Article(id=1199640632298930272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199640628146565556, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.08.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1666713600000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-26, revisedDate=1669996800000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763946214985, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1692460800000, pubDateStr=2023-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763946214985, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763946214985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763946214985, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199640628146565556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763946213995, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563621744, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210618832004190662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199640628146565556, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210618832004190663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199640628146565556, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=11, endPage=21, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199640632525422692, articleId=1199640632298930272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research progress in PMMA-based dielectric materials with high energy storage, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Polymer film capacitors are widely used in many fields, such as high-pulse power technology, aerospace technology, and new energy vehicles due to their ultra-high charge and discharge efficiency. Polymer dielectrics used in energy storage applications often require high energy density and energy storage efficiency, and biaxial tensile polypropylene (BOPP) films, which are widely used in commercial thin-film capacitors, cannot meet the increasing demand for energy storage. Among many polymer dielectric materials, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) has attracted extensive attention due to its high breakdown strength, low dielectric loss, and easy processing. In this paper, the research progress of PMMA basic characteristic and composite dielectric materials in the field of energy storage was reviewed. The methods to improve the energy density and energy storage efficiency of polymer dielectric materials through chemical modification and physical modification were summarized, and the future development direction of dielectric materials was prospected.

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聚合物薄膜电容器因其超高的充放电效率而被广泛应用于许多领域,如高脉冲功率技术、航空航天技术和新能源汽车等。储能应用的聚合物电介质往往需要较高的能量密度和储能效率,目前薄膜电容器中商业化应用最为广泛的双轴拉伸聚丙烯(BOPP)薄膜已不能满足日益增长的电能储存需求。在众多的聚合物电介质材料中,聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)因其高击穿强度、低介质损耗和易加工等优点而受到广泛关注。本文综述了PMMA本征型和复合型电介质材料在储能领域的研究进展,重点对通过化学改性和物理改性提升聚合物储能电介质材料的能量密度和储能效率的方法进行了归纳整理,最后对电介质材料未来的发展方向进行了展望。

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刘雷鹏(1990-),男(汉族),陕西榆林人,讲师,主要从事电介质功能材料的研究。
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贠浩辰(1998-),男(汉族),陕西咸阳人,硕士生,主要从事电介质功能材料的研究。

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贠浩辰(1998-),男(汉族),陕西咸阳人,硕士生,主要从事电介质功能材料的研究。

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贠浩辰(1998-),男(汉族),陕西咸阳人,硕士生,主要从事电介质功能材料的研究。

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PMMA基高储能电介质材料研究进展
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贠浩辰 , 吉喆 , 张康宁 , 陈晓飞 , 吕生华 , 刘雷鹏
绝缘材料 | 综述 2023,56(8): 11-21
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2023, 56(8): 11-21
PMMA基高储能电介质材料研究进展
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贠浩辰, 吉喆, 张康宁, 陈晓飞, 吕生华, 刘雷鹏
作者信息
  • 陕西科技大学 轻工科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710016
  • 贠浩辰(1998-),男(汉族),陕西咸阳人,硕士生,主要从事电介质功能材料的研究。

通讯作者:

刘雷鹏(1990-),男(汉族),陕西榆林人,讲师,主要从事电介质功能材料的研究。
Research progress in PMMA-based dielectric materials with high energy storage
Haochen YUN, Zhe JI, Kangning ZHANG, Xiaofei CHEN, Shenghua LÜ, Leipeng LIU
Affiliations
  • College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi′an 710021, China
出版时间: 2023-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.08.002
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聚合物薄膜电容器因其超高的充放电效率而被广泛应用于许多领域,如高脉冲功率技术、航空航天技术和新能源汽车等。储能应用的聚合物电介质往往需要较高的能量密度和储能效率,目前薄膜电容器中商业化应用最为广泛的双轴拉伸聚丙烯(BOPP)薄膜已不能满足日益增长的电能储存需求。在众多的聚合物电介质材料中,聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)因其高击穿强度、低介质损耗和易加工等优点而受到广泛关注。本文综述了PMMA本征型和复合型电介质材料在储能领域的研究进展,重点对通过化学改性和物理改性提升聚合物储能电介质材料的能量密度和储能效率的方法进行了归纳整理,最后对电介质材料未来的发展方向进行了展望。

PMMA基聚合物  /  储能密度  /  介电常数  /  电介质材料

Polymer film capacitors are widely used in many fields, such as high-pulse power technology, aerospace technology, and new energy vehicles due to their ultra-high charge and discharge efficiency. Polymer dielectrics used in energy storage applications often require high energy density and energy storage efficiency, and biaxial tensile polypropylene (BOPP) films, which are widely used in commercial thin-film capacitors, cannot meet the increasing demand for energy storage. Among many polymer dielectric materials, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) has attracted extensive attention due to its high breakdown strength, low dielectric loss, and easy processing. In this paper, the research progress of PMMA basic characteristic and composite dielectric materials in the field of energy storage was reviewed. The methods to improve the energy density and energy storage efficiency of polymer dielectric materials through chemical modification and physical modification were summarized, and the future development direction of dielectric materials was prospected.

PMMA-based polymer  /  energy storage density  /  dielectric constant  /  dielectric materials
贠浩辰, 吉喆, 张康宁, 陈晓飞, 吕生华, 刘雷鹏. PMMA基高储能电介质材料研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (8) : 11 -21 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.08.002
Haochen YUN, Zhe JI, Kangning ZHANG, Xiaofei CHEN, Shenghua LÜ, Leipeng LIU. Research progress in PMMA-based dielectric materials with high energy storage[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (8) : 11 -21 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.08.002
近年来,各种能源的有效利用和储存已成为了一个热门的研究课题,聚合物薄膜电容器作为一种物理储能器件,具有超高功率密度,能够极快地进行能量储存和释放等优点[1-2],被广泛应用于电容器、脉冲功率技术及电动车技术等领域[3-4]。目前在薄膜电容器中商业化应用最为广泛的是双轴拉伸聚丙烯(BOPP)薄膜,它具有很高的击穿强度,但其储能密度非常低,只有2~4 J/cm3[5]。聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)及其共聚物属于非线性电介质,相比于其他材料具有很高的介电常数,因而被广泛研究,但其较高的极化损耗、较差的充放电效率使其在电介质材料储能领域中应用受限[6]。聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)是一种常见的有机聚合物,又称为有机玻璃,是一种兼具有高击穿强度和低介质损耗的线性聚合物,是良好的电介质材料[7-8]。本文主要综述PMMA基电介质材料储能性能的研究进展。
平行板电容器可代表一般的储能设备,主要由薄膜介质和两块导电极板构成。在外加电场作用下,处于两极板间的薄膜分子会发生极化,从而储存或损耗电能[9-10]。电介质材料的储存能量密度(Ue)由其电场(E)和电位移(D)决定,如式(1)所示。对于线性电介质,如非极性聚合物,UeE的平方成正比,如式(2)所示。因此,想要获得更高的Ue,需要更高的E
Ue=EdD
Ue=12DE=12ε0εrE2
式(1)~(2)中,εrε0分别为电介质材料的相对介电常数和真空介电常数。
充放电效率代表电容器的能量转化效率,也是衡量电介质材料储能性能的一项重要指标,图1是线性电介质与非线性电介质的电滞回曲线,材料在充放电过程中,其内部的偶极子之间存在耦合作用,即使撤去外加电场后,仍有部分极化存在。图1[11]中,Ue是电介质的放电能量密度,Ul是能量损耗,放电能量密度与充电能量密度之比即为充放电效率(η),计算公式如式(3)所示。
η=W2W1×100%
式(3)中:η是充放电效率;W1是充电能量密度,在图1中为UeUl两面积之和;W2是放电能量密度。
PMMA基薄膜在室温下是线性的电介质材料,具有非常高的击穿电压和非常小的滞后,从而表现出很高的电子束强度和线性极化响应,产生高能量密度和超高充电效率,是一种非常优异的电介质材料基体。
一般情况下,提高电介质材料的储能密度要同时做到高介电常数以及高击穿强度,方法主要有两种:①通过对材料进行分子设计制备本征型电介质材料;②制备复合型电介质材料。
本征型电介质材料是通过分子结构的设计合成或者接枝极性基团来制备,其优点是成本低、易加工和击穿强度高等。共聚一般是由两种或多种单体参与的聚合,共聚可以改进大分子的结构和性能,增加品种和扩大应用范围等,还可将一些难以均聚的单体用作共聚单体来提高材料的性能。一般纯PMMA的结构比较单一,所以常常与一些结构优异的单体进行聚合,得到高储能低损耗的改性共聚物。
LI Q等[12]通过操纵偶极子及其极化行为来调节聚合物的介电和储能特性,将甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)单体与苯乙烯(St)单体进行共聚制备了聚合物P(St-MMA)。在低极性PSt矩阵中插入极性的MMA单体可以增加偶极子的数量,从而提高聚合物的击穿强度。如图2[12]所示,在较高的温度和电场下,插入MMA单体可以有效阻止PSt中共轭的导电结构,同时由于PSt单体上苄基的隔离和屏蔽作用,使PMMA能量损失的跃迁也受到了很好的限制。如图3[12]所示,MS-1和MS-2较低的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)可能是由于MMA单体的引入减少了空间位阻和苄基间的π-π堆积,随着MMA单体的增加,MMA单体之间的耦合力增加,而苄基之间的耦合力减小。同时,极性MMA单体还可以诱导苄基的极化,从而产生另一种分子间力。因此,整体分子间作用力开始增加,M3~M5和PMMA的Tg依次递增。研究表明,当MMA的摩尔分数为45%时,在530 MV/m电场下,P(St-MMA)的储能密度为12.2 J/cm3,储能效率为92%。孤立的永久偶极子与感应偶极子的组合可能有希望实现高能量密度和低损耗,这项工作为通过调控分子间作用力来设计和合成高能量低损耗的聚合物介质提供了一种策略。
LIU J等[13]通过对玻璃偶极聚合物中氢键的操纵来提高电容器的放电效率,制备了具有良好介电性能和物理性能的柔性玻璃状聚(苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸甲酯-甲基丙烯醇)(P(St-MMA-MAA))三元聚合物。如图4[13]所示,低极性聚苯乙烯基体的苄基抑制了在高能量场下极性单体的聚集,即减少了三元聚合物中聚集引起的能量损失。同时,MAA单体上的羟基在羟基和酯基之间形成氢键,有利于提高聚合物的介电常数、杨氏模量和击穿强度。根据差示扫描量热法(DSC)测量结果,随着MAA摩尔含量的增加,Tg从原来的106℃增加到121℃。当St、MMA、MAA的配比为65/20/15时,P(St-MMA-MAA)在700 MV/m的电场下获得了14.5 J/cm3的放电能量密度和93%的储能效率。这项工作解决了聚合物介质中长期存在的高Ue和低Ul之间权衡的问题,将3种单体聚合形成共聚物,使聚合物的介电常数和储能效率提高,而且羟基和酯基之间相互作用距离的延长能在P(St-MMA-MAA)薄膜中构建更灵活的交联网络,使P(St-MMA-MAA)薄膜可以拉伸到原长的数倍,如图5[13]所示。ZHANG M等[14]报道了一类以不同含量的p-π共轭N-乙烯基咔唑(VK)单体作为电荷陷阱的有机线性介电聚合物,该聚合物是由MMA单体和不同负载含量的VK单体共聚合成的,它提供了均匀分布的陷阱位点来捕获聚合物中的自由载流子。实验结合了热刺激去极化电流(TSDCs)、脉冲电声(PEA)和密度泛函理论(DFT)。分析结果显示,制备的VK摩尔分数为3.6%的聚合物在750 MV/m时的最大放电能量密度为15.7 J/cm3,充放电效率高达88%。共聚物具有高击穿强度、高能量密度和高放电效率的原因是VK单体具有良好的空间电荷捕获效应。该工作为制备全有机聚合物电介质和实现高放电能量密度和高充放电效率提供了一种新策略。
接枝共聚可以能使聚合度增大,并能够将亲水和亲油的、酸性和碱性的、塑性和高弹性的以及不相容的两链段键接在一起,赋予材料特殊的性能,广泛运用于聚合体系中。V K THAKUR等[15]将MMA与大豆蛋白(及相关碳水化合物)进行接枝共聚,使用简单的回流方法形成共价键的聚合物PMMA-g-Soy,并且不使用任何有毒的化学溶剂。与原始PMMA聚合物相比,PMMA-g-Soy薄膜具有良好的介电性能和储能模量,并且Tg也有所增大,主要归因于大豆蛋白和MMA单体之间形成了强共价键,导致PMMA链段迁移率降低,从而增强了电介质材料的性能。结果表明PMMA-g-Soy有潜力成为一种新型、低成本、可取代原始合成聚合物的材料,而且从环境保护的角度来看,生物基PMMA-g-Soy共聚物在绿色环保、介电材料和其他实际应用领域开辟了新的方向。V K THAKUR等[16]还研究了一种环境友好的表面功能化方法,利用等离子体处理改性PMMA,在水介质中用多巴胺(DOPA)对PMMA表面进行改性并使其自聚合,制备了具有增强介电性能的功能化PDOPA@PMMA薄膜,如图6[16]所示。与原始PMMA薄膜相比,功能化的PMMA薄膜具有更强的介电性能,在100 Hz下,功能化PMMA薄膜的介电常数比原始PMMA薄膜提高了70%,为其在储能和其他电子领域的应用奠定了基础。MIAO B等[17]将PMMA接枝到氟乙烯-三氟乙烯-三氟氯乙烯三元共聚物(P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE))的侧链上,合成接枝共聚物P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE)-g-PMMA。结果表明,优化后的接枝共聚物不但保持了良好的储能密度,而且显著降低了能量损失,使其能够持续地储存和释放能量。WANG J等[18]通过原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)将一个线性的PMMA接枝到P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE)三元共聚物的主链上,合成了共聚物P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE)-g-PMMA,其具有线性介电特征,充放电效率在250 MV/m时提高了约80%,比原始三元共聚物提高了100%以上。GONG H等[19]采用原子转移自由基聚合法合成了接枝共聚物P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE)-g-PMMA,所有接枝共聚物薄膜均采用溶液-浇铸工艺,然后以不同的拉伸比进行单轴拉伸,系统地讨论了晶体、介电和储能性能与PMMA含量的关系。结果表明,单轴拉伸薄膜不仅可以使聚合物链在非晶相中定向,晶粒和铁电相排列整齐,还可以提高晶相和铁电相的含量和尺寸,显著提高了薄膜的击穿强度和放电能量密度。在PMMA质量分数为24%的共聚物中,在电场强度为675 MV/m时,共聚物的放电能量密度为23.3 J/cm3,延伸率为300%。
WANG Y等[20]采用可逆加成断裂链转移聚合(RAFT)方法,研究了一系列含极性砜基的交联高介电常数共聚物聚(2-甲基磺酰乙酯-甲基丙烯酸乙酯-甲基丙烯酸缩甘油酯)(P(MSEMA-Co-GMA)),如图7[20]所示。研究发现,交联显著提高了材料的击穿强度(Eb=500 MV/m)和耐溶剂性,抑制了介质损耗和泄漏电流。在500 MV/m电场下,放电能量密度达到12.5 J/cm3,而且即使在400 MV/m的高电场下,充放电效率也保持在85%以上,这远远高于具有同等介电常数的PVDF基铁电聚合物。此外,P(MSEMA-Co-GMA)成功地应用于晶体管的介电层,成功实现了低电压工作。
WEI J等[21]通过甲基丙烯酸酯单体的自由基聚合,合成了一种双极性玻璃态聚合物聚甲基丙烯酸-2-甲基磺酰基乙酯(PMSEMA),如图8[21]所示,由于聚合物的偶极矩大,侧链砜基团尺寸小,PMSEMA在低至-110℃(1 Hz)的温度下发生了γ偶极子弛豫,比其他玻璃化弛豫温度(109℃)低约220℃。由于这种强γ偶极弛豫,聚合物PMSEMA在温度25℃和频率1 Hz下表现出11.4的高介电常数和低介质损耗。PMSEMA在电场283 MV/m时表现出4.54 J/cm3的高放电能量密度,几乎是模拟聚合物PMMA的3倍。该研究表明,具有大偶极矩和小偶极侧基的双极性玻璃聚合物是高能量密度和低介质损耗应用的有力竞争者。
复合材料是由两种或两种以上不同类型、不同性质和不同材料运用适当的方法,将其组合成整体结构和性能优异的一类新型材料体系,它充分利用了不同材料的优点并结合不同材料独特的性能。在众多电介质复合材料中,由于聚合物基电介质材料具有击穿强度高、介质损耗低、加工性能好且制备简单并保持了聚合物基体的柔韧性等优点而受到广泛关注。聚合物基复合材料主要分为全有机聚合物复合材料和有机-无机复合材料。
全有机聚合物复合电介质是指采用一种有机聚合物作为功能增强填料,再与聚合物基材料进行复合制备的具有优异介电性能与储能性能的复合电介质材料。全有机相之间相容性比较好,不会出现相分散不均匀的问题。虽然铁电陶瓷相填充到聚合物基体中能获得具有高能量储存密度的复合材料,但是填料与聚合物基体之间介电性能的不匹配和不相容性会降低复合材料的击穿强度。因此,为了有效地避免这些不足之处,全有机聚合物复合电介质的研究变得越来越受到重视[22-27]
PVDF聚合物是一种良好的电介质材料,具有很高的介电常数。它作为一种半晶体材料,其介电性能受到聚集态结构的影响。许多物理加工方法可以改变PVDF的聚集态结构,包括退火、淬火、高压成型和热压等。也可通过化学方法在合成过程中引入其他单体如六氟丙烯(HFP)、三氟氯乙烯(CTFE)和三氟乙烯(TrFE),通过与其他官能团发生取代或接枝来改变其聚集态结构,从而影响偶极性。但是PVDF作为储能材料即使在撤去外电场后仍然存在着很大的剩余极化,导致材料的介质损耗很高。所以将高击穿、低损耗且具有线性结构的PMMA与高介电常数的PVDF及其共聚物混合,取二者的优点,来制备高储能和低损耗的电介质材料。ZHANG Y等[28]采用不同添加量的偏氟乙烯与聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PVDF/PMMA)共混,以获得更好的热稳定性和具有温度稳定性的电性能。研究表明,PVDF/PMMA(80/20)共混物比纯PVDF具有更高的储能密度(Ue=4.82 J/cm3η=86%),其储能密度约为聚丙烯的3倍,这与PMMA的高Tg、低损耗和低极化都有关系。CHI Q等[29]采用溶液铸造法制备了PMMA/PVDF复合材料,研究了PMMA的体积含量和制备过程中的热处理温度对PMMA/PVDF复合材料性能的影响,如图9[29]所示。结果表明,当热处理温度为150℃,电场强度为570 kV/mm,PMMA体积含量为50%时,PMMA/PVDF复合材料具有20.1 J/cm3的储能密度和63.5%的储能效率。CUI Y等[30]采用同轴纺丝和热压相结合的方法,合成了高绝缘性具有铁混凝土样结构的PMMA/PVDF全有机膜,如图10[30]所示。结果显示,PMMA的质量分数为51%时,PMMA/PVDF复合薄膜在电场强度为630 kV/mm时的储能密度为20.7 J/cm3,储能效率为63%。45% PMMA含量的PMMA/PVDF薄膜在电场强度为640 kV/mm时的储能密度为17.7 J/cm3,储能效率效为73%。这些结果的优化是由于具有铁混凝土样结构的全有机薄膜具有较高的外加电场和极化。此外,PMMA的含量也对聚合物的熔点和聚集态有很大的影响。如图11[30]所示,PMMA/PVDF全有机膜的熔点随着PMMA含量的增加而降低。51% PMMA含量的PMMA/PVDF熔点较PVDF(167.1℃)下降至156.8℃,PMMA的非晶态也越来越明显。MENG Q等[31]通过溶液共混工艺将PMMA引入PVDF中,制得了一系列PVDF/PMMA共混物,结果表明,由于PMMA的稀释作用,PVDF的结晶度较低,晶体尺寸较小。同时,由于PMMA的加入,PVDF结晶发生了从α相向β相的相变,与α相PVDF相比,β相PVDF晶体具有较低的熔点温度、较高的介电常数和较低的介质损耗。PMMA的加入显著降低了PVDF的能量损失,但储能密度会略有下降。NIE R P等[32]通过溶液铸造和热压工艺制备了一种新型的三层纳米复合膜(TNF),该膜由两层PVDF(高介电常数)和中间层PMMA(高玻璃化转变温度)组成。中间层的PMMA在很大程度上抑制了TNF的介质损耗,同时提高了TNF的耐温性。PMMA的引入在PVDF和PMMA组分之间的界面区诱导了定向晶体的形成。ZHANG C等[33]将不同混合比例的PVDF/PMMA为基体,以具有高电子亲和度的有机分子半导体[6,6]-苯基-C61-丁酸甲酯(PCBM)为填料,制备了全有机复合材料。结果表明,随着PCBM掺杂含量的增加,PMMA/PVDF基有机复合材料的储能密度明显增加,当PCBM的掺杂质量分数为0.9%时,最佳击穿强度为685.67 kV/mm,储能密度为21.89 J/cm3,储能效率为70.34%。PVDF与PMMA共混的策略不仅抑制了PVDF的铁电极化损失,而且提高了聚合物的击穿强度。此外,填充PCBM填料还可协同提高复合材料的极化强度和击穿强度。
ZHANG X等[34]将聚(偏氟乙烯-三氟乙烯) (P(VDF-TrFE))和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯通过静电纺丝和热压相结合的两步工艺制备了PMMA/P(VDF-TrFE)复合材料。研究发现,两步法工艺可以实现聚合物共混薄膜中P(VDF-TrFE)晶相的随机分布,进而打破常规铁电聚合物薄膜中相邻晶相铁电畴间的耦合作用;在此基础上,共混薄膜非晶区内的低极性PMMA组分可以通过降低去极化电场来调节偶极子的翻转行为,使共混薄膜由铁电特性转变为类反铁电特性。此外,铁电聚合物共混薄膜具有优异的电学性能和击穿强度。LUO B等[35]采用共混和热成型的方法制备了聚(偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯)/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(P(VDF-HFP)/PMMA)复合薄膜,与原始膜相比,复合薄膜的介电常数和介质损耗都有所降低,在电场为475 MV/m下,P(VDF-HFP)/PMMA复合薄膜中PMMA的体积分数为42.6%时,复合薄膜的放电能量密度为11.2 J/cm3,储能效率为85.8%,放电能量密度是原始膜的2.6倍,储能效率是原始膜的2.07倍。主要原因是复合薄膜界面处的范德华力、氢键和链纠缠对γ相的混相和稳定起到重要作用,增强了其储能性能。SUN Q等[36]通过介电层和绝缘层的协同作用,制备了以PMMA与 P(VDF-HFP)的共混物为中间层,P(VDF-HFP)为外层的三明治结构薄膜,结果表明,拉伸的P(VDF-HFP)薄膜的结晶转变行为有助于增强其电极化,而线性PMMA的引入通过改善力学性能和抑制泄漏电流增强了拉伸薄膜的击穿电压。拉伸三明治结构薄膜(纯P(VDF-HFP)为外层,共混物为中间层)在电场低于680 MV/m时,储能密度为28.71 J/cm3,储能效率为74%,该工作为开发具有高储能性能的电容薄膜提供了一种可行有效的新思路。XIA W等[37]将PMMA引入铁电聚偏氟乙烯-三氟乙烯 (P(VDF-co-TrFE))制备了P(VDF-co-TrFE)/PMMA复合材料,结果表明,PMMA的加入不但对P(VDF-co-TrFE)的结晶具有阻碍作用,可显著降低结晶度和晶体尺寸,有效地抑制了P(VDF-co-TrFE)的不可逆极化,而且还使P(VDF-co-TrFE)从原来的α相转变到γ相。复合材料的剩余极化得到显著的抑制,在450 MV/m的电场下,当PMMA质量分数为30%时,复合材料的储能密度仍保持在10 J/cm3。WEN F等[38]将聚(偏氟乙烯-三氟氯乙烯-双键)(P-DB)引入PMMA中,采用溶液铸造工艺制备了PMMA/P-DB复合膜,复合膜的最大极化(Pmax)和击穿强度(Eb)相比纯PMMA膜都有明显的改善,可以有效地提高复合膜在室温和高温下的储能密度。在电场为350 MV/m和90℃的高温下,P-DB体积分数为40%的复合膜储能密度达到8.7 J/cm3,储能效率也达到77%。与双向取向的聚丙烯膜相比,该薄膜的储能密度提高了4倍,这意味着它可以在高温下成为一种具有巨大潜力的储能电容器。
CHU B等[39]研究了采用聚偏氟乙烯-三氟乙烯-氟氯乙烯三元共聚物(P(VDF-TrFE-CFE))与PMMA制备的复合材料P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)/PMMA的储能性能,研究表明,在P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)三元共聚物中加入少量PMMA(质量分数<5%),可提高共混物的弹性模量,从而改善共混物的击穿强度。因此,通过与少量PMMA共混,可以提高共混物的储能性能。ZHU Y等[40]以P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)和PMMA为原料,制备了P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)/PMMA共混复合材料,结果表明PMMA质量分数为15%的共混复合材料在520 MV/m时的充放电效率高达73%,放电能量密度高达9.3 J/cm3,比P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)的放电能量密度(在270 MV/m时为5.4 J/cm3)高出172%,比商业化的双向取向聚丙烯(BOPP)的放电能量密度(在600 MV/m时为3.6 J/cm3)高出258%。储能性能的提高可能是由于PMMA与P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)聚合物链之间存在巨大的相互作用,从而抑制了介质损耗,减小了晶粒尺寸,限制了泄漏电流密度,从而提高了击穿强度。FENG Y等[41]为避免无机填料复杂的表面改性,提高其与聚合物基体的界面相容性,在PVDF基聚合物P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)中接枝PMMA和一种绿色环保的生物聚酯(PHBV)进行复合,通过溶液铸造工艺制备出低成本的复合材料P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)-g-PMMA/PHBV。研究发现,对于具有良好线性介电性能的PHBV和PMMA,加入一定含量P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)有助于通过双线性介电诱导的强刚性极限效应和超低残余位移获得良好的高充放电效率。此外,该研究还发现了高温退火和单向拉伸可以显著提高最大位移和击穿强度,从而获得高放电能量密度和储量效率。ZHU Y等[42]制备了夹芯结构的复合薄膜,其中PMMA作为外层,P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)作为中心层。PMMA具有电荷屏障的作用,提高了材料的击穿强度,抑制了P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)的介质损耗。通过调节中心层的厚度来制备高性能薄膜,结果发现,在480 MV/m的高电场下,复合薄膜的放电能量密度提高到7.03 J/cm3,储能效率为78%。而且在电场为300 MV/m下,其储能密度比纯P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)的储能密度提高了132%。
CHEN J等[43]设计了以高绝缘PMMA为外层,以丙烯酸橡胶介电弹性体(DEs)为中间层的聚合物复合材料PMMA/DEs。研究发现,当DEs层的体积分数为10.7%时,在350 MV/m的电场下,PMMA/DEs的储能密度为12.45 J/cm3,储能效率高达89%,这为三层全聚合物复合材料获得优异的储能性能提供了一种有效途径。
在电介质材料中,陶瓷和聚合物材料是两种主要的介电材料,但陶瓷的击穿强度相对较低,一些典型的介电聚合物如PMMA的介电常数较低、PVDF的能量损失较高等,不利于提高储能性能。而陶瓷颗粒/聚合物复合材料结合了聚合物基体的高击穿强度和陶瓷填料的高介电常数优势,可以制备高性能的电介质复合材料。无机填料具有成本低、加工方便等优点。添加无机填料虽然能大幅提升电介质材料的介电常数,但是无机填料在聚合物基体中的团聚和相分离是该复合材料有效应用于储能的主要障碍,因此在制备聚合物基复合材料时需要对填料进行改性,例如采用多相共混和构建新颖结构等来解决这些不足之处,从而提升电介质复合材料的储能密度和储能效率。
常见的高介电无机填料常有钛酸锶钡BaSrTiO3(BST)、钛酸钡BaTiO3(BT)和二氧化钛(TiO2)等。LU X等[44]采用旋涂法将一种极性但非铁电聚合物PMMA与Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3(BST)纳米颗粒填料制备了陶瓷-聚合物纳米电介质复合材料BST-PMMA。如图12[44]所示,由于PMMA的极性基团和BST纳米颗粒表面羟基之间的强烈相互作用,使得BST纳米颗粒悬浮在PMMA溶液中表现出良好的稳定性,因此,纳米复合膜中BST纳米颗粒与PMMA之间具有良好的相容性。不同含量的BST复合薄膜表现出优良的频率(100 Hz~1 MHz)和温度(-90~120℃)稳定性,而且其储能密度超过11 J/cm3,所有的纳米复合材料都获得了几乎100%的超高充放电效率。ZHANG T等[45]将Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3采用静电纺丝法合成了具有高展弦比的纳米纤维,并将其分散在PMMA基体中。采用简单的溶铸法制备了不同体积含量的BST/PMMA纳米纤维填充复合材料。与原始的PMMA薄膜相比,由于界面极化效应,纳米复合材料的介电常数随填充量的增加而逐渐增大,特别是在较高外加电场作用下,极化性能得到显著改善。当BST的体积分数为1%时,复合材料的储能密度达到14.9 J/cm3,是原始PMMA薄膜的1.53倍,储能效率达到81.2%。BST/PMMA纳米复合材料具有良好的储能性能,为制备高储能密度、高充放电效率聚合物电介质提供了有效途径。FENG M等[46]采用高速电纺丝和热压技术制备了一系列多层结构的BST@SiO2 PVTC/PMMA复合材料。选用线性PMMA作为P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)的中间层,形成多层结构的电介质材料,并在PVTC层中加入少量二氧化硅涂层的Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3纤维(BST@SiO2),以补偿由于引入PMMA导致的极化下降。实验结果表明,BST@SiO2体积分数为0.5%的BST@SiO2 PVTC/PMMA纳米复合材料表现出良好的储能特性,其储能密度为10 J/cm3,储能效率为85%。
ZHU M等[47]采用表面RAFT聚合法制备了PMMA@BaTiO3纳米颗粒,并与PVDF复合制备了PMMA@BaTiO3/PVDF纳米复合材料。为了获得具有高放电能量密度的纳米复合材料,核壳纳米颗粒填料应同时具有高介电常数和低导电性。聚合物壳的电学性能对PMMA@BaTiO3基纳米复合材料的击穿强度有很大影响。要获得高击穿强度的纳米复合材料,聚合物壳的导电性应尽可能低。所以最佳情况是聚合物壳具有高介电常数和低泄漏电流,使纳米复合材料不仅具有较高的放电能量密度,而且具有较高的储能效率。LIU B等[48]研究表明,向聚丙烯(PP)基体中加入核壳结构PMMA@BaTiO3填料后,与原始BT/PP纳米复合材料薄膜相比,薄膜的储能密度从0.83 J/cm3提高到3.86 J/cm3,提高了365.1%,储能效率也从87.6%提高到94.1%,提高7.4%。SU Y等[49]探索了偶联剂、BaTiO3和P(VDF-HFP)/PMMA之间的偶联机理和界面相互作用。偶联剂Tweenn 20(TW20)链段较长,可以增强BaTiO3纳米粒子与P(VDF-HFP)/PMMA之间的范德华力和链纠缠。因此TW20可以增强BaTiO3填料在复合材料的分散性,提高BaTiO3与P(VDF-HFP)/PMMA的相容性。由于具有良好的均匀性和紧致性,TW20改性的BaTiO3/P(VDF-HFP)/PMMA纳米复合薄膜放电能量密度达到14.4 J/cm3,充放电效率达到77.3%,比未改性的薄膜提高了3倍。由此可知,优化偶联剂可以提高纳米复合材料的储能密度。XIE L等[50]采用壳包覆壳结构的方法制备了钛酸钡(BT)基高性能聚合物纳米复合材料BT@HBP@PMMA,如图13[50]所示,其中第一壳层为超支化芳香聚酰胺(HBP),第二壳层为PMMA。与传统溶液共混制备的BT/PMMA纳米复合材料相比,双层壳结构的BT@HBP@PMMA纳米复合材料具有较高的介电常数和较低的介质损耗,其能量密度明显高于BT/PMMA纳米复合材料。该方法利用了两种聚合物壳的优点,从而获得了优越的介电性能。ZHOU Y等[51]采用溶液铸造方法构建了一种三明治纳米结构,该结构由含有高介电常数BaTiO3(BT)中间层的线性PMMA基体和PVDF粘合剂组成。这种结构设计充分利用了复合材料中的每个组成部分,PVDF与PMMA良好的相容性增强了各层间的相互作用。PVDF的引入缓冲了PMMA基体和BT填料之间的巨大介电差异,从而在夹层结构中产生介电分布梯度,而且PVDF粘结剂优良的成膜能力使BT中间层厚度均匀、结构稳定。PVDF粘结剂与BT颗粒在复合膜中良好的分散性使其具有较高的介电常数和较低的介质损耗。结果表明PMMA/BT-PVDF复合膜具有良好的击穿强度和放电能量密度,分别比原始PMMA膜提高了25%和460%。SUN S等[52]在P(VDF-HFP)层和PMMA层之间插入了一层Al2O3缓冲层形成了一种新型的三层结构。缓冲层有效地缓解了P(VDF-HFP)层与PMMA层之间的巨大电场间隙,大幅提高了击穿强度。此外,缓冲层的引入也改善了界面极化,从而可以适度提高介电常数。结果显示,复合材料在600 kV/mm高电场下的放电能量密度达到10.03 J/cm3,放电效率达到75%。
LIU Y等[53]提出了一种利用纳米复合材料和有机共混材料同时提高介电常数和击穿强度的方法。采用TiO2作为纳米填料与PMMA和PVDF进行复合,制备了共混纳米介质材料PVDF/PMMA/TiO2。结果表明,共混纳米介质材料与原始PVDF相比,相对介电常数提高了12%,击穿强度提高了387 kV/mm,储量密度提高了约5.8 J/cm3,储能效率提高了77%,介电常数的增大可归因于TiO2纳米粒子的掺杂,击穿强度的提高是由于引入了具有良好绝缘性能的PMMA。BAI H等[54]通过纳米填料的界面极化和反向梯度结构来提升PVDF/PMMA共混聚合物基体的储能性能。为了提高纳米填料的介电常数,制备出超薄2D Sr2Nb2O7(SNO)作为低介电核,并将其包覆在TiO2(TO)和BaTiO3(BTO)壳层上,制备了SNO@TO和SNO@BTO纳米填料,从而改善界面极化。此结构包括高极化层(PL)、填充大尺寸氮化硼纳米片(BNNSs)的高绝缘层(IL)和中间过渡层,结果显示,在电场651.52 MV/m下,SNO@BTO NSs填充膜获得了32.51 J/cm3的储能密度和64%的储能效率。LIU F等[55]采用溶铸造法制备了PMMA/BNNS纳米复合材料。与原始PMMA相比,纳米复合材料具有更高的能量密度、更高的击穿强度和更低的电流密度。在电场200 MV/m、温度70℃下,其储能效率超过97%,说明在聚合物基体中加入纳米片可以显著抑制导电损耗,从而提高充放电效率。WANG J等[56]将聚多巴胺(PDA)覆盖在高绝缘二维BNNS上,并引入线性介电聚合物P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE)-g-PMMA基体,增强复合材料的储能性能,如图14[56]所示。结果表明,在BNNS粒子周围形成PDA层可以有效地改善界面相容性,促进两相之间形成强相互作用,从而提高介电常数和击穿强度,在540 MV/m电场下,BNNS质量分数为6%的复合材料储能密度为11 J/cm3,储能效率接近72%。XIE Y等[57]采用溶液铸造法,引入微量自组装相变溶菌酶(PTL)修饰的氮化硼纳米片(mBNNS)加入到 P(VDF-HFP)/PMMA共混体系中,制备了介电聚合物纳米复合材料薄膜。PTL通过氢键相互作用有效地提高了纳米复合材料的界面相容性,而且线性PMMA对P(VDF-HFP)铁电晶体相的剪切效应和高绝缘二维mBNNS的势垒效应,有效降低了弛豫和泄漏损失,结果表明,当mBNNS质量分数为5%时,纳米复合膜的击穿强度提高至约500 MV/m,其储能密度和储能效率分别为14.9 J/cm3和71%。
CHEN J等[58]采用PMMA作为外层,将P(VDF-HFP)与分散的氧化石墨烯(GO)作为中间层制备了三层纳米复合材料,提高其介电常数和电位移。在300 MV/m电场下,当填充GO的质量分数为2%时,三层纳米复合材料的电位移差值最高,能得到高达10 J/cm3的超高能量密度和77%的放电效率,超过40 000次充放电循环。
SUN Q等[59]采用简单的铸造和热压法制备了NaNbO3@SiO2纳米线,将其与外层的BaTiO3/PVDF-PMMA复合制备了三明治结构纳米复合材料,制备过程如图15[59]所示,在聚合物基体中引入涂覆有SiO2绝缘层的一维NaNbO3纳米线作为中心层,结果表明,含有9%体积分数0D BaTiO3纳米粒子和1%体积分数1D NaNbO3@SiO2纳米线的三明治结构纳米复合材料在电场450 MV/m时的放电能量密度为20 J/cm3,放电效率为75%,所以引入含有高绝缘性和低介电常数的一维纳米填料的绝缘层对提高介质聚合物的储能性能具有积极作用。
本文主要综述了PMMA基储能电介质材料的研究进展,对提升PMMA基电介质材料储能密度和储能效率的方法进行了归纳整理,其中本征型电介质材料主要利用其独特的结构和优异的性能来制备;复合型电介质材料分为全有机复合材料和无机-有机复合材料,全有机复合材料主要通过有机相优异的综合性能(尤其是界面相容性)来提高储能密度和储能效率;无极-有机复合材料主要是通过添加无机纳米填料来增强聚合物的绝缘性能和击穿强度,从而提升其性能。
目前PMMA基电介质材料仍停留在实验室基础研究阶段,其力学性能和热稳定性等方面与已商业化应用的电介质薄膜还有一定的差距;而且现阶段储能电介质材料的研究多为室温下的特性,但混合动力电动汽车、地下石油工业和航空航天系统等领域在极端条件下对电能的储存条件要远高于室温,常温下的聚合物储能薄膜已经不能满足电能储存要求。因此,同时提升电介质薄膜的综合性能(如电击穿、储能密度、力学性能、耐高温性、热稳定性等)是今后研究者需要攻破的难题。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52203011)
  • 中国博士后基金特别资助(站前)(2019TQ0257)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划-陕煤联合基金资助项目(2019JLM-33)
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2023年第56卷第8期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.08.002
  • 接收时间:2022-10-26
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-26
  • 修回日期:2022-12-03
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52203011)
中国博士后基金特别资助(站前)(2019TQ0257)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划-陕煤联合基金资助项目(2019JLM-33)
作者信息
    陕西科技大学 轻工科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710016

通讯作者:

刘雷鹏(1990-),男(汉族),陕西榆林人,讲师,主要从事电介质功能材料的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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