Article(id=1199642606440382584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199642605748322423, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.10.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1668528000000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-16, revisedDate=1671379200000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763946685657, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1697731200000, pubDateStr=2023-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763946685657, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763946685657, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763946685657, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199642605748322423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='116', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763946685491, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563690021, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210619118382871114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199642605748322423, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210619118382871115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199642605748322423, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=112, endPage=116, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199642606750761083, articleId=1199642606440382584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Influence of dielectric properties of motor insulation structure on electric field distribution of stator slot and notch, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the influence of the relative dielectric constant of motor insulation structure on the electric field distribution at different frequencies, this article took the relative dielectric constant of a main insulation structure at different frequencies as a variable to calculate its influence on the electric field distribution of the main insulation sandwich structure in the slot and the notch. At the same time, the optimization measures for the electric field of slot were analyzed. The results show that in the sandwich structure of main insulaton, because the film has a lower dielectric constant, it bears a larger electric field than mica tape. When the relative dielectric constant of the air at the notch is constant, the electric field strength of the air at the notch decreases slightly with the decrease of the relative dielectric constant of the main insulation. The insulating paint in the small gap at the chamfer of the notch iron core can reduce the electric field strength of air; without insulatin paint, the small gap generated by chamfer can produce a larger electric field strength of air. Vacuum potting of the notch can effectively reduce the electric field strength of air at the notch.

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为研究不同频率下电机绝缘结构的相对介电常数对电场分布的影响,本研究以一种主绝缘结构在不同频率下的相对介电常数为变量,计算其对槽内主绝缘夹层结构与槽口电场分布的影响,同时分析槽口电场的优化措施。结果表明:槽内主绝缘夹层结构中,由于薄膜的介电常数较低,其承受的电场比云母带大;槽口空气相对介电常数一定的情况下,随着主绝缘相对介电常数的降低,槽口空气场强略有下降。若槽口铁心棱边倒角处的小间隙存有绝缘漆,可起到降低空气场强的作用;否则,倒角产生的小间隙将产生更大的空气场强;槽口真空灌封能有效降低槽口空气场强。

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李丹(1986-),女(汉族),山东荷泽人,工程师,主要从事电机绝缘结构设计技术的研究;

刘冠芳(1983-),女(汉族),河南灵宝人,教授级高级工程师,主要从事电机绝缘结构设计技术的研究。

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李丹(1986-),女(汉族),山东荷泽人,工程师,主要从事电机绝缘结构设计技术的研究;

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李丹(1986-),女(汉族),山东荷泽人,工程师,主要从事电机绝缘结构设计技术的研究;

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刘冠芳(1983-),女(汉族),河南灵宝人,教授级高级工程师,主要从事电机绝缘结构设计技术的研究。

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刘冠芳(1983-),女(汉族),河南灵宝人,教授级高级工程师,主要从事电机绝缘结构设计技术的研究。

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频率/Hz玻璃布补强云母带薄膜有机硅树脂
504.1833.1043.079
5003.9043.0893.074
45003.7713.0813.069
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180℃下绝缘材料的相对介电常数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/Hz玻璃布补强云母带薄膜有机硅树脂
504.1833.1043.079
5003.9043.0893.074
45003.7713.0813.069
), ArticleFig(id=1211296910862848705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199642606440382584, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Analytical calculation and finite element simulation results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/HzE1E2E3
解析有限元解析有限元解析有限元
502.512.50~2.773.383.33~3.613.403.33~3.61
5002.592.42~2.673.273.15~3.393.283.15~3.39
4 5002.632.57~2.823.213.08~3.343.233.08~3.34
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解析计算与有限元仿真分析结果

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频率/HzE1E2E3
解析有限元解析有限元解析有限元
502.512.50~2.773.383.33~3.613.403.33~3.61
5002.592.42~2.673.273.15~3.393.283.15~3.39
4 5002.632.57~2.823.213.08~3.343.233.08~3.34
), ArticleFig(id=1211296911068369611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199642606440382584, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Influence of packed height of insulating paint onmaximum electric field strength of air, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绝缘漆填充高度h/mm空气最大电场强度/(kV/mm)
0.154.20
0.203.86
0.403.52
1.002.86
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绝缘漆填充高度对空气最大电场强度的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绝缘漆填充高度h/mm空气最大电场强度/(kV/mm)
0.154.20
0.203.86
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电机绝缘结构介电性能对定子槽内与槽口电场分布的影响
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李丹 1, 2 , 刘冠芳 1, 2 , 刘嬿 1, 2 , 郑瑞娟 1, 2 , 樊洁心 1, 2
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2023,56(10): 112-116
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2023, 56(10): 112-116
电机绝缘结构介电性能对定子槽内与槽口电场分布的影响
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李丹1, 2, 刘冠芳1, 2, 刘嬿1, 2, 郑瑞娟1, 2, 樊洁心1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中车永济电机有限公司,山西 运城 044502
  • 2轨道交通牵引电机山西省重点实验室,山西 运城 044502
  • 李丹(1986-),女(汉族),山东荷泽人,工程师,主要从事电机绝缘结构设计技术的研究;

    刘冠芳(1983-),女(汉族),河南灵宝人,教授级高级工程师,主要从事电机绝缘结构设计技术的研究。

Influence of dielectric properties of motor insulation structure on electric field distribution of stator slot and notch
Dan LI1, 2, Guanfang LIU1, 2, Yan LIU1, 2, Ruijuan ZHENG1, 2, Jiexin FAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1CRRC YongJi Electric Co., Ltd., Yuncheng 044502, China
  • 2Shanxi Key Laboratory of Traction Motor for Rail Transit, Yuncheng 044502, China
出版时间: 2023-10-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.10.015
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为研究不同频率下电机绝缘结构的相对介电常数对电场分布的影响,本研究以一种主绝缘结构在不同频率下的相对介电常数为变量,计算其对槽内主绝缘夹层结构与槽口电场分布的影响,同时分析槽口电场的优化措施。结果表明:槽内主绝缘夹层结构中,由于薄膜的介电常数较低,其承受的电场比云母带大;槽口空气相对介电常数一定的情况下,随着主绝缘相对介电常数的降低,槽口空气场强略有下降。若槽口铁心棱边倒角处的小间隙存有绝缘漆,可起到降低空气场强的作用;否则,倒角产生的小间隙将产生更大的空气场强;槽口真空灌封能有效降低槽口空气场强。

电机绝缘结构  /  相对介电常数  /  电场强度  /  定子槽内  /  定子槽口

In order to study the influence of the relative dielectric constant of motor insulation structure on the electric field distribution at different frequencies, this article took the relative dielectric constant of a main insulation structure at different frequencies as a variable to calculate its influence on the electric field distribution of the main insulation sandwich structure in the slot and the notch. At the same time, the optimization measures for the electric field of slot were analyzed. The results show that in the sandwich structure of main insulaton, because the film has a lower dielectric constant, it bears a larger electric field than mica tape. When the relative dielectric constant of the air at the notch is constant, the electric field strength of the air at the notch decreases slightly with the decrease of the relative dielectric constant of the main insulation. The insulating paint in the small gap at the chamfer of the notch iron core can reduce the electric field strength of air; without insulatin paint, the small gap generated by chamfer can produce a larger electric field strength of air. Vacuum potting of the notch can effectively reduce the electric field strength of air at the notch.

motor insulation structure  /  relative permittivity  /  electric field intensity  /  stator slot  /  stator notch
李丹, 刘冠芳, 刘嬿, 郑瑞娟, 樊洁心. 电机绝缘结构介电性能对定子槽内与槽口电场分布的影响. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (10) : 112 -116 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.10.015
Dan LI, Guanfang LIU, Yan LIU, Ruijuan ZHENG, Jiexin FAN. Influence of dielectric properties of motor insulation structure on electric field distribution of stator slot and notch[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (10) : 112 -116 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.10.015
在小型化、轻量化、集成化的发展需求下,以碳化硅(SiC)、氮化镓(GaN)等材料为代表的宽禁带半导体器件逐渐被推广应用。与传统的硅器件相比,碳化硅器件耐压等级更高、开关频率更快、导通电阻更低、开关损耗更小、功率密度更高。开关频率的提高使得电机输入的脉冲电压PWM(脉宽调制)波形频率更高、上升沿和下降沿的时间更短[1-5],这加剧了电机绕组电压分布的不均匀性,提高了对地电压的幅值,增大匝间绝缘承受的电压,使绝缘及气隙的电场增大,进一步提高了局部放电的可能性,对电机绝缘结构可靠性提出了更高的要求。因此在进行电机绝缘结构设计时,需对电机绝缘结构进行电场仿真分析,使电机绝缘结构设计的耐受电场可满足电机的寿命要求[6-9]
在不同频率及温度下,绝缘结构的介电常数和电导率都会发生相应变化,其内部电场和槽口的电场分布也会有所改变,当槽口空气电场高于空气击穿场强时,槽口将存在不同程度的放电现象。对于存在放电的绝缘结构,频率的增大会导致其出现明显的温升效应[9],使得绝缘结构局部过热,同时伴随着该处绝缘结构局部场强过大,此时热老化和电老化效应会进一步加速绝缘材料的老化,缩短绝缘结构的寿命。因此电机绝缘结构电场要低于其最大设计电场,保证电机绝缘结构在其耐受电场下可达到设计运行年限。国内外对于高温高频下绝缘结构的介电参数有一定的研究,但是只停留在某些特定材料的分析,且没有分析介电参数对电场的影响。
对于电机绝缘来说,温度和频率对电阻率也有影响,但因为其电阻率数量级较大,在高温高频下依然呈现出较大量级的电阻率,所以电阻率对电场分布的影响相对较小。因此本研究主要研究介电常数变化对其电场分布的影响,通过以某种电机绝缘结构为例计算高温下不同频率点下的电场分布情况,提出两种常用槽口电场优化措施,并分析优化措施的可行性。
对于规则结构的静态电场,可采取解析法直接对求解域进行积分求解。但对于相对复杂的结构和边界条件,解析法需要计算很多特定函数的无穷级数,求解相当困难,此时,可借助计算设备采用数值计算法进行求解,其中数值法包括有限差分法、有限元法、模拟电荷法。
本研究对槽内结构分别采用解析法和有限元法计算分析,验证两者结果的一致性。针对槽口复杂结构,借助ANSYS Maxwell软件采用有限元法进行绝缘和空气域的电场求解。
电机槽内直线部分的绝缘结构一边紧邻高压导体,另一边是低压铁心,相对于绝缘结构来说,可以认为铁心中间直线部分为平板电容结构。若平板电容具有n层介质时,可用式(1)求解夹层电场[10]。若已知各层相对介电常数、对应厚度和导体电压值,则可通过式(2)计算出对应绝缘层的电场强度值。
D=ε1E1=ε2E2=εkEk==εnEn
Ek=Uεk(d1ε1+d2ε2++dnεn)
式(1)~(2)中:D为电位移;ε为相对介电常数;E为电场强度;d为夹层厚度;U为电容板的施加电压值。
有限单元法以变分原理和剖分插值为基础,以电场能量为最小电位函数求解静电场的电位分布,这样电场问题可表达为变分问题。如式(3)所示,场域D的电场能量W是电位函数Φ(r,z)的函数,给Φ以变分dΦ,使dΦ引起的dW=0,即可求得满足W为最小值的Φ(r,z),得出所求电位分布。
W=D12ε(ϕr)2+ε(ϕz)22πrdrdz
假设将二维场域剖分为有限个互不重叠的三角形单元,采用线性插值,即任一三角形单元中各点电位应满足式(4)所示的插值函数。
ϕ=α1+α2+α3z
式(4)中:α1α2α3为随单元而异的系数。
取一个单元e进行分析,假设此单元的3个节点为ijm,电位Φ及坐标(rz)应符合式(5),由此可得该单元的α1α2α3值如式(6)所示,其中Δe为单元面积。
ϕs=α1+α2γs+α3zs
s=i,j,m
α1=12Δe(s=i,j,masϕs)α2=12Δe(s=i,j,mbsϕs)α3=12Δe(s=i,j,mcsϕs)
式(6)代入式(5),得到单元e的电位插值函数如式(7)~(8)所示。
ϕ(r,z)=12Δe(ai+bir+ciz)ϕi+(aj+bjr+czj)ϕj+(am+bmr+czm)ϕm
ϕr=α2=12Δe(s=i,j,mbsϕs)ϕz=α3=12Δe(s=i,j,mcsϕs)
即单元e中任一点的ϕrϕz均为定值,与该点坐标(r,z)无关,因此由式(9)可得出式(10),其中re=(ri+rj+rm)/3,因此得出式(11)
We=12(2πεe)(bsϕs)2+(csϕs)24Δe2erdrdz
erdrdz=ri+rj+rm3Δe=reΔe
We=12×2πεereΔe4Δe2[(bsϕs)2+(csϕs)2]
式(11)展开整理可得式(12)
We=12ΦeTKeΦe
式(12)中:Φe为单元节点电位列向量;ΦeTΦe的转置矩阵;Ke为单元场能系数矩阵。
将某一单元三阶方阵Ke扩展为n阶方矩阵Ke¯,单元场Ke¯是对称的,总电场能系数矩阵K¯也是对称的。节点电位可由满足W为极值的条件求得。
电机绝缘结构主要的绝缘材料为云母制品,根据目前的制作工艺,首先将云母粉制作成云母纸,由于云母纸本身的机械强度较差,一般采用玻璃布或者薄膜作为补强材料来提升其强度,这样既能保证绕包时的拉力,又能保证云母的绝缘作用。而云母带由补强材料(玻璃布或薄膜)、云母与树脂组成,每种材料的介电常数不同,因此在绝缘结构中的电场分配不均匀,为了更好地研究绝缘结构中典型的层间电场分布情况,本研究认为浸漆后的玻璃布补强云母带为单一介电性能的绝缘材料,并测其介电常数。为便于分析,以花包绝缘结构(即玻璃布补强的云母带与薄膜带交替叠包,此处叠包方式为半叠包)为例进行层间电场分布分析,其中玻璃布补强云母带的厚度为0.12 mm,薄膜的厚度为0.025 mm;夹层中云母带叠包厚度均为0.28 mm,薄膜叠包厚度为0.05 mm,有机硅树脂单边厚度为0.15 mm。选取180℃下的3个频率点的相对介电常数进行电场分析,该温度下各材料在不同频率下的相对介电常数如表1所示。由于绝缘结构电阻率相对较大,在计算电场时,绝缘的体积电导率近似为0。
云母带层电场强度设为E1、薄膜层电场强度设为E2、漆膜层电场强度设为E3
通过式(1)和(2)计算得出180℃下,3个频率点下的各层电场。50 Hz下,E1=2.51 kV、E2=3.38 kV、E3=3.40 kV;500 Hz下,E1=2.59 kV、E2=3.27 kV、E3=3.28 kV;4 500 Hz下,E1=2.63 kV、E2=3.21 kV、E3=3.23 kV。
按照花包绝缘结构进行绝缘层二维建模,如图1所示。两边建立导体与铁心,导体施加3.5 kV电压,铁心为零电位,分别在50、500、4 500 Hz频率下进行电场计算。
根据表1的介电常数进行绝缘结构材料属性设置,导体上施加3.5 kV电压,得到绝缘层的电场分布云图如图2所示。
图2可以看出,中间两层薄膜承受的电场强度值为3.15~3.39 kV/mm,云母带层电场强度值为2.42~2.67 kV/mm,有机硅树脂层的场强为3.15~3.39 kV/mm。由于槽口空气介电常数较低,槽口边缘效应延伸至槽内漆膜及与其临近的云母带层,导致临近槽口位置的漆膜和云母带层的场强较大。表2为解析计算法与有限元法数值计算的结果对比。
表2可以看出,两种分析方法对层间电场分布的结果完全吻合。因此,在进行结构电场分布时,可选择合适的方法进行计算。由于薄膜和云母带的介电常数存在较大差异,在夹层绝缘结构中的电场分布也呈现出不均匀性。相对介电常数差异越大,电场分布越不均匀。低频下,云母带相对介电常数较大,薄膜承受更大的电场强度;高频下,云母带的相对介电常数降低,薄膜承受的电场强度也有所降低。
槽口介质包括铁心、绝缘、空气等(此处不考虑槽口残留漆膜的影响),主绝缘和空气的介电常数差异较大,空气的介电常数较小,主绝缘的介电常数较大,且槽口结构分布相对不规则,因此在槽口三角区域空气易产生大电场。槽口类不规则的结构用解析法的计算量较大,因此槽口电场的计算使用有限元分析方法。
在进行槽口电场计算时,不考虑槽内主绝缘层间电压的分布,层间介电常数的不同可能会导致槽内主绝缘内部电场有一定的变化,由于槽口对临近层影响较大,因此该处计算不考虑层间对槽口电场的影响。图3为主绝缘相对介电常数为2.5时的槽口电场分布云图,图4为槽口电场随主绝缘介电常数变化的趋势图。
图3可以看出,槽口铁心棱角处空气有较大电场分布;由图4可以看出,随着主绝缘相对介电常数的增大,空气中的场强增大,这是由于绝缘与空气的相对介电常数差异逐渐增大导致的。
电机槽口起晕产生的高温和酸性物质会加速槽口绝缘老化,提前形成接地故障,降低电机寿命。同时槽口不规则结构特点和多介质介电常数的差异是导致槽口电场较大的主要原因。基于上述原因对槽口结构进行相应优化,以降低槽口空气场强,提高起晕电压。针对槽口结构铁心棱角,目前普遍采用槽口棱边尖角倒角,这样可以均匀尖角部位的电场,防止应力集中在铁心尖角处。同时针对槽口空气和主绝缘介电常数差异较大导致的电场分布不均现象,可以在槽口铁心周围采取绝缘材料进行槽口灌封,达到铁心隔离空气的目的,同时保证槽口周围介质介电常数的一致性,进而达到降低空气场强的目的。
(1)槽口倒角
槽口铁心尖角倒角后,铁心与主绝缘紧挨处存在狭小间隙,如图5所示。浸漆后间隙处若有一定漆膜填充,可大幅降低空气场强,因此对倒角后的间隙有漆和无漆两种情况进行分析。图5中,槽口铁心与主绝缘之间的间隙处位置1、2、3、4为绝缘漆填充位置末端,高度h分别为0.15、0.20、0.40、1.00 mm。
图6是在不考虑间隙填充绝缘漆的状态下,倒角半径与空气最大电场强度的关系。从图6可以看出,倒角后的空气电场随着倒角半径的增大而降低,倒角半径减小到一定值时,空气中的场强降幅减小,根据上述分析结果可知,最佳倒角半径为2.5~3.0 mm。
表3为铁心倒角半径为1 mm时绝缘漆的填充高度对空气最大电场强度的影响。从表3可以看出,当绝缘漆h=0.15 mm时,空气中最大场强由原来的7.43 kV/mm降到4.20 kV/mm,降低了43.5%;当间隙填充绝缘漆h=0.40 mm时,空气最大电场强度降低至3.52 kV/mm,相比不填充绝缘漆时空气中的最大电场强度(7.43 kV/mm)降低56.0%;当h=1.00 mm时,空气最大电场强度为2.86 kV/mm,相比未填充绝缘漆时降低了61.5%。
(2)槽口灌封
为了保证槽口空气场强满足电机寿命周期要求,降低空气中的场强,目前中低压电机多采用槽口灌封的模式,拉大槽口铁心与空气的距离,以达到提高电机槽口起晕电压的目的,图7为槽口灌封后的电场分布云图。
槽口未倒角,对槽口进行灌封处理,灌封高度为2 mm,灌封后的空气最大电场强度由未灌封时的5.3 kV/mm(如图3所示)降低到1.5 kV/mm(如图7所示)。灌封后的槽口空气最大电场强度大幅降低,但是槽口灌封增加了电机制造成本,考虑工艺可实施性,可根据实际生产要求进行一定厚度的灌封。
(1)随着频率的增加,云母带和薄膜的介电常数都有所下降,云母带介电常数降低的幅度大于薄膜,云母带整体的相对介电常数大于薄膜,低频下云母带由于较大的相对介电常数,导致薄膜承受较高频下更大的电场强度。
(2)随着绝缘相对介电常数的增大,槽口绝缘和空气中的电场强度都略有增大,因此高频下的槽口呈现出相对较低的场强。
(3)对于采取槽口铁心倒角来降低槽口空气场强时,最佳倒角半径为2.5~3.0 mm;倒角后将产生更小尺寸的间隙,若倒角后间隙处的漆膜无法保证,可采取槽口真空灌封的措施降低槽口空气场强,槽口灌封高度超过2 mm时空气场强基本可满足要求。
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2023年第56卷第10期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.10.015
  • 接收时间:2022-11-16
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-16
  • 修回日期:2022-12-19
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    1中车永济电机有限公司,山西 运城 044502
    2轨道交通牵引电机山西省重点实验室,山西 运城 044502
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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