Article(id=1198667703121703095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667701179740314, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1652544000000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-15, revisedDate=1658851200000, revisedDateStr=2022-07-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763714250593, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1684512000000, pubDateStr=2023-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763714250593, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763714250593, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763714250593, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198667701179740314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='113', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763714250130, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563551357, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210618536771318327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667701179740314, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210618536771318328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667701179740314, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=32, endPage=39, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198667703369167042, articleId=1198667703121703095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effects of thermal ageing on micro-structure and electrical properties of meta-aramid paper, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

An experimental platform was built to conducted thermal ageing experiments at 105℃, 155℃, and 180℃ respectively for 30 d on a domestic meta-aramid insulating paper, and the changes of chemical structure, micro-morphology, and electrical properties of the paper during thermal ageing process were studied. On the basis of isothermal surface potential decay method, the surface trap distribution characteristics of the samples at different thermal ageing stages were compared, and the polymerization degree and electric strength of the samples under different ageing temperature were fitted. The results show that the thermal ageing has a destructive effect on the surface and cross section of meta-aramid paper macroscopically, resulting in a decrease of the polymerization degree overall. Microscopically, the thermal ageing has a significant destructive effect on the amide bonds, C-N bonds, and C=O bonds in the molecular structure of meta-aramid paper. The thermal ageing causes the volume conductivity of meta-aramid paper to increase and the electrical strength to decrease. During the thermal ageing process, shallow traps will appear briefly and then disappear, and the higher the temperature, the earlier the shallow traps appear, which is of great significance for the quantitative judgment of thermal ageing stage for the meta-aramid paper.

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针对某国产间位芳纶绝缘纸,自主搭建实验平台开展热老化特性评价,分别在105℃、155℃和180℃下开展周期为30 d的热老化实验,研究热老化过程中纸样化学结构、微观形貌以及电气性能的变化,并基于等温表面电位衰减法对比不同热老化阶段试样的表面陷阱分布特性,对不同老化温度下试样的聚合度和电气强度进行拟合。结果表明:热老化宏观上对间位芳纶纸的表面、截面均有破坏作用,整体引起聚合度的下降;微观上对间位芳纶纸分子结构中的酰胺键、C-N键和C=O键都有较大的破坏作用。热老化造成间位芳纶纸的体积电导率上升,电气强度下降。热老化过程中间位芳纶纸会短暂性地出现浅陷阱,随后消失,且温度越高,浅陷阱出现的时间越早,这对于间位芳纶纸热老化阶段的定量判断具有较大意义。

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谢庆(1979-),男(汉族),四川广安人,教授,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。
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葆宗霖(1998-),男(满族),北京人,硕士生,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。

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葆宗霖(1998-),男(满族),北京人,硕士生,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。

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葆宗霖(1998-),男(满族),北京人,硕士生,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。

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温度/℃0d6d12d18d24d30d
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热老化对间位芳纶纸微观结构与电气性能的影响
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葆宗霖 , 谢庆 , 宋景萱 , 张亚辉 , 张艺潇 , 阮浩鸥 , 律方成
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2023,56(5): 32-39
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2023, 56(5): 32-39
热老化对间位芳纶纸微观结构与电气性能的影响
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葆宗霖, 谢庆, 宋景萱, 张亚辉, 张艺潇, 阮浩鸥, 律方成
作者信息
  • 华北电力大学 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室,北京 102206
  • 葆宗霖(1998-),男(满族),北京人,硕士生,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。

通讯作者:

谢庆(1979-),男(汉族),四川广安人,教授,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。
Effects of thermal ageing on micro-structure and electrical properties of meta-aramid paper
Zonglin BAO, Qing XIE, Jingxuan SONG, Yahui ZHANG, Yixiao ZHANG, Haoou RUAN, Fangcheng LÜ
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China ElectricPower University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2023-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.006
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针对某国产间位芳纶绝缘纸,自主搭建实验平台开展热老化特性评价,分别在105℃、155℃和180℃下开展周期为30 d的热老化实验,研究热老化过程中纸样化学结构、微观形貌以及电气性能的变化,并基于等温表面电位衰减法对比不同热老化阶段试样的表面陷阱分布特性,对不同老化温度下试样的聚合度和电气强度进行拟合。结果表明:热老化宏观上对间位芳纶纸的表面、截面均有破坏作用,整体引起聚合度的下降;微观上对间位芳纶纸分子结构中的酰胺键、C-N键和C=O键都有较大的破坏作用。热老化造成间位芳纶纸的体积电导率上升,电气强度下降。热老化过程中间位芳纶纸会短暂性地出现浅陷阱,随后消失,且温度越高,浅陷阱出现的时间越早,这对于间位芳纶纸热老化阶段的定量判断具有较大意义。

热老化  /  间位芳纶纸  /  电气性能  /  载流子  /  陷阱特性

An experimental platform was built to conducted thermal ageing experiments at 105℃, 155℃, and 180℃ respectively for 30 d on a domestic meta-aramid insulating paper, and the changes of chemical structure, micro-morphology, and electrical properties of the paper during thermal ageing process were studied. On the basis of isothermal surface potential decay method, the surface trap distribution characteristics of the samples at different thermal ageing stages were compared, and the polymerization degree and electric strength of the samples under different ageing temperature were fitted. The results show that the thermal ageing has a destructive effect on the surface and cross section of meta-aramid paper macroscopically, resulting in a decrease of the polymerization degree overall. Microscopically, the thermal ageing has a significant destructive effect on the amide bonds, C-N bonds, and C=O bonds in the molecular structure of meta-aramid paper. The thermal ageing causes the volume conductivity of meta-aramid paper to increase and the electrical strength to decrease. During the thermal ageing process, shallow traps will appear briefly and then disappear, and the higher the temperature, the earlier the shallow traps appear, which is of great significance for the quantitative judgment of thermal ageing stage for the meta-aramid paper.

thermal ageing  /  meta-aramid paper  /  electrical properties  /  carrier  /  trap characteristics
葆宗霖, 谢庆, 宋景萱, 张亚辉, 张艺潇, 阮浩鸥, 律方成. 热老化对间位芳纶纸微观结构与电气性能的影响. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (5) : 32 -39 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.006
Zonglin BAO, Qing XIE, Jingxuan SONG, Yahui ZHANG, Yixiao ZHANG, Haoou RUAN, Fangcheng LÜ. Effects of thermal ageing on micro-structure and electrical properties of meta-aramid paper[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (5) : 32 -39 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.006
变压器作为输变电系统中的重要设备之一,其稳定运行对电能的安全稳定传输具有重要作用[1-3]。随着能源互联进程的推进和输电线路向超高压、大容量、远距离发展[4-6],变压器的服役环境不断复杂化,预期寿命不断提高,对其绝缘纸材料的性能要求也愈发严格[7-9]
间位芳纶纸因具有比传统纤维素纸更高的分解温度、耐压强度和机械强度,被视为下一代绝缘纸的理想材料[10-14]。20世纪60年代至21世纪初,间位芳纶产品被美、日、俄等国家垄断,其中美国杜邦公司推出的Nomex系列芳纶纸是高端绝缘纸的行业标杆。我国间位芳纶制造业的发展起步于21世纪初,经过多年政策牵引,涌现出泰和新材、超美斯、昊天龙邦、时代华昇、中蓝晨光等重点生产企业,已具备大规模生产间位芳纶纸的能力。然而,由于国产间位芳纶纸起步较晚,研发历程较短,导致产品的部分性能与国外产品尚存差距,并缺乏充分、全面的国产芳纶纸服役资料。为了促进国产间位芳纶纸的生产研发,尽早摆脱不良垄断的历史影响,亟待开展针对国产间位芳纶纸服役性能的研究。
热老化是间位芳纶纸服役中的关键问题。变压器运行过程中存在严重的发热现象,线圈中的工况电流、铁心等金属元件中的感生涡流、绝缘介质中的极化损耗均会引起变压器温度升高。研究表明,变压器的最高运行温度可达105℃,因过负荷等原因甚至可能出现180℃的局部热点情况[15-17]。因此,研究高温环境下国产间位芳纶纸的热老化特性对确保其在变压器等应用场景中的安全稳定运行具有重要参考价值。目前,国内外研究学者已对Nomex纸开展了一定量的热老化特性研究。A JAIN等[18]对厚度为2 mm的Nomex纸开展了热老化试验,发现热老化会改变Nomex纸的结构和性能,Nomex纸的抗张模量和抗张强度随着老化时间和老化温度的增加而降低。C RANGA等[19]研究了电力变压器中Nomex-410绝缘纸在加速热应力下的氧化稳定性,不同温度下的加速热老化试验表明Nomex-410绝缘具有较好的抗氧化性。温敏敏[20]在温度为180℃、环境湿度为60%的条件下,对Nomex绝缘纸进行热老化试验,发现在水分存在的情况下Nomex绝缘纸的分解温度明显降低,电气性能下降不明显,聚合度随老化时间显著下降,纤维宽度、透明度及表面光滑度均随老化时间呈下降趋势。粟茂[21]结合热老化试验开展Nomex纸的局部放电研究,结果表明老化对Nomex纸放电前期的放电参数影响较小,而随着放电的发展,老化对放电参数的影响越来越显著。已有研究表明,作为主流的间位芳纶绝缘纸产品,Nomex纸在普适温度范围内存在明显的热老化现象,其聚合度、拉伸强度、微观形貌等参量均会因高温环境作用出现明显的劣化现象。
目前,已有老化研究大多针对Nomex系列产品开展,虽然国产间位芳纶纸与Nomex在成分与结构上基本一致,但性能上仍存在一定差异,亟待针对国产间位芳纶纸的热老化特性开展研究,明确国产间位芳纶纸在高温运行工况下的性能水平。本文利用某主流国产芳纶纸厂家提供的厚度为0.08 mm的间位芳纶纸开展研究,选择105、155、180℃开展 30 d的热老化实验。对老化各阶段试样的微观形貌、化学组分、粗糙度进行表征,测试试样的电气强度和体积电导率,分析试样的静电电荷消散过程,并基于等温表面电位衰减法计算不同热老化阶段试样表面的陷阱分布特性,同时基于聚合度和电气强度对试样进行寿命预测。
将间位芳纶纸试样首先放置在相对湿度为40%、温度为25℃的湿热箱中保持48 h,然后在真空干燥箱中90℃下干燥72 h,最后置于温度为105、155、180℃的电热鼓风干燥箱中进行持续高温处理,总共老化时间为30 d,同时设置常温下的试样为对照组,期间选择老化时间分别为0、6、12、18、24、30 d的试样进行测试。
为了表征间位芳纶纸热老化后基础理化性能的变化,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,FEI Quant 250 FEG型)对试样的表面形貌进行表征;采用三维轮廓仪(MicroXAM-800型)观察试样的三维表面形貌;采用X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS,Thermo Science ESCALAB 250Xi型)和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR,Nicolet IS5型)分析试样元素和化学键的变化;利用凝胶渗透色谱仪(GPC,Waters 1525型)测量试样的分子量。
直流耐压特性采用柱-板电极进行测量,如图1所示,其中柱电极的高度和直径均为25 mm,板电极底面直径为75 mm,高度为15 mm,电极的倒角半径为3 mm。测试时,柱电极通过保护电阻连接至高功率直流电源,板电极接地,电源升压速度控制在0.2 kV/s,用示波器串联电压探头(Trek P6015b型)测试击穿发生时的电压幅值,再用电压除以试样击穿点厚度计算电气强度。
三电极法测试纸样体积电导率的平台如图2所示。在室温(25℃)下,湿度控制为50%±5%,测试时将高功率直流源调至1 kV,等待5 min至示数稳定,从静电计(Kethley 6517b型)上读取电导电流Iv。按式(1)计算体积电导率σv。同一纸样测试10次,结果取平均值。
σv=Lπr2IvU
式(1)中:L为纸样厚度;r为柱电极半径。
表面电位测试平台如图3所示。首先,将充分释放静电电荷后的试样移动到针电极正下方5 mm处,施加4 kV直流电压,充电120 s。充电完成后,撤去针电极,将探头移动至试样上方2 mm处,监测试样表面电位数据,进而通过等温表面电位衰减法(ISPD法)计算试样的表面电荷密度,计算公式如式(2)所示。
σ=ε0εrdV0
式(2)中:σ为表面电荷密度;ε0为真空介电常数;εr为试样的相对介电常数;d为试样的厚度。
图4为间位芳纶纸试样在常温和105、155、180℃条件下老化30 d后的表面SEM图。图5(a)(b)分别为试样在常温下放置18 d、30 d的截面SEM图,图5(c)(d)分别为试样在180℃下老化18 d、30 d的截面SEM图。
芳纶纸属于纤维-纤维复合材料,由两种不同形态的纤维构成,分别为短切纤维和沉析纤维。芳纶短切纤维是由连续长丝切成的短段纤维,具有高的结晶度和模量,主要提供力学增强的作用;芳纶沉析纤维是在高剪切作用下将芳纶树脂溶液加入凝固液中沉析而制得,沉析纤维的结晶度较低甚至为无定型,主要提供粘结作用及其他重要的电气性能[13,22]。需要注意的是,Nomex纸的短切纤维粗细均匀且呈扁圆形,而国产芳纶纸纤维相对杂散且粗细不均[23]
图4可以看出,在常温下国产间位芳纶纸试样整体表面光滑,短切纤维和沉析纤维及其接触面都处于完整状态,分布整齐且紧密。不同温度下热老化后,试样的表面形貌出现不同的变化。105℃下老化试样表面的沉析纤维逐渐出现分丝,155℃下老化试样的短切纤维逐渐对外暴露,对于180℃下老化的试样,随着老化过程的推进,部分区域出现短切纤维与沉析纤维近乎脱离的现象,沉析纤维开始由纤维结构向连续致密的类树脂结构转变,甚至发生断裂,此外老化后试样的颜色也发生了变化。从图5可以看出,对于试样截面而言,180℃下的老化现象尤为明显,老化进行到18 d时,相邻纤维层之间还有些许连接,而老化进行到30 d时,相邻纤维层之间基本全部分开、断裂。基于以上现象可知,热老化促使国产间位芳纶纸内部组分、结构发生较大变化,且温度越高对其破坏性越大。
三维轮廓仪可以测试试样表面的三维轮廓图,同时提供表面粗糙度评定参数,进而求得试样表面的粗糙度。GB/T 3505—2009和GB/T 1031—2009规定了与轮廓幅度有关的表面粗糙度评定参数RaRyRz,其中Ra表示轮廓算术平均偏差,最能客观地反映试样表面的实际形貌,其计算公式如式(3)所示。
Ra=1ni=1nyi
式(3)中:n为有效数;yi为第i点的轮廓偏距。
未老化和105、155、180℃下热老化18 d、30 d后间位芳纶纸的三维轮廓仪测试结果如图6所示,表面粗糙度数据如图7所示。从图67可以看出,未老化间位芳纶纸试样的表面较为平整,老化时间越长,表面粗糙度越高,在105℃下老化时,其粗糙度提高程度低于在180℃下老化的情况,根据粗糙度变化来看,随着老化时间的增加,试样的老化程度逐渐趋于饱和。
采用凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)测量了未老化和不同老化状态间位芳纶纸试样的分子量,每种状态下测量得到5份数据,取平均值,最终得到试样对应老化状态下的重均分子量Mw¯表1所示。
聚合物的聚合度与其重均分子量的关系如式(4)所示。
Mw¯=DpM0
式(4)中:Dp表示聚合物的聚合度;M0表示聚合物重复单元的分子量。
聚合度是衡量高聚物分子量大小的指标,能够直接反映绝缘材料的化学性能,是用来表征绝缘纸老化程度最可靠的判据之一[24-25]。对于国产间位芳纶纸而言,其分子量M0为238,利用式(1)可计算得到其不同老化状态下的聚合度如图8所示。从图8可以看出,随着老化时间的增加,间位芳纶纸试样的聚合度不断下降,说明分子链遭到了一定程度的破坏。
根据聚合度测试结果,利用指数函数拟合作出曲线如图9所示,拟合方程如式(5)所示。
y=A1exp (-x/t1)+y0
利用拟合曲线,可得105、155、180℃下老化试样聚合度的一阶衰减指数函数拟合方程分别为式(6)、(7)、(8)。
y=56.378exp (-x/19.433)+261.167
y=90.834exp (-x/19.672)+226.305
y=129.541exp (-x/18.105)+187.354
根据曲线可以直观看出,随着老化时间的增加,试样聚合度的下降速度逐渐放缓,在180℃下绝缘纸被破坏最为严重,当老化时间达到30 d时,试样的聚合度仅为212.8,为未老化试样聚合度的67%,根据文献[26]可知,聚合物的聚合度下降到原来的60%左右时即达到破坏中期。由拟合方程可以推出,187.354是间位芳纶纸极限老化后的聚合度,即180℃条件下可以使试样达到破坏的中期,说明热老化对试样的破坏能力有限,但更高温度也将对试样产生更大的破坏效应。
图10为未老化试样和105、155、180℃下热老化30 d的间位芳纶纸试样的傅里叶变换红外光谱图。完整间位芳纶纸的红外光谱上主要有7个特征峰, N-H的拉伸振动峰出现在3 300 cm-1处,酰胺I带出现在1 640 cm-1处,酰胺II带出现在1 530 cm-1处, C=O非对称拉伸振动峰值出现在1 412 cm-1处,苯环C-H的剪切型振动峰出现在1 250~900 cm-1处,隔离H的弯曲振动峰值出现在850 cm-1处,苯环特征峰出现在770 cm-1处。仔细对照图10中4种试样红外光谱的7处特征峰,发现老化后试样酰胺I带和II带之间特征峰强度弱化,说明酰胺键受到一定程度的破坏,C=O键处的特征峰弱化,说明C=O键受到破坏。
图11为未老化试样和105、155、180℃下热老化30 d的间位芳纶纸试样的XPS测试结果。图11(a)为C、N、O 3种元素的占比,图11(b)(c)(d)分别为105、155、180℃下C元素的分峰图。从图11(a)可以发现,随着老化温度升高,试样中O元素占比呈下降趋势,N元素和C元素占比呈上升趋势。从C元素分峰图可以看出,老化对试样C-N键有较为明显的破坏作用,C-N键在芳纶分子结构中属于主键,说明热老化使芳纶分子主链发生了断裂,这可以论证热老化后聚合度的变化,即主链断裂必然会导致聚合度的下降。另外,老化对C=O键也存在破坏作用,但破坏效果不如C-N键明显,C=O双键的键能高于C-N单键的键能,因此C=O键受破坏程度较小,这可以验证FT-IR的结果。
间位芳纶纸的直流耐压特性采用柱-板电极进行测量,测试温度为(20±2)℃,湿度为15%±1%,每种试样测试10次,并采用双参数Weibull模型进行分析,结果如图12所示,图例括号中标出了试样的α参数,其值表示击穿概率为63.2%时的外施场强。从图12可以看出,随着老化时间的增加,试样的电气强度呈下降趋势,老化初期的影响比老化后期更为明显,可见后期老化逐渐趋于饱和,同时发现老化温度越高,对试样的影响越大。但整体而言,不同热老化时间下国产间位芳纶纸的电气强度下降并不是很明显,说明热老化对试样垂直方向上的绝缘性能影响不大,虽然高温下分子内部空间电荷的加速运动确实会对绝缘纸产生破坏,但高温并未对试样材料产生本质的破坏。
根据电气强度测试结果,利用指数函数拟合作出曲线如图13所示。利用数据计算拟合,可得105、155、180℃下老化试样电气强度的一阶衰减指数函数拟合方程如式(9)、(10)、(11)所示。根据曲线可以直观看出,随着老化时间的增加,电气强度的下降逐渐放缓,180℃下降幅最大,电气强度最低为31.246 kV/mm。
y=2.250exp (-x/9.179)+34.263
y=3.982exp (-x/11.746)+32.579
y=5.253exp (-x/8.084)+31.246
利用三电极法测试试样的体积电导率,每种老化试样重复测量10次,取平均值分析并加入误差棒,得到间位芳纶纸的体积电导特性如图14所示。
图14可以发现,热老化会提升芳纶纸的导电性能,破坏其绝缘性能。在105℃老化温度下,试样的体积电导率增幅有限,上升不明显。随着老化温度的升高,在180℃下,试样的体积电导率变化较明显,老化30 d时试样的体积电导率较未老化试样提高了1 112.6%。在180℃下,随着老化时间的增加,老化初期的电导率提升速度较快,后期逐渐趋于平稳,说明老化逐渐趋于饱和。热老化破坏了芳纶纸的分子结构,产生了更多的小分子,从而使得电导率提升,该结果与前文中测得的直流耐压特性变化趋势相吻合,可互相辅证。
根据内外部能量差异,陷阱分为两种类型,即浅陷阱和深陷阱,电荷陷入浅陷阱容易脱陷,陷入深陷阱则难以脱陷,在陷阱曲线中,陷阱密度高的即能量大的峰值为深陷阱,陷阱密度低的即能量小的峰值为浅陷阱。以未老化(老化0 d)的试样为对照,分别测量计算得到在105、155、180℃下老化6、12、18、24、30 d的试样表面电荷陷阱,并绘制出分布曲线如图15所示。
图15可以看出,在3个老化温度下,随着老化的进行,试样的深陷阱密度均在老化6 d时达到最高,然后再不断降低,在老化30 d时深陷阱密度均达到最低。对于浅陷阱而言,105℃下试样在老化30 d时出现明显的浅陷阱,能级为0.907 eV,155℃下试样在老化24 d时出现明显的浅陷阱,能级为0.901 eV,180℃下试样在老化18 d时出现明显的浅陷阱,能级为0.887 eV。可以看出随着老化温度的升高,浅陷阱出现的时间越早,且对应的能级越来越小,甚至随着老化的继续进行,浅陷阱消失。
(1)随着热老化温度的升高和老化时间的增加,间位芳纶纸的表面粗糙度提高,截面出现断裂现象,高温对纸样整体结构破坏性较大。
(2)热老化会破坏间位芳纶纸的分子结构,对C-N键和C=O键有较大的破坏作用,导致间位芳纶纸的聚合度下降,产生自由基,且温度越高、时间越长,破坏作用愈发明显。
(3)热老化造成间位芳纶纸的体积电导率上升,电气强度下降。老化初期出现深陷阱的提升,之后深陷阱密度逐渐下降,老化过程中会短暂性地出现浅陷阱,随着老化的推进,浅陷阱消失,且温度越高,浅陷阱出现的时间越早,这对于热老化阶段的定量判断具有较大意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51777076)
  • 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室自主研究课题(LAPS2021-03)
  • 北京市自然科学基金项目(3222057)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.006
  • 接收时间:2022-05-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-15
  • 修回日期:2022-07-27
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51777076)
新能源电力系统国家重点实验室自主研究课题(LAPS2021-03)
北京市自然科学基金项目(3222057)
作者信息
    华北电力大学 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室,北京 102206

通讯作者:

谢庆(1979-),男(汉族),四川广安人,教授,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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