的添加增加了植物绝缘油中浅陷阱的数量,加速了油中电荷的输运与复合,抑制了空间电荷的积聚效应,提升了植物绝缘油的绝缘性能。然而,由于无机添加剂颗粒与有机基质材料具有不相容性,且容易在有机溶剂中发生团聚与沉降,不利于液体绝缘材料性能的提升。为了解决上述问题,部分学者开展了表面改性纳米颗粒掺杂绝缘油的实验研究。SUN P T等[17]和HUANG M C等[18]分别采用硬质酸和油酸对TiO2纳米粒子进行表面改性处理,研究发现经过改性处理后纳米粒子的分散性以及与基体材料的相容性均有显著提高。然而,关于表面改性纳米粒子掺杂绝缘油机理的分子模拟研究却鲜有报道,相关研究主要集中于环氧树脂与纤维素中,研究发现添加硅烷偶联剂改性的纳米SiO2可以增加绝缘材料中(环氧树脂[19-21]、纤维素[22-24])的氢键数目与分子间的相互作用能,从而抑制材料组分分子的热运动,进而提升其热力学性能。
在变压器运行过程中,其内部绝缘油的性能不仅与其本身的理化特性有关,还会受到含水量、酸值、温度、电场等因素的影响,其中油中含水量是造成变压器油绝缘性能降低最为重要的因素之一。油中水分子的存在不仅会加速油纸绝缘在热场、电场条件下的化学分解,加速其老化过程,同时会提高油中形成杂质“小桥”的概率,进而降低绝缘油的击穿电压[25-26]。ZHU Y D等[27]研究发现纳米多孔材料由于其较大的表面积与较强的吸附性,可以限制水分子在绝缘油中的扩散行为。此外,研究发现在绝缘油中加入球状纳米粒子(SiO2、Al2O3等)亦可以显著增加水分子在绝缘油体系中的氢键数目与相互作用能,抑制油中水分子的扩散行为,进而提升变压器油的绝缘性能[28-30]。因此,纳米粒子掺杂绝缘油可以有效抑制油中水分子的扩散行为,降低“小桥”形成的概率,从而提升变压器油的电气性能。
尽管现有研究证实加入纳米颗粒可以抑制绝缘油中水分子的扩散行为,然而关于表面改性纳米粒子掺杂对植物绝缘油中水分子扩散行为的影响及其物理机制研究却鲜有报道。因此,本文采用分子动力学的方法,研究两种硅烷偶联剂改性TiO2纳米粒子对植物绝缘油中水分子扩散行为的影响及物理机制,为偶联剂改性纳米粒子提升植物绝缘油绝缘性能的研究提供理论依据。
掺杂的TiO2纳米颗粒粒径均为30 nm以上,在现有计算资源条件下难以高精度的完成分子层面的计算及理论研究。而纳米颗粒粒径越大,其表面曲率则越小,在局部范围内更为接近平面结构,且纳米粒子掺杂对基体材料的影响更多取决于纳米粒子表面积的大小,与表面曲率关联性较弱。故本文采用植物绝缘油与TiO2构成的平面界面来近似表征植物绝缘油与TiO2纳米颗粒之间的界面,研究掺杂纳米TiO2对植物绝缘油中水分子扩散行为的影响。
本文的分子建模与动力学模拟均在Lammps软件完成。模拟采用的植物绝缘油为ABB公司开发的BIOTEMP植物绝缘油,它是一种高油酸植物绝缘油,其主要成分为油酸甘油三酯分子(C57H104O6),其含量在80%以上[31];其他成分包括二烯酸甘油三酯(C57H98O6)、三烯酸甘油三酯(C57H92O6)、饱和甘油三酯(C39H74O6)及抗氧化剂等。故本文以油酸甘油三酯分子为组分分子构建植物绝缘油分子模型[32]。当油浸式变压器长期处于稳定状态时,其绝缘油中水分平均含量为3%左右[29,33],因此为了研究植物绝缘油中水分子的扩散行为,在油酸甘油三酯分子中混合了体积分数为3%的水分子。油水混合物平面结构是在恒温恒压系综(NPT)内,T=500 K、P=1.01×105 Pa的条件下,对3%含水量的植物绝缘油无定形结构与赝原子平面进行弛豫而获得,建模示意图如图1所示。其中赝原子间距为1 Å,其位置坐标固定,即在外力作用下不产生空间位移。采用OPLS力场描述油水体系的相互作用[34],采用Gaussian排斥势描述油水体系与赝原子之间的相互作用[35]。初始结构通过1 ns的升温过程,将温度由300 K升高到500 K,随后在500 K的恒定温度下进行2 ns的“熔融”弛豫,保证在高温下植物绝缘油分子可以克服二面角势垒限制完成分子链的合理布局,最后通过1 ns的降温过程,温度由500 K下降到323 K,完成3%含水量植物绝缘油在工作温度下平面结构的建模。移除赝原子,得到尺寸为30.3 Å×30.3 Å×30.3 Å、含水量为3%的植物绝缘油平面结构,其优化后密度为0.9 g/cm3,与实验结果吻合。
TiO2平面结构的建模以(101)晶面即以接触表面的原胞为基础,在xy方向上分别将原胞拓展8倍和3倍,即得TiO2初始平面结构,其尺寸为30.3 Å×30.3 Å×25.4 Å,并在表面Ti原子上进行加氢处理,完成未经偶联剂处理的TiO2平面结构建模。
在KH550、KH560、KH570、KH792以及油酸等常用的改性试剂中,KH570和KH792对纳米粒子的改性效果相对较好[36-37],且研究表明,在纳米粒子上接枝硅烷偶联剂的特征官能团是影响纳米粒子改性效果的重要因素之一。因此,本文选取KH570和KH792两种硅烷偶联剂对TiO2表面进行改性处理,参考文献[23,38]的建模方法,在TiO2表面的Ti原子上接枝相应硅烷偶联剂的特征官能团分子。其中,KH570接枝的分子包含酯类(-COOR)官能团,KH792接枝的分子包含氨胺类官能团(氨基-NH2、亚氨基-NH-),接枝的分子结构如图2所示,最终建立了经过KH570和KH792表面改性后的TiO2平面结构。
将含水量为3%的植物绝缘油结构设置为上层结构,并与下层结构(分别为未表面处理TiO2、KH570改性TiO2与KH792改性TiO2平面)合并,建立了尺寸为30.3 Å×30.3 Å×56.4 Å的植物绝缘油/TiO2界面结构模型,如图3所示。最后在NVT系综内,在T=323 K的条件下进行时长为500 ps的分子动力学仿真,研究不同硅烷偶联剂改性前后TiO2表面对植物绝缘油中水分子扩散行为的影响。
水分子在绝缘油中的运动状态可以由水分子的均方位移曲线(MSD)表示,公式如(1)所示。
MSD=<|r(t)-r(0)|2>
式(1)中:r(t)r(0)分别表示水分子在t时刻和零时刻的位置向量;< >表示计算结果的平均值。
3组界面模型中水分子的MSD曲线如图4所示。从图4可以看出,相较于未改性的TiO2/植物绝缘油界面体系,经过偶联剂改性的TiO2/植物绝缘油界面体系中水分子的MSD曲线有明显下降趋势,其中在KH792改性的界面体系中水分子的MSD曲线降幅最为显著。
扩散系数是表征粒子扩散能力的重要参数,扩散系数越小,介质对粒子的束缚能力越强,其扩散能力越弱。对于TiO2/植物绝缘油界面模型中的水分子而言,水分子的扩散系数越小,表明TiO2纳米表面对水分子的束缚作用越强,水分子越难在植物绝缘油中发生位移,进而降低了水分子的扩散系数。油中水分子的扩散系数(D)可以由式(2)计算。
D=16Nlimtddti=1N|ri(t)-ri(0)|2
式(2)中:N是模型中水分子的数目;ri(t)ri(0)分别代表第i个原子在t时刻与零时刻的位置向量。
在MSD曲线为线性时,式(2)的微分可以用MSD曲线拟合直线的斜率a来表达,即式(3)
D=a6
表1为3种界面结构中水分子MSD曲线斜率与水分子扩散系数计算结果。
表1可知,未改性TiO2/植物绝缘油界面中水分子的扩散系数为0.46 Å2/ps,为3个模型中的最大值;而KH792改性模型中水分子的扩散系数最小,为0.10 Å2/ps,为未改性TiO2/植物绝缘油界面中水分子扩散系数的22%。综上可知,经硅烷偶联剂改性的TiO2/植物绝缘油界面会进一步抑制水分子在植物绝缘油中的扩散行为,有较好的改性效果,且KH792改性效果较KH570更明显。表1扩散系数计算结果与文献[39]模拟计算结果趋势一致。相较于未改性的SiO2纳米粒子,KH570和KH792改性的SiO2纳米粒子可以有效降低硅橡胶组分分子的扩散系数,进而提升其热稳定性[39]。文献[40]研究发现,相比于未改性的纳米粒子,经过偶联剂改性的纳米粒子可以有效降低油中水分子的扩散能力,阻止水分子在介质内局部聚集形成乳化水分子团[41-43],进一步抑制绝缘油中“小桥”的形成,与本文水分子扩散系数结论吻合。
水分子的相对分子浓度体现在整个界面模型中水分子的分布情况,通过模拟前后的对比,可以清晰地探究水分子在不同模型中随时间位置与空间布局的变化规律,进而分析TiO2表面对水分子扩散的影响。本文计算了垂直于TiO2/植物绝缘油界面方向(Z轴)模拟前后水分子相对分子浓度的分布,结果如图5所示。
水分子在模拟结束时均分布在TiO2/植物绝缘油界面附近,说明改性前后的TiO2表面对水分子均存在较强的吸附作用,因此可以在植物绝缘油中添加TiO2纳米粒子促使水分子吸附于纳米粒子表面,进而抑制水分子的扩散行为。从图5可以看出,加入未经改性的TiO2纳米粒子时,其界面处的水分子分布范围较窄,其半峰宽约为1.7 Å;而加入经硅烷偶联剂改性的TiO2纳米粒子时,其界面处水分子分布的范围增大,半峰宽分别达到1.8 Å(KH570改性)和2.0 Å(KH792改性),这主要是由于接枝到TiO2表面的极性官能团分子对水分子有较强的吸附作用,因此水分子会随着官能团分子链在油中分布,拓展了其分布范围。
为进一步区分水分子吸附到改性前后TiO2/植物绝缘油界面附近的运动范围的差异,对500 ps动力学模拟中水分子的质心轨迹进行计算。为了简化计算,采用水分子中氧原子的坐标来代替水分子的质心坐标,其质心轨迹如图6所示。
图6中红色球棍轨迹代表水分子的质心运动轨迹,绿色投影点表示水分子质心在运动轨迹中每一帧在X轴、Y轴及Z轴上的坐标。从图6可以看出,加入未经改性的TiO2纳米粒子时,油中水分子的运动范围最大,其在X轴、Y轴及Z轴的运动范围分别为5 Å、4 Å和3 Å;加入KH570改性的TiO2纳米粒子时,油中水分子的运动范围次之,其在X轴、Y轴及Z轴的运动范围分别为3 Å、3 Å和3 Å;而加入KH570改性的TiO2纳米粒子时,油中水分子的运动范围最小,其在X轴、Y轴及Z轴的运动范围分别为3 Å、3 Å和2 Å。虽然改性前后TiO2表面对水分子均有着较强的吸附作用,但从其运动范围可知,改性后TiO2表面对水分子有更强的吸附能力,且KH792改性的吸附效果更为明显,与文中扩散系数计算结果相吻合。
为了分析油中水分子扩散系数降低的物理成因,本文计算了不同界面结构中水分子的自由体积分数。根据自由体积理论,材料的总体积(Vt)可分为占有体积(V0)和自由体积(Vf)。自由体积分数(FFV)计算公式如式(4)所示。
FFV=VfVf+V0×100%
式(4)可以看出,体系的自由体积分数越大,表明可供粒子位移的空间越多,有助于粒子因热运动在体系内的扩散与位移,水分子在3种界面结构中的自由体积分数计算结果如图7所示。
图7可以看出,相较于未改性TiO2/植物绝缘油界面,经硅烷偶联剂改性后的TiO2/植物绝缘油界面结构中水分子的自由体积分数均有所降低,其中KH792改性的界面模型中水分子的自由体积分数最小。这是由于在硅烷偶联剂改性后的TiO2/植物绝缘油界面模型中,接枝到TiO2表面含有强极性官能团的分子链混合到植物绝缘油中,强化了其与植物绝缘油分子的吸引作用,致使植物绝缘油的局部密度增大;此外,接枝到TiO2表面的强极性基团使植物绝缘油、水分子与TiO2表面结合更为紧密,致使水分子在油中的自由体积减小。相较KH570,KH792接枝的特征分子链更长,极性基团更多,且极性更强(如图2所示),从而进一步强化了分子间的吸引作用,降低了水分子的自由体积,抑制了水分子扩散。自由体积分数的计算所得规律与扩散系数规律相吻合,解释了硅烷偶联剂改性后TiO2界面是导致油中水分子扩散系数降低的物理成因之一。
为了更为直观地表现自由体积在不同模型中的差异,图8绘制了水分子在硅烷偶联剂改性前后TiO2/植物绝缘油界面中水分子的自由体积分布,其中蓝色区域代表水分子的自由体积,灰色区域代表界面结构的占有体积。
图8可以看出,改性后TiO2/植物绝缘油界面结构中水分子的自由体积显著小于未改性TiO2/植物绝缘油界面结构水分子的自由体积,直观地验证了本节结论。
氢键是一种不同于化学键和范德华力的分子间作用力,主要指氢原子与强电负性原子或原子团之间的非键力,它的强度介于共价键与范德华力之间。氢键数目与粒子扩散能力密切相关。在通常情况下,体系内氢键数目越多,表明分子间的束缚能力越强,分子的热运动会受到更强的抑制。
本文采用几何判定法对改性前后的TiO2/植物绝缘油界面模型中的平均氢键数目进行计算,即当某一氢原子与其周围强极性基团可能形成的氢键与极性基团共价键的键角大于90°,且距离≤0.25 nm时,则判定二者之间形成了氢键。统计得到3种TiO2/植物绝缘油界面模型中的平均氢键个数如表2所示。
表2可知,在3种模型中,由于TiO2经KH792改性接枝到其表面分子中的极性官能团数目多于KH570改性接枝到其表面分子中的极性官能团数目,且极性更强,故在KH792改性TiO2/植物绝缘油界面模型中形成的氢键数目多于KH570改性TiO2/植物绝缘油界面模型中的氢键数目,此时体系内分子的热运动会受到更强的抑制,水分子更难进行扩散运动;而在未改性的界面模型中形成的平均氢键个数最少,分子的热运动更强烈,导致此时水分子的扩散系数最大,与文献[20]中计算氢键数目所得规律一致。这从氢键的角度阐述了硅烷偶联剂改性TiO2粒子对水分子扩散行为产生影响的机理。
水分子与纳米粒子之间的相互作用能是反映水分子受到纳米粒子约束力强弱的重要参数,相互作用能可以从微观物理机制上解释水分子在绝缘油中扩散能力的强弱。相互作用能的正、负分别表示水分子与纳米粒子之间的作用为斥力或引力,其绝对值的大小表示二者间相互作用的强弱。TiO2-水体系的总能量由其全部分子的动能和势能构成,而体系总势能从类别柯以划分为静电力势能和范德华力势能,而从粒子类型的角度可以划分为同类粒子之间的作用能及不同类粒子之间的作用能,故TiO2纳米粒子与水分子间的相互作用能可以表示为式(5)[44]
Eint=ET-(EN+EW)
式(5)中:EW表示水分子的势能;EN表示TiO2界面结构的势能;ET表示TiO2-水体系的总势能;Eint表示水分子与TiO2界面之间的相互作用能。
利用式(5)对3种界面结构中水分子与纳米TiO2界面的相互作用能进行了计算,结果如表3所示。从表3可以看出,3种界面结构中水分子与TiO2界面的相互作用能均为负值,说明改性前后的TiO2界面对水分子均存在较强的吸附作用。其中,KH792改性的TiO2界面(含接枝官能团)与水分子之间的相互作用能最强,KH570改性的TiO2界面与水分子之间的相互作用能次之,而未改性的TiO2界面与水分子之间的相互作用能最小,这一规律进一步验证了相较于未改性TiO2界面,经硅烷偶联剂改性的TiO2界面与水分子之间有更强的吸附作用,更容易将油中水分子吸附到TiO2表面并约束其分子的热运动,从而降低了水分子在油中的扩散系数,且相较KH570,KH792的改性效果更佳。从分子结构层面分析,这是由于经KH792改性后接枝到TiO2表面的极性官能团(-NH2、-NH-)数目多于KH570引入的极性官能团(-COOR)数目,且极性更强,进而增加了TiO2表面与油中水分子之间形成氢键数目及相互作用能,使得水分子更容易吸附到TiO2表面,抑制了水分子的扩散。这一结果与文献[45]中关于偶联剂改性纳米粒子与结构组分分子之间的相互作用能计算结果吻合。
本文采用分子动力学的方法,研究了不同硅烷偶联剂改性的TiO2纳米界面对植物绝缘油中水分子扩散行为的影响及物理机制,得到如下结论:经硅烷偶联剂改性的TiO2/植物绝缘油界面中水分子的扩散系数显著降低,其中KH792改性的TiO2/植物绝缘油界面中水分子的扩散系数最小,因此,经过硅烷偶联剂改性的TiO2界面会进一步抑制水分子在植物绝缘油中的扩散行为,降低由于水分子等形成杂质“小桥”的概率,提升植物绝缘油的绝缘特性,且KH792的改性效果优于KH570。上述扩散系数的变化规律可以由水分子的自由体积分数、相对分子浓度、形成氢键数目及其与TiO2界面的相互作用能的计算进行物理诠释。通过计算可知,相较于未改性界面,经过两种硅烷偶联剂改性的TiO2/植物绝缘油体系中,水分子的自由体积分数下降,其更容易被吸附到TiO2界面附近,界面与水分子之间的相互作用能增强,且体系内形成更多的氢键,这些均限制了水分子在油中的扩散行为,造成其扩散系数的降低。在分子层面,KH792改性后接枝到TiO2表面的胺类官能团数目(-NH2,-NH-)多于由KH570引入的脂类官能团(-COOR)数目,有助于TiO2表面与绝缘油中水分子间氢键的形成及相互作用能的增大,使水分子更容易吸附到TiO2表面,从而抑制水分子在油中的扩散。
综上,偶联剂改性TiO2粒子可以有效地抑制植物绝缘油中水分子的扩散,降低油中杂质“小桥”形成的概率,进而提高植物绝缘油的绝缘性能。本文的研究结果为纳米掺杂改善植物绝缘油绝缘性能的实验研究提供了理论支撑。
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2021JM-450)
  • 中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2019M653630)
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2023年第56卷第11期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.11.010
  • 接收时间:2022-12-08
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-11-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-08
  • 修回日期:2023-01-21
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陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2021JM-450)
中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2019M653630)
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    1西安工程大学 电子信息学院,陕西 西安 710048
    2西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点 实验室,陕西 西安 710049
    3国网山东省电力公司电力科学研究院,山东 济南 250001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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