Article(id=1199642606574600313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199642605748322423, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.10.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1667404800000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-03, revisedDate=1671724800000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763946685689, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1697731200000, pubDateStr=2023-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763946685689, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763946685689, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763946685689, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199642605748322423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='116', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763946685491, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563690021, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210619118382871114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199642605748322423, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210619118382871115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199642605748322423, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=50, endPage=58, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199642607329575040, articleId=1199642606574600313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Hygrothermal ageing resistance of nano SiO2 modified glass fiber reinforced resin, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Glass fiber reinforced resin polymer (GFRP), which is widely used in high voltage electrical equipment, is easily to be eroded by hygrothermal environment under long-term operation conditions, resulting in insulation deterioration, which affects the safe and stable operation of power system. In this paper, glass fiber was modified by nano SiO2, and GFRP composites were synthesized by infiltrating epoxy resin. Accelerated hygrothermal ageing treatment was carried out on the composites, and the influence of different concentrations of nano SiO2 on water invasion and ageing resistance of GFRP was analyzed by experimental test and simulation. The results show that when the mass fraction of SiO2 is 9.4%, GFRP has the best inhibition effect on water intrusion. At the same time, the addition of SiO2 can make the GFRP composites maintain high surface insulation properties before and after ageing. In addition, combined with the simulation results, the inhibition effect of SiO2 on water intrusion of GFRP composites and the influence mechanism of hygrothermal ageing resistance of GFRP are revealed from the molecular scale.

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高压电气设备中广泛使用的玻璃纤维增强树脂(GFRP)材料易在长期运行条件下受到湿热环境侵蚀导致绝缘劣化,影响电力系统的安全稳定运行。本文使用纳米SiO2改性玻璃纤维,随后浸润环氧树脂制备了GFRP复合材料,并对其进行加速湿热老化处理,通过实验测试与仿真分析不同浓度纳米SiO2对GFRP内部水分侵入和抗老化特性的影响。结果表明:当SiO2质量分数为9.4%时,GFRP复合材料对水分侵入的抑制效果最好;同时SiO2的加入可以使GFRP复合材料在老化前后都保持较高的表面绝缘性能。此外,结合仿真计算结果从分子尺度揭示了SiO2对GFRP复合材料水分侵入的抑制作用及抗湿热老化特性的影响机制。

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杨威(1986-),男(汉族),湖南益阳人,工程师,主要从事电工绝缘材料的研究;

颜丙越(1987-),男(汉族),河北沧州人,工程师,主要从事电工绝缘材料的研究。

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杨威(1986-),男(汉族),湖南益阳人,工程师,主要从事电工绝缘材料的研究;

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杨威(1986-),男(汉族),湖南益阳人,工程师,主要从事电工绝缘材料的研究;

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颜丙越(1987-),男(汉族),河北沧州人,工程师,主要从事电工绝缘材料的研究。

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颜丙越(1987-),男(汉族),河北沧州人,工程师,主要从事电工绝缘材料的研究。

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articleId=1199642606574600313, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Fomula of GF modified by SiO2 with different mass fraction, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号SiO2用量/gSiO2混合液浓度/%SiO2浓度/%
0#GF000
1#GF1.0202.3
2#GF1.4253.3
3#GF2.0304.7
4#GF2.7406.4
5#GF4.0509.4
), ArticleFig(id=1211296913740132861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199642606574600313, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同质量分数SiO2改性GF的配方

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号SiO2用量/gSiO2混合液浓度/%SiO2浓度/%
0#GF000
1#GF1.0202.3
2#GF1.4253.3
3#GF2.0304.7
4#GF2.7406.4
5#GF4.0509.4
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纳米SiO2改性玻璃纤维增强树脂的耐湿热老化性能
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杨威 1 , 颜丙越 1 , 夏国巍 2 , 尹国华 2 , 段祺君 2 , 谢军 2
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2023,56(10): 50-58
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2023, 56(10): 50-58
纳米SiO2改性玻璃纤维增强树脂的耐湿热老化性能
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杨威1, 颜丙越1, 夏国巍2, 尹国华2, 段祺君2, 谢军2
作者信息
  • 1先进输电技术国家重点实验室,北京 102209
  • 2华北电力大学 河北省输变电安全防御重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
  • 杨威(1986-),男(汉族),湖南益阳人,工程师,主要从事电工绝缘材料的研究;

    颜丙越(1987-),男(汉族),河北沧州人,工程师,主要从事电工绝缘材料的研究。

Hygrothermal ageing resistance of nano SiO2 modified glass fiber reinforced resin
Wei YANG1, Bingyue YAN1, Guowei XIA2, Guohua YIN2, Qijun DUAN2, Jun XIE2
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Advanced Power Transmission Technology, Beijing 102209, China
  • 2Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defense, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
出版时间: 2023-10-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.10.007
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高压电气设备中广泛使用的玻璃纤维增强树脂(GFRP)材料易在长期运行条件下受到湿热环境侵蚀导致绝缘劣化,影响电力系统的安全稳定运行。本文使用纳米SiO2改性玻璃纤维,随后浸润环氧树脂制备了GFRP复合材料,并对其进行加速湿热老化处理,通过实验测试与仿真分析不同浓度纳米SiO2对GFRP内部水分侵入和抗老化特性的影响。结果表明:当SiO2质量分数为9.4%时,GFRP复合材料对水分侵入的抑制效果最好;同时SiO2的加入可以使GFRP复合材料在老化前后都保持较高的表面绝缘性能。此外,结合仿真计算结果从分子尺度揭示了SiO2对GFRP复合材料水分侵入的抑制作用及抗湿热老化特性的影响机制。

玻璃纤维增强树脂  /  湿热老化  /  水分扩散  /  沿面闪络  /  分子动力学

Glass fiber reinforced resin polymer (GFRP), which is widely used in high voltage electrical equipment, is easily to be eroded by hygrothermal environment under long-term operation conditions, resulting in insulation deterioration, which affects the safe and stable operation of power system. In this paper, glass fiber was modified by nano SiO2, and GFRP composites were synthesized by infiltrating epoxy resin. Accelerated hygrothermal ageing treatment was carried out on the composites, and the influence of different concentrations of nano SiO2 on water invasion and ageing resistance of GFRP was analyzed by experimental test and simulation. The results show that when the mass fraction of SiO2 is 9.4%, GFRP has the best inhibition effect on water intrusion. At the same time, the addition of SiO2 can make the GFRP composites maintain high surface insulation properties before and after ageing. In addition, combined with the simulation results, the inhibition effect of SiO2 on water intrusion of GFRP composites and the influence mechanism of hygrothermal ageing resistance of GFRP are revealed from the molecular scale.

glass fiber reinforced resin  /  hygrothermal ageing  /  moisture diffusion  /  surface flashover  /  molecular dynamics
杨威, 颜丙越, 夏国巍, 尹国华, 段祺君, 谢军. 纳米SiO2改性玻璃纤维增强树脂的耐湿热老化性能. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (10) : 50 -58 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.10.007
Wei YANG, Bingyue YAN, Guowei XIA, Guohua YIN, Qijun DUAN, Jun XIE. Hygrothermal ageing resistance of nano SiO2 modified glass fiber reinforced resin[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (10) : 50 -58 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.10.007
近年来,玻璃纤维增强树脂(glass fiber reinforced resin polymer,GFRP)材料因具有轻质高强、绝缘性能优良等特点,被广泛应用于干式电抗器、干式变压器、复合绝缘子以及复合横担等电气设备绝缘中[1-4]。这类设备在实际运行中往往会面临高温、高湿等严苛环境,在这些环境的长期作用下,水和溶质颗粒会侵入GFRP的内部,导致玻璃纤维(glass fiber,GF)和环氧树脂(epoxy resin,EP)之间的界面脱粘[5-6]。同时液体粒子也会与GFRP发生反应,造成材料腐蚀或水解。这些因素会诱发不可逆的绝缘劣化,引发沿面闪络等故障[7-9],对电网的安全运行构成了威胁。因此,增强GFRP复合材料的抗湿热老化特性对于提高电气设备的可靠性至关重要。
GFRP在湿热环境下性能劣化的主要原因是纤维与树脂基体界面被水分破坏,造成微裂纹、孔隙等缺陷,为水分的吸附和渗透提供了路径,加速了材料的老化与裂解[10]。为了增强环氧复合材料对湿热环境的抗老化能力,研究人员进行了大量探索。研究表明,向聚合物中引入无机填料,利用聚合物基体与填料之间的强界面相互作用可以使复合材料具有较高抗老化性能和绝缘性能[11-13]。一方面,向环氧复合材料中引入无机纳米填料可以有效增强基体与纤维之间界面的结合程度,避免界面缺陷的形成,加强复合材料对水分的阻隔作用。G JEFFERSON等[14]利用碳纳米纤维改性GFRP,使GF与EP结合更加紧密,形成了水分屏蔽层,降低了水分对环氧基体的破坏程度。P DITTANET等[15]利用纳米SiO2对两种不同的环氧树脂进行改性,结果表明纳米颗粒与聚合物链具有较强的相互作用,提高了复合材料的抗水分侵蚀能力。另一方面,具有疏水特性的无机纳米填料也可以增强基体对水分的阻隔作用,抑制水分的侵入。LUO L等[16]研究发现,用纳米SiO2微球改性的环氧树脂表现出较低的吸水性。ZHAI Z等[17]制备了铝粉增强的环氧树脂复合材料,金属铝对水分子的屏蔽作用增强了复合材料对水分的阻隔效应,削弱了树脂中羟基对水分子的亲和性,从而抑制了水分的侵入。
高压绝缘领域以往针对GFRP的湿热老化研究主要以实验为主,缺少分子尺度下水分扩散行为的动态分析。近年来,随着分子动力学(molecular dynamics,MD)仿真技术的发展[18-19],关于GFRP中水分扩散行为与其老化行为的研究得到了充分补充,从分子水平加深了对水扩散行为和机理的认识。J MIJOVIC等[20]通过宽带介电弛豫光谱和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)揭示了氢键对水扩散的影响,并结合MD模拟对氢键相互作用机理进行了详细的阐述。WANG X等[21]利用MD仿真分析了温度和水分对GF与EP界面粘附性的影响机理。通过MD模拟可以得到液体颗粒在GFRP基体和界面区域的迁移和聚集特性,这对理解复合材料性能变化的微观机理具有重要意义。
本研究构筑不同配比的纤维搭载纳米SiO2结构,合成GFRP试样并对其进行加速湿热老化处理。通过测试不同老化阶段试样的吸湿率,分析改性GFRP对水分的抑制效果,并研究材料在不同老化阶段的沿面闪络电压变化规律。进一步结合微观表征和MD仿真解释纤维搭载纳米SiO2对GFRP抗湿热老化特性的影响机制。
双酚A二缩水甘油醚(DGEBA,牌号为E51)、甲基四氢苯酐(MTHPA,牌号为504)、2,4,6-三(二甲胺基甲基)苯酚(DMP-30),上海树脂厂;E级无碱玻璃纤维,安朗密封材料有限公司;纳米SiO2,粒径为15 nm,上海超威纳米公司;水性环氧树脂、水性固化剂,阿拉丁试剂有限公司。
DF-101S型集热式恒温磁力搅拌器,巩义市予华仪器有限责任公司;XLB-D型热压成型机,青岛锦九洲橡胶机械有限公司;HT-H-1000L型恒温恒湿试验箱,汇泰机械有限公司;ZEISS sigma500型场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM),德国蔡司集团。
首先使用纳米SiO2改性GF,取2 g水性固化剂与10 g去离子水混合搅拌20 min得到固化剂水溶液。再按照表1中设计的用量取适量纳米SiO2置于烧杯中,加入适量去离子水,搅拌10 min形成SiO2悬浊液,并将悬浊液加入固化剂水溶液中,搅拌20 min。然后,向上述混合溶液滴加2 g水性环氧树脂,并搅拌30 min,使纳米SiO2均匀分散。最后,取玻璃纤维布并将其完全浸没在纳米SiO2均匀分散后的混合液内,静置30 min后纳米SiO2会沉积在纤维布表面,此时将其取出并置于真空干燥箱中在40℃下充分干燥3 h,即得到SiO2改性GF(SiO2-GF)。
进一步对SiO2-GF浸润环氧树脂制备复合材料,其中SiO2-GF纤维与环氧树脂的质量比为6∶4。控制3种环氧树脂基材DGEBA、MTHPA、DMP-30的质量比为100∶80∶1。在60℃油浴加热条件下充分搅拌后,将SiO2-GF逐层均匀浸润环氧树脂,并在140℃、10 MPa的条件下热压固化20 min,随后在120℃下继续固化12 h,得到GFRP复合材料[22-23],最后将其裁剪为尺寸为50 mm×50 mm×1 mm的试样备用。不同质量分数纳米SiO2改性GF的配方如表1所示,对应制备的GFRP复合材料试样编号为0#、1#、2#、3#、4#、5#
本文利用恒温恒湿试验箱对得到的GFRP复合材料试样进行加速湿热老化处理。因为本研究所用环氧树脂材料的玻璃化转变温度为90~120℃,所以老化温度不得高于90℃,同时根据阿伦尼乌斯方程,材料的运行温度每升高10℃,其寿命会减少一半,设计GFRP材料的加速老化温度为80℃,老化时间为0、7、14、21、28 d,分别相当于材料在60℃下运行0、28、56、84、112 d的状态[24-25]。此外,为了尽可能获得充分老化后的试样,本研究设置恒温恒湿箱内的湿度为80℃下的最大值,即相对湿度为95%。老化前记录试样初始质量为m0,之后每隔1 d对试样进行一次质量监测,记为mt,根据式(1)计算复合材料的吸湿率η
η=mt-m0m0×100%
直流电场下绝缘材料表面容易积累电荷导致局部电场畸变,进而诱发沿面闪络放电[26-27]。本研究采用均匀升压法[28]对GFRP试样进行负极性直流沿面闪络试验表征材料表面绝缘的劣化规律。实验在25℃、相对湿度为30%的密封不锈钢圆柱形腔体中进行,采用针-针电极模拟极不均匀电场,电极尖端的曲率半径为0.2 mm,电极间距为7 mm。测试过程中通过高压直流电源匀速加压直至发生闪络放电,加压速率为-100 V/s。当示波器检测到闪络电压波形时,立即停止加压并读取电压值。每组试样测试100次,取闪络瞬间电压的平均值作为最终结果。
沿面闪络与电荷输运行为密切相关,而影响空间电荷的关键因素是材料的陷阱分布特性。本研究测试了材料表面的电位衰减特性,并基于等温表面电流衰减法(isothermal surface potential decay,ISPD)[29]计算陷阱分布特性。首先利用电晕针在 -7 kV直流电压下对试样表面进行充电,时长为1 min。然后通过有源电容探头(Trek 3455ET型)对试样表面动态电位数据进行实时监测,采样时间为1 800 s,即可得到表面电位的指数型衰减函数曲线。进一步基于ISPD法计算材料表面的陷阱分布情况[30-31],利用Matlab软件对表面电位和消散时间进行曲线拟合,拟合表达式如式(2)所示。
U(t)=aext+beyt
式(2)中:U(t)为表面电位衰减函数;t表示时间,s;e为元电荷量;abxy表示不同陷阱能级的密度峰值,两项均存在时,说明该陷阱曲线同时存在深陷阱和浅陷阱。
对拟合后的曲线通过式(3)式(4)进行求解,可以得到陷阱能级D和陷阱密度I的关系式。
D=kBTln(vATEt)
I=tdUdt
式(3)~(4)中:kB为玻尔兹曼常数;T为测试时环境温度,K;vATE为电子逃逸速率,计算式为式(5)
vATE=kBT3dh3v2
式(5)中:d为缺陷移动的自由度,取值为6;h为普朗克常量;ν为移动方向的正交平面处缺陷点周围的自然振动频率。
图1是搭载不同质量分数SiO2的GF微观形貌。
图1可以看出,未改性的GF表面较为光滑,且纤维之间存在宽度为1~2 μm的空隙,这不利于GF对水分侵入的阻隔效应。经过改性的GF表面形成了凹凸结构的SiO2附着层,增大了GF表面的粗糙程度。CASSIE理论认为毛细效应会使水滴与粗糙表面的空气膜形成180°的水接触角,因此通过调控材料表面的粗糙程度,可以提高表面的疏水特性[32-33]。通过图1的表征结果可以看出,SiO2附着层可以填充纤维间空隙,形成水分的屏蔽层。1#GF中纳米颗粒含量较少,水性环氧树脂的成膜特性起主要作用,有效地填充了纤维间的空隙。当SiO2浓度继续提升时,SiO2附着结构开始显现,水性环氧树脂的成膜特性受到限制,但此时的SiO2层存在“沟壑”状缺陷结构。随着SiO2的浓度持续上升,GF表面的SiO2附着层开始呈现出明显的凹凸结构,填料层结构也趋于完整,这不仅在GF表面形成了良好的疏水层,也能填充复合材料内部纤维界面处的孔隙,增强了GFRP材料的水分抑制能力。
图2为GFRP复合材料吸湿率随老化时间变化的变化曲线。从图2可以看出,随着SiO2浓度的升高,GFRP复合材料吸湿率增加的速率和饱和吸湿率整体呈现下降趋势。在老化初期,所有GFRP复合材料的吸湿量均增加较为明显,这近似满足Fick扩散定律,即材料中的水分含量与老化时间的平方根成线性关系。但随着老化时间增加,吸湿率增加逐渐变慢直至达到饱和。5#试样的饱和吸湿率为0.57%左右,比未改性的GFRP复合材料饱和吸湿率降低了约0.2%。这说明在GF表面附着一定浓度的SiO2层能有效增强环氧树脂与玻璃纤维之间的结合程度,纳米SiO2颗粒具备的疏水性质会增加水分子向GFRP内部扩散的难度,降低GFRP复合材料的饱和吸湿率,这同时也降低了水分对GFRP复合材料界面间的破坏作用。
环氧基复合材料在湿热老化后,水分的扩散行为会导致其内部电场分布极不均匀而产生闪络放电[34]。不同老化阶段GFRP复合材料的直流沿面闪络测试结果如图3所示。从图3可以看出,随着老化时间的增加,试样0#的闪络电压先上升后下降、再上升再下降,试样1#的闪络电压先上升后下降,试样2#的闪络电压先下降后上升再下降,试样3#、4#、5#的闪络电压先略微下降后明显上升。综合分析上述老化试样的闪络电压变化规律可以发现,在老化初期,水分大多吸附在GFRP复合材料表面,这会在一定程度上加快表面电荷的消散速率,减少电荷的积累效应,因此闪络电压有所升高。但随着老化时间的延长,在持续高温的作用下,水分开始破坏GFRP复合材料表面,使玻璃纤维与环氧树脂基体分离,降低了表面绝缘强度,水分对电荷的加速作用与材料老化导致的绝缘性能下降交替占据主导,使得闪络电压呈现出波动性下降的趋势。不同型号改性试样由于对材料的老化延缓程度不同,因此其闪络电压随老化时间的变化规律呈现出差异。
随着SiO2纳米填料浓度的增加,试样1#和2#的闪络电压出现降低趋势的时间明显推迟,且闪络电压值相比未改性试样也有所提升。而试样3#、4#与5#的闪络电压在老化28 d时仍未出现明显下降趋势。分析认为,GF表面SiO2层的存在增强了对水分的阻隔作用,降低了材料的吸湿量,使得水分扩散与材料裂解作用导致的表面电导率升高效应发展滞后,延缓了湿热老化初期产生的对材料表面电荷消散的加速效应,因此其沿面闪络电压峰值出现的时间也得到延长[19]。因此可以认为,纤维搭载纳米SiO2体系使GFRP复合材料的抗湿热老化性能得到增强。
为了分析湿热老化对GFRP复合材料闪络特性的影响机理,对改性前后GFRP复合材料的表面电荷消散特性进行了测试,如图4所示,并计算了材料陷阱分布特性。从图4可以看出,随着老化时间的增加,改性前复合材料的表面电荷消散速率逐渐加快。而经过改性后的GFRP复合材料在未老化时表面电荷消散速率并无明显变化,但随着老化时间的增加,电荷消散速率开始出现不同程度的加快。文献[35]表明,在一定程度上加快表面电荷消散速率能缓解表面电荷积聚效应,提高复合材料的沿面闪络电压。
改性前后GFRP的表面陷阱分布如图5所示。从图5可以看出,随着老化时间的增加,材料内部深陷阱能级逐渐变小,密度逐渐降低,浅陷阱明显增加。分析认为,随着水分子的扩散与EP的分解反应逐步加深,大量的极性分子进入材料内部,形成了易于捕获和释放电荷的定域态,即为浅陷阱能级[36]。而原本高度固化的环氧树脂材料与无机填充物均具有较高的俘获能级,但随着老化程度加深,材料逐步出现更多的缺陷,因此表现为深陷阱能级与密度的降低[19]。当材料受到外部电场作用时,载流子会不断地在这些俘获能级中入陷与脱陷,从而加速了电荷的传输速率。当老化时间大于14 d时,复合材料中的浅陷阱密度开始大于深陷阱,随后深浅陷阱的能级与密度基本保持不变。结合吸湿量的变化情况发现在14 d左右时GFRP复合材料的质量变化趋于稳定,这说明水分的侵入大幅增强了复合材料表面电荷的传输能力,这对GFRP复合材料的抗老化特性是不利的。
进一步对比不同SiO2浓度GFRP复合材料的陷阱分布特性发现,调节SiO2含量可以调控GFRP中深陷阱和浅陷阱的密度。1#与2#复合材料中主要以浅陷阱为主,随着老化时间的延长陷阱能级有所增加,浅陷阱有向深陷阱转变的趋势。而随着SiO2浓度增加,4#表面的陷阱基本由高密度深陷阱和低密度的浅陷阱组成,可以保证复合材料对表面电荷具有较好的调控能力,从而达到较高的闪络电压。结合吸湿量的变化曲线,本研究认为纤维搭载纳米SiO2结构可以有效阻隔水分的侵入,降低水分对复合材料表面绝缘结构的破坏程度,这有利于GFRP复合材料在湿热老化后还能维持较高的表面电气绝缘性能。
为了更好地观察湿热环境中水分对GFRP复合材料的破坏作用,对老化前后的试样进行了表面SEM测试和FTIR测试。图6图7是分别GFRP复合材料老化前后的表面SEM测试结果。从图6可以看出,未老化的GFRP表面树脂基体与纤维连接紧密,随着SiO2浓度的增加,复合材料表面GF被环氧树脂包覆的效果得到改善;而老化后的复合材料表面开始出现裂纹、孔洞等缺陷。分析认为,纤维搭载纳米SiO2体系的水分抑制机理可以参考图8进行解释。未改性的GFRP表面缺陷是纤维与树脂基体之间出现脱粘现象造成的,而改性后的GFRP表面裂纹主要是由于SiO2层被破坏导致[5]。水分子由于扩散作用会向复合材料内部渗透,使其发生吸湿膨胀,由于树脂基体与玻璃纤维的吸湿膨胀系数不同,在纤维与树脂界面间会产生切应力[37],导致纤维与树脂基体之间界面结合强度降低,随着复合材料吸湿率的不断增大,树脂与纤维便会脱粘。此外,当水分子与玻璃纤维接触时,从树脂基体溶解进水里的成分会在玻璃纤维表面形成酸性或者碱性的环境[38],破坏玻璃纤维的Si-O-R键,使得复合材料的界面能下降,此时水分子在复合材料内部的扩散作用会促进界面裂纹的进一步扩张。而纤维搭载纳米SiO2结构一方面提升了GF表面的粗糙程度,增强了其疏水特性,同时SiO2对水分也有较强的阻隔作用,形成了水分屏蔽层,使得环氧基体与玻璃纤维之间的界面不易被破坏,提高了抗老化特性。另一方面,当老化时间足够长时,水分会首先侵蚀破坏SiO2层,从而延缓对环氧基体和玻璃纤维的破坏,使GFRP复合材料的抗老化特性增强[19]
图9为试样0#和5#老化0、14、28 d的FTIR测试结果。从图9可以看出,1 720 cm-1处表征羰基(C=O)的吸收峰随着老化时间的增加呈现先降低后升高的变化趋势,这是因为材料老化导致化学键分解,C-H键断裂以及EP和二氧化硅表面的羟基氧化都会产生羰基,且EP分子侧链同样易氧化生成羰基,补充了羰基的数量。1 500 cm-1附近为芳香族结构和脂肪族结构对应的吸收峰,1 250 cm-1处为醚键(C-O-C)的伸缩振动吸收峰,在老化初期强度明显减少,这也是由于化学键断裂导致的。而随着热老化的进行,其吸收峰面积增大,推测可能发生了羟基之间的脱水缩合反应,导致醚键增加,这表明环氧基体发生了降解。470 cm-1和800 cm-1附近为 Si-O键的对称伸缩振动吸收峰,随着老化时间的增加也有所降低,表明玻璃纤维发生了离子交换和水解[39]
图9还可以看出,未改性GFRP复合材料表面官能团的吸收峰强度随着老化时间增加均有不同程度的下降,而5#复合材料表面官能团吸收峰强度受老化影响的程度弱于未改性试样。这说明利用SiO2改性可以有效地阻隔水分向复合材料内部扩散,抑制了水分对材料表面和基体内部的腐蚀作用,增强了GFRP复合材料的抗湿热老化特性。
水分子的扩散行为伴随着环氧基复合材料的塑化、溶胀与腐蚀,研究人员在分析环氧树脂中水分子扩散行为时将其分为两种主要类型,即结合水分子与自由水分子。结合水分子与基体材料间形成了氢键等相互作用,这对于水分子的扩散具有明显的促进效应,而自由水分子则依赖热运动在聚合物材料内部迁移,两种类型的水分子频繁进行相互转化,导致水分子的扩散行为研究变得十分复杂[40]。本文通过分子动力学(MD)仿真从分子角度对水分子的扩散行为以及SiO2对水分扩散行为的影响进行解释。
首先,构建DGEBA、MTHPA、一次交联的DGEBA-MTHPA分子单体以及半径为8Å的球形SiO2颗粒,并对每个单体进行几何优化和动力学优化。然后通过Amorphous Cell模块将单体分子放置在一个初始密度为0.6 g/cm3、初始温度为580 K的周期性晶胞中,保证DGEBA与MTHPA的摩尔比为1∶2。对该晶胞在COMPASSⅡ力场下进行几何优化和50 ps的NPT优化。利用交联程序进行多级交联处理,得到交联度为90%的环氧树脂模型和SiO2改性环氧树脂模型。通过退火脚本[41]对交联后的模型进行600~300 K的退火处理,使分子链充分松弛,释放材料的内应力。最后选取350 K时的模型进行后续计算。此时的分子结构比较稳定,便于后续进行参数计算。
随后,利用Adsorption Locator Calculation模块在350 K的模型中加入100个几何优化后的H2O分子。并进行1 000 ps的NVT优化,用以模拟湿热老化实验中水分子在复合材料中的扩散行为,模型如图10所示。基于平衡模型,研究SiO2的存在对水分子扩散行为的影响。
自由体积分数(fractional free volume,FFV)是表示物质中未被分子占据的体积占总体积的比例。它是指分子间的间隙大小,即链段运动空间的大小[42]。分子的均方位移(mean square displacement,MSD)可以用来表征分子在模型中的运动能力。两个特征量对应函数表达式分别为式(6)式(7)
αFFV=VfVf+Vo×100%
αMSD=ri(t)-ri(0)2
式(6)~(7)中:αFFV为自由体积份数;αMSD为均方位移;Vf为自由体积;Vo为实际占有体积;ri(0)和ri(t)分别代表原子i在初始时刻和t时刻的坐标,尖括号表示对在动力学轨迹内初始时间内所有原子(或者在给定子集内的所有原子)的均方位移求平均值。
MD仿真结果如图11所示,通过对模型的微观参数计算可以发现,在环氧树脂体系中引入纳米SiO2可以降低体系的FFV。自由体积空间的减小可以减少水分子的侵入量,同时限制自由水在环氧基体内部的扩散行为[20,40]。MSD的计算结果也表明体系内部的纳米SiO2降低了水分子的运动能力,增加了水分向环氧复合材料内部扩散的难度,这说明改性后的GFRP复合材料对水分的阻隔作用,仿真结果与实验结果具有较好的一致性。
(1)纳米SiO2能在GF表面形成SiO2附着层,提高了GF表面粗糙程度,增大了纤维的比表面积,有利于纤维与树脂基体间形成咬合效应,增强纤维与环氧基体间的界面结合强度。
(2)经过改性的GFRP水分侵入速率与饱和吸湿率均明显下降,当纳米SiO2浓度为9.4%时,GFRP复合材料对水分侵入的抑制效果最优,说明纳米SiO2的加入提升了GFRP对水分的阻隔作用。GFRP的直流沿面闪络电压也得到提升,且随老化时间延长,绝缘性能的下降趋势得到抑制。
(3)结合微观表征和MD仿真发现,纳米SiO2改性GF形成了良好的水分阻隔层,且纳米SiO2能降低GFRP复合材料中自由体积占比,减小水分迁移的有效空间,从而限制水分子的扩散运动。
  • 先进输电技术国家重点实验室开放基金项目(GEIRI-SKL-2021-009)
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2023年第56卷第10期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.10.007
  • 接收时间:2022-11-03
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-03
  • 修回日期:2022-12-23
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先进输电技术国家重点实验室开放基金项目(GEIRI-SKL-2021-009)
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    1先进输电技术国家重点实验室,北京 102209
    2华北电力大学 河北省输变电安全防御重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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