Article(id=1198667703218176322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667701179740314, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1652544000000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-15, revisedDate=1657123200000, revisedDateStr=2022-07-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763714250615, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1684512000000, pubDateStr=2023-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763714250615, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763714250615, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763714250615, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198667701179740314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='113', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763714250130, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563551357, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210618536771318327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667701179740314, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210618536771318328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667701179740314, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=49, endPage=54, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198667703901847879, articleId=1198667703218176322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Preparation and wet flashover characteristics of silicone superhydrophobic coating, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Due to the presence of electric field, water droplets on the surface of hydrophobic coating are prone to generate corona discharge, which will further develop into surface flashover in severe cases. In order to improve the wet flashover voltage of coating, a superhydrophobic coating was prepared by nano-silica modified methyl silicone resin, the adhesion and wear resistance of the coating were tested, and then the flashover voltages of different types of coatings were measured and the surface flashover phenomena were observed. The results show that the adhesion of the superhydrophobic coatings reaches level 0. The coatings still maintain good superhydrophobicity after mechanical wear, and the static contact angle is greater than 155°. The wet flashover voltage of the coating reaches 26.2 kV, which is 42.4% higher than that of the RTV silicone rubber coating. The superhydrophobicity is conducive to the movement of water droplets on coating surface under electric field to create a dry area, therefore the superhydrophobic coating still has good insulating properties in wet environment.

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水滴在疏水涂层表面由于电场的存在易发生电晕放电,严重时会进一步发展为沿面闪络。为提高涂层的湿闪电压,通过纳米二氧化硅改性甲基硅树脂制备了超疏水涂层,测试了涂层的附着力及耐磨性能,然后对不同类型的涂层进行闪络电压测试并观察沿面闪络现象。结果表明:超疏水涂层的附着力等级达到0级,磨损后涂层依旧保持良好的疏水性,静态接触角大于155°,涂层的湿闪电压达到26.2 kV,与室温硫化硅橡胶涂层相比提高了42.4%。超疏水性有利于涂层表面水滴在电场作用下运动产生干区,因此超疏水涂层在湿润环境下依旧具有良好的绝缘性能。

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苏凡云(1998-),女(汉族),河南平顶山人,硕士生,主要从事新型绝缘材料的研究;

黄正勇(1988-),男(汉族),重庆人,副教授,主要从事仿生、智能绝缘材料和自供能器件的研究。

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苏凡云(1998-),女(汉族),河南平顶山人,硕士生,主要从事新型绝缘材料的研究;

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苏凡云(1998-),女(汉族),河南平顶山人,硕士生,主要从事新型绝缘材料的研究;

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黄正勇(1988-),男(汉族),重庆人,副教授,主要从事仿生、智能绝缘材料和自供能器件的研究。

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硅树脂超疏水涂层的制备及湿闪特性研究
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苏凡云 1 , 黄正勇 1 , 张樱凡 1 , 林骏坪 1 , 魏远 2
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2023,56(5): 49-54
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2023, 56(5): 49-54
硅树脂超疏水涂层的制备及湿闪特性研究
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苏凡云1, 黄正勇1, 张樱凡1, 林骏坪1, 魏远2
作者信息
  • 1重庆大学 电气工程学院,重庆 400030
  • 2西北电力设计院,陕西 西安 710075
  • 苏凡云(1998-),女(汉族),河南平顶山人,硕士生,主要从事新型绝缘材料的研究;

    黄正勇(1988-),男(汉族),重庆人,副教授,主要从事仿生、智能绝缘材料和自供能器件的研究。

Preparation and wet flashover characteristics of silicone superhydrophobic coating
Fanyun SU1, Zhengyong HUANG1, Yingfan ZHANG1, Junping LIN1, Yuan WEI2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
  • 2Northwest Electric Power Design Institute, Xi′an 710075, China
出版时间: 2023-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.008
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水滴在疏水涂层表面由于电场的存在易发生电晕放电,严重时会进一步发展为沿面闪络。为提高涂层的湿闪电压,通过纳米二氧化硅改性甲基硅树脂制备了超疏水涂层,测试了涂层的附着力及耐磨性能,然后对不同类型的涂层进行闪络电压测试并观察沿面闪络现象。结果表明:超疏水涂层的附着力等级达到0级,磨损后涂层依旧保持良好的疏水性,静态接触角大于155°,涂层的湿闪电压达到26.2 kV,与室温硫化硅橡胶涂层相比提高了42.4%。超疏水性有利于涂层表面水滴在电场作用下运动产生干区,因此超疏水涂层在湿润环境下依旧具有良好的绝缘性能。

超疏水涂层  /  甲基硅树脂  /  湿闪电压  /  耐磨性能

Due to the presence of electric field, water droplets on the surface of hydrophobic coating are prone to generate corona discharge, which will further develop into surface flashover in severe cases. In order to improve the wet flashover voltage of coating, a superhydrophobic coating was prepared by nano-silica modified methyl silicone resin, the adhesion and wear resistance of the coating were tested, and then the flashover voltages of different types of coatings were measured and the surface flashover phenomena were observed. The results show that the adhesion of the superhydrophobic coatings reaches level 0. The coatings still maintain good superhydrophobicity after mechanical wear, and the static contact angle is greater than 155°. The wet flashover voltage of the coating reaches 26.2 kV, which is 42.4% higher than that of the RTV silicone rubber coating. The superhydrophobicity is conducive to the movement of water droplets on coating surface under electric field to create a dry area, therefore the superhydrophobic coating still has good insulating properties in wet environment.

superhydrophobic coating  /  methyl silicone resin  /  wet flashover voltage  /  wear resistance
苏凡云, 黄正勇, 张樱凡, 林骏坪, 魏远. 硅树脂超疏水涂层的制备及湿闪特性研究. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (5) : 49 -54 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.008
Fanyun SU, Zhengyong HUANG, Yingfan ZHANG, Junping LIN, Yuan WEI. Preparation and wet flashover characteristics of silicone superhydrophobic coating[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (5) : 49 -54 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.008
潮湿气候下外绝缘设备表面容易凝结水滴,降低设备的绝缘性能进而导致闪络,严重影响输电线路的稳定运行。目前,室温硫化硅橡胶(room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber,RTV)涂层(以下简称RTV涂层)广泛地应用于外绝缘设备以提高设备的闪络电压[1-2]。然而,水滴在普通疏水涂层表面由于电场作用会出现电晕放电现象,严重时甚至会发生沿面闪络,不仅对涂层本身造成损害,而且会危害绝缘设备的稳定运行[3-4]
超疏水材料在减阻、纺织业、医疗、传感器等不同领域均发挥着重要作用[5-7]。在电气绝缘领域,超疏水涂层因其良好的疏水性、自清洁特性可以有效降低外绝缘设备表面的湿润性,防止在外绝缘设备表面形成大片水膜,并且有利于水滴在运动过程中带走表面的污秽。此外,强疏水性还有利于防止外绝缘设备表面大面积覆冰,对于外绝缘设备表面湿闪电压的提高具有重要作用[8-9]
但是大多数超疏水涂料的制备方法比较复杂[10-11],需要特殊的条件和昂贵的设备,而且涂层较弱的耐磨性也是制约其在外绝缘设备应用的重要因素之一[12-14]。因此,制备一种新型耐磨超疏水涂层并研究其在湿润状态下的沿面闪络现象,进一步提高涂层的湿闪电压,完善涂层闪络机制的研究,有利于超疏水涂层在外绝缘设备上的广泛应用。
本研究通过偶联剂的修饰,使得纳米二氧化硅具有较低的表面能,然后将低表面能的纳米二氧化硅与甲基硅树脂混合制备超疏水涂层,测试涂层的附着力与耐磨性能,以RTV涂层作为对照,观察不同样式涂层在湿润状态下的闪络现象并测量闪络电压。
纳米二氧化硅,白色粉末,粒径为30~50 nm,纯度高于99.8%,湖北汇富纳米材料有限公司;乙酸乙酯,透明液体,分析纯,沐城化工有限公司;十三氟辛基三乙氧基硅烷(FAS-13),透明液体,纯度高于97%,阿拉丁试剂有限公司;甲基硅树脂,透明液体,分析纯,RY-JJ-04型,分子量为850 g/mol,固含量为99%,日越新材料有限公司。
以纳米二氧化硅为填料,乙酸乙酯为溶剂,FAS-13为修饰剂,甲基硅树脂为基体。首先在烧杯中加入适量的纳米二氧化硅颗粒、FAS-13、乙酸乙酯溶剂,将三者于烧杯内混合后搅拌均匀;之后将具有低表面能的纳米二氧化硅分散液与甲基硅树脂混合并进行超声分散得到涂料,使用高压喷枪将涂料均匀喷涂在基底上,将喷涂好的涂层在80℃下烘干固化,获得新型的超疏水涂层。
微观形貌表征:通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察涂层的微观形貌,试验前对涂层表面喷金,时间为90 s。
疏水性能测试:采用SDC系列接触角测量仪对涂层进行接触角测试,在超疏水涂层表面寻找5个测量点进行测量,然后计算5次测量结果的平均值,作为接触角的实际有效值。
附着力测试:按照GB/T 9286—1998中对附着力测试的规定和要求,使用百格刀对涂层进行附着力测试。
耐磨性能测试:基于ISO 8251-87中的砂磨测试方法,将涂覆有超疏水涂料的载玻片放置在1 000目的砂纸表面,然后分别将50、100、200 g的砝码水平放置在载玻片表面,同时保持砂纸不移动,推动玻片与砝码,使其往复磨损500次,观察涂层表面并对磨损后的样品进行接触角测量。
表面电阻率测试:使用高阻仪测量涂层的表面电阻率,将涂料喷涂于圆铜片电极表面,电极直径为80 mm,然后将待测样品放置于高阻仪的测试电极之间使之紧密接触。高阻仪的直流测试电压最高可达1 kV,可测的电阻为50~1016 Ω。
湿闪性能测试:选用10 cm×10 cm的正方形玻璃板作为涂层基底,按照涂料涂覆方式的不同制作了全涂层样式、间断样式与贯通样式3类涂层。将铜箔贴附于玻璃板相对的两侧作为电极,并制备RTV涂层作为对照组。纳米改性甲基硅树脂超疏水涂层的湿闪特性试验在人工雾室内进行,试验前使用乙酸乙酯清洗玻璃基底,通过超声波雾化器使样品表面达到湿润状态,对同一样品施加工频交流电压进行5次加压闪络试验,观察样品的闪络现象并对闪络电压进行测量。
超疏水涂层的表面微观形貌如图1所示。从图1可以看出,在涂层表面随机分布着微米尺度的凸起,在这些凸起上还分布着更小尺度的亚微米级凸起,此外在涂层表面还分布着尺度在几百纳米范围内的孔洞,表明涂层整体具有微米-纳米的复合粗糙结构,形成了超疏水表面[15]
使用接触角和表面能评估涂层的疏水性能,表面能越低,接触角越大,滑移角越小,涂层的疏水性能越好,当涂层的接触角大于150°,滑移角小于10°时,涂层达到超疏水状态[16]。超疏水涂层的接触角测量结果如图2(a)所示,可以看出水滴与涂层表面之间具有比较小的接触面积,整体形状近似为球形。通过测量发现该涂层表面水滴的接触角平均值为160.2°,用移液枪取不同体积的微小水滴,观察这些小水滴在涂层表面的状态,如图2(b)所示,可以看出水滴相互分离,并未在涂层表面浸润,表明制备的新型涂层接触角满足超疏水的标准要求。
基于Owens-Wendt方程估算超疏水涂层的表面能[17],使用甲酰胺和二碘甲烷作为测量液体,测量两种液体在超疏水涂层表面的接触角,并结合式(1)~(3)所示Owens-Wendt方程换算得到超疏水涂层的表面能。
γsdγFd+γspγFp=12γF(1+cosθF)
γsdγDd+γspγDp=12γD(1+cosθD)
γ=γd+γp
式(1)~(3)中:γsdγsp分别表示涂层表面能的色散分量和极性分量;γFdγFp分别表示甲酰胺表面能的色散分量和极性分量;θF为甲酰胺在涂层表面的接触角;γDdγDp分别表示二碘甲烷表面能的色散分量和极性分量;θD为二碘甲烷在涂层表面的接触角;γ表示表面能,其值为色散分量γd与极性分量γp之和。
甲酰胺的表面张力极性分量为18.7 mJ/m2,表面总自由能为58.2 mJ/m2,二碘甲烷的表面张力极性分量为2.4 mJ/m2,表面总自由能为51 mJ/m2,甲酰胺与二碘甲烷在涂层表面的接触角分别为110°和112°,将数据代入(1)~(3)中可以得到涂层的表面能为6.38 mJ/m2
附着力是评价涂层性能的重要参数之一,附着力好可以确保底材与涂膜之间的牢靠程度,有利于提升涂层的实用性和使用寿命[18]图3为附着力测试后超疏水涂层样品的图片。从图3可以看出,使用百格刀切割后涂层表面的切口平滑,方格完整并且没有脱离涂层表面,涂层基本保持完整,具有较好的附着力,按照GB/T 9286—1998规定,涂层的附着力达到0级。
超疏水涂层较弱的耐磨性能是制约其实际应用的重要因素[19]图4为不同程度的机械磨损后涂层表面的接触角变化。从图4可以看出,当砝码质量分别为50、100、200 g时,磨损后涂层样品的接触角分别为158.7°、157.6°和156.3°,随着砝码质量的增加,涂层的接触角不断减小,但接触角始终大于155°,表明涂层依旧具有超疏水性,涂层的耐磨性能较好。
涂层的表面电阻率是涂层绝缘性能的重要表征参数。图5为超疏水涂层和RTV涂层的表面电阻率测试结果。从图5可以看出,当施加电压为50 V时,超疏水涂层与RTV涂层的表面电阻率分别为2.4×1013 Ω和2.0×1013 Ω,当施加电压增大为800 V时,超疏水涂层与RTV涂层的表面电阻率分别为0.7×1013 Ω和0.5×1013 Ω,涂层的表面电阻率随施加电压的升高而降低,但是超疏水涂层的表面电阻率始终大于RTV涂层,绝缘性能优于RTV涂层。
图6为全涂层样式超疏水涂层的湿闪过程。从图6可以看出,水滴在超疏水涂层表面均匀分布,并且多数水滴体积很小,开启高压电源后,水滴开始沿电场方向运动,在运动过程中水滴不断吸收周围的微小水滴,导致涂层出现较大面积的干燥区域,如图6(c)中虚线框所示,当电压提高到一定程度时,“水滴-干带”通道发生沿面闪络。
图7为全涂层样式RTV涂层的湿闪过程。从图7可以看出,未施加电场时,大量分离的微小水滴凝聚在RTV涂层表面。施加电场后,RTV涂层表面水滴开始拉伸,并向前蠕动,最终在样品表面形成了一条水带,如图7(b)中虚线框所示,随着电压继续升高,沿水带表面先出现微小的电弧,然后电弧不断扩大进而发生闪络。
图8为间断样式超疏水涂层的湿闪过程。此情况下,两侧的疏水涂层与中间的亲水性玻璃共同承担施加的电压,相当于串联。从图8可以看出,与全涂层样式相比,两侧的疏水涂层承担的电压较高,随着电压的升高,超疏水涂层表面水滴沿电场方向运动并出现大片干燥区域,如图8(b)中虚线框所示,干燥区域的出现有利于闪络电压的提高,当电场强度提高一定程度时,沿面闪络发生。
图9为间断样式RTV涂层的湿闪过程。从图9(b)可以看出,随着电压的提高,原本分立的水滴在RTV涂层表面形成了一条长长的水带,电弧出现在水带上,随着电压的进一步提升,沿水带发生闪络。
图10为贯通样式超疏水涂层样品的湿闪过程。此情况下,两侧的疏水涂层与亲水性玻璃承担的电压相同,相当于并联,因此绝缘性能较差的区域大概率会发生闪络。从图10可以看出,随电压的提高,在超疏水涂层样品表面玻璃区域均出现了电弧,随电压的进一步提高,超疏水涂层表面玻璃区域发生了闪络。
图11为贯通样式RTV涂层样品的湿闪过程。从图11(b)可以看出,电弧最先出现在绝缘性能较差的玻璃区域,随着电压的升高,沿玻璃表面发生闪络,RTV涂层样品表面的湿润状态并没有发生太大变化。
对裸玻璃、RTV涂层(全涂层样式)、超疏水涂层(全涂层样式)、RTV涂层(贯通式样式)、超疏水涂层(贯通式样式)、RTV涂层(间断式样式)、超疏水涂层(间断式样式)7种涂层在不同位置各进行5次闪络测试,然后取平均值得到不同涂层样品在湿润状态下的闪络电压,结果如图12所示。
图12可以看出,全涂层样式下经过纳米二氧化硅改性的甲基硅树脂超疏水涂层在湿润状态下的闪络电压最高,达到26.2 kV,间断样式和贯通样式超疏水涂层在湿润状态下的闪络电压分别为18.7、9.4 kV,全涂层样式RTV涂层在湿润状态下的闪络电压为18.4 kV,间断样式和贯通样式的RTV涂层在湿润状态下的闪络电压分别为16.1 kV、8.9 kV,裸玻璃在湿润状态下的闪络电压最低,幅值为7.9 kV。与全涂层样式RTV涂层和裸玻璃相比,全涂层样式的改性硅树脂超疏水涂层在湿润状态下的闪络电压分别提高了42.4%与231.6%,湿润状态下经过改性的超疏水涂层绝缘性能更加优异。
通过偶联剂的修饰,使得纳米二氧化硅具有较低的表面能,然后将低表面能的纳米二氧化硅与甲基硅树脂混合后超声分散,制备了一种新型超疏水涂层,通过相关理化性能测试及高场强下的湿闪特性研究,主要得到以下结论:
(1)超疏水涂层表面同时具有微米和纳米结构,经过测量涂层的接触角达到161°,具有良好的超疏水性。
(2)超疏水涂层具有较好的附着力,等级为0级,在经过500次往复机械磨损后,涂层表面平整,无明显划痕,磨损后样品的疏水角仍大于155°,超疏水性没有被破坏,表明涂层具有较好的耐磨性能。
(3)超疏水涂层在湿润状态下的闪络电压与RTV涂层、裸玻璃相比分别提高了42.4%与231.6%,表明超疏水涂层具有良好的绝缘性能,这主要是由于超疏水性有利于涂层表面水滴在电场作用下运动产生干区。
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.008
  • 接收时间:2022-05-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-15
  • 修回日期:2022-07-07
基金
国网电网公司智能电网联合基金项目(U1866603)
作者信息
    1重庆大学 电气工程学院,重庆 400030
    2西北电力设计院,陕西 西安 710075
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

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种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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