Article(id=1199640631954997332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199640628146565556, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.08.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1665763200000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-15, revisedDate=1671033600000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763946214903, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1692460800000, pubDateStr=2023-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763946214903, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763946214903, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763946214903, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199640628146565556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763946213995, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563621744, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210618832004190662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199640628146565556, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210618832004190663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199640628146565556, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=115, endPage=118, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199640632215044189, articleId=1199640631954997332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Influence of measurement method on PDIV test results of AI/PI enamelled rectangular magnet wire, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Enamelled rectangular magnet wires used in driving motor for electric vehicle need to test their partial discharge initial voltage (PDIV). However, the current IEC and national standards have no normative parameter on the PDIV test condition, and domestic motor manufacturers have different requirements on the PDIV performance. In order to obtain accurate PDIV data, the testing principle of instrument for measuring partial discharge was studied. The influence of test methods on the PDIV results of polyamide-imide and polyimide enamelled rectangular magnet wires under different voltage increase rate, determination threshold, and fitting length of wires was analyzed. The results indicate that if 10 V/s and 10 pC are taken as test condition and the fitting length of wires is more than 90 mm, the PDIV results are the closest to the theoretical value. If higher rising rate and higher threshold are used, the measured PDIV results will be higher, and the stability of test results will decrease.

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新能源汽车驱动电机所用的漆包扁线需要测试局部放电起始电压(PDIV),但现有的IEC标准和国家标准对PDIV测试条件没有明确规定,国内电机厂商对漆包线的PDIV性能评估要求各不相同。为了获得漆包线准确的PDIV性能数据,本文详细分析了局部放电测试仪的测试原理,并分析了聚酰胺酰亚胺(AI)漆包扁线和聚酰亚胺(PI)漆包扁线在不同升压速率、判定阈值、样线贴合长度条件下测试方法对PDIV结果的影响。结果表明:以10 V/s、10 pC作为测试条件,样线贴合长度超过90 mm时,得到的PDIV值最接近其理论值。若采用高于该条件的升压速率、判定阈值进行测试,所得PDIV结果会显著偏高,结果稳定性也会下降。

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刘蔚(1989-),男(汉族),浙江杭州人,高级工程师,博士,研究方向为漆包扁线的性能改进及工艺优化。

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刘蔚(1989-),男(汉族),浙江杭州人,高级工程师,博士,研究方向为漆包扁线的性能改进及工艺优化。

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刘蔚(1989-),男(汉族),浙江杭州人,高级工程师,博士,研究方向为漆包扁线的性能改进及工艺优化。

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figureFileSmall=mYIrtAX1kZi5IlyNtIrUPg==, figureFileBig=qvS4OKFwytzvxcWK2d6F8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211277135549952953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199640631954997332, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Different kinds of combination form for PDIV test of rectangular wire, figureFileSmall=MobEK53WsxyNvCfgT11MNg==, figureFileBig=6daoCNMIsWqiteVKUboljg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211277135633839039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199640631954997332, language=CN, label=图7, caption=用于扁线PDIV测试的不同组合形式, figureFileSmall=MobEK53WsxyNvCfgT11MNg==, figureFileBig=6daoCNMIsWqiteVKUboljg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1211277135768056773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199640631954997332, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=PDIVrms values of AI enamelled retangular wire at different kinds of combination form, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组合方式组合最薄膜厚/mm双边膜厚对应的PDIVrms理论值/VPDIVrms实测值/V
εr=4.8εr=4.6
(1)0.070559.2570.2576
(2)0.062528.8539.3546
(3)0.070559.2570.2575
(4)0.075577.2588.6576
(5)0.067548.0558.9546
(6)0.068551.8562.7556
), ArticleFig(id=1211277135835165644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199640631954997332, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

AI漆包扁线在不同组合方式下测得的PDIVrms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组合方式组合最薄膜厚/mm双边膜厚对应的PDIVrms理论值/VPDIVrms实测值/V
εr=4.8εr=4.6
(1)0.070559.2570.2576
(2)0.062528.8539.3546
(3)0.070559.2570.2575
(4)0.075577.2588.6576
(5)0.067548.0558.9546
(6)0.068551.8562.7556
), ArticleFig(id=1211277135923246032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199640631954997332, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=PDIVrms values of PI enamelled retangular wire at different kinds of combination form, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组合方式组合最薄膜厚/mm双边膜厚对应的PDIVrms理论值/VPDIVrms实测值/V
εr=3.8εr=3.5
(1)0.090699726695
(2)0.084677703686
(3)0.092706733736
(4)0.094713741725
(5)0.090699726717
(6)0.087688715697
), ArticleFig(id=1211277136040686552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199640631954997332, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

PI漆包扁线在不同组合方式下测得的PDIVrms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组合方式组合最薄膜厚/mm双边膜厚对应的PDIVrms理论值/VPDIVrms实测值/V
εr=3.8εr=3.5
(1)0.090699726695
(2)0.084677703686
(3)0.092706733736
(4)0.094713741725
(5)0.090699726717
(6)0.087688715697
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测试方法对AI/PI漆包扁线PDIV测量结果的影响
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刘蔚 1 , 林熙云 1 , 张市明 1 , 沈翔龙 1 , 叶国庆 1 , 冯晓亮 1 , 王绪彬 1 , 黎远菊 2
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2023,56(8): 115-118
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2023, 56(8): 115-118
测试方法对AI/PI漆包扁线PDIV测量结果的影响
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刘蔚1, 林熙云1, 张市明1, 沈翔龙1, 叶国庆1, 冯晓亮1, 王绪彬1, 黎远菊2
作者信息
  • 1浙江先登绿能新材有限公司 先登高科电气股份有限公司,浙江 湖州 313000
  • 2上海盛诺新创材料科技有限公司,上海 201109
  • 刘蔚(1989-),男(汉族),浙江杭州人,高级工程师,博士,研究方向为漆包扁线的性能改进及工艺优化。

Influence of measurement method on PDIV test results of AI/PI enamelled rectangular magnet wire
Wei LIU1, Xiyun LIN1, Shiming ZHANG1, Xianglong SHEN1, Guoqing YE1, Xiaoliang FENG1, Xubin WANG1, Yuanju LI2
Affiliations
  • 1Zhejiang Xiandenglüneng New Material Co., Ltd., Xiandeng Hi-tech Electric Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313000, China
  • 2Xyno (Shanghai) Advanced Materials Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201109, China
出版时间: 2023-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.08.017
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新能源汽车驱动电机所用的漆包扁线需要测试局部放电起始电压(PDIV),但现有的IEC标准和国家标准对PDIV测试条件没有明确规定,国内电机厂商对漆包线的PDIV性能评估要求各不相同。为了获得漆包线准确的PDIV性能数据,本文详细分析了局部放电测试仪的测试原理,并分析了聚酰胺酰亚胺(AI)漆包扁线和聚酰亚胺(PI)漆包扁线在不同升压速率、判定阈值、样线贴合长度条件下测试方法对PDIV结果的影响。结果表明:以10 V/s、10 pC作为测试条件,样线贴合长度超过90 mm时,得到的PDIV值最接近其理论值。若采用高于该条件的升压速率、判定阈值进行测试,所得PDIV结果会显著偏高,结果稳定性也会下降。

汽车驱动电机  /  漆包扁线  /  局部放电  /  检测标准

Enamelled rectangular magnet wires used in driving motor for electric vehicle need to test their partial discharge initial voltage (PDIV). However, the current IEC and national standards have no normative parameter on the PDIV test condition, and domestic motor manufacturers have different requirements on the PDIV performance. In order to obtain accurate PDIV data, the testing principle of instrument for measuring partial discharge was studied. The influence of test methods on the PDIV results of polyamide-imide and polyimide enamelled rectangular magnet wires under different voltage increase rate, determination threshold, and fitting length of wires was analyzed. The results indicate that if 10 V/s and 10 pC are taken as test condition and the fitting length of wires is more than 90 mm, the PDIV results are the closest to the theoretical value. If higher rising rate and higher threshold are used, the measured PDIV results will be higher, and the stability of test results will decrease.

driving motor for electric vehicle  /  enamelled rectangular magnet wire  /  partial discharge  /  PDIV  /  test standard
刘蔚, 林熙云, 张市明, 沈翔龙, 叶国庆, 冯晓亮, 王绪彬, 黎远菊. 测试方法对AI/PI漆包扁线PDIV测量结果的影响. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (8) : 115 -118 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.08.017
Wei LIU, Xiyun LIN, Shiming ZHANG, Xianglong SHEN, Guoqing YE, Xiaoliang FENG, Xubin WANG, Yuanju LI. Influence of measurement method on PDIV test results of AI/PI enamelled rectangular magnet wire[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (8) : 115 -118 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.08.017
随着新能源汽车产业的兴起,各大汽车公司为了解决客户对新能源汽车的“里程焦虑”,正在逐步迈进800 V驱动电压平台,以提高充电效率。从400 V到800 V,虽然电压仅上升了一倍,但漆膜厚度要增加至原有结构的4倍才能与之前的绝缘效果保持一致。这无论是从工艺、成本、还是槽内填充率考虑,超厚漆膜的方案都不合适。为了降低漆膜厚度,漆包线生产企业开始关注漆包线的临界绝缘性能,希望根据服役要求设计漆膜厚度,合理安排电绝缘强度,其中尤其关注漆包线的局部放电起始电压(partial discharge inception voltage,PDIV)。PDIV可以根据T W DAKIN等[1]通过实验数据拟合得到的经验公式(式(1))计算得到[2]
PDIVrms=163×(t/εr)0.46
式(1)中:PDIVrms为局部放电有效值,代表的是正弦电压对应的等效局部放电起始电压;t为双边漆膜厚度(单位为mm);εr为绝缘材料的相对介电常数。
PDIV测试条件对所得结果有很大影响,B STENERHAG[3]提出,PDIV数值与测试方法密切相关。可由于理论基础薄弱、实验经验缺乏,漆包线厂商、电机制造用户对检测条件所对应的含义缺乏足够的理解,至今针对正弦波系统测试对PDIV的测试条件仍没有统一的标准,常见的测试条件采用的升压速率为50 V/s,判定阈值为100 pC,但其测试结果显著高于经验公式所得数值。对于脉冲电压下的PDIV测试,王鹏等[4-7]已有较多研究,但对于当前主流的正弦电压测试,国内外公开报道的资料仍然较少。
本文从测试原理和实验方法的角度,对PDIV测试方法进行分析研究,并对单涂聚酰胺酰亚胺(polyamide imide,AI)漆包扁线和聚酰亚胺(polyimide,PI)漆包扁线进行测量,并给出测试建议。
本文采用导体宽边尺寸为4.0 mm、窄边尺寸为1.0 mm的聚酰胺酰亚胺漆包扁线(型号为1AIWR/200-4.0*1.0)和导体宽边尺寸为2.2 mm、窄边尺寸为1.4 mm的聚酰亚胺漆包扁线(型号为1PIWR/240-1.4*2.2)分别进行测试,漆膜截面形貌如图1所示。测试前,测量样线的相对介电常数,使用10 kHz的频率进行测试,测得聚酰胺酰亚胺漆膜的相对介电常数约为4.8,聚酰亚胺漆膜的相对介电常数约为3.5。
测试仪器为日本总研株式会社(SOKEN)开发的DAC-PD-7局部放电测试仪,设备采用正弦电压。当前电机厂商对漆包线PDIV的检测条件也是基于该设备的测试能力确定的。设备采用50 Hz工频,升压速率包括10、25、50、100 V/s,判定局部放电的阈值可以设定为1~1 000 pC。
目前漆包线行业中判定产品是否满足PDIV性能要求时,一般规定升压速率、判定阈值作为测试条件,再规定PDIV需要达到的数值。参考IEC 60172:2020[8]进行扁线PDIV样品的加工。漆包扁线贴合位置长度为130 mm,端部分离距离超过40 mm,端部弯曲半径约为20 mm,样品照片如图2所示。
在以往的实验中,即使采用同样的方法制备同一款样品进行测试,样品测试结果的偏差有时也会超过50 V。为了保证测试结果的可靠性,本文先分析样品制样过程、测试方法对测试结果的影响。
首先分析PDIV测试过程中的升压速率、判定阈值对结果的影响。取AI漆包扁线和PI漆包扁线样品进行实验,在不同升压速率和不同阈值条件下的测试结果如图34所示。
图34可知,升压速率越高或判定阈值越高,得到的PDIV越大。测试过程中,实验仪器每秒读数一次,以超过“判定阈值”后的第一个数据点作为PDIVrms数值,这也导致了升压速率越快,PDIVrms数值“飘高”越明显且越不稳定。
判定阈值越高,PDIV测试值越大很容易理解,然而升压速率越高导致PDIV值增加,以往多数人认为这是升压过程的电压过冲导致的。实际上,更确切的原因是升压速率越慢,绝缘层积累电荷的时间越长,达到相同的电荷量需要的外部电压要求就越低,其原理示意图如图5所示。假设,样线的真实局部放电起始电压为500 V,即施加500 V以上的电压,样线表面就会产生运动的电荷,在图5中用不同颜色的区块表示。采用图像分析软件换算相同面积下的PDIV数据,得到100 V/s的PDIVpeak(PDIV峰值)为900V,50 V/s的PDIVpeak为850V,25 V/s的PDIVpeak为825 V,10 V/s的PDIVpeak为730 V。可见升压速率越高,PDIVpeak越大。这里PDIVpeak是PDIVrms的1.414倍[9]。为了使图示更为清晰,图5选择了0.5 Hz的电压频率构建原理示意图,但正常测试的交流电压频率为50 Hz,此时不同升压速率下PDIV值的差异会显著减小。
此外,仪器的数据采集频率和取值计算公式同样也会影响测试结果,升压速率越慢,采集的数据点越多,其结果越稳定。综上,升压速率越慢,判定阈值越小,其结果越接近真实的PDIV值。因此,本文建议在实际测试中使用升压速率为10 V/s、判定阈值为10 pC作为PDIV测试的判定条件。
PDIV的理论计算公式给出了漆膜厚度与PDIV之间的关系,但由于漆包扁线的漆膜厚度无法做到完全均匀,不同位置的漆膜厚度会有偏差,如图1所示,这就对漆包扁线的漆膜厚度设计以及产品品质管理造成了很大困难。本文对同款线样采用不同的组合方式分别制备PDIV测试样品,扁线宽边以Ac、Ad、Bc、Bd定位命名,如图6所示,则不同组合方式如图7所示。假设实际使用中是宽边堆叠嵌线,则有6种组合形式。根据实测的漆膜厚度统计这6种组合下的双边漆膜厚度,并采用10 V/s、10 pC作为测试条件,记录6种组合实测的PDIV值。对于AI和PI材料,分别选取相对介电常数最大值和最小值4.8、4.6和3.8、3.5作为理论测算用的相对介电常数,将其理论PDIV值与实际值进行对比,汇总在表1表2中。
表12可知,对于AI漆包扁线,相对介电常数分别取值为4.8、4.6时,理论值与实测值有较好的对应关系;对于PI漆包扁线,相对介电常数分别取值为3.8、3.5时,理论值与实测值有较好的对应关系。轻微的数据偏差可能与实际双边膜厚错位或者产品膜厚波动有关。
实验中留意到,测试的环境湿度、环境温度对样线PDIV的测试结果有明显的影响,但受限于实验条件,暂未获得更多结果进行分析。
为了对比测试样线贴合长度对测试结果的影响,考虑到PDIV测试值与最小漆膜厚度有关,可以在两根样线之间增加PI绝缘膜,通过改变膜的覆盖面积来调整贴合长度。为了证明此方法的有效性,将AI漆包扁线全部包裹PI绝缘膜,测试得到的PDIVrms从不到600 V提高至1 235 V,说明PI绝缘膜的存在使局部放电的起始电压提高了600 V以上,能够有效起到阻碍局部放电的作用。通过此方法,将贴合长度调整为130、90、50 mm,并分别进行测量,结果如表3所示。
表3可知,PDIV的测试结果与样线的贴合长度之间存着一定相关性,但保证足够的贴合距离数据就有足够高的可靠性。实验中有个别样品,即使贴合距离为50 mm,测试值也保持不变。根据以上测试的结果,在10 V/s、10 pC条件下进行测试,当贴合长度超过90 mm时,所得数据的可靠性较高。若判定阈值增加,贴合距离应该适当增加,最小贴合长度建议采用相同的方法进行实验确认。
(1)根据局部放电测试仪的测试原理,测试过程的升压速率越低,判定阈值越小,数据可重现性越好,测试的结果越接近样线的PDIVrms理论值。因此,若是研究评估漆包线的性能差异,建议以升压速率为10 V/s、判定阈值为10 pC作为PDIV的测试条件。
(2)同款线样进行PDIV测试,存在6种组合形式,因此需要根据电机用线的使用方式设计样线评价标准,检查产品品质差异造成的质量问题。
(3)在PDIV测试中,以10 V/s、10 pC作为测试条件,根据PDIV测试结果和理论公式反算,AI漆包扁线的相对介电常数在4.8~4.6之间,PI漆包扁线的相对介电常数在3.8~3.5之间。
(4)线样的贴合长度会影响测试结果,贴合的长度越短,测得的PDIV值越高。当测试长度超过90 mm时,测试结果的可靠性较高。
  • 浙江省湖州市科技计划项目(2022ZD2032)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.08.017
  • 接收时间:2022-10-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-15
  • 修回日期:2022-12-15
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浙江省湖州市科技计划项目(2022ZD2032)
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    1浙江先登绿能新材有限公司 先登高科电气股份有限公司,浙江 湖州 313000
    2上海盛诺新创材料科技有限公司,上海 201109
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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