Article(id=1199640634026983536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199640628146565556, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.08.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1661356800000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-25, revisedDate=1665936000000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763946215397, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1692460800000, pubDateStr=2023-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763946215397, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763946215397, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763946215397, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199640628146565556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763946213995, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563621744, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210618832004190662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199640628146565556, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210618832004190663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199640628146565556, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=51, endPage=57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199640634354139256, articleId=1199640634026983536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of thermal ageing on isothermal relaxation current and threshold electric field of distribution cable insulation, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In view of the problem and difficulty of isothermal relaxation current method in evaluating the insulation state of distribution cables, a new sample of domestic unaged 10 kV distribution cable was used as the test object in this paper, and the isothermal relaxation current of the cable section and the high-field conductance current of the insulation slice during the 288 hours of accelerated thermal ageing process at 140℃ were detected. The variation trend and range of current relaxation component, ageing factor A, and threshold electric field Et during thermal ageing were analyzed. The results show that there are three obvious polarization relaxation peaks in the isothermal relaxation current, and the time constants τ1, τ2, and τ3 are in the range of 7-12 s, 31-39 s, and 210-536 s, respectively. During the thermal ageing process, the material traps corresponding to isothermal relaxation current Peak2 and Peak3 change greatly, and the change of Peak3 is the most obvious. The ageing factor A based on the isothermal relaxation current is in the range of 1.72-3.17. The A decreases at first and then increases with the increase of ageing time, and the corresponding conductance threshold electric field Et shows the opposite trend of rising at first and then decreasing, which indicates that there is a clear correlation between the threshold electric field Et and the ageing factor A, they are both the macroscopic appearances of internal molecular structure of the insulating material. The ageing factor A of the domestic cable before ageing is 1.91, which is close to the "aged" state of the German standard DIN VDE 0276, and the A drops to 1.72 after ageing for 48 h, which reaches the "better" state of the German standard. The high A of the domestic cable may be related to the residues of cross-linking by-products of cables, so the degassing process should be improved in the production of domestic cables.

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针对等温松弛电流法在配电电缆绝缘状态评估中的问题及难题,本文采用国产未老化的10 kV配电电缆新样作为检测对象,通过检测140℃下加速热老化288 h过程中电缆段的等温松弛电流和绝缘切片的高场电导,分析了热老化过程中表征绝缘状态的电流松弛分量、老化因子(A)和阈值电场(Et)变化趋势及范围。结果表明:等温松弛电流中存在3个明显的极化松弛峰,时间常数τ1τ2τ3分别在7~12 s、31~39 s和210~536 s范围;热老化过程中等温松弛电流峰2和峰3对应的材料陷阱改变较大,其中峰3的改变最为明显;基于等温松弛电流的老化因子A在1.72~3.17范围,随老化时间的增加老化因子A先降后升,而对应的电导阈值电场Et呈先升后降的趋势,这表明阈值电场(Et)和老化因子(A)存在明显的关联,均是绝缘材料内部分子结构的宏观外在表象;国产电缆未老化时的老化因子A为1.91,已近德国标准DIN VDE 0276的“老年”状态,而热老化48 h时的老化因子(A)降至1.72,达到德国标准的“较好”状态,表明国产电缆老化因子A的偏高可能与电缆交联副产物量的残留相关,应完善国产电缆生产中的脱气工艺。

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何宁辉(1986-),男(汉族),宁夏固原人,高级工程师,博士,主要研究方向为电力设备状态监测技术。

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何宁辉(1986-),男(汉族),宁夏固原人,高级工程师,博士,主要研究方向为电力设备状态监测技术。

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何宁辉(1986-),男(汉族),宁夏固原人,高级工程师,博士,主要研究方向为电力设备状态监测技术。

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figureFileBig=WN95AQvq2+qtiUDxpLikQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211277136841798649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199640634026983536, language=CN, label=图6, caption=老化因子(A)和阈值电场(Et)随热老化时间的变化趋势, figureFileSmall=Z/BWWARHTnacA1nce8+ulw==, figureFileBig=WN95AQvq2+qtiUDxpLikQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211277137072485375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199640634026983536, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Relaxation current component parameters of cable under different thermal ageing time, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
老化时间/ha0τ1a1τ2a2τ3a3R2
01.118.4241.9332.2236.73230.386.470.98
481.017.4633.4631.3727.27212.893.070.91
961.918.2135.8433.1230.99315.524.600.93
1443.179.6049.6334.7339.33432.674.970.95
1922.529.9949.1135.9648.46474.456.270.92
2402.6811.6055.6038.1243.81499.1711.470.92
2882.9211.0956.4538.0238.71535.9312.720.96
), ArticleFig(id=1211277137147981826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199640634026983536, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同热老化时间的电缆松弛电流分量参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
老化时间/ha0τ1a1τ2a2τ3a3R2
01.118.4241.9332.2236.73230.386.470.98
481.017.4633.4631.3727.27212.893.070.91
961.918.2135.8433.1230.99315.524.600.93
1443.179.6049.6334.7339.33432.674.970.95
1922.529.9949.1135.9648.46474.456.270.92
2402.6811.6055.6038.1243.81499.1711.470.92
2882.9211.0956.4538.0238.71535.9312.720.96
), ArticleFig(id=1211277137231867911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199640634026983536, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Relaxation peak weights of cable insulation at different thermal ageing time, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
老化时间/hQ2Q3
01 295.732 477.68
48879.871 516.76
961 088.072 239.33
1441 505.653 202.11
1921 809.414 112.53
2402 121.405 934.56
2882 022.936 406.25
), ArticleFig(id=1211277137378668554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199640634026983536, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同热老化时间的电缆绝缘松弛峰权重

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
老化时间/hQ2Q3
01 295.732 477.68
48879.871 516.76
961 088.072 239.33
1441 505.653 202.11
1921 809.414 112.53
2402 121.405 934.56
2882 022.936 406.25
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热老化对配电电缆绝缘等温松弛电流及阈值电场的影响
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何宁辉 1 , 马波 1 , 沙伟燕 1 , 李秀广 1 , 张鹏程 2 , 田天 1
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2023,56(8): 51-57
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2023, 56(8): 51-57
热老化对配电电缆绝缘等温松弛电流及阈值电场的影响
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何宁辉1, 马波1, 沙伟燕1, 李秀广1, 张鹏程2, 田天1
作者信息
  • 1国网宁夏电力有限公司电力科学研究院,宁夏 银川 750002
  • 2国网宁夏电力有限公司石嘴山供电公司,宁夏 石嘴山 753099
  • 何宁辉(1986-),男(汉族),宁夏固原人,高级工程师,博士,主要研究方向为电力设备状态监测技术。

Effect of thermal ageing on isothermal relaxation current and threshold electric field of distribution cable insulation
Ninghui HE1, Bo MA1, Weiyan SHA1, Xiuguang LI1, Pengcheng ZHANG2, Tian TIAN1
Affiliations
  • 1Power Research Institute of State Grid Ningxia Electric Power Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 750002, China
  • 2Shizuishan Power Supply Company of State Grid Ningxia Electric Power Co., Ltd., Shizuishan 753099, China
出版时间: 2023-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.08.008
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针对等温松弛电流法在配电电缆绝缘状态评估中的问题及难题,本文采用国产未老化的10 kV配电电缆新样作为检测对象,通过检测140℃下加速热老化288 h过程中电缆段的等温松弛电流和绝缘切片的高场电导,分析了热老化过程中表征绝缘状态的电流松弛分量、老化因子(A)和阈值电场(Et)变化趋势及范围。结果表明:等温松弛电流中存在3个明显的极化松弛峰,时间常数τ1τ2τ3分别在7~12 s、31~39 s和210~536 s范围;热老化过程中等温松弛电流峰2和峰3对应的材料陷阱改变较大,其中峰3的改变最为明显;基于等温松弛电流的老化因子A在1.72~3.17范围,随老化时间的增加老化因子A先降后升,而对应的电导阈值电场Et呈先升后降的趋势,这表明阈值电场(Et)和老化因子(A)存在明显的关联,均是绝缘材料内部分子结构的宏观外在表象;国产电缆未老化时的老化因子A为1.91,已近德国标准DIN VDE 0276的“老年”状态,而热老化48 h时的老化因子(A)降至1.72,达到德国标准的“较好”状态,表明国产电缆老化因子A的偏高可能与电缆交联副产物量的残留相关,应完善国产电缆生产中的脱气工艺。

配电电缆  /  热老化  /  等温松弛电流  /  高场电导  /  老化因子  /  阈值电场

In view of the problem and difficulty of isothermal relaxation current method in evaluating the insulation state of distribution cables, a new sample of domestic unaged 10 kV distribution cable was used as the test object in this paper, and the isothermal relaxation current of the cable section and the high-field conductance current of the insulation slice during the 288 hours of accelerated thermal ageing process at 140℃ were detected. The variation trend and range of current relaxation component, ageing factor A, and threshold electric field Et during thermal ageing were analyzed. The results show that there are three obvious polarization relaxation peaks in the isothermal relaxation current, and the time constants τ1, τ2, and τ3 are in the range of 7-12 s, 31-39 s, and 210-536 s, respectively. During the thermal ageing process, the material traps corresponding to isothermal relaxation current Peak2 and Peak3 change greatly, and the change of Peak3 is the most obvious. The ageing factor A based on the isothermal relaxation current is in the range of 1.72-3.17. The A decreases at first and then increases with the increase of ageing time, and the corresponding conductance threshold electric field Et shows the opposite trend of rising at first and then decreasing, which indicates that there is a clear correlation between the threshold electric field Et and the ageing factor A, they are both the macroscopic appearances of internal molecular structure of the insulating material. The ageing factor A of the domestic cable before ageing is 1.91, which is close to the "aged" state of the German standard DIN VDE 0276, and the A drops to 1.72 after ageing for 48 h, which reaches the "better" state of the German standard. The high A of the domestic cable may be related to the residues of cross-linking by-products of cables, so the degassing process should be improved in the production of domestic cables.

distribution cable  /  thermal ageing  /  isothermal relaxation current  /  high field conductivity  /  ageing factor threshold electric field
何宁辉, 马波, 沙伟燕, 李秀广, 张鹏程, 田天. 热老化对配电电缆绝缘等温松弛电流及阈值电场的影响. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (8) : 51 -57 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.08.008
Ninghui HE, Bo MA, Weiyan SHA, Xiuguang LI, Pengcheng ZHANG, Tian TIAN. Effect of thermal ageing on isothermal relaxation current and threshold electric field of distribution cable insulation[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (8) : 51 -57 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.08.008
配电电缆是配电系统网络中的核心部件之一,随着国民经济的快速发展,电力需求量大幅上升,其铺设量逐年扩大[1]。目前配电电缆网建设过程常采用地下密集敷设的方式,在运行过程中普遍存在散热不良和局部过热的问题。在地下水气渗透后,电缆绝缘层材料在热和电应力的联合作用下,易发生不可逆转的电、热和化学等复杂老化过程[2-3],如电缆绝缘在交流电场电荷反复注入抽出和电化学反应作用下,材料分子结构会局部劣化和局部击穿。局部击穿造成的局部放电使材料内部形成微小通道,引发水树枝和电树枝老化,导致电缆绝缘快速击穿[4-5];在持续的热应力作用下,电缆绝缘材料可能发生降解,导致电缆绝缘的电导率和介质损耗升高,影响绝缘状态并最终缩短其使用寿命[6]。为保障配电系统的稳定运行,必须对配电电缆的绝缘状态进行准确评估。
目前国内外针对配电电缆绝缘状态的评估采用电力设备中常用的检测技术如介质损耗、局部放电、耐压等测试进行[7-9]。但实际应用过程中,上述方法并不能有效发现配电电缆存在的潜在问题。近年来,等温松弛电流法(isothermal relaxation current,IRC)的提出为现场配电电缆的绝缘状态评估提供了新思路。IRC法是利用低直流电场下电缆绝缘的松弛电流趋势对现场在役电缆的整体老化程度作出定量评估[10-13]。A O ADENIYI等[14]通过对比IRC电流和介质损耗、回复电压等参数,发现该方法确定的老化因子(A)对电缆绝缘中水树枝的生长较为敏感;钱恺羽等[15]通过IRC法分析了由电缆绝缘松弛系数计算出的老化因子(A)和绝缘内部缺陷的相关性,对高危故障点的诊断与排查较为有效;孙路等[16]通过对光纤护套材料在油中热老化过程中的松弛电流检测,发现老化因子随着老化时间的增加明显上升。电导阈值电场是电气设备绝缘新材料研发和绝缘老化评估的重要参数之一,吴建东等[17]通过检测填充纳米SiO2的LDPE/SiO2复合电介质的电导电流,发现高浓度填充可有效提高电介质的阈值电场;石逸雯等[18]将配电XLPE电缆绝缘切片在135℃下进行60 h的加速热老化,通过老化前后的电导检测,发现老化后的电导率呈现增大趋势,且欧姆区与非欧姆区的阈值电场明显减小。上述等温松弛电流法和电导阈值电场评估方法都是基于绝缘材料直流极化的松弛电流检测,前者侧重于加压极化过程中松弛电流的变化趋势,后者侧重于极化一段时间后的稳定电流。但目前为止,国内外缺乏绝缘材料在老化过程中这两者的变化趋势和关联性研究。
针对上述问题,采用国产未老化的10 kV配电电缆新样为检测对象,通过检测加速热老化过程中电缆绝缘的等温松弛电流和高场电导电流,分析热老化过程中配电电缆绝缘松弛电流中松弛分量和老化因子的变化趋势及范围,并探讨老化因子和阈值电场的关联,为现场配电电缆绝缘状态的评估提供依据。
电缆试样采用10 kV配电网常用的新电缆,其额定电压U0/UUm)为8.7/10(12)kV,其绝缘结构为:导体截面积为300 mm2,绝缘层为XLPE,厚度实测约为4 mm,导体屏蔽厚度为0.7 mm,绝缘屏蔽为可剥离型,厚度为0.8 mm。为实现电缆的加速热老化,将新电缆按400 mm长制备两根电缆段,在鼓风烘箱中140℃下连续加速热老化288 h,以48 h为间隔提取老化电缆段进行等温松弛和高场电导检测。为减小后续检测数据的分散性,将一根电缆段用于不同热老化状态的等温松弛电流检测,热老化过程中将电缆线芯和铜带屏蔽短接,以消除前序测试的残留电荷;另一根电缆段每隔48 h截取50 mm的小段,用于制备高场电导测试用绝缘片。
电缆段处理如图1所示,先去除电缆段整体外扩套后,中间位置留出200 mm的绝缘屏蔽层和铜带屏蔽层,对应包覆的绝缘层为等温松弛电流的检测区。为防止直流极化过程中电缆端部发生沿面放电,电缆段左右两侧剥去绝缘屏蔽层,各留出长度为75 mm的安全距离,并用无水乙醇擦拭表面,以提高沿面电阻。电缆端部各露出长度为25 mm的电缆线芯,以便检测回路接线。
等温松弛电流测试在室温环境下进行,检测过程中,电缆段用绝缘支柱与地面隔离,电缆线芯接通高压开关用于在极化和短路过程中分别连接直流高压源的高压端和电流表的输入端,铜带屏蔽层与直流源和电流表接地端连接,形成共地回路。直流极化时输出1 kV直流电压,通过保护电抗R1连接电缆线芯,极化时间为1 800 s。等温松弛电流(即短路去极化电流)采用Keithley 6517A型静电计电流表记录,去极化时间为1 800 s,采样间隔为1 s。
配电电缆尺寸结构小,绝缘层横向切片宽度一般在20 mm以内,沿面安全距离不足,不能直接检测直流高场电导。本文采用图2所示的电缆绝缘层轴向旋转切片方式,从同一电缆绝缘层径向区域制备出45 mm × 45 mm的绝缘片,以保证分析的一致性,厚度约为0.21 mm。高场电导检测在室温下进行,采用三电极系统,以抑制试样表面泄漏电流对极化电流的干扰,直流电场Edc从1 kV逐步升高至45 kV,极化电流采用Keithley 6517A型静电计电流表测量,取极化时间为600 s后的准稳态值作为计算值。
图3为配电电缆段在老化0~288 h过程中的等温松弛电流变化趋势。从图3可以看出,相对于未老化电缆的等温松弛电流,老化48 h时的电缆松弛电流出现了明显的下降趋势,之后随着老化时间的增加,松弛电流开始逐步上升,其中去极化100 s内的增幅比例相对较小,而去极化100 s之后的增幅比例较为明显。另外,在去极化100 s后等温松弛电流的下降速度相对10~100 s的下降速度明显放缓,表明老化过程中10~100 s窗口对应的松弛分量发生了显著变化。
图4为电缆段绝缘层旋转切片在电场(E)为1~45 kV/mm范围内的电流密度(J)变化趋势。从图4可以看出,热老化前后的J-E曲线有2个明显不同的增长区,且各区均呈现线性增长,高电场区的斜率明显大于低电场区的斜率。在热老化刚开始的48 h内,高、低电场下的电流密度随老化时间的增加均呈现明显的下降趋势,48 h之后随老化时间的增加电流密度逐步上升。另外,电流密度(J)的阈值电场(Et)(即不同线性增长区的转折电场)随着老化时间的增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。
由上述等温松弛电流和高场电导随热老化时间的变化趋势可知,配电电缆绝缘在140℃下连续加速热老化288 h过程发生了明显的微观结构变化,形成了很多微观缺陷。根据J G SIMMONS等[19]的等温松弛理论可知,这些微观缺陷在直流极化电场下会以陷阱形式俘获一定量的电荷。在短路去极化过程中,这些在陷阱中的电荷从陷阱中逐步脱陷释放(即去极化松弛过程),在外部检测回路中形成等温松弛电流。由于绝缘内部缺陷形式复杂,一般含有较多不同能级的陷阱分布,而电缆绝缘的等温松弛电流由其内部不同深、浅陷阱中脱陷电荷释放后复合叠加而成,因此通过等温松弛电流随去极化时间的变化趋势可有效分析绝缘内部的缺陷(即陷阱)变化。
通过对图3中不同热老化阶段的电缆段等温松弛电流拟合,发现采用式(1)的三阶指数模型拟合时,拟合的相关系数(R2)可达0.98,表明电缆绝缘松弛电流主要由三个松弛分量组成,分别表征绝缘中的三类主要缺陷,这与国内外研究的结果一致[20-21]
It=I0+i=13aie-tτi
式(1)中:I0为稳态电流分量;τ1τ2τ3为三类界面极化的时间常数,分别为半导电屏蔽层与XLPE形成的界面极化、XLPE中晶区与无定形区之间的界面极化和老化过程中XLPE与水树枝等引起的水合盐之间的界面极化;a1a2a3则对应3种界面极化的极化强度。
表1为加速热老化过程中电缆段等温松弛电流的松弛分量参数。由表1可知,绝缘内部缺陷的3个时间常数τ1τ2τ3分别在7~12 s、31~39 s和210~536 s范围。随着热老化时间的增加,时间常数τ和极化强度a在初始48 h略微下降,之后逐步快速上升。
为进一步直观分析热老化过程中绝缘的陷阱分布变化,结合上述松弛分量参数,图5给出了去极化电流(I)和去极化时间(t)的乘积I·t为纵轴,去极化时间(t)对数lgt为横轴的I·t-lgt曲线。根据等温松弛理论可知,该曲线的峰值和面积分别与陷阱能级深度和密度成正比,因此可通过该图定性分析热老化过程中的陷阱分布变化[22]。由图5可知,随着热老化时间的增加,峰1对应的缺陷分布变化较小,而能级更深的峰2和峰3对应的缺陷改变较大,这表明热老化时间的长短对深能级的晶区/无定形区界面的影响较大。其中峰3的改变最为明显,其峰值位置随着老化时间的增加总体呈现向右侧深能级发展的趋势,且密度显著增大,表明该峰对应的界面能级深度和密度在高温热老化过程显著增大。国外研究表明配电电缆运行过程中峰3可能与水气渗透后形成的盐/水合离子界面极化相关,本文中电缆段高温热老化过程中水分子影响较少,因此峰3可能与热老化过程中出现了新的深能级缺陷相关[23]。另外,热老化48 h时3个峰的面积都有一定的下降,表明热老化初期的电缆绝缘陷阱密度存在下降的现象,这可能与电缆生产制造过程中XLPE绝缘层内部交联副产物含量的下降相关[15]。交联副产物属于化学陷阱,其陷阱能级一般较高,属于深陷阱范畴[24]。由于配电电缆绝缘厚度一般在4 mm及以上,在生产制造过程一般很难通过脱气工艺完全去除,因此电缆绝缘中存在一定量的交联副产物。在140℃高温老化过程中,电缆绝缘中残留交联副产物在高温作用下进一步清除,从而降低了内部各松弛分量的时间常数和极化强度。
配电电缆的绝缘状态评估一直是配电网运维检修的关键任务之一,而评估方法的核心是确定合适的老化状态表征参量,即在各类理化和电性能参量中提取对绝缘老化状态较为敏感的特征参量。配电电缆绝缘在140℃连续加速热老化288 h过程中,电缆绝缘的等温松弛电流和高场电导均发生了明显的变化,这表明电缆绝缘内部的分子结构在持续高温作用下发生了改变,老化现象已较为明显,因此可以从等温松弛电流和高场电导角度,分析提取合适的老化表征参量。
图5中表征电缆绝缘陷阱分布的I·t-lgt曲线可知,热老化过程中极化峰峰2和峰3对应的绝缘缺陷变化最为明显,而峰1对应的缺陷变化相对较小,因此可通过如式(2)式(3)Q(τ2)和Q(τ3)来定量评估极化峰峰2和峰3在3类松弛峰极化中的权重[24]
Qτ2a1τ1+a2τ21-1e+a3τ31-e-τ2τ3
Qτ3a1τ1+a2τ21-e-τ3τ2+a3τ31-1e
根据表1中3个松弛峰参数计算出权重Q(τ3)和Q(τ2),结果如表2所示。由表2可知,热老化过程中Q(τ3)的权重均大于Q(τ2)。为便于对现场电缆绝缘状态进行快速评估,P BIRKNER等[20]提出了电缆老化因子A的概念,如式(4)所示,通过权重Q(τ3)和Q(τ2)的比例,定量分析电缆绝缘的整体状态[25-26]
A=Qτ3Qτ2
图6为电缆段在140℃连续加速热老化过程中的老化因子(A)变化趋势图,其值在1.72~3.17之间。在热老化48 h时,老化因子(A)出现了下降趋势,之后随老化时间的增加呈现上升趋势,在老化200 h前老化因子(A)增幅相对较小,老化200 h之后增幅呈现快速上升的趋势。
为便于对电缆绝缘状态进行评估,国外开展了基于老化因子(A)的绝缘等级划分。图6是根据德国标准DIN VDE 0276给出的4个等级分类,即根据A值从小到大,分为“较好”、“中年”、“老年”和“劣化”4个状态等级。按此标准,配电电缆段试样在未老化时的老化因子(A)为1.91,已近“老年”状态,这可能与国内电缆制造工艺与德国企业存在的差异相关。在热老化48 h时,老化因子(A)降至1.72,达到了德国标准的“较好”状态。根据图5中热老化48 h时3个松弛峰对应缺陷量下降与XLPE绝缘中残留交联副产物的相关性分析,老化因子(A)的下降,即绝缘状态的好转,可能与高温下电缆绝缘层中交联副产物量下降后杂质的相关陷阱密度减小相关[15,27]。这也说明未老化电缆的老化因子偏高,可能与目前国产电缆的脱气工艺不完善相关。热老化48 h之后,老化因子(A)逐步上升,表明电缆绝缘的分子链开始逐步降解,形成了更多的结构性缺陷。
同时,图6还给出了电导阈值电场(Et)随热老化时间的变化曲线,可以看出,未老化时的阈值电场在16.3 kV/mm,大致在国内外相关研究结果的范围之内。阈值电场在热老化48 h时明显上升,达到20.9 kV/mm,之后随着老化时间的增加逐步下降,在热老化288 h后降至9.2 kV/mm。很明显,等温松弛电流提取的老化因子(A)和电导阈值电场(Et)之间的变化趋势相反,存在反比关系。电导阈值电场值是评估电荷注入的核心指标之一,绝缘材料的Et值越高,表明该材料的耐电荷注入性能越好。热老化 48 h时阈值电场(Et)的上升和老化因子(A)的下降均与交联副产物脱离后绝缘内部深陷阱量的下降相关,由于此时EtA两个评估参量均明显好转,本文将“热老化48 h”定义为“热处理”可能更为准确,说明目前国产配电电缆的脱气处理工艺存在不足,并未发挥绝缘材料的自身优势,还有待进一步完善。而在热老化100~288 h内,Et开始快速下降,表明绝缘内部分子结构开始发生明显改变,使得电极接触界面处的电荷注入更容易,从而导致图4中电导整体逐步上升。另外,由图5中老化后陷阱密度增大可知,当大量电荷注入后,将有更多的自由电荷被陷阱俘获,导致了图3中等温松弛电流的整体上升。因此阈值电场(Et)和老化因子(A)均是绝缘材料内部分子结构的宏观外在表象,存在明显的关联。
本文通过国产10 kV配电电缆在140℃下加速热老化288 h过程中等温松弛电流和高场电导的检测,分析了电流松弛分量、老化因子和阈值电场的关联性,得出如下结论:
(1)配电电缆绝缘的等温松弛电流中存在3个明显的极化松弛峰,时间常数分别在7~12 s、31~39 s和210~536 s范围,随着热老化时间的增加,时间常数和极化强度在热老化48 h时略微下降之后逐步上升。
(2)热老化过程中等温松弛电流峰2和峰3对应的材料陷阱改变较大,其中峰3改变最为明显,其峰值位置随着老化时间的增加总体呈现向右侧深能级发展的趋势,且密度显著增大。
(3)计算得到老化因子(A)在1.72~3.17范围,随老化时间的增加先降后升,而对应的电导阈值电场(Et)呈现先升后降的相反趋势,这表明阈值电场(Et)和老化因子(A)存在明显的关联,均是绝缘材料内部分子结构的宏观外在表象。
(4)国产电缆未老化时的老化因子(A)为1.91,已近德国标准的“老年”状态,而老化初期48 h时的老化因子(A)降至1.72,达到德国标准的“较好”状态。结合阈值电场(Et)的提高,可知国产电缆老化因子(A)的偏高可能与电缆交联副产物量的残留相关。
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2023年第56卷第8期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.08.008
  • 接收时间:2022-08-25
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-25
  • 修回日期:2022-10-17
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国网宁夏电力有限公司科技项目(5229DK20005L)
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    1国网宁夏电力有限公司电力科学研究院,宁夏 银川 750002
    2国网宁夏电力有限公司石嘴山供电公司,宁夏 石嘴山 753099
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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