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In this paper, the reasons for the poor oxidation resistance of natural esters were analyzed from their chemical composition, the currently assessing methods and improving techniques of oxidation stability for natural esters were reviewed, and the advantages and shortcomings of different methods were pointed out, which provides a reference for correctly evaluating the oxidation resistance of natural esters.

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本文从化学组成分析了天然酯绝缘油氧化性较差的原因,综述了目前天然酯绝缘油氧化安定性的评估方法与提升技术,指出了不同方法的优点和不足,为正确评估天然酯绝缘油的抗氧化性能提供参考。

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赵耀洪(1986-),男(汉族),广东江门人,高级工程师,博士,研究方向为绝缘材料缺陷诊断及传感测量技术。

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赵耀洪(1986-),男(汉族),广东江门人,高级工程师,博士,研究方向为绝缘材料缺陷诊断及传感测量技术。

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脂肪酸组成大豆油菜籽油葵花籽油
月桂酸(C12:0)0.1
豆蔻酸(C14:0)0.2≤0.2≤0.2
棕榈酸(C16:0)8.0~13.52.5~7.05.0~7.6
棕榈油酸(C16:1)≤0.2≤0.6≤0.3
十七烷酸(C17:0)≤0.1≤0.3≤0.2
十七烷一烯酸(C17:1)≤0.1≤0.3≤0.1
硬脂酸(C18:0)2.0~5.40.8~3.02.7~6.5
油酸(C18:1)17.0~30.051.0~70.014.0~39.4
亚油酸(C18:2)48.0~59.015.0~30.048.3~74.0
亚麻酸(C18:3)4.2~11.05.0~14.0≤0.3
花生酸(C20:0)0.1~0.60.2~1.20.1~0.5
花生一烯酸(C20:1)≤0.50.1~4.3≤0.3
花生二烯酸(C20:2)≤0.1≤0.1
山嵛酸(C22:0)≤0.7≤0.60.3~1.5
芥酸(C22:1)≤0.3≤3.0≤0.3
二十二碳二烯酸(C22:2)≤0.1≤0.3
木焦油酸(C24:0)≤0.5≤0.4≤0.5
二十四碳一烯酸(C24:1)≤0.4
), ArticleFig(id=1210986419699454372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198667702006018205, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同天然酯油的脂肪酸组成及含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸组成大豆油菜籽油葵花籽油
月桂酸(C12:0)0.1
豆蔻酸(C14:0)0.2≤0.2≤0.2
棕榈酸(C16:0)8.0~13.52.5~7.05.0~7.6
棕榈油酸(C16:1)≤0.2≤0.6≤0.3
十七烷酸(C17:0)≤0.1≤0.3≤0.2
十七烷一烯酸(C17:1)≤0.1≤0.3≤0.1
硬脂酸(C18:0)2.0~5.40.8~3.02.7~6.5
油酸(C18:1)17.0~30.051.0~70.014.0~39.4
亚油酸(C18:2)48.0~59.015.0~30.048.3~74.0
亚麻酸(C18:3)4.2~11.05.0~14.0≤0.3
花生酸(C20:0)0.1~0.60.2~1.20.1~0.5
花生一烯酸(C20:1)≤0.50.1~4.3≤0.3
花生二烯酸(C20:2)≤0.1≤0.1
山嵛酸(C22:0)≤0.7≤0.60.3~1.5
芥酸(C22:1)≤0.3≤3.0≤0.3
二十二碳二烯酸(C22:2)≤0.1≤0.3
木焦油酸(C24:0)≤0.5≤0.4≤0.5
二十四碳一烯酸(C24:1)≤0.4
), ArticleFig(id=1210986419816894889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198667702006018205, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Oxidation stability requirements for unused natural ester (120℃, 48 h), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试项目指标要求
总酸值/(mgKOH/g)≤0.6
运动黏度(40℃,比初始值增加量)/(mm2/s)≤0.3
介质损耗因数(90℃)≤0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1210986419879809454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198667702006018205, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

未使用过的天然酯氧化安定性指标要求(120℃,48 h)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试项目指标要求
总酸值/(mgKOH/g)≤0.6
运动黏度(40℃,比初始值增加量)/(mm2/s)≤0.3
介质损耗因数(90℃)≤0.5
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天然酯绝缘油的氧化安定性评估及性能提升研究进展
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赵耀洪 1 , 何艳琪 2 , 钱艺华 1 , 胡鹏伟 2 , 彭晓宇 2 , 陆国俊 2
绝缘材料 | 综述 2023,56(5): 7-13
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2023, 56(5): 7-13
天然酯绝缘油的氧化安定性评估及性能提升研究进展
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赵耀洪1, 何艳琪2, 钱艺华1, 胡鹏伟2, 彭晓宇2, 陆国俊2
作者信息
  • 1广东电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院,广东 广州 510080
  • 2云南电网有限责任公司昆明供电局,云南 昆明 650000
  • 赵耀洪(1986-),男(汉族),广东江门人,高级工程师,博士,研究方向为绝缘材料缺陷诊断及传感测量技术。

Research progress in oxidative stability assessment and performance improvement of natural esters
Yaohong ZHAO1, Yanqi HE2, Yihua QIAN1, Pengwei HU2, Xiaoyu PENG2, Guojun LU2
Affiliations
  • 1Electric Power Research Institute of Guangdong Power Grid Corporation, Guangzhou 510080, China
  • 2Kunming Power Supply Bureau, Yunnan Power Grid Co., Ltd., Kunming 650000, China
出版时间: 2023-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.002
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本文从化学组成分析了天然酯绝缘油氧化性较差的原因,综述了目前天然酯绝缘油氧化安定性的评估方法与提升技术,指出了不同方法的优点和不足,为正确评估天然酯绝缘油的抗氧化性能提供参考。

天然酯绝缘油  /  脂肪酸组成  /  电导率法  /  差示扫描量热法  /  抗氧化剂

In this paper, the reasons for the poor oxidation resistance of natural esters were analyzed from their chemical composition, the currently assessing methods and improving techniques of oxidation stability for natural esters were reviewed, and the advantages and shortcomings of different methods were pointed out, which provides a reference for correctly evaluating the oxidation resistance of natural esters.

natural esters  /  fatty acid composition  /  conductivity method  /  DSC method  /  antioxidants
赵耀洪, 何艳琪, 钱艺华, 胡鹏伟, 彭晓宇, 陆国俊. 天然酯绝缘油的氧化安定性评估及性能提升研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (5) : 7 -13 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.002
Yaohong ZHAO, Yanqi HE, Yihua QIAN, Pengwei HU, Xiaoyu PENG, Guojun LU. Research progress in oxidative stability assessment and performance improvement of natural esters[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (5) : 7 -13 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.002
由于绝缘性能优良、化学稳定性好、运动黏度低、导热性高等优点,矿物绝缘油在电力变压器、配电变压器、套管、互感器等电力设备中得到广泛应用,特别是在超高压换流变压器中,环烷基矿物绝缘油仍是其绝缘液体的首选[1-3]。然而由于矿物绝缘油的化学稳定性高,难以降解,若在环境中泄漏将在水面形成油膜,导致微生物难以分解,对水生动植物的危害巨大。此外,矿物绝缘油的燃点、闪点较低,设备发生突发故障后,喷油引起的次级火灾会造成较大的经济和人员损失。这种情况若发生在城市人口密集和森林地区,后果尤为严重。基于上述两个原因,各国都将废旧变压器油纳入危险废弃物的目录里。
天然酯绝缘油是从油料植物中提取的,主要成分为甘油三酯,可以作为绝缘液体应用于电力设备,具有可生物降解、高燃点、良好的防火安全性等优点,甚至可以延缓固体绝缘的老化和提升设备的过负载能力。作为一种环境友好和防火性能优异的绝缘液体,天然酯绝缘油在世界范围内已应用的变压器超过20万台[4-10],其应用的最高电压等级为420 kV。由于其绿色友好的特性,在润滑方面也有新颖的应用[11-12]
随着天然酯绝缘油的大规模应用,其生产、使用、选用和运维相关的标准陆续颁布。目前天然酯绝缘油的标准有:IEC 62770:2013[13]、ASTM D6871-2017[14]、DL/T 1811—2018[15]、NB/T 10199—2019[16]。其运行及维护的相关标准有:IEC 62975:2021[17]、IEEE C57.147-2018[18]、IEEE C57.155-2014[19]
然而,由于天然酯绝缘油组成中含有不饱和键,其氧化安定性远低于矿物绝缘油。氧化安定性差会引起绝缘油酸值提高、油泥增多、介质损耗增大,从而导致绝缘性能下降。目前,已有标准对天然酯绝缘油氧化安定性的评估只涉及新油验收[13],且没有提出定量的评估技术,运行过程中的氧化安定性测评方法也较少。本文将从天然酯绝缘油的脂肪酸组成出发,从分子层面讨论不同种类天然酯绝缘油的差异,综述近年来在天然酯绝缘油氧化安定性评估方面的进展,同时总结提高天然酯绝缘油抗氧化能力方面的研究进展,为天然酯绝缘油的推广应用和运维提供参考。
天然酯绝缘油是甘油三酯类混合物。不同种类天然酯绝缘油的脂肪酸组成有较大的差异,同一品种的天然酯绝缘油随其产地和种子品种不同,脂肪酸组成也有区别。甘油三酯的生物合成包含两个主要步骤:脂肪酸生物合成和甘油三酯组装(酯化反应),合成过程需要细胞质体和内质网的相互协作[20]。脂肪酸首先在质体中合成,然后输送到内质网完成组装。脂肪酸的生物合成起始于乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC),该酶通过催化羧化将乙酰辅酶A和碳酸氢盐转化为丙二酰辅酶A,然后脂肪酸被脂肪酸合酶(FAS)增碳,形成两个碳的增量。在FAS介导的脂肪酸组装完成后,合成的脂肪酸以酰基辅酶A的形式从质体输出到内质网。内质网通过真核磷脂生物合成途径生成甘油三酯。在植物油脂中脂肪酸的碳链为C8~C24,既有饱和脂肪酸也有不饱和脂肪酸。图1展示了甘油三酯的分子结构。因为天然酯绝缘油中甘油三酯含有不同分子量的碳链和不饱和双键,所以天然酯绝缘油展现出不同的理化特性和氧化安定性。随着不饱和双键含量的增多,天然酯绝缘油的氧化安定性变差。
目前,应用于电力设备的天然酯绝缘油主要有大豆油、菜籽油和葵花籽油,其脂肪酸组成的典型值见表1。从表1可以看出,即便同一种类的油,如果产地不同,其化学组成差别也较大,如大豆油的油酸含量为17.0%~30.0%,菜籽油的油酸含量为51.0%~70.0%,而葵花籽油的油酸含量为14.0%~39.4%(参见GB 1536—2004)。另外GB/T 1535—2017指出,这些组成和参数仅能作为参考值来进行真实性判定。从不饱和脂肪酸的组成含量分析,天然酯绝缘油的氧化安定性主要取决于十八碳中单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸的含量,即油酸(C18:1)、亚油酸(C18:2)和亚麻酸(C18:3)的含量。
早期缺乏对于天然酯绝缘油氧化安定性的测试标准,因此只能参考SH/T 0206—1992和GB/T 12580—1990等针对矿物绝缘油氧化安定性的测试方法。余辉[21]在120℃下对加入0.5%抗氧化剂TBHQ、BHT、PG的FR3油、菜籽油、大豆油进行氧化48 h及72 h,然后参考SH/T 0206—1992进行测试,发现老化后油品的黏度急剧增大,外观呈现为深黄色黏稠液体或黄色胶状固体,说明该老化条件对于天然酯绝缘油而言过于强烈。此外该标准是以固体沉淀物质和酸值来衡量矿物绝缘油的抗氧化性能,然而实验结果表明沉淀物和酸值的增长规律不一致,其他方法也存在同样的问题[6]。因此,该测试条件并不适用于天然酯绝缘油的氧化安定性测试[22]
目前对新油的氧化安定性评估,测试标准有IEC 61125-1992和NB/T 0811—2010等。具体方法为:在待测天然酯绝缘油样品中放入固体铜作为催化剂,通入恒定体积的空气,在120℃下加热老化48 h。老化结束后测定天然酯的总酸值(挥发性酸值和油溶性酸值总和)、运动黏度和介质损耗因数,并用作评价天然酯绝缘油抗氧化能力的依据。该老化条件下各指标的阈值范围见表2
然而以上方法只适用于评估未使用过的天然酯绝缘油,且存在用油多、测试项目多、操作时间长等缺点,对于运行中天然酯绝缘油的氧化安定性评估尚无权威的标准规定。IEEE C57.147只规定了运行中天然酯绝缘油击穿电压、介质损耗因数、水分含量、燃点和运动黏度的建议阈值。IEC 62975:2021规定了运行中天然酯绝缘油抗氧化剂的含量良好级别为原含量的70%,低于30%为差级别。中等级别时若运动黏度变化量超过初始值的15%需要联系油品供应商进行补加。然而由于目前商品化天然酯绝缘油的添加剂体系未公开,需要运维单位建立不同抗氧化剂的定量检测方法以便对天然酯绝缘油的抗氧化性进行有效评估。
Rancimat方法[23]与油脂稳定指数(OSI)方法[24]类似,如图2所示,该方法是将绝缘油放置于玻璃管或者密封罐内,加入铜丝作为催化剂,老化温度通常设置为110℃,同时通入一定流量的空气/氧气进行油品的加速老化,在后端使用纯水吸收绝缘油老化后产生的挥发性醛、酮、酸等小分子极性产物,通过水溶液的电导率变化测量绝缘油的氧化诱导时间(OIT)。
通常而言,在油品氧化初期,反应速率较慢,产生的极性物质较少,电导率的变化也较小,但随着油品氧化进程的深入,反应速率加快,极性物质大量产生,电导率将显著增大,图2中曲线的拐点[25]就反映了油品的氧化诱导期,可以实现利用氧化诱导期来评估油品的氧化安定性,从而间接评估运行油抗氧化剂消耗情况的目的。Rancimat方法主要优点是试验周期短、样品可自动连续测定、不需要复杂的仪器、重复性较好。需要注意的是,试验温度过高导致挥发物的快速损失或过氧化物的快速降解会影响氧化诱导时间评估的可信度,同时加速试验的测试数据可能无法真实地反映现实设备中绝缘油的氧化过程。
H M WILHELM等[26-28]利用Rancimat方法来评估不同天然酯绝缘油的氧化安定性,并采用该方法监测玉米基天然酯绝缘油中抗氧化剂的消耗情况。他们对比了新油、不同温度和气氛下老化油、添加苯酚类抗氧化剂老化油以及运行油在Rancimat方法测试条件下(空气气氛,流速为10 L/h,温度为130℃)的诱导时间,发现110℃氧气气氛下老化24 h后的老化油,诱导时间由16 h急剧缩短至3 h,老化48 h后诱导时间小于0.5 h。将同步测定运行天然酯绝缘油的酸值和运动黏度作为限值的对照[18],作者提出以诱导时间3 h作为运行油的运行阈值。但是对于运行中不同种类绝缘油以及不同添加剂配方的绝缘油,其氧化诱导时间阈值仍需更多的数据才能确定。
差示扫描量热法(DSC法)是应用广泛的热分析技术,可以获得聚合物的玻璃化转变温度、热分解温度、氧化还原反应动力学、固化时间、结晶温度等信息,其在矿物绝缘油的测试方面也有相应的标准,可用于天然酯绝缘油的氧化安定性评估。主要原理是测量测试样品与参比物在氧气或者空气气氛下随温度变化的热转变,即测量油品与氧气剧烈反应释放大量热流的时间来表征样品的氧化安定性。TAN C P等[29]综述了DSC法在植物油氧化劣化研究中的应用,包括监控植物油的氧化安定性、植物油的氧化动力学以及评估植物油中抗氧化剂的效果,作者认为DSC法对氧化安定性和抗氧化效果的评估效果与其他加速技术相当。同时,由于在DSC试验中可进行精准的程序控温和准确地测量能量的变化,该技术对氧化过程中的动力学研究是理化指标法无法比拟的。DSC法的主要优点是样品用量少,能够准确监测热力学变化过程中能量的释放过程,可以与红外光谱仪和质谱仪等仪器联用,获取分解产物的结构信息,便于对氧化机理进行更深入的研究。使用DSC法衡量油品的氧化安定性时,其所得曲线上放热峰对应的时间为氧化诱导时间,氧化诱导时间越长,油品的抗氧化能力越强,氧化安定性越好。试验方法有程序升温法、双峰法和恒温法,其中恒温法使用最为广泛。
XU Y等[30]采用高压差示扫描量热法(PDSC)测定了FR3大豆绝缘油的氧化安定性。使用高压氧气加速氧化反应的进程,获得了130、150、170℃下的氧化诱导曲线,结果发现170℃下所得曲线过于扭曲,与理论曲线差别较大,150℃下得出的氧化诱导时间过短,只有9 min。ASTM E1858-03[31]指出当氧化诱导时间小于15 min时结果不可靠。因此,作者采用130℃作为测试温度,同时比较了110℃下,不同老化时间和密封与否的条件下天然酯绝缘油的诱导时间。结果表明,随着老化时间延长,氧化诱导时间明显缩短,密封条件下氧化诱导时间缩短的趋势延缓。该结论通过抗氧化剂DBPC的含量消耗情况得到了佐证。
S A GHANIS等[32]采用DSC法测定天然酯绝缘油的氧化诱导时间,以此评估菜籽油的抗氧化性能。使用铝坩埚作为容器,装载样品量为3.00~3.30 mg,程序升温范围为170~210℃,氧气流速为50 mL/min。通过对放热热流曲线剧变位置进行微分处理,得到菜籽油基绝缘油的氧化诱导时间。使用该方法测得新油的氧化诱导时间为18.385 min。然而作者没有比较老化条件下绝缘油氧化诱导时间的变化。
A SANAEIFAR等[33]研究了采用介电谱结合计算机视觉系统测定棕榈油的氧化稳定指数。首先将每个样品的393个介电谱维度特征进行CFS算法降维,接着结合3个维度的颜色特征进行ANN、SVM和MLR模型的机器学习。结果表明该模型预测的氧化安定性与Rancimat方法预测的氧化安定性一致性较好,最优的模型为SVM。该方法的缺点是需要建立较多的样本与电导率法进行回归预测。
傅里叶红外光谱法[34]是从分子基团的转化来研究油脂的氧化安定性。绝缘油的氧化会导致分子中红外光谱的指纹区发生较大变化。比如,老化油的中红外光谱在3 500 cm-1处的吸收峰强度增大,这与绝缘油氧化过程中氢过氧化物和酸性老化产物的形成有关[35],可用于建立老化油与新油的定性判别模型。但是用红外光谱法分析并不是一种简单的方法,需要对光谱的变化进行数学分析,并对谱图进行基线平滑和去除水、CO2等吸收峰的干扰,需要较强的识谱解谱能力[36]。J A C SÁNCHEZ等[37]采用近红外透射光谱法快速测定了橄榄油的氧化安定性及其主要质量参数,建立的可见光和近红外(Vis/NIRS)模型在测试中表现出令人满意的性能,相关系数达到0.93以上。
紫外光谱法在天然酯绝缘油氧化安定性的研究方面应用相对较少,T M VIEIRA等[38]选用过氧化物含量、酸值和紫外光谱作为玉米油微波加速老化程度的评估,并使用232 nm处的吸收峰表征了其氧化安定性。
其他的波谱学方法还有核磁共振法[39-40]、荧光光谱法[41-43]等。有研究将高压差示扫描量热法(PDSC法)和核磁共振法(NMR)结合。PDSC/NMR组合也被用来检测转基因油[44]的氧化动力学。PDSC法将检测到热流时的起始时间或温度作为油品的氧化诱导期或起始氧化温度(OOT),H1和C13NMR提供主要成分的结构信息,并与PDSC的动力学数据进行统计比较,从而深入分析氧化过程。
使用波谱学方法进行天然酯绝缘油的氧化安定性研究一般需结合特征物质/官能团的增加或减少,由于不能直接给出抗氧化的时间,效率低于电导率法和DSC法。
天然酯绝缘油的分子组成造成其抗氧化性弱,需要加入抗氧化剂提升其氧化安定性。如果定量测量油中抗氧化剂对自由基形成的抑制程度,就可以直接评估天然酯绝缘油的氧化安定性。测定抗氧化能力的化学原理取决于所涉及的反应,分为两种类型:基于氢原子转移(HAT)反应的分析和基于电子转移(ET)的分析。目前文献中应用于天然酯绝缘油的测定方法主要是DPPH法[31,45-46]。该方法中多种抗氧化剂的抗自由基活性通过测量1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)的转化程度确定。DPPH溶液呈深紫色,当未配对的电子被偶合时,它会变成黄色,这一反应可用紫外可见分光光度计测定。DPPH溶液的最大吸光度大约出现在520 nm处。DPPH的消失速率可通过在520 nm处的吸光度与时间作图来确定。抗氧化剂的存在会加快DPPH从背景溶液中消失的速度,测试样本中的抗氧化剂浓度越高,DPPH的消失速度越快,基于此可以确定绝缘油的抗氧化性。
I FOFANNA等[46]使用DPPH淬灭法来评估矿物绝缘油的相对自由基含量,以此评估油品的稳定性。通过测试新油、运行油和电场老化油的相对自由基含量,验证放电初期产生了自由基。S A GHANIS等[32]同时采用DSC和DPPH淬灭法优化筛选混合抗氧化剂,结果表明抗氧化剂优化后天然酯绝缘油的自由基淬灭率在10 min后为15%,23 min后达到最大值19%。相比之下,对照组的自由基淬灭率只有4.9%。抗氧化剂优化后天然酯绝缘油的DPPH浓度变化速率快得多。
在一定时间内,DPPH示踪剂的消失与抗氧化剂的浓度有直接关系。而自由基的反应非常迅速,一般在30 min内完成。因此,DPPH试验是一种快速且简单的用于评估绝缘油抗氧化能力的技术。然而不同的抗氧化剂与DPPH的反应较复杂,其浓度与DPPH含量的变化呈现非线性关系,不能直接反向推算出抗氧化剂的具体浓度。
天然酯绝缘油的氧化安定性主要受到分子链不饱和度的影响。不饱和度越高,即双键越多,天然酯绝缘油越容易被氧化。目前用于提升天然酯绝缘油氧化安定性的方法主要有3种:
(1)通过选择性育种和基因改造从源头上降低油料作物的油中不饱和脂肪酸水平,从而提高氧化安定性[47]
(2)通过酯交换、氢化和环氧化等反应对绝缘油的结构进行化学修饰来提高稳定性[48-52]。陈朋等[48]以葵花籽油为原料,通过酯交换反应、尿素包合法等工艺制备出亚油酸甘油酯,并研究了油脂不饱和度对其理化性能、电气性能和氧化安定性的影响。文献[49-52]利用环氧化工艺对天然酯绝缘油脂肪酸链的活性碳碳双键进行修饰,以提高其热氧化安定性和低温性能,在此过程中,双键与过氧乙酸反应生成环氧环,该工艺可从天然酯绝缘油中提取各种生物基中间产物。B K SHARMA等[53]以三氟化硼为催化剂制备大豆油的酰基衍生物,同时打开环氧环,生成酰基衍生物。但需要注意的是,酯交换法在改善植物绝缘油性能的同时,也会大幅降低其闪点和燃点,降低变压器的防火性能。
(3)直接往天然酯绝缘油中添加抗氧化剂,用于清除自由基或过氧化物,达到提升抗氧化性能的目的。抗氧化剂主要分为两类:断链自由基清除剂和过氧化物分解剂[54]。常用的断链抗氧化剂包括丁基羟基苯甲醚(BHA)、丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)、单叔丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)、没食子酸丙酯(PG)、2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(DBPC)[55]和天然存在的生育酚。其原理是通过淬灭初始过氧自由基和氢过氧自由基以及在支化阶段形成的烷氧基和羟基自由基,形成稳定的化合物,从而阻止氧化反应链的传播。而过氧化物分解剂的作用主要是分解氢过氧化物。通常,油中氢过氧化物会分解产生更多的自由基,这些自由基会传播和促进支化反应。不过,使用过氧化物分解剂也会产生稳定的化合物,从而限制氧化进程。综合成本和便利性考虑,添加抗氧化剂是目前提升天然酯绝缘油氧化安定性最主要的方法。
此外,某些抗氧化剂组合可以产生协同抗氧化作用进一步提高绝缘油的氧化安定性。HAO J等[56]采用0.3% T501(2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚)和0.3% L06(烷基化-萘胺)作为复合抗氧化剂,使新绝缘油的起始氧化温度(OOT)比不添加复合抗氧化剂的新绝缘油提高了22℃,显著提高了绝缘油的氧化安定性。文献[57-60]报道了各种抗氧化剂的组合,增强了天然酯绝缘油的交流击穿电压、运动黏度、燃点和闪点等基本特性。通过添加两种或两种以上的抗氧化剂,有可能进一步提高天然酯绝缘油的氧化安定性。
A A ABDELMALIK[61]同时采用化学修饰和外加添加剂单叔丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)的方式对天然酯绝缘油进行改性研究。结果发现,降低不饱和脂肪酸的含量虽然可以提高绝缘油的氧化安定性,但也增大了植物油的黏度,降低了散热效能。因此,必须在提高天然酯绝缘油氧化安定性和保持其他性能之间达到平衡。
本文首先从天然酯的化学组成阐述了其抗氧化性较差的原因,接着介绍了目前应用于天然酯绝缘油氧化安定性评估与提升的技术,包括理化指标法、电导率法(Rancimat法)、DSC法、波谱学方法、DPPH自由基淬灭法等,最后描述了提升天然酯绝缘油氧化安定性的方法,为正确评估天然酯绝缘油的抗氧化性能提供参考。
随着双碳目标的推进,环保天然酯绝缘油的应用将越来越广泛,在应用的过程中还有一些问题需要解决,如抗氧化能力不足、如何定量评估抗氧化剂含量等。针对这些问题,今后可以从两个方面开展研究:①结合氧化安定性评估方法,发展运行绝缘油中抗氧化剂的定量检测技术,特别是抗氧剂的多组分同时测定技术以及建立抗氧剂含量与氧化安定性的关系模型;②研发具有高稳定性和可改善低温性能的添加剂体系,研究添加剂组合对绝缘油理化性能的影响,深入探究抗氧化剂组合提升绝缘油氧化安定性的协同机理。
  • 南方电网公司科技项目(GDKJXM20200363)
  • 南方电网公司科技项目(YNZC202201290083)
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2023年第56卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.05.002
  • 接收时间:2022-06-23
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-23
  • 修回日期:2022-08-05
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南方电网公司科技项目(GDKJXM20200363)
南方电网公司科技项目(YNZC202201290083)
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    1广东电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院,广东 广州 510080
    2云南电网有限责任公司昆明供电局,云南 昆明 650000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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