Article(id=1198670405859898140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198664995669110898, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1656172800000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-26, revisedDate=1659369600000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763714894976, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1676822400000, pubDateStr=2023-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763714894976, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763714894976, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763714894976, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198664995669110898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='117', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763713605086, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563346770, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210617678729966036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198664995669110898, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210617678729966037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198664995669110898, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=54, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198670406208025374, articleId=1198670405859898140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Preparation and properties of colorless and transparent polyimide-silica nanocomposite films, columnId=1198664996516360309, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Polyimide Film Special Issue, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A semi-alicyclic polyimide resin (TFCPI) and the derived colorless and transparent polyimide film (TFCPI-0) were prepared by one-step high-temperature polycondensation using 1S,2R,4S,5R-hydrogenated pyromellitic dianhydride (H-PMDA) and a fluoro-containing aromatic diamine 2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine (TFMB). Then, a series of colorless and transparent polyimide/SiO2 composite films with different loading amounts of nano-sized silica fillers were prepared via mechanical blending method by mixing TFCPI matrix with dispersion liquid of colloidal nano-silica/N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC). The results show that the loading amounts of nano-silica in the composite films can reach to 25%. The derived composite film TFCPI-25 shows the optical transmittance at the wavelength of 450 nm (T450) and yellow index (b*) values of 87.5% and 1.56, respectively, which are slightly inferior to those of TFCPI-0 (T450=88.5%, b*=0.91). The 5% weight loss temperatures (T5%) and glass transition temperature (Tg) of TFCPI-25 is at the same level with that of TFCPI-0. However, the storage modulus of TFCPI-25 at 50℃ (E50) and its linear coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) in the range of 50-250℃ is 4.86 GPa and 30.9×10-6 K-1, respectively, which are obviously superior to those of TFCPI-0 (E50=3.02 GPa, CTE=39.6×10-6 K-1).

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采用1S,2R,4S,5R-氢化均苯四甲酸二酐(H-PMDA)与含氟芳香族二胺2,2′-双(三氟甲基)联苯二胺(TFMB)通过一步高温溶液缩聚法制备了TFCPI半脂环族聚酰亚胺树脂及相应的无色透明聚酰亚胺薄膜TFCPI-0。采用TFCPI树脂基体,通过机械共混法与胶体纳米二氧化硅(SiO2)/N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)分散液进行复合,制备了一系列不同SiO2含量的无色透明聚酰亚胺复合薄膜。结果表明:当纳米SiO2在复合薄膜中的质量分数为25%时,制备的TFCPI-25复合薄膜在450 nm波长处的透光率(T450)与黄度指数(b*)分别为87.8%与1.56,较TFCPI-0薄膜仅略有下降(T450=88.5%,b*=0.91)。TFCPI-25复合薄膜在氮气中的5%失重温度(T5%)和玻璃化转变温度(Tg)与TFCPI-0薄膜处于同一水平。但TFCPI-25复合薄膜在50℃时的储能模量(E′)以及50~250℃范围内的线性热膨胀系数(CTE)分别为4.86 GPa与30.9×10-6 K-1,显著优于TFCPI-0薄膜(E′=3.02 GPa,CTE=39.6×10-6 K-1)。

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刘金刚(1973-),男(汉族),内蒙古赤峰人,教授,主要从事电工与电子绝缘用聚合物材料的基础与应用研究。
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任茜(1993-),女(汉族),湖南岳阳人,博士生,主要从事透明聚酰亚胺材料的研究工作。

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任茜(1993-),女(汉族),湖南岳阳人,博士生,主要从事透明聚酰亚胺材料的研究工作。

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任茜(1993-),女(汉族),湖南岳阳人,博士生,主要从事透明聚酰亚胺材料的研究工作。

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样品TFCPI质量/gDMAC质量/gSiO2质量/gSiO2质量分数/%
TFCPI-03.3013.2000
TFCPI-53.2813.140.865
TFCPI-103.0211.411.6810
TFCPI-152.799.492.4615
TFCPI-202.388.082.9720
TFCPI-252.376.933.9425
), ArticleFig(id=1210935052423270748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198670405859898140, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

制备TFCPI-0/SiO2纳米复合薄膜的配方

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品TFCPI质量/gDMAC质量/gSiO2质量/gSiO2质量分数/%
TFCPI-03.3013.2000
TFCPI-53.2813.140.865
TFCPI-103.0211.411.6810
TFCPI-152.799.492.4615
TFCPI-202.388.082.9720
TFCPI-252.376.933.9425
), ArticleFig(id=1210935052494573919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198670405859898140, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Optical properties of TFCPI-0 and TFCPI-0/SiO2 nanocomposite films composite films, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品λcut/nmT400/%T450/%L*a*b*雾度/%
TFCPI-029397.088.596.17-0.090.910.82
TFCPI-529086.488.596.16-0.141.210.99
TFCPI-1029486.588.696.17-0.110.980.48
TFCPI-1529486.588.696.18-0.080.880.10
TFCPI-2029386.188.596.23-0.161.370.11
TFCPI-2529584.887.896.24-0.191.560.32
), ArticleFig(id=1210935052578460002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198670405859898140, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

TFCPI-0以及TFCPI-0/SiO2纳米复合薄膜的光学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品λcut/nmT400/%T450/%L*a*b*雾度/%
TFCPI-029397.088.596.17-0.090.910.82
TFCPI-529086.488.596.16-0.141.210.99
TFCPI-1029486.588.696.17-0.110.980.48
TFCPI-1529486.588.696.18-0.080.880.10
TFCPI-2029386.188.596.23-0.161.370.11
TFCPI-2529584.887.896.24-0.191.560.32
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样品Tg/℃T5%/℃Rw750/%Tdmax/℃CTE/(×10-6 K-1)
TFCPI-0370.6513.138.5531.739.6
TFCPI-5371.9511.041.2532.739.0
TFCPI-10372.4517.041.0537.339.6
TFCPI-15375.6514.841.2541.738.6
TFCPI-20374.0512.345.3536.737.6
TFCPI-25378.9511.155.4515.930.9
), ArticleFig(id=1210935052742037866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198670405859898140, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

TFCPI-0以及TFCPI-0/SiO2纳米复合薄膜的热性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Tg/℃T5%/℃Rw750/%Tdmax/℃CTE/(×10-6 K-1)
TFCPI-0370.6513.138.5531.739.6
TFCPI-5371.9511.041.2532.739.0
TFCPI-10372.4517.041.0537.339.6
TFCPI-15375.6514.841.2541.738.6
TFCPI-20374.0512.345.3536.737.6
TFCPI-25378.9511.155.4515.930.9
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无色透明聚酰亚胺-二氧化硅纳米复合薄膜的制备与性能
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任茜 1 , 王学伟 2 , 李霄 2 , 贾延江 1 , 职欣心 1 , 杨昶旭 1 , 王晓蕾 1 , 刘金刚 1
绝缘材料 | 聚酰亚胺薄膜专题 2023,56(2): 54-62
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绝缘材料 | 聚酰亚胺薄膜专题 2023, 56(2): 54-62
无色透明聚酰亚胺-二氧化硅纳米复合薄膜的制备与性能
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任茜1, 王学伟2, 李霄2, 贾延江1, 职欣心1, 杨昶旭1, 王晓蕾1, 刘金刚1
作者信息
  • 1中国地质大学(北京) 材料科学与工程学院 地质碳储与资源低碳利用教育部工程研究中心,北京 100083
  • 2威海新元科盛新材料有限公司,山东 威海 264200
  • 任茜(1993-),女(汉族),湖南岳阳人,博士生,主要从事透明聚酰亚胺材料的研究工作。

通讯作者:

刘金刚(1973-),男(汉族),内蒙古赤峰人,教授,主要从事电工与电子绝缘用聚合物材料的基础与应用研究。
Preparation and properties of colorless and transparent polyimide-silica nanocomposite films
Xi REN1, Xuewei WANG2, Xiao LI2, Yanjiang JIA1, Xinxin ZHI1, Changxu YANG1, Xiaolei WANG1, Jingang LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2Weihai Newera Kesense New Materials Co., Ltd., Weihai 264200, China
出版时间: 2023-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.008
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采用1S,2R,4S,5R-氢化均苯四甲酸二酐(H-PMDA)与含氟芳香族二胺2,2′-双(三氟甲基)联苯二胺(TFMB)通过一步高温溶液缩聚法制备了TFCPI半脂环族聚酰亚胺树脂及相应的无色透明聚酰亚胺薄膜TFCPI-0。采用TFCPI树脂基体,通过机械共混法与胶体纳米二氧化硅(SiO2)/N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)分散液进行复合,制备了一系列不同SiO2含量的无色透明聚酰亚胺复合薄膜。结果表明:当纳米SiO2在复合薄膜中的质量分数为25%时,制备的TFCPI-25复合薄膜在450 nm波长处的透光率(T450)与黄度指数(b*)分别为87.8%与1.56,较TFCPI-0薄膜仅略有下降(T450=88.5%,b*=0.91)。TFCPI-25复合薄膜在氮气中的5%失重温度(T5%)和玻璃化转变温度(Tg)与TFCPI-0薄膜处于同一水平。但TFCPI-25复合薄膜在50℃时的储能模量(E′)以及50~250℃范围内的线性热膨胀系数(CTE)分别为4.86 GPa与30.9×10-6 K-1,显著优于TFCPI-0薄膜(E′=3.02 GPa,CTE=39.6×10-6 K-1)。

聚酰亚胺  /  胶体二氧化硅  /  纳米复合薄膜  /  光学性能  /  热性能

A semi-alicyclic polyimide resin (TFCPI) and the derived colorless and transparent polyimide film (TFCPI-0) were prepared by one-step high-temperature polycondensation using 1S,2R,4S,5R-hydrogenated pyromellitic dianhydride (H-PMDA) and a fluoro-containing aromatic diamine 2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine (TFMB). Then, a series of colorless and transparent polyimide/SiO2 composite films with different loading amounts of nano-sized silica fillers were prepared via mechanical blending method by mixing TFCPI matrix with dispersion liquid of colloidal nano-silica/N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC). The results show that the loading amounts of nano-silica in the composite films can reach to 25%. The derived composite film TFCPI-25 shows the optical transmittance at the wavelength of 450 nm (T450) and yellow index (b*) values of 87.5% and 1.56, respectively, which are slightly inferior to those of TFCPI-0 (T450=88.5%, b*=0.91). The 5% weight loss temperatures (T5%) and glass transition temperature (Tg) of TFCPI-25 is at the same level with that of TFCPI-0. However, the storage modulus of TFCPI-25 at 50℃ (E50) and its linear coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) in the range of 50-250℃ is 4.86 GPa and 30.9×10-6 K-1, respectively, which are obviously superior to those of TFCPI-0 (E50=3.02 GPa, CTE=39.6×10-6 K-1).

polyimide  /  colloidal silica  /  nanocomposite films  /  optical properties  /  thermal properties
任茜, 王学伟, 李霄, 贾延江, 职欣心, 杨昶旭, 王晓蕾, 刘金刚. 无色透明聚酰亚胺-二氧化硅纳米复合薄膜的制备与性能. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (2) : 54 -62 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.008
Xi REN, Xuewei WANG, Xiao LI, Yanjiang JIA, Xinxin ZHI, Changxu YANG, Xiaolei WANG, Jingang LIU. Preparation and properties of colorless and transparent polyimide-silica nanocomposite films[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (2) : 54 -62 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.008
近年来,随着以柔性显示、柔性太阳能电池等为代表的柔性光电技术的快速发展,对于兼具优异光学透明性以及良好耐热稳定性的高分子光学薄膜的需求与日俱增[1]。传统的高分子光学薄膜,包括聚烯烃薄膜、聚酯薄膜等虽然具有优异的光学性能,但往往耐热稳定性不佳,难以满足先进光电器件制造的应用需求[2-4]。而传统的耐高温高分子薄膜,如聚酰亚胺(PI)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)薄膜等或因分子结构中存在高度共轭的分子链结构,或因分子链结构中存在较高的结晶度而呈现出深色或者不透明的外观,也同样极大地限制了其在先进光电器件中的应用[5]。为此,近年来耐高温无色透明高分子光学薄膜的基础与应用研究得到了国内外材料学界的广泛重视。但对于高分子薄膜而言,提高其光学透明性和耐热稳定性的分子结构设计思想在众多方面存在着相互制约的关系,提高薄膜光学透明性的手段,包括引入非共轭结构、柔性醚键、庞大侧基等往往会牺牲薄膜的耐热稳定性。同样,提高薄膜耐热稳定性的常见改性手段,如引入高度共轭的分子链结构、高极性基团、可形成分子间和分子内强化学键的基团等往往会加强薄膜对可见光波长的吸收,造成薄膜的颜色加深,可见光区的透光率下降。为此,研制开发兼具优异光学透明性和良好耐热稳定性的高分子光学薄膜是一项具有较大挑战性的研究课题。
无色透明聚酰亚胺(CPI)薄膜是近年来得到快速发展的一类高性能高分子光学薄膜[6]。CPI薄膜兼具常规PI薄膜的耐热稳定性和常规高分子光学薄膜的透明性,因此目前在柔性显示器件[7]、柔性太阳能电池器件[8]等领域中得到了越来越广泛的应用。虽然通过缜密的结构改性可以赋予CPI薄膜优良的综合性能,但随着基础与应用研究的不断深入,越来越多的研究结果表明单纯的结构改性已经无法满足显示光电器件的应用需求,因此近年来“复合化”成为CPI薄膜重要的发展方向之一[9-11]。无论是目前主流的含氟型CPI薄膜,还是半脂环型CPI薄膜,通过与无机填料进行复合可显著弥补其在高温尺寸稳定性以及模量方面的缺陷,进而在柔性光电领域中获得应用。近年该改性领域最为成功的案例之一就是我国台湾工业技术研究院(ITRI)成功研制开发的有机/无机杂化CPI薄膜[12]。该案例通过特殊的技术手段,使纳米SiO2填料在复合薄膜中的质量分数达到60%以上,进而使得传统的复合薄膜中以有机成分为连续相转变为以无机成分为连续相。制备的CPI/SiO2复合薄膜兼具玻璃与PI的综合优良特性,为后续柔性可折叠便携式移动通讯设备的商业化起到了重要的推动作用[13-15]
采用无机纳米填料改性CPI薄膜最大的技术难点在于如何在高负载量的同时保持原始薄膜的高透明性和良好的力学性能。负载量过低难以达到改善CPI薄膜性能缺陷的目的,但负载量过高而引发的纳米粒子团聚和相分离问题会使得复合薄膜的光学透明性和力学性能发生极大的劣化。以目前最为常用的纳米SiO2填料为例,采用常规技术手段改性CPI薄膜时填料的质量分数低于5%才不会引起复合薄膜透光率的显著降低。近年来,胶体SiO2(又称“硅溶胶”)改性CPI薄膜的研究得到了广泛的重视。胶体SiO2通过相应的改性手段对纳米SiO2表面进行修饰得到,使其表面含有大量带负电的羟基,从而能够均匀分散在水或有机溶剂中[16-18]。M H TSAI等[19]通过傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)研究了胶体SiO2对PI薄膜的改性效果。测试结果显示,纯PI薄膜分子结构中酰亚胺环C=O键的对称伸缩振动峰的位置为1 714 cm-1。随着胶体SiO2添加量的增加,C=O键的对称伸缩振动峰移动到1 720 cm-1位置。C=O键吸收峰的位移归因于PI与SiO2之间的相互作用,即Si-OH和PI结构中C=O之间形成的氢键。氢键的存在可能会使SiO2更好地分散在PI基体之中,从而可实现填料50%左右的填充量。HUANG J W等[20]的研究结果也证明了这一点,他们使用PAA直接与胶体SiO2混合来制备纳米复合薄膜,SEM结果表明SiO2颗粒很好地分散在PI薄膜中,当SiO2质量分数达到30%时,纳米复合薄膜仍显示出良好的光学透明性。
在各种CPI薄膜中,基于氢化均苯四甲酸二酐(HPMDA)单体与TFMB二胺单体的半脂环型CPI树脂及薄膜在文献中已有报道[21-22]。TFMB二胺单体已广泛应用于含氟全芳香族CPI薄膜的研制与开发中[23-25]。但该含氟二胺单体相对较低的反应活性使其难以通过常规聚合工艺而应用于半脂环型CPI薄膜的制造中。例如,日本东邦大学的M HASEGAWA[26]研究发现,TFMB在与HPMDA的3种常见立体异构体,包括:1S,2R,4S,5R-HPMDA(H-PMDA)、1S,2S,4R,5R-HPMDA(H′-PMDA)以及1R,2S,4S,5R-HPMDA(H″-PMDA)聚合时,仅有H′-PMDA/TFMB和H″-PMDA/TFMB两个体系具备较高的分子量和成膜能力。而H-PMDA/TFMB树脂体系由于分子量太低,不具备成膜能力,这是受H-PMDA的立体构型影响,H-PMDA的分子结构呈现为船式,4个羰基均是-exo构型,即均朝向外侧,聚合时的立体障碍较大。H JEON等[27]通过聚酰胺酸(PAA)路线制备了基于HPMDA与不同类型的芳香族二胺的CPI薄膜。测试结果显示,所制得CPI薄膜的断裂伸长率均小于5%,表现出脆性特征。
本研究借鉴文献[28]中采用胶体纳米SiO2改性PI薄膜的研究手段,拟对典型半脂环族CPI薄膜进行改性,研究工作旨在利用胶体纳米SiO2分散液与CPI树脂之间良好的相容性来解决传统纳米SiO2填料存在的易团聚、分散性不良等缺陷,进而在保持CPI基体薄膜固有优良光学透明性和耐热稳定性的前提下,赋予复合薄膜更高的高温尺寸稳定性以及更高的模量,以满足先进光电显示器件对于材料的性能需求。同时,系统研究纳米SiO2填料的引入对PI薄膜光学性能以及热性能的影响机制,获得其结构与性能的关系,以期为未来实现其应用提供借鉴与参考。
1S,2R,4S,5R-氢化均苯四甲酸二酐(H-PMDA),纯度≥99.9%,实验室自制,180℃下真空干燥24 h。胶体二氧化硅/DMAC分散液[29],实验室自制,固含量为20%,平均粒径为20 nm,直接使用。2,2′-双(三氟甲基)联苯二胺(TFMB),纯度≥99.5%,常州市阳光药业有限公司,80℃真空干燥24h。电子级N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)与γ-丁内酯(GBL),纯度≥99.8%,Na+离子含量≤2×10-6,含水量≤100×10-6,杭州格林达电子材料股份有限公司,直接使用。甲苯、异喹啉、无水乙醇,均为分析纯,北京伊诺凯科技有限公司,直接使用。
TFCPI基体树脂以及TFCPI/SiO2复合溶液的制备反应方程式如图1所示,具体流程如图2所示。在万级超净间中搭建聚合反应装置,该装置由配有机械搅拌器、框式四氟搅拌杆、温度计、Dean-Stark分水器和干燥氮气出入口的1 000 mL四颈玻璃烧瓶组成。在其中首先加入GBL(300.0 g),通入氮气。然后,加入TFMB(64.046 0 g,200 mmol)。氮气保护下,于室温搅拌20 min得到澄清的二胺溶液。然后,将二酐单体H-PMDA(44.834 0 g,200 mmol)一次性加入二胺溶液中,同时加入额外的GBL(26.6 g),将反应体系固含量调整为25%。室温下搅拌反应3 h后加入甲苯(150 g)和异喹啉(0.5 g)。加热升温至130~140℃,反应体系中开始有甲苯/水共沸物馏出。维持回流脱水6 h,直到分水器中不再有水分馏出。继续升温到180℃,期间多余的甲苯通过分水器蒸馏出。将分水器更换为回流冷凝管,维持恒温继续反应3 h。自然降温至室温,将得到的浅黄色黏稠溶液缓慢倾倒在过量的乙醇水溶液(体积分数为75%)中,得到亮白色丝状沉淀。静置过夜后过滤收集得到的树脂,并在80 ℃下真空干燥24 h,得到丝状TFCPI树脂97.62 g,收率为96%。数均分子量(Mn)为6.70×104 g/mol,重均分子量(Mw)为1.24×105 g/mol,多分散指数(PDI)为1.84。1H-NMR (DMSO-d6):7.94~7.93(m, 2H),7.83~7.73(m,2H),7.67~7.56(m,2H),3.47~3.36(m,4H)2.44~2.28(m,2H)以及2.16~2.01 (m,2H)。
称取12.0 g完全干燥的TFCPI树脂,加入到100 mL三口瓶中,加入68.0 g超干DMAC。室温下搅拌24 h,得到近乎无色透明的黏稠溶液,固含量为15%。将制得的TFCPI溶液经过0.45 μm PTFE针筒过滤器过滤,去除任何不溶物。滤液静置脱泡后采用刮刀均匀涂敷在洁净的玻璃板上。将玻璃板置于洁净的程序控温氮气保护烘箱中,按照80℃/1 h+120℃/1 h+150℃/1 h+180℃/1 h+250℃/1 h+280℃/1 h的程序进行热亚胺化处理。自然降温后,将玻璃板浸泡于去离子水中,随后置于洁净鼓风干燥箱中,在100℃下干燥3 h,得到无色透明TFCPI-0薄膜。
按照表1所示配方制备TFCPI/SiO2复合薄膜。制备的复合薄膜以“TFCPI-X”命名,其中X代表纳米SiO2填料在最终复合薄膜中的质量分数。以典型的TFCPI-25薄膜为例说明复合薄膜的制备流程。称取2.37 g完全干燥的TFCPI树脂,加入50 mL三口瓶中,加入6.93 g超干DMAC。室温下搅拌24 h,得到黏稠溶液。将制得的溶液经过0.45 μm PTFE针筒过滤器过滤,去除任何不溶物。向纯化后的溶液中加入胶体SiO2/DMAC分散液3.94 g,室温下继续搅拌6 h,得到均相溶液。然后采用与TFCPI-0相同的制膜工艺制得无色透明的TFCPI-25薄膜。FTIR(cm-1):1 782,1 708,1 620,1 492,1 423,1 377,1 311,1 253,1 168,1 095,1 069,1 053,1 006,837,771。
其他复合薄膜按照类似的方法制备。TFCPI-5:FTIR(cm-1):1 782,1 708,1 620,1 492,1 423,1 373,1 307,1 257,1 168,1 114,1 072,1 056,1 006,837,771。TFCPI-10:FTIR(cm-1):1 786,1 708,1 620,1 489,1 423,1 373,1 307,1 257,1 168,1 114,1 069,1 056,1 006,837,以及771。TFCPI-15:FTIR(cm-1):1 786,1 708,1 620,1 489,1 373,1 373,1 311,1 257,1 168,1 107,1 069,1 056,1 006,837,711。TFCPI-20:FTIR(cm-1):1 782,1 708,1 620,1 489,1 423,1 373,1 311,1 253,1 168,1 107,1 069,1 056,1 006,837,771。
CPI树脂的分子量,包括数均分子量(Mn)和重均分子量(Mw)采用日本岛津LC-20AD型凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)系统进行测定。CPI树脂的核磁氢谱(1H-NMR)采用日本电子株式会社(JEOL)AV 400型光谱仪测试,溶剂为氘代二甲基亚砜(DMSO-d6)。CPI溶液的绝对黏度采用美国Brookfield公司的DV-II+Pro型黏度计测试,测试温度为25℃。CPI薄膜的傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱采用德国Bruker公司的Tensor-27FT-IR型光谱仪测定,波数范围为4 000~400 cm-1。X射线衍射(XRD)谱图由德国Bruker公司的D8 Advance X射线衍射仪测得,测试范围为5°~90°。TFCPI系列薄膜的半峰全宽(FWHM)采用Scherrer方程与Jade软件进行计算。紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)在室温下用日本日立公司的U-3210型分光光度计测试。CPI薄膜的CIE Lab参数使用美国X-rite公司Ci7800型分光光度计测量(薄膜厚度为25 μm)。L*代表亮度,当其接近100时,表示趋于白色,接近0表示趋于黑色。参数中的a*若为正值则表示趋于红色,若为负值表示趋于绿色;b*若为正值表示趋于黄色,若为负值表示趋于蓝色。CPI薄膜的热分解温度采用美国Perkin-Elmer公司的STA-8000型热重分析仪(TGA)测试,测试温度范围为30~760℃,升温速率为20℃/min,测试环境为氮气,气体流量为20 mL/min;CPI薄膜的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)采用德国耐驰公司的DMA 242E型动态热机械分析仪(DMA)测试,测试温度范围为30~400℃,升温速率为5℃/min,测试环境为氮气,气体流量为20 mL/min。Tg采用PI薄膜损耗模量(E″)峰值温度判定。线性热膨胀系数(CTE)使用德国耐驰公司的TMA 402F3型热机械分析仪(TMA)在氮气环境中进行测试,升温速率为10℃/min,升温范围为30~400℃。
CPI树脂的溶解性测试:将TFCPI-0树脂按照固含量为10%的比例加入测试溶剂中进行溶解性测试。观察树脂室温下在上述溶剂中浸泡24 h后的溶解情况。
本研究选择H-PMDA与TFMB进行聚合,通过优化聚合反应工序,延长聚合脱水时间以及高温聚合时间,可获得Mn达到1.0×105 g/mol的高分子量CPI树脂。
首先对制得的TFCPI树脂进行了溶解性的测试。TFCPI树脂在室温下可溶解于NMP、DMAC、DMF等极性非质子性溶剂中,也可溶解于环戊酮、GBL、间甲酚等常规溶剂中。将TFCPI-0树脂溶解于DMSO-d6中,测试了其核磁氢谱,结果如图3所示。从图3可以看出,谱图明显包含两个区域,一是TFMB单元中芳香族H质子位于7.5×10-6~8.0×10-6区域的低场吸收峰以及H-PMDA单元中脂肪族H质子位于1.8×10-6~3.5×10-6区域的高场吸收峰。值得关注的是H-PMDA分子结构中的2H与2′H质子由于所处化学环境不同,表现出了两个独立的吸收峰。这与TFCPI的分子结构特征完全一致。
将胶体SiO2/DMAC分散液与TFCPI溶液复合后,复合溶液表现出了良好的光学透明性,即使SiO2质量分数达到了25%,复合溶液依旧高度透明。按照常规工艺固化后,得到了TFCPI-X系列复合薄膜。
采用FTIR手段表征了TFCPI-X系列薄膜的化学结构,如图4所示。从图4可以看出,在所有薄膜的光谱中均可观察到酰亚胺羰基分别位于1 782 cm-1与1 709 cm-1处的非对称以及对称伸缩振动峰。同时也可准确地观察到酰亚胺环C-N键位于1 377 cm-1的伸缩振动峰。苯环C=C键位于1 493 cm-1处的特征吸收峰以及与苯环相连接的C-F键位于1 312 cm-1处的特征吸收峰也均出现在了所有复合薄膜的谱图中。TFCPI-5~TFCPI-25薄膜的谱图中还出现了Si-O键位于1 069 cm-1处的特征吸收峰,而且随着SiO2填料含量的增加,该吸收峰的强度逐渐变强,而该吸收峰在TFCPI-0的谱图中未观察到。这表明SiO2填料成功地引入了TFCPI薄膜结构中。
进一步通过XPS手段考察了TFCPI复合薄膜中的元素分布情况,图5(a)与(b)分别给出了薄膜的全元素以及硅元素(Si元素2p轨道,Si2p)测试结果。从图5可以看出,对于所有薄膜样品而言,均存在C、N、O、F元素,而TFCPI-0与复合薄膜相比,表面元素的组成差异主要是Si元素。随着样品中SiO2填料含量的增加,Si2p的吸收峰强度逐渐变强。这同样表明SiO2填料成功地引入了TFCPI薄膜结构中。
除了XPS表征外,进一步通过XRD手段考察了SiO2填料在TFCPI薄膜中的分散情况,如图6所示。从图6可以看出,所有薄膜均表现出了典型的非晶特征。随着SiO2填料质量分数的不断增加,当达到20%时,复合薄膜的XRD谱图逐渐出现了双峰。这表明虽然SiO2填料成功地引入了TFCPI薄膜结构中,但当其质量分数超过20%时,纳米SiO2填料仍然出现了一定程度的团聚现象。这可能会影响到复合薄膜的光学性能。此外,由XRD谱图可以计算得到薄膜的半峰全宽(FWHM)数值。FWHM数值可以间接反映纳米填料与基体之间的相互作用、复合材料的结晶程度和有序结构等特性。从图6中数据可以看出,对于TFCPI系列薄膜而言,随着纳米SiO2填料含量的增加,薄膜的FWHM数值呈现出逐渐增大的趋势,而且结晶峰强度随之降低。这一方面表明薄膜中的部分有序堆积结构随着填料含量的增加而逐渐被破坏[30-31]。另一方面也表明随着基体薄膜中无机填料含量的增加,SiO2颗粒和基体薄膜之间形成了一些相互作用,导致聚合物链之间的长程间距发生扰动,表现出更低的结晶度[32]
为了定量考察纳米SiO2填料的引入对CPI复合薄膜光学性能的影响,分别测试了厚度为25 μm薄膜的UV-Vis谱图以及CIE Lab颜色参数,UV-Vis曲线如图7所示,测试数据列于表2中,三维(3D)光学参数谱图如图8所示。
图7可以看到,硅溶胶型纳米SiO2填料的引入确实在较高程度上保持了TFCPI-0基体薄膜的透光率。首先,纳米SiO2填料的引入未对薄膜的紫外截止波长(λcut)产生显著影响。所有薄膜的λcut值(290~295 nm)均保持在相对较低的水平,显著低于聚(均苯四甲酸二酐-4,4′-二胺基二苯醚)型薄膜(λcut=407 nm)[33]。从表2可以看出,引入纳米SiO2填料会使初始薄膜的透光性发生一定程度的劣化,但在纳米SiO2填料的质量分数相对较低时(≤15.0%),纳米SiO2的引入未对复合薄膜的透光率产生显著影响。但随着纳米SiO2填料含量的进一步增加,复合薄膜的透光率发生了较为显著的下降。这表明此时纳米SiO2填料可能发生了局部的团聚。这与XRD的测试结果中FWHM数值的增加是一致的。尽管如此,TFCPI-25复合薄膜在400 nm与450 nm波长处的透光率仍可达到84.8%与87.8%,可以满足大部分光学器件的应用需求。
图8可以看出,所有薄膜的明度参数(L*)均保持了较高的水平(>96.00),而且随着纳米SiO2填料含量的增加,薄膜的L*值略有增加。所有薄膜的黄度指数(b*)均低于2.0,而雾度均低于1.0%。这表明硅溶胶型纳米SiO2填料的引入对TFCPI-0基体薄膜的颜色影响较小。这主要是由于本研究所使用硅溶胶型纳米SiO2粒子的粒径约为20 nm,不到可见光波长的1/10,因此在均匀分散于CPI薄膜基体中时,对薄膜的颜色影响较小。对于纳米SiO2粒子负载量较高的TFCPI-20与TFCPI-25体系而言,其b*较大,表明在高负载的情况下,纳米SiO2粒子仍然具有发生团聚的倾向。
分别采用热重分析(TGA)、动态热机械分析(DMA)和热机械分析(TMA)测试手段表征了纳米SiO2填料的引入对复合薄膜热性能的影响规律,测试结果汇总在表3中。图9是TFCPI系列薄膜在氮气环境下的TGA与失重微分(DTG)曲线。
图9可以看出,所有薄膜在温度低于400℃时失重较少。温度超过500℃后,薄膜开始发生热分解,其5%热失重温度(T5%)为510~520℃。随着测试温度的进一步升高,薄膜快速发生热分解,分解速率最快时的温度(Tdmax)为530~542℃。最终薄膜在750℃时的残留率(Rw750)为38.5%~55.4%。这表明纳米SiO2填料的引入对于薄膜的起始热分解温度以及热分解速率未产生显著影响,但对薄膜的高温残留率具有显著的影响。薄膜的Rw750数值按照TFCPI-0、TFCPI-5、TFCPI-10、TFCPI-15、TFCPI-20、TFCPI-25的顺序依次升高,这与复合薄膜中纳米SiO2填料的含量变化顺序是一致的。
图10为TFCPI系列薄膜的DMA曲线,其中揭示了TFCPI系列薄膜的储能模量(E′)与损耗模量(E″)随着测试温度的变化情况。将E″曲线的峰值温度定为薄膜的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)。从图10可以看出,随着温度升高,薄膜的储能模量逐渐降低。TFCPI-0薄膜在50℃时的E′值为3.02 GPa,温度达到300℃时,E′降低到1.13 GPa。相比之下,纳米SiO2填料含量最高的TFCPI-25薄膜在50℃与300℃时的E′值分别为4.86 GPa与2.50 GPa。可以看出,纳米SiO2填料的加入显著增大了复合薄膜的模量。所有薄膜的损耗模量峰值温度(Tg)均在370~380℃,而且随着纳米SiO2填料含量的增加,复合薄膜的Tg略有升高。
图11给出了TFCPI系列薄膜的TMA曲线。从图11可以看出,在温度达到300℃之前随着温度的升高,所有薄膜均表现出了线性膨胀行为。超过300℃以后,薄膜均表现出了一定程度的收缩行为。当薄膜尺寸收缩到了一定极限后,随着测试温度的升高,薄膜再次表现出膨胀行为,直至薄膜完全屈服。也可以将薄膜收缩到最低点时对应的温度定义为薄膜的Tg值。采用该标准得到薄膜的Tg值在370~385℃,这与采用DMA测试得到的Tg值基本一致。薄膜产生收缩的行为主要是由于该系列CPI薄膜的制膜温度(80~280℃)低于其Tg值,因此在温度达到该系列薄膜的Tg时,材料内部发生玻璃化转变,链段在外力作用下重新进行排列,使得薄膜表现出收缩特性。当链段重新排列完成后,薄膜开始呈现出正常的受热膨胀行为,这种行为对于具有较高Tg的PI薄膜表现得较为显著[34]。从图11中还可以显著观察到,TFCPI-20与TFCPI-25薄膜的收缩程度远低于TFCPI-0薄膜,这表明纳米SiO2填料的加入有效地改善了复合薄膜的高温尺寸稳定性。这一点从CTE的测试结果也可以证明。如表3所示,薄膜的CTE按照TFCPI-0、TFCPI-5、TFCPI-10、TFCPI-15、TFCPI-20、TFCPI-25的顺序依次降低。TFCPI-25薄膜在50~250℃范围内的CTE低至30.9×10-6 K-1,较TFCPI-0薄膜(CTE=39.6×10-6 K-1)有了较大幅度降低。这与SiO2填料本身较低的CTE密切相关。
(1)设计并合成了一系列硅溶胶型纳米SiO2改性CPI薄膜。
(2)纳米SiO2粒子在TFCPI-0(H-PMDA/TFMB)基体薄膜中具有良好的分散性,其质量分数达到25%时也不会引起复合薄膜光学性能的显著劣化。
(3)纳米SiO2质量分数为25%的TFCPI-25薄膜表现出了最优的综合性能,包括优良的光学透明性(λcut=295 nm;T450=97.8%;b*=1.56;雾度为0.32%)、良好的耐热稳定性(Tg=378.9℃;T5%=511.1℃;CTE=30.9×10-6 K-1)以及较高的储能模量(E′=4.86 GPa)。
  • 深圳市科技计划项目(JSGG20210629144539012)
  • 山东省重点研发计划重大科技创新工程项目(2019JZZY020235)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.008
  • 接收时间:2022-06-26
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-26
  • 修回日期:2022-08-02
基金
深圳市科技计划项目(JSGG20210629144539012)
山东省重点研发计划重大科技创新工程项目(2019JZZY020235)
作者信息
    1中国地质大学(北京) 材料科学与工程学院 地质碳储与资源低碳利用教育部工程研究中心,北京 100083
    2威海新元科盛新材料有限公司,山东 威海 264200

通讯作者:

刘金刚(1973-),男(汉族),内蒙古赤峰人,教授,主要从事电工与电子绝缘用聚合物材料的基础与应用研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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