Article(id=1199640631183241656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199640628146565556, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.08.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1666713600000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-26, revisedDate=1672588800000, revisedDateStr=2023-01-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763946214718, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1692460800000, pubDateStr=2023-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763946214718, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763946214718, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763946214718, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199640628146565556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='118', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763946213995, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563621744, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210618832004190662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199640628146565556, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210618832004190663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199640628146565556, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199640631502008767, articleId=1199640631183241656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research progress of polypropylene materials in application of power cables, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Thermoplastic polypropylene materials have excellent electrical properties and thermal properties, and their production process does not require cross-linking and degassing, with low energy consumption and recyclability. Compared with cross-linked polyethylene, it is environmentally friendly and one of the best materials for the production of power cable. Taking polypropylene materials as the discussion object, the basic structure and physical properties of polypropylene and their relationship with electrical properties were introduced in this paper. The effects of copolymerization modification, blending modification, chemical modification, and nano particle modification on the structure, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of polypropylene were reviewed. The research progress and application of polypropylene cables at home and abroad were introduced. Finally, the furure development of polypropylene materials were summaried and prospected from the production and preparation technology of polypropylene, relationship between structure and properties, and modification techniques.

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热塑性聚丙烯材料具有优异的电气性能和热性能,且生产过程无需交联和脱气,能耗低、可回收,与交联聚乙烯相比具有良好的环境友好性,是生产电力电缆的最佳材料之一。本文以聚丙烯材料为讨论对象,介绍了聚丙烯材料的基本结构和物理性质及其与电气性能的关系;着重论述了共聚改性、共混改性、化学改性和纳米颗粒改性等手段对聚丙烯材料结构、力学、热学和电气性能的影响;并对国内外聚丙烯电缆的研究进展和应用情况进行了综述;最后从聚丙烯材料的生产制备技术、结构与性能的关系以及改性手段等方面,对聚丙烯材料的未来发展进行了展望。

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高鹏(1989-),男(汉族),山东菏泽人,工程师,博士,研究方向为高压绝缘材料。

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高鹏(1989-),男(汉族),山东菏泽人,工程师,博士,研究方向为高压绝缘材料。

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改性方式常见改性种类
共聚改性无规、嵌段共聚
乙烯-丙烯共聚
共混改性聚烯烃弹性体(POE)
乙丙橡胶(EPR、EPDM)
苯乙烯类(SBS、SEBS)
乙烯-1-辛烯嵌段共聚物(OBC)
乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)
化学改性熔融接枝马来酸酐(MAH)
纳米粒子氧化镁(MgO)
二氧化硅(SiO2)
氧化铝(Al2O3)
二氧化钛(TiO2)
), ArticleFig(id=1211277132257431557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199640631183241656, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

聚丙烯材料的不同改性方式及其改性种类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
改性方式常见改性种类
共聚改性无规、嵌段共聚
乙烯-丙烯共聚
共混改性聚烯烃弹性体(POE)
乙丙橡胶(EPR、EPDM)
苯乙烯类(SBS、SEBS)
乙烯-1-辛烯嵌段共聚物(OBC)
乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)
化学改性熔融接枝马来酸酐(MAH)
纳米粒子氧化镁(MgO)
二氧化硅(SiO2)
氧化铝(Al2O3)
二氧化钛(TiO2)
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聚丙烯材料在电力电缆应用中的研究进展
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高鹏 , 赵儆 , 王钟颖 , 刘伟 , 徐浩 , 张雄
绝缘材料 | 综述 2023,56(8): 1-10
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2023, 56(8): 1-10
聚丙烯材料在电力电缆应用中的研究进展
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高鹏, 赵儆, 王钟颖, 刘伟, 徐浩, 张雄
作者信息
  • 特变电工科技投资有限公司 天津市新型电力系统工程研究中心,天津 301700
  • 高鹏(1989-),男(汉族),山东菏泽人,工程师,博士,研究方向为高压绝缘材料。

Research progress of polypropylene materials in application of power cables
Peng GAO, Jing ZHAO, Zhongying WANG, Wei LIU, Hao XU, Xiong ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Tianjin New Power System Engineering Research Center, Tebian Electric Apparatus Technology Investment Co., Ltd., Tianjin 301700, China
出版时间: 2023-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.08.001
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热塑性聚丙烯材料具有优异的电气性能和热性能,且生产过程无需交联和脱气,能耗低、可回收,与交联聚乙烯相比具有良好的环境友好性,是生产电力电缆的最佳材料之一。本文以聚丙烯材料为讨论对象,介绍了聚丙烯材料的基本结构和物理性质及其与电气性能的关系;着重论述了共聚改性、共混改性、化学改性和纳米颗粒改性等手段对聚丙烯材料结构、力学、热学和电气性能的影响;并对国内外聚丙烯电缆的研究进展和应用情况进行了综述;最后从聚丙烯材料的生产制备技术、结构与性能的关系以及改性手段等方面,对聚丙烯材料的未来发展进行了展望。

聚丙烯  /  电力电缆  /  热塑性绝缘  /  材料改性

Thermoplastic polypropylene materials have excellent electrical properties and thermal properties, and their production process does not require cross-linking and degassing, with low energy consumption and recyclability. Compared with cross-linked polyethylene, it is environmentally friendly and one of the best materials for the production of power cable. Taking polypropylene materials as the discussion object, the basic structure and physical properties of polypropylene and their relationship with electrical properties were introduced in this paper. The effects of copolymerization modification, blending modification, chemical modification, and nano particle modification on the structure, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of polypropylene were reviewed. The research progress and application of polypropylene cables at home and abroad were introduced. Finally, the furure development of polypropylene materials were summaried and prospected from the production and preparation technology of polypropylene, relationship between structure and properties, and modification techniques.

polypropylene  /  power cable  /  thermoplastic insulation  /  material modification
高鹏, 赵儆, 王钟颖, 刘伟, 徐浩, 张雄. 聚丙烯材料在电力电缆应用中的研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (8) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.08.001
Peng GAO, Jing ZHAO, Zhongying WANG, Wei LIU, Hao XU, Xiong ZHANG. Research progress of polypropylene materials in application of power cables[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (8) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.08.001
随着城市化进程的不断推进,电力电缆的需求与日俱增,作为输配电系统中重要的组成部分,电力电缆的未来发展显得尤为重要。自20世纪60年代开始,聚乙烯(PE)电缆因其优异的性能,被作为电力电缆的首选材料。为了使电力电缆能满足各种复杂实际情况下的应用,在过去的几十年里,用于改进聚乙烯(PE)电缆绝缘材料力学性能、热学性能和电性能的各种改性技术如催化、共聚、共混、纳米改性和加入添加剂等发展迅速。然而,这些方法对PE热力学性能的改善有限。例如,交联反应可以改善PE的热力学性能,使得低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)电缆的工作温度从70℃提高到90℃。然而,交联也会带来不利的影响:一是可回收性差,不符合环保节能理念;二是交联和脱气过程容易在电缆制备和操作使用过程中引起安全问题;三是电缆生产时间较长且能耗较高[1]。目前我国96%以上高压电缆均为交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆,其中许多XLPE电缆已达服役寿命,面临难以回收处理的难题。在环保节能理念成为全球性趋势的新环境形势下,XLPE电缆已不符合绿色环保现代化可持续发展的理念,研发能够替代XLPE的聚丙烯电缆已成为全球电力行业的发展趋势。
自21世纪以来,聚丙烯(PP)基热塑性材料因其较高的温度稳定性和良好的可回收性引起了人们的广泛关注。与XLPE相比,PP材料不仅具有较高的工作温度(110℃以上),而且还有制造加工方便、成本较低、生产效率高、电缆长度不受限等优点,在电力电缆行业中具有很高的应用价值,因此,PP作为一种极具发展前景的材料,开始受到学术界和工业界的重点关注[2-6]。然而,PP材料应用于电缆中还存在一些问题:①PP材料硬度高、结晶度高、柔韧性差,力学性能无法满足电缆要求;②PP材料对氧气很敏感,分子链上容易发生链增长、链断裂现象,耐老化性能差;③PP材料导热性能差,易造成绝缘层内外温差过大,引起电场畸变,诱发绝缘层发生局部放电和电树枝放电,加速电缆绝缘老化。因此,要实现PP电缆安全稳定可靠运行,需对PP绝缘材料的力学性能、导热性能和介电性能等进行有效地改善。
近年来,随着研究的进一步深入,改性PP作为热塑性绝缘材料在电力电缆领域的应用取得了阶段性的进展。本文主要介绍PP的结构及其与性能之间的关系,论述共聚改性、化学改性、共混改性和纳米粒子改性对PP材料力学、热学和电学性能的影响,综述PP基热塑性电力电缆绝缘材料的研究进展。
电力电缆绝缘材料的应用需要满足一定的力学、热学和电气性能。力学性能方面,要求材料具有良好的柔韧性、断裂伸长率、耐低温冲击性以及一定的机械强度。热学性能方面,需要材料具有高热变形温度、高熔融温度、高运行温度和良好的热稳定性。电气性能方面,交流电缆的要求为低介电常数、低温度依赖性、低介质损耗和高击穿强度;而直流电缆的电气性能要求则明显不同,主要要求是低电导率且对温度和电场变化不敏感、高击穿强度以及空间电荷的分布、数量和运输不会造成大的电场畸变。
PP材料不同的立体结构、晶体结构、热处理和聚集态结构等都会影响其力学、热学和电气性能。因此,根据电力电缆绝缘材料的应用要求,探究材料的基本性质和聚集态结构与各方面性能的关系,对指导人们在材料的制备、不同构型的选择和改性及制备高性能电力电缆绝缘料方面具有重要的意义。
PP的主链上存在大量不对称的碳原子,主链上甲基排列的不同导致PP形成了3种不同的立体结构。当甲基分别在主链一侧出现、主链两侧交替出现、主链两侧随机出现时,会分别构成等规PP(iPP)、间规PP(sPP)和无规PP(aPP),3种空间构型如图1所示[7]。其中iPP和sPP能形成多种晶体结构形式(如αβγ),其高立构规整性赋予了材料高的结晶性能,而aPP是一种非晶材料,通常没有实际应用。PP的性能与晶型有关,其中α-PP具有较高的强度和刚性,但延展性和热稳定性较差,而β-PP比α-PP具有更高的冲击强度和热稳定性,但韧性和刚度较低。除了晶型外,球晶的尺寸和尺寸分布也会影响PP的性质,需要注意的是,iPP和sPP的聚集态结构对它们的热处理都很敏感,当熔化的iPP和sPP快速淬火到低温时,可能观察不到球晶形态,这会对iPP的性质产生重大影响。
采用聚三甲基烯丙基硅烷(TMAS)或乙烯基环己烷(VCH)包覆催化剂作为高效成核剂可以制备不同晶型的iPP,iPP被TMAS和VCH包覆后可分别形成αβ晶型,而且可以通过减小球晶尺寸对iPP的聚集态结构产生很大的影响[8]。一般缓慢结晶的α-PP具有较高的强度和较低的延展性,而缓慢结晶的iPP-VCH(α)和iPP-TMAS(αβ)具有较强的延展性。淬火后的iPP不是α相而是中间相,其延展性和柔韧性明显增强;而淬火后的iPP-VCH和iPP-TMAS均为α相。所以,球状晶体是获得刚性和韧性iPP材料的关键。
聚丙烯大分子链上叔碳原子的存在会导致PP的热稳定性比PE低,在这种情况下,辐照和过氧化物会导致链断裂而不是交联[7,9-10]。此外,iPP在与铜接触时容易被降解老化,且iPP的刚度和脆性高,低温抗冲击性和耐老化性(热和电)较低。这些缺点可以通过共聚、共混、纳米技术和新的加工技术来克服,使PP基聚合物适用于电力电缆绝缘。
PP中的非晶态区域,特别是球晶边界对高能载流子的容忍度较低,会形成易发生电击穿的薄弱区域。当球晶尺寸较大、尺寸分布较窄时,非晶态结合部变窄,更容易发生击穿[11]。研究发现,PP的球晶尺寸与击穿时间和击穿电压呈负相关关系[12]。D W KIM等[13]研究了热处理对iPP击穿强度的影响,他们将结晶度为52%的商用iPP薄膜加热到180℃,保持2 h,然后以1℃/min的速率冷却到室温。与原始iPP相比,热处理后的iPP击穿强度要低得多,其原因很可能是球晶尺寸的增大,但不能排除为iPP的热降解。冷却速率对iPP的球晶尺寸有很大的影响。随着冷却速率的增加,iPP的球晶尺寸减小。但sPP的球晶尺寸几乎不受冷却速率的影响,其尺寸总是比iPP小得多。因此,热处理对sPP的击穿强度影响不大。
与PE一样,PP的分子链不含极性基团,其介电常数(约为2.2)主要来源于电子极化。在这种情况下,聚集态结构对PP介电常数的影响很小。PP的导电机理可能与温度有关,在低于70℃的温度下,离子不能被热激活,电导的主要机理是电极注入。在高温下,离子可以被热激活,电导的主要机理是离子跳跃[14-15]。如图2[14]所示,离子的跳跃距离主要受球晶尺寸的影响,这是因为较浅的陷阱位于球晶边界,球晶尺寸的增加减少了电荷捕获陷阱,导致离子的跳跃距离减小,电导率增加。由于iPP的热处理使球晶尺寸明显增大,iPP的电导率可以增加两个数量级以上;相比之下,sPP的热处理会使球晶尺寸的边际增大,因此电导率的增幅要低得多[13]。iPP的结晶度也会影响离子跳跃距离,K IKEZAKI等[15]研究发现在20 μm厚的iPP薄膜中,离子跳跃距离随着结晶度的增加而减小,当iPP薄膜的结晶度从50.5%增加到78%时,离子跳跃距离从10 nm减小到4.5 nm,表明结晶度的增加导致离子跳跃迁移的非晶态区域减少。这一机理与上述球晶尺寸对离子跳跃距离的影响是一致的。
相比聚集态结构,结晶度对电性能的影响更为复杂[15],目前的研究还没有完全了解iPP或aPP的结晶度与击穿强度的关系[11]。其中一种观点认为,只有结晶度足够高或非晶态区足够小时,结晶度才起重要作用,该假设与H MIYAUCHI等[16]的研究结果一致,他们制备了结晶度分别为75%、82%和90%的高结晶度HDPE薄膜,研究发现在70℃以下,HDPE薄膜的直流击穿强度随着结晶度的增加而降低。
聚丙烯材料符合全球性的环保节能理念,并且具有优异的电气性能,比如高电气强度和高体积电阻率,因而具有巨大的发展和应用潜力。但是研究表明,PP存在耐电性能及热老化性能差、耐低温冲击性能差、硬度高、结晶度高、柔韧性差等缺点,严重制约了聚丙烯在电力电缆中的应用。因此,国内外众多学者在PP材料的优化改性方面做了大量的研究。其中采用烯烃共聚改性的PP材料柔性和低温脆性等力学性能有很大的改善;化学改性的聚丙烯具有很好的绝缘性能;共混改性的聚丙烯具有较好的力学性能和较高的电气强度;添加纳米颗粒对聚丙烯进行改性,可以有效提高共混物的断裂伸长率和电气强度。
丙烯与乙烯、丁烯等烯烃可共聚合成PP共聚物,PP共聚物可分为无规共聚物和嵌段共聚物。PP共聚物与iPP相比具有更好的抗冲击性能、电性能和加工能力,但熔点较iPP低。HUANG X等[17]比较了iPP、乙烯-丙烯嵌段共聚物、乙烯-丙烯无规共聚物和乙烯-丙烯-丁烯无规共聚物的热学、力学和电气性能。结果表明iPP和乙烯-丙烯嵌段共聚物的熔点高,机械强度高,但脆性高,击穿强度低,易形成空间电荷。两种无规共聚物具有良好的柔韧性、较高的熔点、较高的击穿强度和有限的空间电荷注入,是很有前途的电缆绝缘材料。C D ROSA等[18]证明了PP共聚物的力学性能与加工方法有很强的相关性,其中挤拉成型法制备的无规共聚物和嵌段共聚物的抗拉强度和断裂伸长率均高于模压成型法制备的无规共聚物和嵌段共聚物。由于缺少单体含量的详细信息和共聚物的精确大分子结构,目前的研究还处于初级阶段,仅研究了戊烯摩尔分数为3%~50%的丙烯-戊烯共聚物的力学性能和热性能,缺乏电气性能的研究报道。戊烯含量极低的共聚物柔性可以显著提高,在含有3.2%~8.8%摩尔分数戊烯的情况下,共聚物的断裂应变高于1 000%,但是当戊烯摩尔分数为3.2%时,共聚物的熔点会显著降低。所以只需少量的戊烯含量就足以提高iPP的延展性,但是应仔细控制共聚过程,以获得适合电缆绝缘应用的共聚物[18]
I L HOSIER等[19]研究了乙烯质量分数分别为2.2%、3.4%、4.9%和10%时,乙烯-丙烯无规共聚物的力学、热学和电气性能。结果表明,随着乙烯含量的增加,共聚物的熔点降低,弹性增大。当乙烯含量较低时,淬火试样的击穿强度不受乙烯含量的影响,乙烯含量低的样品经125℃等温结晶后,其击穿强度明显低于淬火样品,而乙烯含量高的试样击穿强度对热处理不敏感。因此,有必要降低乙烯单体的含量,以降低机械模量,增加柔韧性,降低击穿强度对热处理的依赖性。I L HOSIER等[20]还研究了乙烯含量高(乙烯质量分数分别为2%、12%和40%)的乙烯-丙烯共聚物和丙烯-丁烯共聚物(丁烯质量分数为12%)的性能,并将两种共聚物与iPP和sPP进行了比较,如图3所示。结果表明含40%乙烯的共聚物表现出橡胶态的物理性质,而iPP和含12%乙烯的共聚物在高温结晶后表现出脆性断裂行为,击穿强度极低。其中丙烯-丁烯共聚物的断裂伸长率比乙烯-丙烯共聚物有所提高,击穿强度与sPP相当,而且其击穿强度对热处理不敏感。
通过支链和分子的接枝,可以在PP的非极性主链上引入官能团,这些支链和分子可以通过改变PP的聚集态结构、电荷输运和热老化性能来改善PP的热学、力学和电气性能。马来酸酐接枝PP可以增强PP与其他无机填料之间的界面相互作用,这一策略也被用于提高PP与其他极性聚合物的相容性。这是因为马来酸酐是一种极性分子,它能调节PP中的局部电场分布,诱发新的电荷陷阱,进而改变PP的电气性能。ZHA J W等[21]采用马来酸酐与PP接枝,发现PP的球晶尺寸随着马来酸酐接枝比的增大而减小,马来酸酐接枝PP对空间电荷注入和积聚具有抑制作用,如图4所示。当马来酸酐质量分数较低时,会使PP的介电常数和介质损耗增加,并使PP的室温体积电阻率降低一个数量级。ZHOU Y等[22]研究发现,马来酸酐接枝PP可以抑制空间电荷积聚,使击穿强度提高了13.5%,同时还降低了电导电流。马来酸酐接枝PP的陷阱密度峰值是PP的4.4倍,表明马来酸酐诱导了大量的深层陷阱,这可能是马来酸酐接枝PP电气性能改善的原因。需要注意的是,马来酸酐接枝到PP通常是通过熔体反应在过氧化物的存在下实现的,过氧化物会导致PP的链断裂,而未反应的马来酸酐可能会影响PP的长期性能。
由于PP主链中叔碳原子上的质子不稳定,在光照和加热作用下会与叔碳原子分离,导致PP降解,使其具有较低的热氧化稳定性。引入抗氧化剂是延缓PP热氧化老化的有效方法,但是低分子量的抗氧化剂会从PP本体迁移到表面,使得抗老化效果随着时间的推移而降低。ZHOU Y等[22]和ZHANG G等[23-25]利用Steflich酯化反应将抗氧化剂接枝到PP的主链上,使PP的热氧化稳定性显著增强。需要注意的是,受阻酚基团的接枝会轻微提高PP的介电常数,接枝1.7%摩尔分数受阻酚基团的PP介电常数从纯PP的2.2提高到2.8。进一步研究表明,受阻酚基团中的亚甲基单元可以相互交联,从而提高了PP的抗氧化性和机械强度[23]。纯PP、商用PP和经1.0%摩尔分数受阻酚基团接枝的PP氧化诱导时间分别为15、60、500 min。由于PP的主链可以接受受阻酚基团的高度接枝,引入受阻酚基团接枝PP也可以提高PP的热氧化稳定性。
克服PP的刚性和脆性对电缆的大规模生产和使用具有重要意义。共混是一种改善PP力学性能高效经济的方法,也适合于大规模的工业化生产[26]。目前,较为常见的共混改性弹性体主要有乙丙橡胶(EPR)、三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)、苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(SBS)、聚苯乙烯-聚乙烯-聚丁烯-聚苯乙烯共聚物(SEBS)、聚烯烃弹性体(POE)、乙烯-1-辛烯嵌段共聚物(OBC)、乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)等,其中POE、EPR、EPDM在PP改性方面应用较多。近年来,由于OBC材料具有独特的嵌段结构,成为目前研究的热点。
I L HOSIER等[20]研究了iPP/sPP共混物和iPP/乙烯-丙烯共聚物共混物的热学、力学和电气性能。结果表明,iPP与乙烯-丙烯共聚物(乙烯质量分数为40%)具有良好的相容性,共混物保持了iPP的高熔点。快速冷却iPP与乙烯-丙烯共聚物(质量为1∶1)的共混物具有良好的柔韧性和高击穿强度,在电缆绝缘应用中显示出很高的潜力。
C D GREEN等[27]评估了iPP和乙烯-丙烯共聚物(乙烯摩尔分数分别为9%、12%和15%)作为电缆绝缘材料的可能性。当共混体系中乙烯-丙烯共聚物的质量分数为50%,共聚物中乙烯的摩尔分数为9%时,共混体系的击穿强度最高,在30℃和120℃下,50 Hz时的交流击穿强度分别达到140 kV/mm和120 kV/mm。共聚物还具有良好的热力学性能,因为共混物具有较高的温度模量,例如在120℃时,共混物的模量与70℃时的XLPE相当。同时对5组绝缘厚度为3.5 mm、导体截面面积为25 mm2的模型电缆进行了评估,结果表明iPP/共聚物共混电缆在400 kV电压范围内均未发生失效,而5组绝缘厚度为4.34 mm的XLPE电缆在400 kV电压范围内均发生失效。1.3 m长的iPP/共聚物共混绝缘电缆,在弯曲半径为6 cm的条件下,击穿强度仍高于270 kV[27]。DANG B等[28]研究了不同共聚物(40%质量分数)和iPP共混的聚集态结构和电气性能,如图5所示。结果表明,乙烯-丙烯共聚物(PEC,乙烯质量分数为16%)和乙烯-辛烯共聚物(EOC,乙烯质量分数为86.4%)与iPP之间存在部分相容性,在iPP中呈海岛状分布。其中乙烯-丙烯共聚物的分布更为均匀,对iPP聚集态结构的影响较小。而乙烯-辛烯共聚物增加了iPP中球晶的数量,大幅减小了球晶的尺寸。iPP/乙烯-辛烯共聚物的陷阱密度是iPP/乙烯-丙烯共聚物的17.7倍,抑制了iPP/乙烯-辛烯共聚物的空间电荷注入,减小了电场畸变。
当纳米粒子均匀分散在PP基料中时,可以通过分子间作用力或者化学键形成过渡区域,该过渡区域的物理化学特性与基体和纳米粒子的物理化学特性不同,可以影响材料的电荷运输特性。当纳米粒子少量掺杂时,可以作为成核剂影响基体结晶行为,进而影响其电气性能。常见的纳米粒子有MgO、SiO2、Al2O3、TiO2等,选择合适的纳米粒子来提高PP的电气性能和其他性能是一个巨大的挑战。
ZHOU Y等[29]研究了不同纳米颗粒(MgO、TiO2、ZnO和Al2O3)对iPP电性能的影响,如图6所示。结果表明,MgO和ZnO纳米颗粒降低了PP的介质损耗,而TiO2纳米颗粒提高了PP的介质损耗,Al2O3纳米颗粒对PP的介质损耗影响不大。除iPP-TiO2纳米复合材料外,其他纳米复合材料的体积电阻率均高于iPP。然而,iPP-TiO2纳米复合材料在电导率和介质损耗增加的情况下,对空间电荷表现出明显的抑制作用,直流击穿强度增强幅度最大。例如,当TiO2质量分数为1%时,iPP-TiO2纳米复合材料的击穿强度提高了43%。这一结果表明,短时击穿强度数据可能不能直接用于评价纳米复合材料的长期性能。
无机纳米颗粒通常与非极性聚丙烯不相容,使得纳米颗粒难以均匀分散。对纳米粒子表面进行修饰不仅是为了实现均匀分散,也是为了调整纳米粒子与PP基体之间的界面区域。T KRENTZ 等[30]分别将蒽和聚十八烷基丙烯酸酯接枝到二氧化硅纳米颗粒表面,研究了改性纳米颗粒对PP形貌和电性能的影响。结果表明,纳米粒子的分散取决于基体和改性剂之间的相互作用,而这又受接枝聚十八烷基丙烯酸酯的长度和接枝密度的影响。蒽改性的二氧化硅纳米颗粒可使复合材料的直流和交流击穿强度提高16%以上,聚十八烷基丙烯酸酯改性的二氧化硅纳米颗粒可使复合材料的直流击穿强度提高28%以上。相比之下,未经改性的纳米颗粒不能提高iPP的击穿强度。M TAKALA等[31-32]研究表明,三甲基硅烷修饰的二氧化硅纳米颗粒使复合材料的交流和直流击穿强度分别提高了19.9%和52.3%[31],质量分数为3%的八甲基聚倍半硅氧烷使复合材料的交流击穿强度提高了22%[32]。通过添加BN、AlN和Al2O3来提高PP的热导率也有研究[33]。但是,由于大的界面声子散射,纳米粒子的引入只能使PP的导热系数微小提高,而代价是电绝缘性能的劣化,如介电常数和介质损耗的增加,击穿强度和体积电阻率的降低[34]
一些多环芳香族化合物具有较低的电离势和较高的电子亲和能,可以通过碰撞降低高能电子的能量,并通过产生稳定的阴离子和阳离子自由基来耗散高能电子的能量,这些化合物称为电压稳定器,通常用于提高介电聚合物的击穿强度。据报道,苯苄基型稳压器含量在10 mmol/kg左右可使XLPE的交流击穿强度提高70%以上[35]。采用硫杂蒽酮和富勒烯衍生物作为稳压器,可以有效提高XLPE的交流击穿强度,在硫杂蒽酮含量为0.3%和富勒烯衍生物含量为0.5 mmol/kg时,XLPE的交流击穿强度分别提高了55%和30%[36]。尽管击穿强度明显增强,但在加工和使用过程中,低质量分子电压稳定器从绝缘内部迁移到绝缘表面可能会失去增强作用,导致击穿强度增强的效果有限。GAO Y 等[37]通过click化学反应将稳压器嫁接到纳米颗粒上,利用无机纳米颗粒和稳压器的协同效应克服了它们的迁移。与原始的和经硅烷处理的二氧化硅纳米颗粒相比,稳压器功能化的二氧化硅纳米颗粒在抑制PP纳米复合材料空间电荷和增强直流击穿强度方面表现出最佳效果。接枝稳压器的SiO2-PP纳米复合材料击穿强度的大幅提高可能来自三个方面:一是接枝稳压器提高了纳米粒子与PP基体的界面相容性;二是引入稳压器的电子亲和度高、电离势低;三是纳米粒子的存在使PP的球晶尺寸显著减小[37]
击穿强度是开发绝缘材料中研究最广泛的电气参数。研究表明,适当地引入纳米颗粒可以提高聚合物的交流击穿强度或直流击穿强度。在iPP这样由纳米颗粒填充的半结晶聚合物中,纳米颗粒对聚集态结构的影响一直被认为是一个主要因素。然而,纳米复合材料电气性能的提高可能还存在其他因素[30]。LI S T等[38-41]研究认为纳米颗粒诱导的电荷陷阱是调整纳米复合材料电性能的关键,他们将PP和PE纳米复合材料击穿强度的增强归因于陷阱密度和陷阱水平的增加。
由于纳米粒子的比表面积高,通常以少量的质量分数来添加,而添加少量纳米粒子对iPP的柔韧性改善效果有限,因此纳米粒子需要修饰改性,以显著增强iPP共混物的柔韧性[42-43]。DIAO J等[44]分别研究了聚甲基硅氧烷、二甲基二氯硅烷和辛基硅烷修饰的二氧化硅纳米颗粒对iPP/POE共混物电气性能的影响。结果表明,聚甲基硅氧烷修饰的纳米粒子对空间电荷注入的抑制效果最好,相应纳米复合材料的击穿强度高于未添加纳米颗粒共混物的击穿强度。ZHOU Y等[45-46]研究了MgO和ZnO纳米颗粒对iPP/POE共混物电气性能的影响,如图7所示。结果表明MgO和ZnO能提高iPP/POE共混物的直流击穿强度,抑制空间电荷的注入,同时纳米粒子能略微提高共混物的介电常数和介质损耗。
综上可知,经过各种手段改性的PP材料综合性能有了极大的提高,相比交联聚乙烯,改性PP在性能上有独特的优势,必将引领未来电缆绝缘的发展方向,展现出强大的生命力。表1归纳总结了各种改性方式的情况。
国外,欧洲和日本对环保型聚丙烯电力电缆研究较早,20世纪60年代美国Himont公司(现为Montell公司)首先开发出共聚聚丙烯(co-PP)作为电线电缆绝缘材料。但聚丙烯电缆的低温抗冲击性能较差,对聚丙烯电缆的寿命带来不利影响,因此尚未获得广泛认可。
意大利和荷兰是应用改性聚丙烯电缆最早和最多的欧洲国家,2005年意大利首次进行聚丙烯电缆生产,并于2006年首次安装铺设3×185 mm2 12/20 kV聚丙烯电缆。2007年荷兰安装铺设3×240 mm2 6/10 kV聚丙烯电缆。2008年意大利发布国标CEI 20-86,2012年荷兰发布国标NEC 20A。意大利普睿司曼公司的代表性热塑性聚丙烯电缆产品为P-Laser,该聚丙烯电缆目前已可用于525 kV和600 kV高压直流系统。西班牙和芬兰分别在2013年和2015年引进P-Laser电缆技术。普睿司曼也承接了德国在270 km路段铺设±525 kV高压直流电缆(P-Laser)项目,作为连接北部丰富的风力发电地区与南部高电力消耗的密集城区的重要通道,在2021年底已完成前期20 km电缆的生产。英国、挪威、巴西和俄罗斯等国相继评估测试P-Laser聚丙烯环保电缆,未来有望开展广泛应用。截至目前,欧洲已安装了超过4万公里的聚丙烯电缆,并在德国、英国、荷兰、西班牙等多个国家开展工程应用。
在国内,许多高校、电缆企业与研究机构也在密切关注聚丙烯电缆的发展,并陆续推出聚丙烯电缆。2018年,上海交通大学和上海电气集团华普电缆公司合作开发了改性聚丙烯绝缘低压交流电力电缆,并通过了型式试验。2020年,该聚丙烯电缆在国内实现首次挂网试运行,该电缆材料是基于表面修饰型纳米氧化镁填料对聚丙烯进行改性,具备较好的低温力学性能和良好的电气性能。截至2022年1月,该条8.7/10 kV聚丙烯电力电缆已成功挂网运行2周年。清华大学与国网、中石化等公司深度合作,通过对聚丙烯进行接枝改性等方法,研发出适用于中压直流电缆的聚丙烯电缆料。宁波东方利用该电缆料开发了非交联环保聚丙烯电缆,在智能配网电缆和工程线缆系统领域进行产品推广。雷清泉院士团队开展了中高压聚丙烯绝缘电力电缆及其内外屏蔽材料与应用的研究。此外,上上电缆与西安交大、上缆所等联合开展了聚丙烯绝缘电力电缆标准的编制工作,其自主开发的聚丙烯电缆也在研制中。2022年国家电网和南方电网均开启了110 kV聚丙烯电缆的研究项目。以上研究项目说明了聚丙烯电缆的应用潜力与市场规模。
虽然PP基热塑性绝缘材料的高压电力电缆已成功生产,但对热塑性绝缘材料的结构和性能关系的认识仍有不足,未来可以从聚丙烯材料的生产制备技术、结构与性能的关系以及改性手段等方面开展研究,总结如下:
(1)热塑性绝缘材料应满足电力电缆生产、运输、安装和长期使用过程中的热学、力学和电气性能要求,生产过程和成本也是热塑性绝缘材料能否大规模应用的重要影响因素。许多报道的热塑性绝缘材料可以满足电力电缆应用中的一个或几个要求,但可能无法满足全部性能要求。目前的研究主要集中在热塑性绝缘材料的电气性能方面,未来需要对热塑性绝缘材料的全面性能进行评价,特别是对其长期老化性能的研究。
(2)在保持iPP优良电气和热力学性能的同时,提高其柔韧性和耐低温性是发展热塑性电力电缆绝缘的有效途径,其中丙烯与其他烯烃的共聚可能为较突出的技术。但从电力电缆绝缘技术的角度来看,共聚方法、单体种类及其含量对共聚物性能的影响还没有得到充分的研究,未来应更多地关注iPP及其相关材料。
(3)杂质在高电场下会诱导载流子,可能导致高电导电流、高介质损耗和空间电荷积聚。在低电场下能提高电缆性能的添加剂和纳米粒子在高电场下可能成为杂质,导致绝缘的快速热老化和电老化。因此,在研制高压电力电缆绝缘时,研制更稳定的绝缘材料就显得尤为重要。
(4)虽然PP共混绝缘中压交流电缆已使用多年,但对PP基绝缘材料在高工作温度下的爬电行为和水树行为还不完全了解,因此需要对PP基电缆绝缘材料的高温爬电行为和水树行为进行更深入的研究。
(5)随着可再生能源需求的增加,挤出型聚合物高压直流电缆将在未来的电网中发挥更重要的作用。由于纳米粒子在调整聚丙烯绝缘空间电荷行为、温度依赖性和电导率方面具有很大的潜力,PP基热塑性纳米复合材料在未来的高压直流电缆绝缘中可能具有广阔的前景。
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.08.001
  • 接收时间:2022-10-26
  • 首发时间:2025-11-24
  • 出版时间:2023-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-26
  • 修回日期:2023-01-02
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    特变电工科技投资有限公司 天津市新型电力系统工程研究中心,天津 301700
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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