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Article(id=1199639741722362283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199639737100235003, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.09.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1668009600000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-10, revisedDate=1675267200000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763946002655, onlineDateStr=2025-11-24, pubDate=1695139200000, pubDateStr=2023-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763946002655, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763946002655, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763946002655, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1199639737100235003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='107', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763946001553, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563671560, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210619040956027365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199639737100235003, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210619040956027366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1199639737100235003, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=101, endPage=107, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1199639742166958512, articleId=1199639741722362283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Performance comparison and analysis of insulating oil for high voltage instrument transformer, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The technical standards of insulating oil at home and abroad were summarized and the technical requirements of insulating oil for high voltage instrument transformer were pointed out. The using properties of five kinds of insulating oils commonly used in high voltage instrument transformer in China were compared and analyzed. The results show that No.1 and No.2 insulating oils are negative gassing insulating oil, which are suitable for high voltage instrument transformers. No.3, No.4, and No.5 insulating oils are positive gassing insulating oil, which are not suitable for high voltage instrument transformers. On the balance of aromatics content, gassing properties, gas production properties, sludge solubility, and oxidation stability, No.1 insulating oil has the best comprehensive performance, the lowest gassing, and the best oxidation stability.

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通过对国内外绝缘油技术标准的概述，指出高压互感器用绝缘油的技术要求。针对目前国内常用的5种高压互感器绝缘油，在使用性能上进行对比分析。结果表明：1#、2#绝缘油是负析气性绝缘油，适用于高压互感器；3#、4#、5#绝缘油是正析气性绝缘油，不适用于高压互感器；在芳烃含量、抗析气性能、产气性能、油泥溶解性能和氧化安定性的平衡上，1#绝缘油的综合性能最好，析气性最低，氧化安定性最好。

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于会民（1974-），男（汉族），山东聊城人，高级工程师，主要从事变压器油产品的研制和绝缘性能检测技术的研究。

, authorsList=于会民, 王会娟, 杨雪, 黄松柏, 陈华, 张绮, 张昱, 张守杰)}, authors=[Author(id=1217470072201859830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199639741722362283, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1217470072336077569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199639741722362283, authorId=1217470072201859830, language=EN, stringName=Huimin YU, firstName=Huimin, middleName=null, lastName=YU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1PetroChina Lanzhou Lubricating Oil R&D Institute, Karamay 834003, China
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于会民（1974-），男（汉族），山东聊城人，高级工程师，主要从事变压器油产品的研制和绝缘性能检测技术的研究。

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于会民（1974-），男（汉族），山东聊城人，高级工程师，主要从事变压器油产品的研制和绝缘性能检测技术的研究。

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冯建萍, journalName=河北电力技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王卓然,赵军,冯建萍,等.电流互感器故障分析及处理[J].河北电力技术,2017,36(2):44-46., articleTitle=电流互感器故障分析及处理, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217470080347197609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199639741722362283, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=57, issue=10, pageStart=14, pageEnd=15, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=张国灿, 苏东青, 刘煌煌, journalName=电世界, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张国灿,苏东青,刘煌煌.220kV电流互感器内部绝缘故障分析及防范措施[J].电世界,2016,57(10):14-15., articleTitle=220kV电流互感器内部绝缘故障分析及防范措施, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217470081639043242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199639741722362283, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=International Electrotechnical Commission, journalName=null, refType=null, 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Pretoria,South African:Bureau of Standards,2018., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217470082201079991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199639741722362283, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Standards Council of Canada, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Standards Council of Canada. Mineral insulating oil, electrical, for transformers and switches: CAN/CSA-C50-14 (R2018)[S]. Ottawa, Ontario,Canada:CSA Group,2018., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217470082284966073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199639741722362283, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=British Standards Institution, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=British Standards Institution. Recycled mineral insulating oil for transformers and switchgear - Specification: BS 148:2020[S]. London,UK:BSI,2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217470082364657851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199639741722362283, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=47, issue=3, pageStart=36, pageEnd=40, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=于会民, 张培恒, 王会娟, journalName=绝缘材料, refType=null, unstructuredReference=于会民,张培恒,王会娟,等.直流电场下变压器油的成份与其击穿电压的关联性研究[J].绝缘材料,2014,47(3):36-40., articleTitle=直流电场下变压器油的成份与其击穿电压的关联性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217470082427572413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199639741722362283, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=电力行业电力变压器标准化技术委员会, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=电力行业电力变压器标准化技术委员会. 绝缘油油中溶解气体分析和判断导则:DL/T 722—2014[S].北京:中国电力出版社., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], 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项目GB 2536—2011IEC 60296:2020ASTM D3487-2016
指标要求试验方法指标要求试验方法指标要求

方法

试验

倾点/℃≤-40GB/T 3535≤-40ISO 3016≤-40D97
运动黏度/(mm2/s)100℃—GB/T 256—ISO 3014≤3D445
40℃≤12≤12≤12
0℃——≤76
-30℃≤1 800≤1 800—
-40℃运动黏度/(mm2/s)≤2 500NB/SH/T 0837≤2 500IEC 61868——
水含量/(mg/kg)≤30GB/T 7600≤30IEC 60814≤35D1533
密度(20℃)/(kg/m3)≤895SH/T 0604≤895ISO 12185≤910(15℃)D1298
苯胺点/℃报告GB/T 262——≥63D611
击穿电压/kV≥30GB/T 507≥30IEC 60156

≥20(1 mm)

≥35(2 mm)

D1816
脉冲击穿电压/kV————≥145D3300
介质损耗因数≤0.005(90℃)GB/T 5654≤0.005(90℃)IEC 60247

≤0.000 5(25℃)

≤0.003(100℃)

D924
外观清澈透明目测清澈透明目测清澈透明D1524
颜色——≤0.5—≤0.5D1500
酸值/(mgKOH/g)≤0.01NB/SH/T 0836≤0.01IEC 62021-1≤0.03D974
界面张力/(mN/m)≥40SH/T 6541≥43ASTM D971≥40D971
总硫含量/%≤0.15SH/T 0689≤0.05ISO 14596——
腐蚀性硫非腐蚀性SH/T 0804非腐蚀性DIN 51353非腐蚀性D1275
潜在腐蚀性硫——非腐蚀性IEC 62535——
DBDS含量——检测不出IEC 62697-1——
抗氧剂含量/%0.08～0.40SH/T 08020.08～0.40IEC 60666≤0.3D2668
金属钝化剂——检测不出IEC 60666——
2-糠醛含量/(mg/kg)≤0.05NB/SH/T 0812≤0.05IEC 61198≤0.025D5837
产气趋势(空气饱和后105℃，48 h，含铜)/(µl/L)——

氢气≤50

甲烷≤50

乙烷≤50

IEC60296附录A.4方法——
氧化安定性总酸值/(mgKOH/g)≤0.3(120℃、500 h)NB/SH/T 0811≤0.3(500 h)IEC 61125C≤0.3(110℃、72 h)≤0.4(110℃、164 h)D2440
沉淀/%≤0.05(120℃、500 h)≤0.05(500 h)≤0.1(110℃、72 h)≤0.2(110℃、164 h)
介质损耗因数(90℃)≤0.050(120℃、500 h)GB/T 5654≤0.050(500 h)IEC 60247—
氧化安定性(旋转氧弹法，140℃)/min————≥195D2112
析气性/(mm3/min)报告NB/SH/T 0810报告IEC 60628A≤30D2300
闪点/℃≥135GB/T261≥135ISO 2719≥145D92
稠环芳烃含量/%≤3NB/SH/T 0838≤3IP 346——
多氯联苯含量检测不出SH/T 0803检测不出IEC 61619检测不出D4059
), ArticleFig(id=1217470077931278401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199639741722362283, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

矿物绝缘油技术要求

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目GB 2536—2011IEC 60296:2020ASTM D3487-2016
指标要求试验方法指标要求试验方法指标要求

方法

试验

倾点/℃≤-40GB/T 3535≤-40ISO 3016≤-40D97
运动黏度/(mm2/s)100℃—GB/T 256—ISO 3014≤3D445
40℃≤12≤12≤12
0℃——≤76
-30℃≤1 800≤1 800—
-40℃运动黏度/(mm2/s)≤2 500NB/SH/T 0837≤2 500IEC 61868——
水含量/(mg/kg)≤30GB/T 7600≤30IEC 60814≤35D1533
密度(20℃)/(kg/m3)≤895SH/T 0604≤895ISO 12185≤910(15℃)D1298
苯胺点/℃报告GB/T 262——≥63D611
击穿电压/kV≥30GB/T 507≥30IEC 60156

≥20(1 mm)

≥35(2 mm)

D1816
脉冲击穿电压/kV————≥145D3300
介质损耗因数≤0.005(90℃)GB/T 5654≤0.005(90℃)IEC 60247

≤0.000 5(25℃)

≤0.003(100℃)

D924
外观清澈透明目测清澈透明目测清澈透明D1524
颜色——≤0.5—≤0.5D1500
酸值/(mgKOH/g)≤0.01NB/SH/T 0836≤0.01IEC 62021-1≤0.03D974
界面张力/(mN/m)≥40SH/T 6541≥43ASTM D971≥40D971
总硫含量/%≤0.15SH/T 0689≤0.05ISO 14596——
腐蚀性硫非腐蚀性SH/T 0804非腐蚀性DIN 51353非腐蚀性D1275
潜在腐蚀性硫——非腐蚀性IEC 62535——
DBDS含量——检测不出IEC 62697-1——
抗氧剂含量/%0.08～0.40SH/T 08020.08～0.40IEC 60666≤0.3D2668
金属钝化剂——检测不出IEC 60666——
2-糠醛含量/(mg/kg)≤0.05NB/SH/T 0812≤0.05IEC 61198≤0.025D5837
产气趋势(空气饱和后105℃，48 h，含铜)/(µl/L)——

氢气≤50

甲烷≤50

乙烷≤50

IEC60296附录A.4方法——
氧化安定性总酸值/(mgKOH/g)≤0.3(120℃、500 h)NB/SH/T 0811≤0.3(500 h)IEC 61125C≤0.3(110℃、72 h)≤0.4(110℃、164 h)D2440
沉淀/%≤0.05(120℃、500 h)≤0.05(500 h)≤0.1(110℃、72 h)≤0.2(110℃、164 h)
介质损耗因数(90℃)≤0.050(120℃、500 h)GB/T 5654≤0.050(500 h)IEC 60247—
氧化安定性(旋转氧弹法，140℃)/min————≥195D2112
析气性/(mm3/min)报告NB/SH/T 0810报告IEC 60628A≤30D2300
闪点/℃≥135GB/T261≥135ISO 2719≥145D92
稠环芳烃含量/%≤3NB/SH/T 0838≤3IP 346——
多氯联苯含量检测不出SH/T 0803检测不出IEC 61619检测不出D4059
), ArticleFig(id=1217470078015164484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199639741722362283, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Typical insulating oil products, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绝缘油编号析气性能满足规格生产商产地
1#绝缘油负析气性(吸气)IEC 60296:2020TVAI(LCSET-40℃)中石油润滑油公司中国
2#绝缘油负析气性(吸气)ASTM D3487-16NYNAS公司瑞典
3#绝缘油正析气性(放气)GB 2536—2011(I-30℃)中石油润滑油公司中国
4#绝缘油正析气性(放气)IEC 60296:2020TVAI(LCSET-30℃)NYNAS公司瑞典
5#绝缘油正析气性(放气)GB 2536—2011(I-30℃)中海油公司中国
), ArticleFig(id=1217470078124216393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199639741722362283, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

典型的绝缘油产品

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绝缘油编号析气性能满足规格生产商产地
1#绝缘油负析气性(吸气)IEC 60296:2020TVAI(LCSET-40℃)中石油润滑油公司中国
2#绝缘油负析气性(吸气)ASTM D3487-16NYNAS公司瑞典
3#绝缘油正析气性(放气)GB 2536—2011(I-30℃)中石油润滑油公司中国
4#绝缘油正析气性(放气)IEC 60296:2020TVAI(LCSET-30℃)NYNAS公司瑞典
5#绝缘油正析气性(放气)GB 2536—2011(I-30℃)中海油公司中国
), ArticleFig(id=1217470078203908173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199639741722362283, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Test results pour points and viscosity of insulating oils, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目指标要求1#绝缘油2#绝缘油3#绝缘油4#绝缘油5#绝缘油

方法

试验

密度(20℃)/(kg/m3)≤895869.8866.0866.5864.6871.5SH/T 0604
黏度(40℃)/(mm2/s)≤127.2478.1839.5768.5129.242GB/T 265
黏度(-30℃)/(mm2/s)≤1 800545.7571.71 673635.4924.1
黏度(-40℃)/(mm2/s)≤2 5001 8581 9578 7472 2453 576
倾点/℃≤-40-61-46-54-46-48GB/T 3535
), ArticleFig(id=1217470078300377169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199639741722362283, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

绝缘油的倾点和黏度检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目指标要求1#绝缘油2#绝缘油3#绝缘油4#绝缘油5#绝缘油

方法

试验

密度(20℃)/(kg/m3)≤895869.8866.0866.5864.6871.5SH/T 0604
黏度(40℃)/(mm2/s)≤127.2478.1839.5768.5129.242GB/T 265
黏度(-30℃)/(mm2/s)≤1 800545.7571.71 673635.4924.1
黏度(-40℃)/(mm2/s)≤2 5001 8581 9578 7472 2453 576
倾点/℃≤-40-61-46-54-46-48GB/T 3535
), ArticleFig(id=1217470078438789205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199639741722362283, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Test results of refining stability and health, safety, and environmental properties of insulating oils, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目指标要求1#绝缘油2#绝缘油3#绝缘油4#绝缘油5#绝缘油试验方法
精制稳定特性色度≤0.5<0.5<0.5<0.5<0.5<0.5GB/T 6540
外观清澈透明清澈透明清澈透明清澈透明清澈透明清澈透明目测
酸值/(mgKOH/g)≤0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01NB/SH/T 0836
界面张力/(mN/m)≥434848484648GB/T 6541
总硫含量(质量分数)/%≤0.05<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001SH/T 0689
腐蚀性硫非腐蚀性非腐蚀性非腐蚀性非腐蚀性非腐蚀性非腐蚀性SH/T 0804
潜在腐蚀性硫非腐蚀性非腐蚀性非腐蚀性非腐蚀性非腐蚀性非腐蚀性DL/T 285
DBDS含量/(mg/kg)检测不出未检出未检出未检出未检出未检出GB/T 32508
安全环保特性闪点(闭口)/℃≥135145148145150149GB/T 261
闪点(开口)/℃≥145152156152150155GB/T 3536
稠环芳烃(PCA)含量/%≤3<3<3<3<3<3NB/SH/T 0838
多氯联苯(PCB)含量/(mg/kg)检测不出未检出未检出未检出未检出未检出SH/T 0803
), ArticleFig(id=1217470078514286681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199639741722362283, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

绝缘油的精制稳定性及健康、安全和环保特性检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目指标要求1#绝缘油2#绝缘油3#绝缘油4#绝缘油5#绝缘油试验方法
精制稳定特性色度≤0.5<0.5<0.5<0.5<0.5<0.5GB/T 6540
外观清澈透明清澈透明清澈透明清澈透明清澈透明清澈透明目测
酸值/(mgKOH/g)≤0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01NB/SH/T 0836
界面张力/(mN/m)≥434848484648GB/T 6541
总硫含量(质量分数)/%≤0.05<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001SH/T 0689
腐蚀性硫非腐蚀性非腐蚀性非腐蚀性非腐蚀性非腐蚀性非腐蚀性SH/T 0804
潜在腐蚀性硫非腐蚀性非腐蚀性非腐蚀性非腐蚀性非腐蚀性非腐蚀性DL/T 285
DBDS含量/(mg/kg)检测不出未检出未检出未检出未检出未检出GB/T 32508
安全环保特性闪点(闭口)/℃≥135145148145150149GB/T 261
闪点(开口)/℃≥145152156152150155GB/T 3536
稠环芳烃(PCA)含量/%≤3<3<3<3<3<3NB/SH/T 0838
多氯联苯(PCB)含量/(mg/kg)检测不出未检出未检出未检出未检出未检出SH/T 0803
), ArticleFig(id=1217470078627532893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199639741722362283, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=Test results of insulating properties of insulating oils, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目指标要求1#绝缘油2#绝缘油3#绝缘油4#绝缘油5#绝缘油试验方法
水分含量/(mg/kg)≤301520121618NB/SH/T 0207
击穿电压/kV≥307368806663GB/T 507
介质损耗因数(90℃)≤0.0050.000 10.000 20.000 20.000 40.000 6GB/T 5654
带电倾向/(µC/m3)—220222DL/T 385
), ArticleFig(id=1217470078707224672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199639741722362283, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

绝缘油的绝缘性能检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目指标要求1#绝缘油2#绝缘油3#绝缘油4#绝缘油5#绝缘油试验方法
水分含量/(mg/kg)≤301520121618NB/SH/T 0207
击穿电压/kV≥307368806663GB/T 507
介质损耗因数(90℃)≤0.0050.000 10.000 20.000 20.000 40.000 6GB/T 5654
带电倾向/(µC/m3)—220222DL/T 385
), ArticleFig(id=1217470078782722148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199639741722362283, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=Oxidation stability test results of insulating oils, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目指标要求1#绝缘油2#绝缘油3#绝缘油4#绝缘油5#绝缘油试验方法
介质损耗因数(90℃)≤0.005 00.000 10.000 20.000 20.000 40.000 6GB/T 5654
酸值/(mgKOH/g)≤0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01NB/SH/T 0836
抗氧剂含量/%0～0.40.280.280.300.390.38SH/T 0802
金属钝化剂含量/(mg/kg)未检出未检出未检出未检出未检出未检出DL/T 1459
氧化安定性试验500 h总酸值/(mgKOH/g)≤0.300.028.370.040.0340.11NB/SH/T 0811
油泥/%≤0.050.0020.245 20.010.0050.007
介质损耗因数(90℃)≤0.0500.023 30.135 60.017 50.002 40.100 2GB/T 5654
氧化安定性(旋转氧弹法，140℃)/min≥195422320365440380SH/T 0193
), ArticleFig(id=1217470078845636711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1199639741722362283, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

绝缘油的氧化安定性试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目指标要求1#绝缘油2#绝缘油3#绝缘油4#绝缘油5#绝缘油试验方法
介质损耗因数(90℃)≤0.005 00.000 10.000 20.000 20.000 40.000 6GB/T 5654
酸值/(mgKOH/g)≤0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01NB/SH/T 0836
抗氧剂含量/%0～0.40.280.280.300.390.38SH/T 0802
金属钝化剂含量/(mg/kg)未检出未检出未检出未检出未检出未检出DL/T 1459
氧化安定性试验500 h总酸值/(mgKOH/g)≤0.300.028.370.040.0340.11NB/SH/T 0811
油泥/%≤0.050.0020.245 20.010.0050.007
介质损耗因数(90℃)≤0.0500.023 30.135 60.017 50.002 40.100 2GB/T 5654
氧化安定性(旋转氧弹法，140℃)/min≥195422320365440380SH/T 0193
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高压互感器用绝缘油的性能对比分析
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于会民 1, 2 , 王会娟 1, 2 , 杨雪 3 , 黄松柏 3 , 陈华 1, 2 , 张绮 3 , 张昱 3 , 张守杰 1, 2
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2023,56(9): 101-107
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2023, 56(9): 101-107
高压互感器用绝缘油的性能对比分析
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于会民1, 2, 王会娟1, 2, 杨雪3, 黄松柏3, 陈华1, 2, 张绮3, 张昱3, 张守杰1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中国石油兰州润滑油研究开发中心，新疆 克拉玛依 834003
  • 2中国石油润滑油重点实验室， 新疆 克拉玛依 834003
  • 3中国石油克拉玛依润滑油厂，新疆 克拉玛依 834003

    • 于会民（1974-），男（汉族），山东聊城人，高级工程师，主要从事变压器油产品的研制和绝缘性能检测技术的研究。

Performance comparison and analysis of insulating oil for high voltage instrument transformer
Huimin YU1, 2, Huijuan WANG1, 2, Xue YANG3, Songbai HUANG3, Hua CHEN1, 2, Qi ZHANG3, Yu ZHANG3, Shoujie ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1PetroChina Lanzhou Lubricating Oil R&D Institute, Karamay 834003, China
  • 2PetroChina Lubricant Key Laboratory, Karamay 834003, China
  • 3PetroChina Kelamayi Lubricant Blending Plant, Karamay 834003, China
出版时间: 2023-09-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.09.018
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摘要
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通过对国内外绝缘油技术标准的概述，指出高压互感器用绝缘油的技术要求。针对目前国内常用的5种高压互感器绝缘油，在使用性能上进行对比分析。结果表明：1#、2#绝缘油是负析气性绝缘油，适用于高压互感器；3#、4#、5#绝缘油是正析气性绝缘油，不适用于高压互感器；在芳烃含量、抗析气性能、产气性能、油泥溶解性能和氧化安定性的平衡上，1#绝缘油的综合性能最好，析气性最低，氧化安定性最好。

互感器  /  绝缘油  /  绝缘性能  /  芳烃含量  /  析气性  /  产气性能  /  氧化安定性

The technical standards of insulating oil at home and abroad were summarized and the technical requirements of insulating oil for high voltage instrument transformer were pointed out. The using properties of five kinds of insulating oils commonly used in high voltage instrument transformer in China were compared and analyzed. The results show that No.1 and No.2 insulating oils are negative gassing insulating oil, which are suitable for high voltage instrument transformers. No.3, No.4, and No.5 insulating oils are positive gassing insulating oil, which are not suitable for high voltage instrument transformers. On the balance of aromatics content, gassing properties, gas production properties, sludge solubility, and oxidation stability, No.1 insulating oil has the best comprehensive performance, the lowest gassing, and the best oxidation stability.

instrument transformer  /  insulating oil  /  insulating performance  /  aromatics content  /  gassing properties  /  gas production properties  /  oxidation stability
于会民, 王会娟, 杨雪, 黄松柏, 陈华, 张绮, 张昱, 张守杰. 高压互感器用绝缘油的性能对比分析. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (9) : 101 -107 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.09.018
Huimin YU, Huijuan WANG, Xue YANG, Songbai HUANG, Hua CHEN, Qi ZHANG, Yu ZHANG, Shoujie ZHANG. Performance comparison and analysis of insulating oil for high voltage instrument transformer[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (9) : 101 -107 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.09.018
正文
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0 引言
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随着电力工业的发展，互感器的电压等级和准确度等级都有很大提高，还发展了很多特种互感器，如直流电流互感器，以及SF6全封闭组合电器（GIS）中的电压、电流互感器等。其中，油浸式电流互感器制造成本较低，在35～500 kV等级变电站内使用广泛[1-2]，是互感器行业绝缘油用量最大的设备。
油浸式电流互感器是输电系统中的重要测量设备，由于其结构紧凑、体积小、用油量少，在出现局部过热或局部放电时，会导致油中溶解气体含量增加，特别是氢气含量大幅增加。如果过多的氢气不能及时被油吸收，会对设备的安全运行构成极大的威胁。近年来，高压、超高压油浸式电流互感器仍然存在产生氢气的问题，严重时甚至出现爆裂事故[3-16]。因此，此类设备对绝缘油的产气性能和气体吸收性能有着极其严格的要求。
本文通过对国内外绝缘油技术标准的概述，归纳出高压互感器用绝缘油的关键性能要求。针对目前国内高压、超高压电流互感器常用的绝缘油，在使用性能上进行系统地考察，重点对绝缘油的常规性能、绝缘性能、组成与析气性能、产气性能、氧化安定性等方面进行对比分析，以期为互感器制造企业选用绝缘油和设备设计提供参考。
1 互感器用绝缘油标准的概述
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在互感器行业中，绝缘油主要是矿物型绝缘油。目前国内外矿物绝缘油的标准有两类，一类是国际通用标准IEC 60296:2020[17]和ASTM D3487-2016[18]；另一类是国家标准，如GB 2536—2011[19]、英国BS EN 60296:2012[20]、澳大利亚AS 60296:2017[21]、南非SANS 555-1-2018[22]、加拿大CAN/CSA-C50-14 (R2018)[23]、英国BS 148:2020[24]等。其中IEC 60296:2020、ASTM D3487-2016和GB 2536—2011规定的矿物绝缘油技术要求见表1。对比表1指标可以看出，与ASTM D3487-2016相比，IEC 60296:2020中绝缘油的氧化安定性评定条件（120℃、500 h）更为苛刻，而ASTM D3487-2016中绝缘油的氧化安定性评定条件为110℃、72 h和110℃、164 h，同时增加了旋转氧弹法。从检测项目看，IEC 60296:2020要求检测的项目比ASTM D3487-2016多，有DBDS含量、潜在硫腐蚀检测项目、金属钝化剂含量、糠醛含量、总硫含量和产气趋势等，而ASTM D3487-2016对击穿电压的检测项目较多，包括圆盘电极、VDE电极和脉冲击穿电压3种方法。综合分析，ASTM D3487-2016涵盖的范围更宽，指标要求也更加严格。GB 2536—2011标准采用IEC 60296-2003制定，因此GB 2536—2011标准与IEC 60296:2020第五版的标准相比有较大差距，没有DBDS含量、潜在硫腐蚀项目、金属钝化剂含量和产气趋势等检测项目及指标要求，标准技术要求没有IEC 60296:2020标准严格。
IEC 602096:2020、英国BS EN 60296:2012、澳大利亚AS 60296:2017、南非SANS 555-1:2018中对绝缘油的析气性解释为：析气性是表征绝缘油在特定的电场电离的实验条件下吸收或放出气体的能力。低析气性（负析气性）的绝缘油适用于特殊的电气设备如高压互感器和套管。气体的负析气性与绝缘油的芳烃含量有关，析气性测定可参考IEC 60628。加拿大CAN/CSA-C50-14 (R2018)和英国BS 148:2020指出，对于特殊电气设备如高压互感器和套管使用的绝缘油，在局部放电下吸收气体的性能（负析气性）是必要的和重要的，在特定的实验条件下绝缘油吸收或放出气体的速率是可以测量的，气体吸收特性与绝缘油的芳烃含量有关。
综合众多国内外标准来看，高压互感器使用的绝缘油是一种特殊的绝缘油，除了满足IEC 60296:2020、ASTM D3487-2016和GB 2536—2011要求之外，还要满足低析气性（负析气性）的要求。
2 实验
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2.1 实验材料
在互感器行业中，使用广泛的典型绝缘油产品有两类：负析气性绝缘油和正析气性绝缘油，如表2所示。
2.2 实验方法
本文主要采用IEC 60296:2020和ASTM D3487-2016或GB 2536—2011中所列的实验方法进行分析，此外，在绝缘油的结构族烃组成分析上，采用DL/T 929—2018的红外光谱测定法。
3 绝缘油产品性能对比
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3.1 常规性能对比
绝缘油的使用环境温度通常受制于绝缘油的密度、黏度和倾点。绝缘油的运动黏度较小时有利于热量的传导，低温运动黏度小有利于低温冷态投运，低的倾点有利于设备在高寒、极寒地区使用。5种绝缘油的倾点和不同温度下的黏度见表3和图1～2。
从表3可知，1#绝缘油的倾点最低，3#、5#绝缘油次之，2#、4#绝缘油的倾点最高，说明1#绝缘油更适用于极寒环境。从图1～2可以看出，1#、2#绝缘油的高、低温黏度最小，3#、5#绝缘油的高、低温黏度最大，说明1#、2#绝缘油的高温传热性能更好，低温投运温度更低。
3.2 精制稳定性和健康安全环保特性对比
绝缘油的精制稳定性通常以酸值、界面张力、总硫含量、腐蚀性硫等指标进行评价，健康、安全和环保特性用闪点、稠环芳烃(PCA)含量和多氯联苯（PCB）含量指标进行评价。5种绝缘油的精制稳定性以及健康、安全和环保特性测试结果如表4表示。从表4可知，5种绝缘油的精制稳定性和健康安全环保特性相近，均满足相应标准的要求。
3.3 常规绝缘性能对比
绝缘油的水分、击穿电压、介质损耗因数和带电倾向可反映绝缘油的绝缘性能优劣，5种绝缘油的绝缘性能检测结果见表5。从表5数据可知，5种试验样品的绝缘性能相近，满足相应标准的要求。
3.4 组成及析气性能对比
绝缘油的组成分析方法很多，可以采用密度（20℃）、黏度（40℃）和折光率（20℃）计算法，也可以采用红外光谱仪分析，分析的原理是将复杂的矿物绝缘油看成是由链烷烃、环烷烃和芳香烃组成的单一分子，其中CA值表示芳香碳原子占总碳原子的百分数，CN值表示环烷碳原子占总碳原子的百分数，CP值表示链烷烃碳原子占总碳原子的百分数。
析气性试验是模拟绝缘油在电场和电离作用下吸收和析出气体的倾向，主要用于绝缘油在电场下绝缘性能的评价，该方法比较接近实际设备发生局部放电时的气体析出和吸收的工况。绝缘油的析气性试验测得值是放气和吸气综合作用的结果，绝缘油的析气性值越小或负值越大，其析气性越好，反之越差。
芳烃含量和环烷烃含量是绝缘油溶解油泥能力的关键指标，通常用绝缘油的苯胺点来反映，苯胺点越低，溶解油泥的能力越强。5种绝缘油的结构族组成分别与析气性和苯胺点的关系见图3和图4。
国际上，按烃组成对基础油的分类如下：若CP=42%～50%，则为环烷基油；若CP=50%～56%，则为中间基油；若CP=56%～65%，则为石蜡基油[25]。从图3～4可以看出，5种绝缘油的Cp值均小于50%，为典型的环烷基油，其中1#和2#绝缘油的CA值大于10.0%，属于典型的高芳烃环烷基油，3#、4#、5#绝缘油的芳烃含量（CA值）小于5%，属于典型的深度精制的低芳烃环烷基油。
从图3可知，1#绝缘油的芳烃含量（CA值）最高，析气性负值最大，2#绝缘油次之，3#、4#、5#绝缘油的芳烃含量（CA值）最低，析气性为正值，说明1#绝缘油在设备发生局部放电时吸收气体的能力最强。
从图4可知，1#、2#绝缘油的芳烃含量（CA值）更高；3#绝缘油的芳烃含量（CA值）较高且环烷烃含量（CN值）最高；4#、5#绝缘油的芳烃含量（CA值）较低，但环烷烃含量（CN值）较高。3#绝缘油的苯胺点最低，1#和2#绝缘油次之，4#绝缘油的苯胺点最高，说明3#绝缘油溶解油泥的能力最好。
从以上结果来看，绝缘油中芳烃含量与其析气性相关度非常高，从析气性检测原理可知，在热和电场的综合作用下，析气池中绝缘油表面发生剧烈反应，使得绝缘油分子的碳氢单键、碳碳单键断裂，产生活性的氢原子及烃基团。活性氢原子又继续与油中的氢原子及烯烃分子作用，形成氢气分子和甲烷等低分子烃类气体。同时，芳烃的碳碳双键会与活性氢原子发生加成反应而吸收氢，形成新的环烷烃。另外，有一部分释放了氢原子的不饱和烃基基团有可能聚合，形成高分子的胶状物——X蜡，X蜡是指出现在故障互感器和套管的绝缘层和屏蔽层中的大量不溶于绝缘油的黄色物质。
3.5 产气性能对比
运行电力设备的绝缘故障与绝缘油的溶解气体组分有着密切的关系，电力行业普遍通过检测电力设备中绝缘油的溶解气体组分及其含量变化的方法来判断电力设备故障。然而，未投运电力设备的绝缘油在受到某些污染物影响时可能会产生少量故障特征气体，同时，一些新绝缘油由于自身的老化也会产生少量的故障特征气体，其中氢气最常见，从而容易造成电力设备故障的误判，使得采用溶解气体组分分析法来判断电力设备的运行状况显得更为复杂，影响电气设备故障判断的准确性。因此，IEC 60296:2020中要求对新绝缘油的产气特性进行考察，并规定在105℃铜材料存在条件下贮存48 h后，油中的氢气、甲烷和乙烷含量均不能超过50 μL/L。为此，对5种绝缘油进行产气性能考察，结果见图5。
从图5可知，2#绝缘油的总产气量最大，氢气含量超过标准要求，说明其热稳定性差；1#、3#、4#、5#绝缘油的总产气量较小，氢气含量、甲烷、乙烷满足标准要求，其中1#绝缘油的产气量最小，热稳定性最好。
究其原因，绝缘油是由许多不同分子量的碳氢化合物分子组成的混合物，分子中含有-CH3、-CH2和-CH基团并由C-C键键合在一起。有氧气存在下绝缘油会发生氧化，符合自由基引发的链式反应机理，可表示为式（1）。
碳氢分子RH热裂解产生碳自由基R·和活泼氢原子。这些氢原子或自由基通过复杂的化学反应迅速重新化合，形成氢气和低分子烃类气体，如甲烷、乙烷等。低能量时C-H键（338 kJ/mol）断裂，大部分氢离子将重新化合成氢气。C-C键的断裂需要较高的能量，断裂后又迅速以C-C键（607 kJ/mol）、C=C键（720 kJ/mol）和C≡C键（960 kJ/mol）的形式重新化合生成烃类气体，依次需要越来越高的温度和能量[26]。值得一提的是，在非故障状态下绝缘油中不会产生乙炔，乙炔一般只在放电故障时产生。
3.6 氧化安定性能对比
抗氧化性能是绝缘油非常重要的指标之一，是绝缘油使用等级划分的重要基础，也是电力设备制造商选择绝缘油的主要依据。绝缘油运行过程中产生的故障除自身绝缘问题外，均与绝缘油的抗氧化性能有着直接的关系。绝缘油在运行温度条件下，因受溶解在油中的氧气、电场、电弧及水分、杂质和金属催化剂等的作用，会发生氧化、裂解等化学反应而不断变质，生成过氧化物及醇、醛、酮、酸等氧化产物，这些氧化产物将降低油的绝缘性能，对绝缘油的绝缘结构和散热性能造成致命的影响。IEC标准规定采用在120℃下进行500 h的试验来评定绝缘油的氧化安定性，5种绝缘油的氧化安定性试验结果如表6和图6所示。从表6和图6可知，2#绝缘油氧化安定性试验后的总酸值、油泥和介质损耗因数最大，说明其氧化安定性最差；1#、3#、4#、5#绝缘油氧化安定性试验后的总酸值、油泥和介质损耗因数较小，氧化安定性较好，其中1#绝缘油的氧化安定性最好。
综合以上试验结果，从芳烃含量、析气性、产气性能、油泥溶解性能和氧化安定性之间的平衡来看，1#绝缘油的综合性能最好，芳烃含量最高，析气性最低，氧化安定性最好；2#绝缘油次之，其芳烃含量也比较高，析气性相对较低，但是其产气性能和氧化安定性最差；3#、4#、5#绝缘油的芳烃含量低，析气性高且是正值，析气性能和油泥溶解性能相对较差，产气性能和氧化安定性较好。
从国际标准对高压互感器和套管用绝缘油的性能推荐可以看出，高压互感器使用的绝缘油作为一种特殊的绝缘油，除了满足IEC60296:2020、ASTM D3487-2016和GB 2536—2011要求外，还要满足负析气性的要求。本文试验的5种绝缘油中只有中石油润滑油公司的1#绝缘油和NYNAS公司的2#绝缘油能满足高压互感器用绝缘油的指标要求，其中1#绝缘油更适用于高压互感器的绝缘液体，而3#、4#、5#绝缘油不能满足高压互感器用绝缘油的要求，不适用于高压互感器。
4 结论
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（1）综合众多国内外标准来看，高压互感器用绝缘油除了满足相应的国内外变压器油的标准要求之外，还要满足负析气性（吸收气体）的要求。
（2）更高的芳烃含量有利于提高绝缘油的抗析气性能，芳烃和环烷烃的总含量越高，其溶解油泥的性能越好。
（3）在抗析气性能、产气性能、油泥溶解性能和氧化安定性之间的平衡上，1#绝缘油的综合性能最好，2#绝缘油次之，适合作为高压互感器的绝缘液体；3#、4#、5#绝缘油是正析气性油，不适用于高压互感器。
基金
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  • 中石油润滑油公司科技项目(2022-06-N3701)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2023年第56卷第9期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.09.018
  • 接收时间：2022-11-10
  • 首发时间：2025-11-24
  • 出版时间：2023-09-20
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  • 收稿日期：2022-11-10
  • 修回日期：2023-02-02
基金
中石油润滑油公司科技项目(2022-06-N3701)
作者信息
    1中国石油兰州润滑油研究开发中心，新疆 克拉玛依 834003
    2中国石油润滑油重点实验室， 新疆 克拉玛依 834003
    3中国石油克拉玛依润滑油厂，新疆 克拉玛依 834003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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