Article(id=1198667062135583103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667059954545009, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.04.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1649174400000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-06, revisedDate=1653321600000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763714097769, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1681920000000, pubDateStr=2023-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763714097769, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763714097769, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763714097769, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198667059954545009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763714097249, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563529326, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210618444354023975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667059954545009, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210618444354023976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198667059954545009, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=34, endPage=39, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198667062383047048, articleId=1198667062135583103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on self-recovery characteristics of silicon rubber electrical tree without external interventions, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To deeply understand the self-recovery mechanism of electrical tree in silicone rubber (SiR), the self-recovery characteristics of SiR electrical tree were studied in this paper. The morphology variation during the self-recover process of electrical tree in SiR were observed, the elastic modulus and crosslinking density of SiR during the self-recovery process of electrical tree were tested, and the self-recover mechanism of SiR electrical tree was analyzed. The results show that the electrical trees in SiR exhibit self-recovery characteristics without external interventions including external electrical field and healing fillers, wherein some branches of electrical tree gradually degrade and eventually disappear, meanwhile the fractal dimension gradually decreases, and the rate of self-recovery exhibits the stage characteristics of fast at first and then slow. During the self-recovery process, the elastic modulus of SiR sample increases slightly from 0.964 MPa to 0.977 MPa, and the crosslinking density decreases slightly from 1.886×10-4 mol/g to 1.883×10-4 mol/g. After recovery, the physical crosslinking density of electrical tree deteriorated area increases slightly from 0.55×10-4 mol/g to 0.58×10-4 mol/g. Combined with the growing mechanism of SiR electrical trees, it is analyzed that the self-recovery process of SiR electrical tree is essentially the elastic contraction of tree channel, which is controlled by the gas flow in the channel and accompanied by the reconstruction of hydrogen bond.

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为深入理解硅橡胶(SiR)电树枝的自恢复机理,本文对SiR电树枝自恢复特性进行研究,观测SiR电树枝自恢复过程中的形貌变化,表征SiR试样在电树枝自恢复过程中弹性模量和交联密度的变化,并对SiR电树枝自恢复机理进行分析。结果表明:在没有外电场以及修复填料等外界干预下,SiR电树枝表现出自恢复特性,其部分分支会逐渐退化并最终消失,分形维数逐渐降低,自恢复速率呈现先快后慢的阶段性特征。在电树枝自恢复过程中,SiR试样的弹性模量略有增加,由0.964 MPa增大至0.977 MPa;交联密度略有减小,由1.886×10-4 mol/g减小为1.883×10-4 mol/g。自恢复后电树枝劣化区域的物理交联密度略有提升,由0.55×10-4 mol/g提升至0.58×10-4 mol/g。结合SiR电树枝生长机理,分析认为SiR电树枝的自恢复过程本质是树枝通道的弹性收缩过程,受控于通道内的气体流动,并伴随着氢键的重建过程。

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任志刚(1983-),男(汉族),北京人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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任志刚(1983-),男(汉族),北京人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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任志刚(1983-),男(汉族),北京人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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无外界干预下硅橡胶电树枝自恢复特性的研究
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任志刚 1 , 孙致远 1 , 祝秀山 1 , 李华春 2 , 严智民 3 , 高建 3 , 李建英 2
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2023,56(4): 34-39
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2023, 56(4): 34-39
无外界干预下硅橡胶电树枝自恢复特性的研究
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任志刚1, 孙致远1, 祝秀山1, 李华春2, 严智民3, 高建3, 李建英2
作者信息
  • 1国网北京市电力公司电力科学研究院,北京 100075
  • 2国网北京市电力公司,北京 100031
  • 3西安交通大学,陕西 西安 710049
  • 任志刚(1983-),男(汉族),北京人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

Study on self-recovery characteristics of silicon rubber electrical tree without external interventions
Zhigang REN1, Zhiyuan SUN1, Xiushan ZHU1, Huachun LI2, Zhimin YAN3, Jian GAO3, Jianying LI2
Affiliations
  • 1State Grid Beijing Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100075, China
  • 2State Grid Beijing Electric Power Company, Beijing 100031, China
  • 3Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
出版时间: 2023-04-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.04.007
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为深入理解硅橡胶(SiR)电树枝的自恢复机理,本文对SiR电树枝自恢复特性进行研究,观测SiR电树枝自恢复过程中的形貌变化,表征SiR试样在电树枝自恢复过程中弹性模量和交联密度的变化,并对SiR电树枝自恢复机理进行分析。结果表明:在没有外电场以及修复填料等外界干预下,SiR电树枝表现出自恢复特性,其部分分支会逐渐退化并最终消失,分形维数逐渐降低,自恢复速率呈现先快后慢的阶段性特征。在电树枝自恢复过程中,SiR试样的弹性模量略有增加,由0.964 MPa增大至0.977 MPa;交联密度略有减小,由1.886×10-4 mol/g减小为1.883×10-4 mol/g。自恢复后电树枝劣化区域的物理交联密度略有提升,由0.55×10-4 mol/g提升至0.58×10-4 mol/g。结合SiR电树枝生长机理,分析认为SiR电树枝的自恢复过程本质是树枝通道的弹性收缩过程,受控于通道内的气体流动,并伴随着氢键的重建过程。

硅橡胶  /  电树枝  /  自恢复  /  交联密度

To deeply understand the self-recovery mechanism of electrical tree in silicone rubber (SiR), the self-recovery characteristics of SiR electrical tree were studied in this paper. The morphology variation during the self-recover process of electrical tree in SiR were observed, the elastic modulus and crosslinking density of SiR during the self-recovery process of electrical tree were tested, and the self-recover mechanism of SiR electrical tree was analyzed. The results show that the electrical trees in SiR exhibit self-recovery characteristics without external interventions including external electrical field and healing fillers, wherein some branches of electrical tree gradually degrade and eventually disappear, meanwhile the fractal dimension gradually decreases, and the rate of self-recovery exhibits the stage characteristics of fast at first and then slow. During the self-recovery process, the elastic modulus of SiR sample increases slightly from 0.964 MPa to 0.977 MPa, and the crosslinking density decreases slightly from 1.886×10-4 mol/g to 1.883×10-4 mol/g. After recovery, the physical crosslinking density of electrical tree deteriorated area increases slightly from 0.55×10-4 mol/g to 0.58×10-4 mol/g. Combined with the growing mechanism of SiR electrical trees, it is analyzed that the self-recovery process of SiR electrical tree is essentially the elastic contraction of tree channel, which is controlled by the gas flow in the channel and accompanied by the reconstruction of hydrogen bond.

silicone rubber  /  electrical tree  /  self-recovery  /  crosslinking density
任志刚, 孙致远, 祝秀山, 李华春, 严智民, 高建, 李建英. 无外界干预下硅橡胶电树枝自恢复特性的研究. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (4) : 34 -39 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.04.007
Zhigang REN, Zhiyuan SUN, Xiushan ZHU, Huachun LI, Zhimin YAN, Jian GAO, Jianying LI. Study on self-recovery characteristics of silicon rubber electrical tree without external interventions[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (4) : 34 -39 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.04.007
硅橡胶(silicon rubber,SiR)电树枝老化是导致SiR电缆附件绝缘性能下降甚至过早失效的主要原因之一。实际运行经验表明,110 kV电压等级以上的电缆系统中超过70%的故障是由于SiR电缆附件设备故障引起的[1]。对故障相SiR电缆附件进行解体后发现其内部存在大量电树枝[2],这可能是击穿发生的重要原因。深入研究SiR电树枝老化特性对于实际电缆线路的运维具有重要的意义,目前国内外在SiR电树枝老化特性方面已展开了大量的研究[3-9]
普遍认为,电树枝是聚合物材料的一种不可逆损伤。而目前已有许多学者通过对聚合物材料施加外界干预,成功实现了电树枝的自修复,极大提升了材料的电树枝耐受能力。C LESAINT等[10]通过在环氧树脂中添加二环戊二烯修复液、Grubbs催化剂以及脲醛胶囊,构建微胶囊自修复体系,实现了电树枝局部的自恢复;BIAN W C等[11]通过对环氧树脂添加氢键自修复材料,实现了电树枝的局部自修复;GAO L等[12]通过对环氧树脂基体添加包覆修复液的微胶囊,并利用电树枝生长过程中伴随的电致发光来引发修复液固化,实现了电树枝的自修复;YANG Y等[13]通过在热塑性聚丙烯材料中添加超顺磁纳米颗粒,并施加外部振荡磁场使其产生高温,对聚丙烯电树枝劣化部位进行熔融重塑,实现了电树枝的自修复,同时保留了原始聚丙烯基体的电气绝缘性能。硅凝胶[14]等聚合物在无需任何外部干预的情况下具有自恢复能力,硅凝胶的自恢复能力主要源于其中的液相组分,其电树枝的自恢复过程与汽化的液相小分子重新凝结、液相小分子的静水压力以及聚合物网络结构的力学模量密切相关[14]。SiR与硅凝胶具有相似的分子结构,并且在SiR内部也观察到了无外界干预下的电树枝自恢复现象。但SiR不含液相组分,因此其电树枝的自恢复机理与硅凝胶有所差异。目前SiR电树枝的自恢复特性仅停留在观察到的阶段,其自恢复的具体过程尚不明确,仍需进一步研究。
本文针对SiR电树枝在没有外界干预下的自恢复特性展开研究。对自恢复过程中SiR电树枝进行监测,采用分形维数对其自恢复过程进行定量表征,并对自恢复后的SiR试样进行电树枝再生长实验,结合力学性能与微观结构表征,解释SiR电树枝的自恢复过程。
SiR试样采用商用R629型双组分高温硫化硅橡胶(中蓝晨光化工研究设计院有限公司),原料中包含纳米二氧化硅等功能性填料。制备两种不同厚度的试样,厚度为3 mm的块状试样用于电树枝实验测试,而厚度为1 mm的薄膜试样用于力学性能测试。
块状试样的制备流程如下:首先按质量比为1∶1称取A、B两相原料(A相为硅胶,B相为固化剂、铂金催化剂及其他助剂),在高速离心机中均匀混合20 min;接着将原料放入真空烘箱中处理10 min以去除原料中的气泡;最后将原料注入预埋有针电极的模具中,放在平板硫化机上于120℃条件下硫化30 min获得电树枝实验试样,其中针电极曲率半径为3 μm,针尖距地电极3 mm。
薄膜试样采用热压法制备,将混合均匀的原料倒入厚度为1 mm的模具中,在硫化过程中采用平板硫化机施加15 MPa的压力,其余硫化条件与块状试样相同。
电树枝实验平台由工频交流电源、显微成像系统、可控光源以及PC端构成。采用相同的实验条件对所有SiR试样进行电树枝生长实验,在实验过程中,对针电极施加幅值为10 kV的工频高压,背电极经铜板接地,在30℃下加压10 min后撤去电压,记录电树枝形貌。接着将生长有电树枝的SiR试样放置于30℃烘箱中进行电树枝的自恢复实验。设置10个试样,定期取样观测并记录其内部电树枝的形貌变化。当电树枝形貌不再发生变化时,将SiR试样取出,在30℃下对其施加相同的实验条件(AC-10 kV/10 min)进行电树枝的再生长实验,并记录其形貌变化。
采用5KNCMT-4503型万能拉伸机对SiR试样进行拉伸实验获得材料的弹性模量,将试样加工为标准哑铃形,颈部长度为20 mm,宽度为4 mm,试样厚度为1 mm,设置拉伸速率为200 mm/min,共测试5个试样。
采用平衡溶胀法测试SiR试样的交联密度。首先将初始质量为m0的SiR试样放入甲苯溶剂中,密闭并在室温下静置,定期取样称量SiR试样的质量,直到其质量不再发生变化,得到试样达到溶胀平衡时的质量m1,最后通过式(1)~(3)计算试样的交联密度Dtotal[15]
Dtotal=12MC
MC=-ρ0Vmφ1/3ln(1-φ)+φ+Xφ2
φ=11+ρ0ρ1(m1m0-1)1φ0
式(1)~(3)中:MC为相邻交联点间的平均分子量;ρ0为SiR试样溶胀前的密度;ρ1为甲苯溶剂的密度;Vm为甲苯溶剂的摩尔体积,约为107 mL/mol;X为表征SiR材料与溶剂之间相互作用的常数,此处X为0.465;φ0为溶胀前SiR中橡胶相的体积分数;φ为溶胀后SiR中橡胶相的体积分数。
SiR中的交联网络通常由化学交联结构和物理交联结构组成[16],其中化学交联结构是经由共价键所形成的交联结构,而物理交联结构则包括分子链间的缠结以及纳米SiO2与分子链间的氢键键合。通过上述方法获得的是SiR试样总的交联密度 Dtotal,可以采用甲苯氨溶剂替换甲苯溶剂进行平衡溶胀测试获得试样的化学交联密度Dchem[16],进一步通过DtotalDchem之间的差值获得物理交联密度Dphys,如式(4)所示。
Dtotal=Dphys+Dchem
图1所示为撤去电压后,不同时间下SiR试样典型电树枝形貌的变化规律,图中还给出了对应电树枝形貌的分形维数。从图1可以看出,随着时间的增加,SiR电树枝部分分支逐渐退化并最终消失,主通道变化不明显,分形维数逐渐减小,从约1.55降低至约1.43。说明SiR电树枝在没有任何外部电压激励的情况下发生了明显的自恢复,这种现象称为SiR电树枝的本征自恢复现象。
为了定量描述SiR电树枝的本征自恢复过程,对自恢复过程中SiR电树枝的分形维数进行统计并作归一化处理,由于二维图形的分形维数位于1至2之间,采用式(5)计算归一后的分形维数。
fnorm=ft-1f0-1
式(5)中:fnorm为任意自恢复时刻归一化后的分形维数;ft为任意自恢复时刻电树枝的分形维数;f0为刚撤去电压时电树枝初始形貌的分形维数。
fnorm随自恢复时间的变化关系如图2所示。从图2可以看出,SiR电树枝的fnorm随时间的增加逐渐减小。
fnorm衰减曲线进行一阶微分后获得其衰减速率曲线,如图3所示,衰减速率反映了电树枝自恢复过程的快慢程度。从图3可以看出,fnorm衰减速率逐渐降低,并呈现阶段性的变化。第1阶段(0~72 h),衰减速率较大;第2阶段(72~432 h),衰减速率相对较低;第3阶段(432~600 h),衰减速率接近于0,说明自恢复过程在此阶段基本停止。
图4为SiR试样自恢复后电树枝再生长的典型形貌。从图4可以看出,再生长后的电树枝分形维数并未发生大幅度提升,这是由于再生长后的电树枝形貌中存在部分奇异区域(如图4(c)中圆圈所示),这部分区域是在初次生长时产生的电树枝通道,经自恢复后这部分通道消失,并且在再生长过程中没有再次形成电树枝通道。
长时间的高温处理可能会影响SiR的力学性能,为了获得SiR试样在自恢复过程中力学性能的变化规律,采用拉伸实验获得了SiR试样的弹性模量随自恢复时间的变化规律,结果如图5所示。从图5可以看出,SiR试样的弹性模量在整个自恢复过程中略有增加,30℃下放置600 h后SiR试样的弹性模量由0.964 MPa增大至0.977 MPa。
SiR的力学性能与其交联结构密切相关,图6为SiR试样的交联密度与电树枝自恢复时间的关系。从图6可以看出,SiR试样的交联密度在整个自恢复过程中略有减小,在30℃下放置600 h后SiR交联密度由1.886×10-4 mol/g减小为1.883×10-4 mol/g。
对自恢复前后的电树枝劣化区域进行物理交联密度测试。取30℃下进行自恢复的SiR试样作为待测试样,将针尖前端边长为2 mm的立方体区域切下进行测试。为了提高实验结果的准确性,尽量选取电树枝分支较为密集的试样进行测试,并且电树枝的长度均大于2 mm,以保证切下的立方体试样中含有尽可能多的电树枝通道。同一类型的试样设置10个测试试样,对测试结果取平均值并计算标准差,结果如图7所示。
图7可以看出,相比于生长前的试样,电树枝生长后,SiR电树枝区域的物理交联密度减小,表明电树枝主要沿着SiR交联区域进行生长。而电树枝自恢复后,Dphys有轻微的提升,由0.55×10-4 mol/g提升至0.58×10-4 mol/g。硅橡胶中纳米SiO2粒子与硅橡胶主链之间的氢键构成了硅橡胶的物理交联网络[17],因此电树枝区域物理交联密度的提升表明电树枝的自恢复过程可能伴随着氢键的重建。
SiR电树枝的自恢复与其生长机理相关。在电树枝生长过程中,其分子链段在高温无氧的条件下会裂解生成具有挥发性的硅氧烷气体[6],局部放电产生的高温会促进硅氧烷气体受热膨胀,电树枝通道内壁受到挤压。当挤压程度超过分子链段的伸缩极限时,会导致部分分子链断裂,撕裂硅橡胶并使得电树枝向前发展。因此,SiR电树枝的本质是高能电子造成分子链段破坏,同时分子链段热裂解生成的气体在受热膨胀后撕裂硅橡胶并撑起电树枝通道。SiR电树枝生长前、后分子链结构示意图如图8所示。从图8可以看出,在电树枝生长前,SiR中的分子链段呈蜷曲状,并通过缠结以及化学交联键构成网状结构;电树枝生长后,部分分子链段断裂,相邻的分子链由于气体的膨胀而受到挤压变形,从而形成中空的树形通道。因此,SiR电树枝的自恢复过程可能主要源于树枝通道的弹性收缩,并与通道周围分子链运动以及通道内气体的流动密切相关。
根据自恢复速率结果,可以将SiR电树枝的自恢复过程大致划分为3个阶段:第1阶段,电树枝自恢复速率较快;第2阶段,电树枝自恢复速率减缓;第3阶段,电树枝的自恢复速率接近于0,自恢复过程基本停止。自恢复速率的差异可能是由于在不同阶段内主导自恢复的驱动力不同。从图1可以看出,自恢复主要发生于电树枝的分支,而电树枝主通道在整个自恢复过程中基本不发生变化。这是由于在电树枝生长过程中,主通道是产生局部放电最为剧烈的区域,局部放电产生的能量严重地破坏了主通道周围的分子链段,使得主通道基本丧失了弹性回复力。
在第1阶段,撤去电压后,SiR树枝通道内的小分子气体会迅速冷却收缩。气体冷却收缩后,对通道内壁的挤压减弱,电树枝通道缓慢收缩。由于主通道破坏严重,气体收缩后在主通道中会留下一定的空间,分支中的气体在通道壁的弹性回复力作用下逐渐被挤出,并向主通道流动。因此,在第1阶段,分支快速收缩,电树枝表现出较高的自恢复速率。
当主通道中的剩余空间被分支气体占据后,通道内气体压力与通道壁的弹性回复力趋于平衡,此时,电树枝的自恢复速率逐渐减缓,自回复过程进入第2阶段。此外,通道内的气体在通道弹性回复力的挤压下,同时沿着针电极处以及SiR内部逐渐向外扩散。由于扩散过程相对缓慢,因此在第2阶段,电树枝的自回复速率大幅降低。此阶段驱动电树枝自恢复的因素可能是SiR的弹性回复力以及气体的扩散过程。
当通道内的气体基本扩散完全后,树枝通道的收缩也基本停止,整个自恢复过程结束,因此在第3阶段,电树枝的形貌基本不再发生变化。
另外,部分电树枝自恢复区域在再生长时未重新形成电树枝通道,原因可能有两点。一方面,大量的分支生长后形成了密集的局部丛状电树枝,会在树枝末端形成电荷屏蔽层,从而抑制电树枝的进一步生长。另一方面,可能与自恢复过程中这些区域微观结构的变化有关。电树枝自恢复前,SiR分子链段及物理交联结构在高能电子的作用下发生断裂,电树枝通道的形成使得这些断裂的分子链段相互分离。同时,由于物理交联结构被破坏,由氢键相连的纳米SiO2粒子与SiR分子主链也被通道隔开。电树枝在自恢复后,电树枝通道发生弹性收缩,原被电树枝通道隔开的纳米SiO2粒子与SiR分子主链重新靠拢。已有研究指出SiR中的氢键结合位点是一个不断形成与解离的动态系统,并非稳定不变的刚性晶格[18]。因此,当通道收缩使得纳米SiO2粒子与SiR分子主链相互接近后,氢键会在二者之间重新形成。氢键的重建可能会使得这些区域的电气强度增强,而局部放电产生的大部分能量在主通道中被耗散,因此,电树枝在这些区域不会再次生长。
综上,SiR电树枝的自恢复过程本质上是电树枝通道的弹性收缩,受控于通道内气体流动及通道周围分子链构象转变等过程,并伴随着氢键的重建。
(1)SiR电树枝具有明显的自恢复特性。在没有任何外部电场以及修复填料的情况下,SiR电树枝的部分分支逐渐退化并最终消失在视野中,分形维数由1.55下降至1.43。自恢复速率分为3个阶段:第1阶段(0~72 h),自恢复过程较快;第2阶段(72~432 h),自恢复过程较慢;第3阶段(432~600 h),自恢复过程基本停止,自恢复速率接近于0。
(2)在电树枝自恢复过程中,SiR试样整体的弹性模量略有增加,由0.964 MPa增大至0.977 MPa。交联密度略有减小,由1.886×10-4 mol/g变减小为1.883×10-4 mol/g。自恢复后SiR电树枝劣化区域的物理交联密度略有提升,由0.55×10-4 mol/g提升至0.58×10-4 mol/g,表明电树枝自恢复包含氢键的重建过程。
(3)电树枝自恢复本质上是电树枝通道的弹性收缩,受控于通道内的气体运动,伴随着氢键重建。自恢复速率的差异可能是由于在不同阶段内主导自恢复的驱动力不同。第1阶段内自恢复可能主要受控于气体的冷却收缩,第2阶段内自恢复可能主要受控于SiR的弹性回复力以及气体的扩散过程,第3阶段内自恢复过程基本停止。
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2023年第56卷第4期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.04.007
  • 接收时间:2022-04-06
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-06
  • 修回日期:2022-05-24
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    1国网北京市电力公司电力科学研究院,北京 100075
    2国网北京市电力公司,北京 100031
    3西安交通大学,陕西 西安 710049
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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