Article(id=1198671739250115471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667875570516115, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.06.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1656259200000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-27, revisedDate=1659542400000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763715212880, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1687190400000, pubDateStr=2023-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763715212880, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763715212880, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763715212880, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198667875570516115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='109', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763714291707, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563574379, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210618633332585027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667875570516115, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210618633332585028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667875570516115, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=66, endPage=72, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198671739497579408, articleId=1198671739250115471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on space charge characteristics of XLPE under polarity reversal based on bipolar carrier-ion mixed transport model, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

During the operation of DC cable, the polarity reversal of voltage increases the space charge accumulated in the insulation, and it may damage the insulation . At the same time, the ionic charge generated by the dissociation of impurities such as cross-linking by-products introduced in the actual production process of insulating materials will aggravate the charge accumulation. Therefore, the traditional bipolar carrier transport model was improved in this paper. Considering the influence of impurity charged ions, the distribution of space charge in XLPE during the polarity reversal of voltage were simulated by using the improved transport model, and the influence mechanism of polarity reversal time and electric field intensity on charge distribution was studied. The results show that, on the basis of satisfying the mirror image distribution of space charge before and after the polarity reversal of voltage, the introduction of ionic charge increases the amount of heteropolar charge accumulated near the two electrodes in the steady state. Under the same polarity reversal time and different electric field intensity, the charge distribution law is basically the same, the higher the field strength, the more charge accumulates everywhere.

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直流电缆在运行时需承受极性反转的电压,这会使得绝缘内部积累的空间电荷增加,进而可能引起绝缘破坏。同时在绝缘材料实际生产过程中引入的交联副产物等杂质解离产生的离子电荷会加剧电荷的积累。因此本文对传统双极性载流子输运模型进行改进,考虑杂质带电离子的影响,利用改进后的输运模型模拟交联聚乙烯(XLPE)内部空间电荷在电压极性反转期间的分布,研究极性反转时间和电场强度对电荷分布的影响机理。结果表明:在满足电压反转前后空间电荷分布基本呈镜像分布的基础上,引入离子电荷会增大两电极附近稳态时积聚的异极性电荷量;电压反转时间越长,两电极处的界面电荷峰值下降的越多,两电极附近的空间电荷变成相反极性的电荷量也越多,即反转完成时电荷分布更接近于反转稳定后的情况;在相同极性反转时间、不同电场强度下,电荷分布规律基本相同,场强越高,各处积累的电荷量越多。

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王伟(1960-),男(汉族),北京人,教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备在线监测与故障诊断等的研究。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=RFmQ5DkQwVrNZSi/gBvqXg==, magXml=rTTmIyMHMZupv3XB0QWLYQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ROBw64fmIOBU3n2nvFjBOg==, pdfFileSize=3322217, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=imGDpPofc6i23nDCpiFq8g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=UKD5/pV358cHpUfAgpcqRw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

金煜知(1998-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,硕士生,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。

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金煜知(1998-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,硕士生,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。

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金煜知(1998-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,硕士生,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。

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articleId=1198671739250115471, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Space charge distribution diagram with electric field strength of 20 kV/mm and polarity reversal time of 160 s, figureFileSmall=OnWH7uNLjW5HwSRfpti+Qg==, figureFileBig=T2otUExjzeZ7gEStpFZjYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217470451589239089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198671739250115471, language=CN, label=图5, caption=20 kV/mm下极性反转时间为160 s的空间电荷分布, figureFileSmall=OnWH7uNLjW5HwSRfpti+Qg==, figureFileBig=T2otUExjzeZ7gEStpFZjYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217470451673125175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198671739250115471, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Space charge distribution diagram with electric field strength of 10 kV/mm and polarity reversal time of 90 s, figureFileSmall=jZ0OQY9fOcY5WAr1ohNlTA==, figureFileBig=T8pEzJoGqK5x+HbczdTcbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217470451769594171, 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journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198671739250115471, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Parameter setting for the simulation of space charge, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
φie/h/eV1.295, 1.300ua/eV0.70
ψet,ht/eV0.90, 0.90δn/p/nm3.0, 3.0
Be,h/(s-1) n0et,ht/(C·m-3)0.1, 0.1ψnt,pt/eV0.85, 0.85
100, 100Utn/tp/eV0.80, 0.80
S3/(m3·C-1·s-1)0Bn,p/(s-1)0.1, 0.1
S2/(m3·C-1·s-1)1×10-5n0nt,pt/(C·m-3)100, 100
S1/(m3·C-1·s-1)1×10-5N0/(m-3)4×1019
S0/(m3·C-1·s-1)1×10-5Ch0.5
μe/(m2/(V·s))5×10-14Ce0.5
μh/(m2/(V·s))4×10-14T/K298
v/(s-1)6×1012εr2.3
), ArticleFig(id=1217470452256133454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198671739250115471, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

空间电荷仿真参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
φie/h/eV1.295, 1.300ua/eV0.70
ψet,ht/eV0.90, 0.90δn/p/nm3.0, 3.0
Be,h/(s-1) n0et,ht/(C·m-3)0.1, 0.1ψnt,pt/eV0.85, 0.85
100, 100Utn/tp/eV0.80, 0.80
S3/(m3·C-1·s-1)0Bn,p/(s-1)0.1, 0.1
S2/(m3·C-1·s-1)1×10-5n0nt,pt/(C·m-3)100, 100
S1/(m3·C-1·s-1)1×10-5N0/(m-3)4×1019
S0/(m3·C-1·s-1)1×10-5Ch0.5
μe/(m2/(V·s))5×10-14Ce0.5
μh/(m2/(V·s))4×10-14T/K298
v/(s-1)6×1012εr2.3
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极性反转条件下基于双极性载流子-离子混合输运模型的XLPE空间电荷特性研究
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金煜知 , 宋柯 , 任文军 , 鲍国栋 , 王伟
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2023,56(6): 66-72
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2023, 56(6): 66-72
极性反转条件下基于双极性载流子-离子混合输运模型的XLPE空间电荷特性研究
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金煜知, 宋柯, 任文军, 鲍国栋, 王伟
作者信息
  • 华北电力大学 高电压与电磁兼容北京重点实验室,北京 102206
  • 金煜知(1998-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,硕士生,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。

通讯作者:

王伟(1960-),男(汉族),北京人,教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备在线监测与故障诊断等的研究。
Study on space charge characteristics of XLPE under polarity reversal based on bipolar carrier-ion mixed transport model
Yuzhi JIN, Ke SONG, Wenjun REN, Guodong BAO, Wei WANG
Affiliations
  • Beijing Key Laboratory of High Voltage & Electromagnetic Compatibility, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2023-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.06.011
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直流电缆在运行时需承受极性反转的电压,这会使得绝缘内部积累的空间电荷增加,进而可能引起绝缘破坏。同时在绝缘材料实际生产过程中引入的交联副产物等杂质解离产生的离子电荷会加剧电荷的积累。因此本文对传统双极性载流子输运模型进行改进,考虑杂质带电离子的影响,利用改进后的输运模型模拟交联聚乙烯(XLPE)内部空间电荷在电压极性反转期间的分布,研究极性反转时间和电场强度对电荷分布的影响机理。结果表明:在满足电压反转前后空间电荷分布基本呈镜像分布的基础上,引入离子电荷会增大两电极附近稳态时积聚的异极性电荷量;电压反转时间越长,两电极处的界面电荷峰值下降的越多,两电极附近的空间电荷变成相反极性的电荷量也越多,即反转完成时电荷分布更接近于反转稳定后的情况;在相同极性反转时间、不同电场强度下,电荷分布规律基本相同,场强越高,各处积累的电荷量越多。

交联聚乙烯  /  双极性载流子输运模型  /  极性反转  /  空间电荷  /  杂质

During the operation of DC cable, the polarity reversal of voltage increases the space charge accumulated in the insulation, and it may damage the insulation . At the same time, the ionic charge generated by the dissociation of impurities such as cross-linking by-products introduced in the actual production process of insulating materials will aggravate the charge accumulation. Therefore, the traditional bipolar carrier transport model was improved in this paper. Considering the influence of impurity charged ions, the distribution of space charge in XLPE during the polarity reversal of voltage were simulated by using the improved transport model, and the influence mechanism of polarity reversal time and electric field intensity on charge distribution was studied. The results show that, on the basis of satisfying the mirror image distribution of space charge before and after the polarity reversal of voltage, the introduction of ionic charge increases the amount of heteropolar charge accumulated near the two electrodes in the steady state. Under the same polarity reversal time and different electric field intensity, the charge distribution law is basically the same, the higher the field strength, the more charge accumulates everywhere.

XLPE  /  bipolar carrier transport model  /  polarity reversal  /  space charge  /  impurities
金煜知, 宋柯, 任文军, 鲍国栋, 王伟. 极性反转条件下基于双极性载流子-离子混合输运模型的XLPE空间电荷特性研究. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (6) : 66 -72 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.06.011
Yuzhi JIN, Ke SONG, Wenjun REN, Guodong BAO, Wei WANG. Study on space charge characteristics of XLPE under polarity reversal based on bipolar carrier-ion mixed transport model[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (6) : 66 -72 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.06.011
相比于传统的交流输电,直流输电技术因其具有高效率、大容量和长距离等优势被广泛运用于高压系统中。高压直流电缆作为直流输电网络中的关键部分,必须保证其绝缘性能的可靠。而交联聚乙烯因其良好的电、热和力学性能,已经成为聚合物高压直流电缆普遍使用的绝缘材料之一[1-2]
研究发现,在直流电压作用下,绝缘材料内部空间电荷的积聚、迁移和扩散都会影响绝缘材料中的电场分布,并造成局部电场畸变,从而导致绝缘破坏[3]。同时由于直流系统中换流变压器的存在,系统的绝缘在换相瞬间还需要承受极性反转电压,极性反转的瞬态电场对空间电荷的行为也有很大影响[4-7]。因此对于在极性反转条件下聚合物材料内部空间电荷分布的研究具有非常重要的意义。
目前已有很多研究通过电声脉冲法(PEA)等实验方法探究不同时刻空间电荷的分布[8],但由于PEA法测得的空间电荷分布本质上是特定空间位置上净电荷分布的叠加[9],并不能直接反映电荷在材料内部的传输过程,也无法直接揭示极性反转电压影响电荷分布的物理机制。相比之下利用软件技术结合合理的数值模型对绝缘材料的空间电荷分布进行仿真模拟,能更直观、更清楚地探究材料内空间电荷动态行为的微观机理。在关于空间电荷数值仿真方面现被学者广泛应用的是由J M ALISON等[10]在1994年提出的双极性载流子输运模型。该模型假设材料中存在4种不同的电荷类型,用电荷的注入、迁移、复合、俘获和脱陷来描述空间电荷的输运过程。
但双极性载流子输运模型中认为电荷源只有从电极注入的电子和空穴。然而,在实际绝缘材料生产过程中,不可避免地会引入杂质,即使在脱气过程中也难以完全排除交联副产物等杂质[11]。这种存在于聚合物中的杂质其实是空间电荷的另一个重要来源。即便在低电场作用下,杂质仍会电离出带电离子,并在电极附近产生电荷积累[12-13]。但现有的仿真研究鲜有考虑到交联副产物产生的杂质离子的影响。为描述杂质离子电荷对绝缘材料内部空间电荷的影响,吴建东[14]在双极性载流子输运模型的基础上,引入了杂质离子输运模型,可以很好地对纯LDPE介质内部异极性空间电荷的积累进行模拟,然而并未考虑极性反转电压的影响。
因此,本文在双极性载流子输运模型的基础上进行改进,考虑杂质离子电荷的产生、输运、俘获、复合等行为对整体空间电荷分布影响。首先分析空间电荷分布特性以及载流子的微观运动行为,通过与文献中的实验结果作比较,来验证改进后模型的正确性;再通过设置不同极性反转时间、电压幅值等电压极性反转条件,进一步讨论其对空间电荷微观动态行为的影响,从而总结出极性反转条件下的空间电荷分布规律。
本研究建立的模型认为外加电场下的绝缘材料内部同时存在着自由电子、陷阱电子、自由空穴、陷阱空穴,并假设均由电极注入。材料内浅、深陷阱的存在会造成载流子的入陷、脱陷,同时极性相反的载流子可以发生复合。
该模型认为载流子从金属电极进入到绝缘内部的过程遵循肖特基(Schottky)法则[14],表达式为式(1)~(2)。
jihx,t=AT2(x) exp-φihkBT(x)expekBT(x)eEx,t4πε0εr
jiex,t=AT2(x)exp-φiekBT(x)expekBT(x)eEx,t4πε0εr
式(1)~(2)中:jihjie分别为空穴和电子的注入电流密度,下标的h和e分别代表空穴和电子;A为理查德森常数;φihφie为空穴和电子从电极注入时所需要克服的势垒;T(x)为温度;kB为Boltzmann常数;E(x,t)为电场强度;ε0为真空介电常数;εr为相对介电常数,e为电子电荷。
当载流子在电场的作用下迁移到对侧电极抽出时,由于电极-XLPE界面的阻挡作用需要克服界面势垒,引入抽出系数ChCe来描述此过程,如式(3)~(4)所示。
Jh(x,t)=Chμhnhμ(x,t)E(x,t)
Je(x,t)=Ceμeneμ(x,t)E(x,t)
式(3)~(4)中:Jh(x,t)和Je(x,t)分别为空穴、电子抽出形成电流密度,A/m2ChCe分别为空穴、电子在电极处的抽出系数,范围为0~1;μhμe分别为空穴、电子载流子的迁移率,m2/(V∙s);nhμneμ分别为空穴和电子载流子密度。
当载流子从电极注入到绝缘材料中后,可用三大方程描述其运输和扩散过程[14]:传导方程、电流连续方程、泊松方程,分别如式(5)、(6)、(7)所示。
ja(x,t)=μa(x,t)naμ(x,t)E(x,t)-Dfdnaμ(x,t)dx
nax,tt+(jax)x=Sax,t
2V(x,t)x2=-ρ(x,t)ε0εr
式(5)~(7)中:ja为传导电流密度,A/m2μa为电荷的视在迁移率;na为载流子密度,C/m3naμ为自由电荷的载流子密度,C/m3V为外施电压,kV;ρ(x,t)为净电荷密度,C/m3Sa为源项;Df为扩散系数,m2/s,用来描述载流子的扩散运动,满足爱因斯坦方程式,如式(8)所示。
Df(x,t)=μa(x,t)kBT(x)e
该模型认为浅陷阱深度很小,电荷在浅陷阱中会频繁地发生入陷到脱陷的转换,因此电荷的视在迁移率μa可表示为式(9)~(10)。
μh(x,t)=μvbNvbexp-ψ0htkBT(x)
μe(x,t)=μcbNcbexp-ψ0etkBT(x)
式(9)和(10)中:μcbμvb分别为导、价带中载流子的迁移率;NcbNvb为对应自由电荷的有效系数;ψ0t为浅陷阱的深度。
电流连续方程(式(6))中的Sa称为源项,SSSetSht分别表示自由电子、自由空穴、陷阱电子、陷阱空穴载流子因复合、入陷、脱陷所导致的电荷数变化,用式(11)~(14)表述[14]
Seμ=neμt=-S1nhtneμ-S3nhμneμ-Beneμ(1-netnoet)+Denet
Shμ=nhμt=-S2netnhμ-S3nhμneμ-Bhnhμ(1-nhtnoht)+Dhnht
Set=nett=-S2nhμnet-S0nhtnet+Beneμ(1-netnoet)-Denet
Sht=nhtt=-S1nhtneμ-S0nhtnet+Bhnhμ(1-nhtnoht)-Dhnht
式(11)~(14)中:S1、S2、S3、S4代表4种电荷之间的复合作用;netnht分别为陷阱电子和陷阱空穴的密度;Bh、Be为入陷系数,分别表示深陷阱俘获空穴、电子的能力,如式(15)、(16)所示;Dh、De为脱陷阱系数,分别表示空穴和电子的脱陷能力,如式(17)、(18)所示。
dnhμ(x)dt=-Bhnhμ(x)(1-nht(x)nhtt)
dneμ(x)dt=-Beneμ(x)(1-net(x)nett)
Dh(x,t)=vexp-ψhtkBT(x)
De(x,t)=vexp-ψetkBT(x)
式(15)~(18)中:nhtt、nett为空穴、电子深陷阱密度,C/m3ψhtψet为陷阱空穴、电子脱陷势垒,eV;v为逃逸频率。
如上文所述,实际XLPE生产中难以避免地会引入杂质,进而解离产生带电离子。因此要考虑离子的影响并对传统的双极性载流子输运模型做出如下改进。图1所示为双极性载流子-离子混合输运模型机理图。
假设杂质分子在绝缘材料中均匀分布,且杂质分子热振动能量的分布服从玻尔兹曼分布[15],此时单位时间内杂质分子能发生解离的解离系数Dd表示为式(19)
Dd=vexp-ua-ΔuakT=vexp-ΔudkT
式(19)中:ua为分子的活化能;Δud为杂质分子的解离势垒。
杂质分子要发生解离,其能量必须达到ua。而在外加电场下,解离要克服的势垒将下降Δua,如式(20)所示。
Δua=e3Eπεrε0
此时由于离子迁移势垒的下降会引起更多的离子定向迁移[16],则离子迁移率可表示为式(21)、(22)。
μn=δnv6E(x,t)exp-ΔUtnkTexpΔUnkT-exp-ΔUnkT
μp=δpv6E(x,t)exp-ΔUtpkTexpΔUpkT-exp-ΔUpkT
式(21)、(22)中:下标n和p分别表示阴离子和阳离子,δnδp分别表示阴离子和阳离子的平均跳跃距离;ΔUtnΔUtp分别表示阴离子和阳离子的迁移势垒;ΔUnΔUp分别表示电场作用下阴离子和阳离子迁移势垒的下降值,可表示为式(23)、(24[16]
ΔUn=12δneE(x,t)
ΔUp=12δpeE(x,t)
离子电荷在迁移过程中会发生碰撞复合形成新的杂质分子,影响杂质分子的浓度。根据离子复合所满足的朗之万(Langevin)定律[17]的描述,不同离子间的复合率ξ可表示为式(25)~(26)。
ξ=μnε0εr
ξ=μPε0εr
至此描述了引入离子电荷后与双极性载流子模型的不同之处。在讨论正、负离子在电场中的运动时,认为其与双极性载流子的行为类似。同样可用三大基本方程描述,结合上述离子特有的规律,可得到改进模型中离子电荷的控制方程如式(27)~(30)所示[14]
nnμt+-nnμμnμE-Dnnnμ=-ξ3nnμnpμ-ξ1nnμnpt-Bnnnμ1-nntn0nt+Dnnnt+DdN0
npμt+-μpμnpμE-Dpnpμ=-ξ3npμnnμ-ξ2npμnnt-Bpnpμ1-nptn0nt+Dpnpt+DdN0
nntt=-ξ2nntnpμ-ξ0nntnpt+Bnnnt1-nntn0nt-Dnnnt
nptt=-ξ1nptnnμ-ξ0nptnnt+Bpnpμ1-nptn0nt-Dpnpt
此时模型内部共有8种空间电荷,可通过式(7)所示泊松方程与电场耦合建立联系如式(31)所示。
E=enhμ+nht+npμ+npt-neμ-net-nnμ-nntεrε0
根据上述方程建立XLPE平板试样沿厚度方向的一维仿真模型,厚度为300 μm,0 μm处接地, 300 μm处施加反转电压U,如图2所示。极性反转时间为Δt,定义电压U为关于时间的函数。
利用COSMOL仿真软件按表1中参数建立模型,初始设定电场为20 kV/mm,反转时间为90 s。仿真得到电压极性反转前、后及反转过程中XLPE内部空间电荷分布的变化情况,如图3所示。
图3(a)可以看出,两电极因肖特基效应不断注入同极性电荷(阳极注入空穴、阴极注入电子)并向介质体内移动;同时在两电极附近出现明显的异极性空间电荷积累,而这部分异极性电荷主要是杂质分子电离形成的离子电荷;随着时间的推移,异极性电荷量逐渐增多并且不断向体内方向移动,导致分布范围不断扩大;在加压极化2 h之后,空间电荷密度不再随时间延长而出现明显变化,最终达到稳态分布。
图3(b)可以看出,在电压极性反转过程中,各处的电荷积累逐渐有变成相反极性的趋势,即两电极界面电荷与电极附近的异极性电荷均随时间开始减少,但在极性反转完成时其电荷极性并未完全发生反转。导致这一现象的原因是:在正极性电压下降的过程中,电子与空穴的肖特基注入势垒随着外施电压的降低而升高,使得同极性电荷注入量逐渐减少;同时由式(19)~(20)可知,电压降低也增大了杂质分子的解离势垒,使得杂质难以解离,在两电极附近积聚的异极性电荷逐渐减少。当外施电压过零发生极性反转时,电极注入的电荷极性改变,即反转前注入空穴(电子)的电极开始注入电子(空穴),且注入电荷量随负极性电压的升高而增大,这部分注入电荷与反转前残留的电荷发生复合。但电荷复合消散、迁移的速率远低于电压的变化速率,因此电荷极性的变化相比于电压的极性反转有明显的滞后即存在“驰豫效应”。同时,两电极附近的异极性电荷也可以观察到类似的现象。
图3(c)可以看出,电压极性反转完成后,极化电压达到负极性幅值电压,随着时间的推移,电荷极性开始发生反转,并且积聚的电荷量不断增加,空间电荷演变过程与反转前类似。直到达到稳定后,电荷分布与电压反转之前稳态时的电荷分布基本呈对称的镜像分布[18]
FU M等[19]利用PEA测量装置得到电缆绝缘层在施加极性反转电压下的空间电荷密度分布并根据实验结果分析了空间电荷积聚随时间的演变过程。本文采用引入离子后的改进双极性载流子输运模型得到的仿真结果与其实验所得到的空间电荷演变过程基本相符,从而在一定程度上验证了本次仿真的有效性与模型的可行性。
保持电场20 kV/mm不变,设置极性反转时间分别为60、90、160 s,仿真结果分别图4图3图5所示。
图35可以看出,在不同极性反转时间的电压作用下,完成反转达到稳定后的空间电荷分布情况是基本相同的。在电压极性反转过程中,空间电荷分布的整体变化规律与前文描述的极性反转时间为90 s时的是基本相同的,而反转时间对其影响主要为极性反转过程中XLPE内各处电荷积累量变化的程度。
对比图35可以发现,在电压反转过程中反转时间越长,两电极处的界面电荷峰值下降得越多,两电极附近的空间电荷变成相反极性的电荷量也越多,即“试样各处的电荷分布逐渐变为极性相反的电荷积累”这一变化趋势也越明显,同时试样体内积聚的体电荷也越少。分析原因,如前文所述,电压反转后注入电荷的极性改变,同时体内的离子电荷在电场作用下向对侧电极迁移。因此电压反转越慢,在电极处发生复合的电荷越多,反转后残余的电子和空穴数量越少;体内向对侧电极迁移的电荷也越多,电极附近出现与反转前极性相反的电荷也越多。
图6图7分别是电场强度为10 kV/mm和40 kV/mm且极性反转时间均为90 s的极性反转过程中和反转后的空间电荷分布仿真结果。
图6图7图3中极性反转后及反转中各阶段的空间电荷分布进行对比,发现不同反转时间对应的空间电荷密度曲线几乎完全一致;但明显可看出随着电场强度的增加,试样内各处积累的空间电荷量也相应增加。这是因为电压的升高使得两电极肖特基发射的电子和空穴均有所增加,同时由杂质电离产生的离子电荷也增多,所以反转前稳态时体内各处积聚的空间电荷值较高;同样在试样内会发生电荷的复合、迁移,而电压反转后相应残留的电荷也会增多。高强场下电场强度对空间电荷的积聚起主要作用。
本文在传统的双极性载流子输运模型的基础上考虑了杂质离子电荷的影响,同时基于改进后的混合输运模型,通过设置不同的极性反转时间和外施电场强度来探究这两种因素对空间电荷分布的影响,得到以下结论:
(1)带电离子对空间电荷分布的影响主要体现在增大了两电极附近积聚的异极性电荷量;在反转电压的作用下试样内空间电荷分布逐渐变为与反转前极性相反的镜像分布。电压反转时间越长,由于“驰豫效应”,试样内发生复合、迁移的电荷越多,“试样内各处的电荷分布均减少且逐渐变为极性相反的电荷积累”这一变化趋势越明显,反转结束时的电荷分布越接近于反转稳定后的情况。
(2)在相同极性反转时间不同电场强度的条件下,试样内电荷分布仍保持基本相同的规律。但电场强度越高,由电极发射注入试样的电子与空穴越多,杂质电离产生的离子电荷也越多,同样考虑其复合迁移等行为,在试样相同位置积累的电荷量也相应的越多。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51377056)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.06.011
  • 接收时间:2022-06-27
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-27
  • 修回日期:2022-08-04
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51377056)
作者信息
    华北电力大学 高电压与电磁兼容北京重点实验室,北京 102206

通讯作者:

王伟(1960-),男(汉族),北京人,教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备在线监测与故障诊断等的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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