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Article(id=1198665395327566617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198665390676083408, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.03.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1639411200000, receivedDateStr=2021-12-14, revisedDate=1643040000000, revisedDateStr=2022-01-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763713700372, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1679241600000, pubDateStr=2023-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763713700372, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763713700372, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763713700372, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198665390676083408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='121', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763713699263, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563510720, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210618366327386648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198665390676083408, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210618366327386649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198665390676083408, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=84, endPage=92, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198665395726025507, articleId=1198665395327566617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=DGA analysis on ester insulating liquid impregnated paper system for transformer under simulated low temperature thermal fault, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The environment-friendly insulating fluid for transformer has developed rapidly in recent years, insulating liquids such as natural ester, synthetic ester, and modified ester have become the research focus of new insulating material for transformer. With their applications in 110 kV and above transformers, the dissolved gas analysis (DGA) fault diagnosis method of mineral oil filled transformer is no longer suitable for the ester insulating liquid filled transformer. In this paper, a thermal fault simulation system with temperature difference between copper and liquid was designed to simulate the low temperature thermal fault. The soybean, rapeseed, camellia based natural ester, synthetic ester, and palm based modified ester insulating liquids were used as research object, the experimental results of dissolved gas in pure liquid and liquid-paper insulating system under 200℃ and 300℃ low temperature thermal fault were analyzed, and the applicability of the IEC ratio method and Duval pentagon method were discussed. The results show that the IEC ratio method is still applicable to 200℃ and 300℃ low temperature thermal fault diagnosis of natural esters and synthetic ester. The Duval pentagon method can be used to recognize the low temperature thermal fault of natural esters and synthetic ester after adjustment. However, the DGA results of modified ester are inconsistent to those of mineral oil and natural esters, and the Duval pentagon method based on mineral oil is not suitable for the low temperature thermal fault diagnosis of palm based modified ester.

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变压器用环境友好绝缘液的应用近年得到了快速发展，天然酯、合成酯和改性酯等绝缘液成为变压器新型绝缘材料研究的热点。随着其在110 kV及以上变压器中的推广应用，矿物油填充变压器的溶解气体分析（DGA）故障诊断方法对酯类绝缘液填充变压器不再适用，亟需针对酯类绝缘液提出新的故障分析与诊断的方法。本文将设计的考虑铜油温差的热故障模拟系统用于低温热故障试验，以大豆基天然酯、菜籽基天然酯、山茶籽基天然酯、合成酯和棕榈基改性酯5种绝缘液为研究对象，对比分析了其在200℃和300℃低温热故障时纯绝缘液和绝缘液浸渍纤维素纸绝缘系统下的油中溶解气体实验结果，并讨论了IEC三比值法和Duval五边形法两种判据方法的适用性。结果表明：IEC三比值法仍适用于天然酯、合成酯的200℃和300℃低温热故障判定；Duval五边形法能够用于天然酯的低温热故障判定，经修正调整可对合成酯进行判定，但是改性酯的DGA判定结果与矿物油、天然酯判据规律不一致，基于矿物油的Duval五边形法不适用于棕榈基改性酯的低温热故障判定。

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徐阳（1969-），男（汉族），陕西西安人，教授，博导，主要从事电气绝缘测试技术、电力变压器代替绝缘液、电力电缆、旋转电机绝缘评估等方面的研究工作。
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马耀翔（1997-），男（汉族），山西朔州人，硕士生，主要从事电力变压器代替绝缘液的相关研究。

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马耀翔（1997-），男（汉族），山西朔州人，硕士生，主要从事电力变压器代替绝缘液的相关研究。

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马耀翔（1997-），男（汉族），山西朔州人，硕士生，主要从事电力变压器代替绝缘液的相关研究。

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The Duval pentagon-a new complementary tool for the interpretation of dissolved gas analysis in transformers[J]. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine,2014,30(6):9-12., articleTitle=The Duval pentagon-a new complementary tool for the interpretation of dissolved gas analysis in transformers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210980030113518523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665395327566617, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=279, pageEnd=281, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=DUVALM, LAMARREL, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DUVALM, LAMARREL. The new Duval pentagons available for DGA diagnosis in transformers filled with mineral and ester oils[C]//IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference. Baltimore, USA:IEEE,2017:279-281., articleTitle=The new Duval pentagons available for DGA diagnosis in transformers filled with mineral and ester oils, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210980030201598910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665395327566617, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=RAJABA, ANDREH, PAWAWOIA, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RAJABA, ANDREH, PAWAWOIA. Gas production and fault interpretation of monoesters under low thermal stresses[C]//2019 2nd International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Power Systems. Denpasar, Indonesia:IEEE, 2020., articleTitle=Gas production and fault interpretation of monoesters under low thermal stresses, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1210980023541044043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665395327566617, awardId=GZHKJXM20170063, language=CN, fundingSource=南方电网公司科技项目(GZHKJXM20170063), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210980014921748978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665395327566617, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210980014938526194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665395327566617, companyId=1210980014921748978, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210980014946914806, 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figureFileBig=Gkdkd4tup/THDteE5Yx7QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210980020634391294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665395327566617, language=CN, label=图7, caption=3种酯类在纯绝缘液体系下的产气特性, figureFileSmall=/yQQllTmcfiC4gmqL3mRwg==, figureFileBig=Gkdkd4tup/THDteE5Yx7QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210980020747637507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665395327566617, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Comparison of gas production characteristics in soybean based natural ester under different methods, figureFileSmall=CPHMJixvkWMwDejfwmuVOQ==, figureFileBig=ZsRf8oRt+5RzJIIY6TF6fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210980020839912197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665395327566617, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同方法下大豆基天然酯的产气特征对比, figureFileSmall=CPHMJixvkWMwDejfwmuVOQ==, figureFileBig=ZsRf8oRt+5RzJIIY6TF6fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210980020940575500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665395327566617, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Duval pentagon diagnose of insulating oils, figureFileSmall=8Qd0yII0hKRFmcQBr+HlTg==, figureFileBig=ngi4GYoCoavOXCaxWDI8VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210980021053821714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665395327566617, language=CN, label=图9, caption=绝缘液的Duval五边形判定, figureFileSmall=8Qd0yII0hKRFmcQBr+HlTg==, figureFileBig=ngi4GYoCoavOXCaxWDI8VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210980021137707798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665395327566617, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Basic physical and chemical properties of ester insulating liquids, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目天然酯改性酯合成酯
大豆基菜籽基山茶籽
密度(20℃)/(g/cm3)0.920.920.910.860.97
倾点/℃-21-21-19-33-56
闪点/℃(开口)330322312176275
运动黏度(40℃)/(mm2/s)33.535.839.95.128.0
总酸值/(mgKOH/g)0.0260.0190.0400.0100.028
击穿电压(2.5 mm)/kV7378698178
相对介电常数(25℃)3.23.12.82.93.2
tanδ(90℃)/%0.0090.0080.0040.0130.015
), ArticleFig(id=1210980021234176792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665395327566617, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

酯类绝缘液的基本理化性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目天然酯改性酯合成酯
大豆基菜籽基山茶籽
密度(20℃)/(g/cm3)0.920.920.910.860.97
倾点/℃-21-21-19-33-56
闪点/℃(开口)330322312176275
运动黏度(40℃)/(mm2/s)33.535.839.95.128.0
总酸值/(mgKOH/g)0.0260.0190.0400.0100.028
击穿电压(2.5 mm)/kV7378698178
相对介电常数(25℃)3.23.12.82.93.2
tanδ(90℃)/%0.0090.0080.0040.0130.015
), ArticleFig(id=1210980021297091358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665395327566617, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Test material quantities or ratios, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料用量或比例
高温处固体绝缘/cm3绝缘纸16
绝缘纸板363
低温处固体绝缘/cm3912
绝缘液体积/cm38 000
铁心表面积/cm2170
低温处固体绝缘/高温处固体绝缘2.41
低温处固体绝缘/绝缘液体0.114
高温处固体绝缘/绝缘液体0.048
低温处固体绝缘/铁心表面积5.36
), ArticleFig(id=1210980021364200228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665395327566617, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

实验材料的用量或比例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料用量或比例
高温处固体绝缘/cm3绝缘纸16
绝缘纸板363
低温处固体绝缘/cm3912
绝缘液体积/cm38 000
铁心表面积/cm2170
低温处固体绝缘/高温处固体绝缘2.41
低温处固体绝缘/绝缘液体0.114
高温处固体绝缘/绝缘液体0.048
低温处固体绝缘/铁心表面积5.36
), ArticleFig(id=1210980021456474919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665395327566617, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=The content of CO, CO2, and C2H6, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绝缘油温度/℃COCO2C2H6
大豆基天然酯纯绝缘液200120.55739.54599.90
3001 410.473 109.09995.98
绝缘液/纸2001 583.6069 068.921 221.39
30022 825.46375 494.34517.78
菜籽基天然酯纯绝缘液200180.792 335.632 093.81
30020 409.6429 466.515 263.53
绝缘液/纸2001 246.0368 702.882 274.35
30019 368.58359 874.71646.88
山茶籽基天然酯纯绝缘液200574.673 624.401 575.06
30038 236.83121 369.617 151.54
绝缘液/纸2001 498.0166 986.081 648.00
30035 777.17560 381.211 901.68
改性酯纯绝缘液200348.141 836.3566.61
3003 922.4635 942.90772.02
绝缘液/纸2001 745.73111 336.7828.02
30025 834.42542 969.97781.56
合成酯纯绝缘液200220.861 914.9615.39
3009 284.4415 037.003 093.16
绝缘液/纸2002 714.9166 191.3531.39
30041 752.80617 273.30453.71
), ArticleFig(id=1210980022702183211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665395327566617, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

CO、CO2和C2H6的绝对含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绝缘油温度/℃COCO2C2H6
大豆基天然酯纯绝缘液200120.55739.54599.90
3001 410.473 109.09995.98
绝缘液/纸2001 583.6069 068.921 221.39
30022 825.46375 494.34517.78
菜籽基天然酯纯绝缘液200180.792 335.632 093.81
30020 409.6429 466.515 263.53
绝缘液/纸2001 246.0368 702.882 274.35
30019 368.58359 874.71646.88
山茶籽基天然酯纯绝缘液200574.673 624.401 575.06
30038 236.83121 369.617 151.54
绝缘液/纸2001 498.0166 986.081 648.00
30035 777.17560 381.211 901.68
改性酯纯绝缘液200348.141 836.3566.61
3003 922.4635 942.90772.02
绝缘液/纸2001 745.73111 336.7828.02
30025 834.42542 969.97781.56
合成酯纯绝缘液200220.861 914.9615.39
3009 284.4415 037.003 093.16
绝缘液/纸2002 714.9166 191.3531.39
30041 752.80617 273.30453.71
), ArticleFig(id=1210980022794457903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665395327566617, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=The relative percentage content of key gases at 300℃, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征气体大豆基天然酯菜籽基天然酯山茶籽基天然酯
纯绝缘液绝缘液/纸纯绝缘液绝缘液/纸纯绝缘液绝缘液/纸
H2/%20.0313.5417.607.4818.4817.73
CH4/%9.2729.8613.7426.8311.4317.47
C2H6/%62.1137.8650.7349.2243.1054.68
C2H4/%8.5818.7517.9316.4626.9810.12
C2H2/%000000
), ArticleFig(id=1210980022890926897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665395327566617, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

300℃下特征气体相对百分含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征气体大豆基天然酯菜籽基天然酯山茶籽基天然酯
纯绝缘液绝缘液/纸纯绝缘液绝缘液/纸纯绝缘液绝缘液/纸
H2/%20.0313.5417.607.4818.4817.73
CH4/%9.2729.8613.7426.8311.4317.47
C2H6/%62.1137.8650.7349.2243.1054.68
C2H4/%8.5818.7517.9316.4626.9810.12
C2H2/%000000
), ArticleFig(id=1210980022995784499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665395327566617, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=DGA results under pure insulating liquid system, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型C2H2/C2H4CH4/H2C2H4/C2H6故障
大豆基天然酯200℃00.340.01T1
300℃00.460.14T1
菜籽基天然酯200℃00.850.01T1
300℃00.780.35T1
山茶籽天然酯200℃00.300.013T1
300℃00.620.63T1
合成酯200℃01.460.59T1
300℃04.760.58T1
改性酯200℃038.540.56T1
300℃04.120.20T1
), ArticleFig(id=1210980023104836410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665395327566617, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

纯绝缘液体系下的DGA判定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型C2H2/C2H4CH4/H2C2H4/C2H6故障
大豆基天然酯200℃00.340.01T1
300℃00.460.14T1
菜籽基天然酯200℃00.850.01T1
300℃00.780.35T1
山茶籽天然酯200℃00.300.013T1
300℃00.620.63T1
合成酯200℃01.460.59T1
300℃04.760.58T1
改性酯200℃038.540.56T1
300℃04.120.20T1
), ArticleFig(id=1210980023226471229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665395327566617, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=DGA results under oil-paper system, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型C2H2/C2H4CH4/H2C2H4/C2H6类型
大豆基天然酯200℃01.080.014T1
300℃02.210.50T1
菜籽基天然酯200℃00.900.01T1
300℃03.590.33T1
山茶籽天然酯200℃00.890.02T1
300℃00.990.19T1
合成酯200℃01.780.15T1
300℃01.520.63T1
改性酯200℃02.211.82T2
300℃01.900.24T1
), ArticleFig(id=1210980023322940227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198665395327566617, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

绝缘液浸渍纤维素纸体系下的DGA判定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型C2H2/C2H4CH4/H2C2H4/C2H6类型
大豆基天然酯200℃01.080.014T1
300℃02.210.50T1
菜籽基天然酯200℃00.900.01T1
300℃03.590.33T1
山茶籽天然酯200℃00.890.02T1
300℃00.990.19T1
合成酯200℃01.780.15T1
300℃01.520.63T1
改性酯200℃02.211.82T2
300℃01.900.24T1
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变压器用酯类绝缘液浸渍纸系统模拟低温热故障下的DGA分析
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马耀翔 1 , 王远 1 , 潘可欣 1 , 宋浩永 2 , 王炜 2 , 徐阳 1
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2023,56(3): 84-92
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2023, 56(3): 84-92
变压器用酯类绝缘液浸渍纸系统模拟低温热故障下的DGA分析
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马耀翔1, 王远1, 潘可欣1, 宋浩永2, 王炜2, 徐阳1
作者信息
  • 1西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 2广东电网有限责任公司广州供电局,广东 广州 510000

    • 马耀翔（1997-），男（汉族），山西朔州人，硕士生，主要从事电力变压器代替绝缘液的相关研究。

通讯作者:

徐阳（1969-），男（汉族），陕西西安人，教授，博导，主要从事电气绝缘测试技术、电力变压器代替绝缘液、电力电缆、旋转电机绝缘评估等方面的研究工作。
DGA analysis on ester insulating liquid impregnated paper system for transformer under simulated low temperature thermal fault
Yaoxiang MA1, Yuan WANG1, Kexin PAN1, Haoyong SONG2, Wei WANG2, Yang XU1
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
  • 2Guangzhou Power Supply Bureau, Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510000, China
出版时间: 2023-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.03.013
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摘要
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变压器用环境友好绝缘液的应用近年得到了快速发展，天然酯、合成酯和改性酯等绝缘液成为变压器新型绝缘材料研究的热点。随着其在110 kV及以上变压器中的推广应用，矿物油填充变压器的溶解气体分析（DGA）故障诊断方法对酯类绝缘液填充变压器不再适用，亟需针对酯类绝缘液提出新的故障分析与诊断的方法。本文将设计的考虑铜油温差的热故障模拟系统用于低温热故障试验，以大豆基天然酯、菜籽基天然酯、山茶籽基天然酯、合成酯和棕榈基改性酯5种绝缘液为研究对象，对比分析了其在200℃和300℃低温热故障时纯绝缘液和绝缘液浸渍纤维素纸绝缘系统下的油中溶解气体实验结果，并讨论了IEC三比值法和Duval五边形法两种判据方法的适用性。结果表明：IEC三比值法仍适用于天然酯、合成酯的200℃和300℃低温热故障判定；Duval五边形法能够用于天然酯的低温热故障判定，经修正调整可对合成酯进行判定，但是改性酯的DGA判定结果与矿物油、天然酯判据规律不一致，基于矿物油的Duval五边形法不适用于棕榈基改性酯的低温热故障判定。

变压器  /  酯类绝缘液  /  低温热故障  /  溶解气体分析  /  故障判定

The environment-friendly insulating fluid for transformer has developed rapidly in recent years, insulating liquids such as natural ester, synthetic ester, and modified ester have become the research focus of new insulating material for transformer. With their applications in 110 kV and above transformers, the dissolved gas analysis (DGA) fault diagnosis method of mineral oil filled transformer is no longer suitable for the ester insulating liquid filled transformer. In this paper, a thermal fault simulation system with temperature difference between copper and liquid was designed to simulate the low temperature thermal fault. The soybean, rapeseed, camellia based natural ester, synthetic ester, and palm based modified ester insulating liquids were used as research object, the experimental results of dissolved gas in pure liquid and liquid-paper insulating system under 200℃ and 300℃ low temperature thermal fault were analyzed, and the applicability of the IEC ratio method and Duval pentagon method were discussed. The results show that the IEC ratio method is still applicable to 200℃ and 300℃ low temperature thermal fault diagnosis of natural esters and synthetic ester. The Duval pentagon method can be used to recognize the low temperature thermal fault of natural esters and synthetic ester after adjustment. However, the DGA results of modified ester are inconsistent to those of mineral oil and natural esters, and the Duval pentagon method based on mineral oil is not suitable for the low temperature thermal fault diagnosis of palm based modified ester.

transformer  /  ester insulating liquid  /  low temperature thermal fault  /  dissolved gas analysis  /  fault diagnosis
马耀翔, 王远, 潘可欣, 宋浩永, 王炜, 徐阳. 变压器用酯类绝缘液浸渍纸系统模拟低温热故障下的DGA分析. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (3) : 84 -92 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.03.013
Yaoxiang MA, Yuan WANG, Kexin PAN, Haoyong SONG, Wei WANG, Yang XU. DGA analysis on ester insulating liquid impregnated paper system for transformer under simulated low temperature thermal fault[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (3) : 84 -92 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.03.013
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0 引言
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随着国内外对于变压器绝缘液防火安全和环境友好特性的关注，燃点为165℃左右且生物降解率低于30%的矿物油难以满足防火与环保的需求[1-2]，于是合成酯、天然酯等高燃点且可生物降解的替代绝缘液体得到快速发展。
按照IEC标准的定义，天然酯结构须为甘油三酸酯，如图1所示，其燃点超过300℃，28天的自然降解率达到98%，被广泛应用于电力变压器中[3-4]。目前国内挂网投运的最高电压等级天然酯变压器为南方电网的110 kV/50 MVA变压器，其填充的绝缘液为菜籽基天然酯[5]；国际上最高电压等级的天然酯变压器为2014年西门子公司研制的420 kV/300 MVA变压器，并在德国挂网运行[5]；2017年意大利TAMINI公司生产了两台420 kV/375 MVA变压器，填充的绝缘液均为大豆基天然酯[6]；2021年印度也挂网投运了420 kV天然酯电抗器。合成酯的结构为无卤素季戊四醇酯，其已使用的最高电压等级为400 kV[7]，具有良好的防火安全性与环保性，常与热改性纸（TUK）或芳纶纸（Nomex）配合用于对绝缘系统有更高耐热等级要求的应用场景。棕榈脂肪酸酯（palm fatty acid ester，PFAE）由棕榈油与醇进行酯交换反应得到，在IEC 63012-2019中定义为改性酯[8]，其既具有合成酯和天然酯的环保特性，又具有低黏度以及良好的氧化安定性[9]，但燃点与闪点不高。日本明电舍生产的PFAE配电变压器最高电压等级为77 kV/30 MVA[10]。
依据IEC 60599-2015 标准[11]，变压器热故障可分为低温热故障（T<300℃）、中温热故障（300℃<T<700℃）和高温热故障（T＞700℃），其中低温过热故障主要是由过载导致的大电流通过线圈造成的。油中溶解气体分析（dissolved gas analysis，DGA）作为一种通过检测油中溶解气体来反映变压器内部故障的技术手段，被广泛应用于矿物油大型电力变压器。目前对于矿物油的DGA故障判定方法主要来源于IEEE C57.104中的状态法、Rogers比例法、关键气体法[12]以及IEC 60599-2015中给出的Duval三角形法、三比值法等。但是由于酯类绝缘液化学组分与传统矿物油具有较大差异，甚至不同种子基的天然酯产气规律也有所差异，因此基于矿物油的DGA判据已不适用。由于目前全球范围内酯类绝缘液变压器运行后的故障数据尚有不足，而运行单位又亟需有效的分析判断方法来指导电力变压器的运行维护，实验室研究模拟故障下的油中溶解气体成为必要补充，并且有助于了解其产气机理。国内外已有学者在实验室基础上对天然酯和合成酯热故障下的产气规律进行研究，M JOVALEKIC等[13]与WANG Z D等[14]对大豆基天然酯FR3进行了300～600℃的热故障模拟，结果表明FR3在300℃和400℃下的主要特征气体为C2H6、CO和CO2；D HANSON等[15]对大豆基、菜籽基、高油酸葵花籽基天然酯绝缘液进行了热故障模拟，发现三者都产出大量的CO和CO2，大豆基和菜籽基天然酯中有大量C2H6产生，而高油酸葵花籽基天然酯中的H2和CH4百分含量更高；袁帅等[16]和蔡胜伟等[17]对大豆基天然酯进行热故障模拟，发现天然酯绝缘液在热故障下会产生大量的CO和CO2，低温热故障下大豆基天然酯中产生的主要特征气体为CO2和C2H6。对于合成酯，WANG X F等[18]研究发现中、低温热故障下合成酯产生的主要烃类气体为C2H6，同时也生成了较多的CH4和C2H4；P PRZYBYLEK等[19]研究认为C3H8与C2H6是合成酯中温热故障下的主要特征气体。目前基于改性酯热故障下的产气数据很少，同时国内外实验室已有的低温热故障模拟装置存在的弊端是加热方式大多用烘箱加热密封罐中的绝缘材料，没有准确模拟变压器的绝缘结构，不能反映实际变压器绝缘系统在发生热故障时存在的不同温度梯度。
本文参考IEC 62332-1-2011标准[20]设计了考虑铜油温差的热故障模拟系统，实验装置包含变压器主绝缘材料，模拟变压器绕组绝缘结构，并将该系统应用于温度为300℃的模拟热故障实验。以大豆基天然酯、菜籽基天然酯、山茶籽基天然酯、合成酯和棕榈基改性酯绝缘液为研究对象，对比其在变压器典型200℃和300℃低温热故障下的产气特征，分析纯绝缘液和酯类绝缘液浸渍纤维素纸的油中溶解气体实验结果的差异。对比不同种类酯类绝缘液的产气特征，讨论IEC三比值法和Duval五边形法的适用性。最后以大豆基天然酯为例，研究热故障模拟装置使用材料种类及比例不同时产气特征的变化规律。
1 低温热故障模拟实验
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1.1 试样的基本理化性能对比
对以下5种绝缘液进行低温热故障的模拟与对比分析：嘉吉公司的大豆基天然酯FR3、卓原新材的菜籽基天然酯RAPO、重庆大学研发的山茶籽基天然酯RDB、Midel公司的合成酯Midel 7131、日本AE帕瓦株式会社和狮王公司生产的棕榈基改性酯PFAE。化学分子结构以及脂肪酸类型与含量不同是导致绝缘液理化性能不同的原因，综合厂家说明书、文献及测试报告[21-23]，表1列出了5种酯类绝缘液的基本理化性能，其中3种天然酯绝缘液的开口闪点均超过300℃。由于天然酯和合成酯的相对分子量远大于改性酯，它们拥有更高的黏度。天然酯的倾点较改性酯和合成酯都高，因此一般通过添加降凝剂的方法来改善天然酯的低温性能[24]。实验中使用的绝缘纸为皱纹纸35Hc，其断裂伸长率为50%。
1.2 低温热故障模拟装置
1.2.1 考虑铜油温差加热装置
本文参考IEC 62332-1标准设计了考虑铜油温差的热故障模拟系统，如图2所示。考虑铜油温差的热故障实验腔体采用不锈钢材料，在罐体尾部设置有取油/注油阀门，罐体顶部有抽真空/注氮气阀门，同时接有气压表以监测罐体内部气压，同时顶部设置有泄压阀，当罐体内部气压超过设定值0.5 MPa后，泄压阀将自动打开，起安全保护作用。
考虑铜油温差的热故障模拟系统由两套独立作用的加热系统组成，如图3所示。高温处加热部分采用紫铜导体模拟变压器绕组，在绝缘液浸渍纤维素纸的绝缘体系下，通过电流互感器使M型紫铜导体内部流过大电流从而对绕包在表面的绝缘纸及纸板进行加热，另外将K型热电偶测温探头埋入紫铜导体中部来监测模拟热故障时的热点温度。加热管负责绝缘液的加热，并与低温处固体绝缘相互配合形成低温处加热系统。油温控制系统通过K型热电偶实时监测热点温度和油温，并将热信号转化为电信号传送给PID控制器，进而输出控制继电器通断的电信号，影响加热回路。整个考虑铜油温差的热故障模拟系统通过加热单元和控制单元相互配合，能够模拟真实变压器内部绕组与其他部件的温差，更加接近变压器绕组结构局部低温热故障，使实验结果更具有说服力和准确性。
1.2.2 实验材料
根据所处的温度环境和功能，固体绝缘分为高温区和低温区。高温处固体绝缘包括绕包在铜导体上的绝缘纸及纸板，在铜导体上绕包纤维素纸模拟变压器绕组的真实状态，绝缘纸板同时起保温的作用，如图3所示。低温处固体绝缘可模拟实际变压器固体绝缘中的垫块、木条以及边角处的保护环，同时与高温处绝缘配合形成油流通道。另外在实验腔体底部放置硅钢片来等效变压器的铁心材料，金属铜、铁在热解过程中均有催化作用。
IEC 62332-1标准给出了考虑铜油温差的热故障模拟系统内部各个材料的用量比例。结合实验腔体的容积、绝缘液的热膨胀系数等参数，本文所采用的实验材料用量如表2所示，其中整个热故障模拟系统使用的绝缘液体积为8 L。
2 结果与讨论
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2.1 模拟热故障下油中溶解气体测定
对5种酯类绝缘液进行脱气除水预处理后进行200℃和300℃的热故障模拟，之后采用中分2000B气相色谱仪测试低温热故障下H2、CH4、C2H6、C2H4、C2H2、CO和CO2的绝对含量，仪器最低的检出限为0.05 μL/L。表3列出了5种绝缘液中CO、CO2和C2H6的绝对含量。图4为3种天然酯特征气体H2、CH4、C2H6、C2H4和C2H2的百分含量。由图4可知，在低温热故障模拟下，由于故障能量不足以使绝缘液分解产生C≡C，均未产生C2H2气体。对于3种天然酯绝缘液，由于其化学结构均为甘油三酸酯，其产气特征基本相似。C2H6均是除CO和CO2外的主要特征气体产物，C2H6的百分含量随温度的升高而降低，H2、CH4、C2H4的百分含量随温度的升高而上升，且绝缘液浸渍纤维素纸体系下均生成了更多的CH4，可能的原因是在绝缘液热解生成少量CH4的基础上，绝缘纸也会热降解生成CH4，该实验结论与文献[25]的结果基本一致。
200℃时3种天然酯在纯绝缘液和绝缘液浸渍纤维素纸体系下的产气规律基本一致，但是在300℃下3种不同天然酯产生的特征气体百分含量有差异，如表4所示。大豆基天然酯浸渍纤维素纸体系下C2H6的百分含量为37.86%，远小于纯绝缘液体系的62.11%，绝缘液浸渍纤维素纸体系下CH4、C2H4的占比更高。菜籽基天然酯绝缘液浸渍纤维素纸体系和纯绝缘液体系下C2H6的百分含量均约为50%。山茶籽基天然酯在绝缘液浸渍纤维素纸体系下C2H6的百分含量较纯绝缘液体系有所增加，C2H4含量降低。因此对于不同种类的天然酯，需要不同边界条件的热故障判定方法。
合成酯特征气体的百分含量如图5所示。由图5可知，合成酯在纯绝缘液体系和绝缘液浸渍纤维素纸体系下的产气规律有较大差异。在纯绝缘液低温热故障下，H2、CH4的百分含量随着温度的升高而降低，C2H6的百分含量随着温度的升高而上升；但是绝缘液浸渍纤维素纸体系下的低温热故障产气规律恰恰相反。改性酯特征气体的百分含量如图6所示。由图6可知，对于改性酯，可以认为CH4和C2H6是低温热故障下的主要特征气体，CH4百分含量随温度的升高而降低，C2H6的百分含量随温度的升高而上升，绝缘液浸渍纤维素纸绝缘体系下含有更多的H2与更少的C2H6。图7为3种酯类在纯绝缘液体系下的产气特性。由图7可知，在低温热故障区域的相同工况下，合成酯与改性酯均比天然酯生成了更多的CH4和更少的C2H6，且与天然酯纯绝缘液情况下C2H6百分含量随温度升高大幅降低相比，合成酯与改性酯纯绝缘液体系下C2H6的百分含量随温度升高而有所上升。因此，基于三者的产气特征与规律，合成酯、改性酯的DGA判据无法与天然酯共用，需要提出新的故障判定方法。
综上所述，在纯绝缘液低温热故障模拟下，3种天然酯的主要特征气体均是C2H6，且C2H6的百分含量随温度的升高而降低，H2、CH4、C2H4的百分含量随温度的升高而上升，其中涉及到的主要化学反应为式（1）。
C2H6⇌C2H4+H2
反应式（1）向右进行为吸热熵增的过程[26]，随温度的升高，化学反应的吉布斯自由能变ΔG下降，即C2H6随温度升高更有效地转化为C2H4+H2，但是不同种子基天然酯中甘油三酸酯种类和含量的不同导致故障特征气体的比例有一定差异。此外，由于合成酯和改性酯中不含碳碳双键，与天然酯相比，不存在C=C双键β位置的C-C键容易断裂[27]，因此它们生成C2H6的百分含量比天然酯更少，但生成CH4的百分含量更多。
2.2 考虑铜油温差热故障模型的产气特征
图8收集了IEEE C57.155及两种外部加热法针对大豆基天然酯FR3在绝缘液浸渍纤维素纸体系下的低温热故障模拟结果。其中IEEE C57.155的附录E记录了EPRI实验室设计的一种模拟变压器的小型测试装置，包括不锈钢容器、缠绕热改进纸的铜导体及铁心，使绝缘液在热点区域循环实现热故障模拟。两种外部加热法分别采用管式炉和不锈钢加热圈通过热传递对盛装绝缘液的容器进行加热，从而使绝缘液局部升温[28-29]。由图8可知，与考虑铜油温差热故障模型得到的实验结果相比，4种方法在绝缘液浸渍纤维素纸体系下的200℃热故障产气特征基本一致。在300℃绝缘液浸渍纤维素纸体系下的热故障，考虑铜油温差模型模拟得到的产气特征与IEEE C57.155标准给出的产气特征相同，C2H6百分含量为40%左右，远小于两种外部加热法得到的90%的C2H6产量。同时，外部加热法生成更少的CH4、C2H4、H2。这不仅需考虑CIGRE报告中提到的实验模拟装置的不同对产气影响是不可忽视的[30]，还可能是因为考虑铜油温差模型及IEEE C57.155标准提到的实验装置的设计与实际的变压器相结合，装置内部包含了典型变压器的内部材料（如铜导体、绝缘纸、硅钢片等）且材料按典型比例设计；而外部加热法只是将绝缘液与纤维素绝缘纸按质量比为15∶1混合后进行实验。说明进行300℃低温热故障模拟时，使用材料的种类及比例不同，绝缘液产气特征也不尽相同。结合较高温度下铜对绝缘液的热分解反应有一定的催化作用，但不影响各种特征气体的相对含量这一结论[31]，可以推测固液绝缘的比例是影响大豆基天然酯产气特征的主要因素，固体绝缘比例越大，导致油中溶解气体C2H6的百分含量明显减少，这可能与固体绝缘对特征气体或特征官能团的吸附作用有关。
2.3 天然酯绝缘液的故障判定
目前，IEEE C57.155与CIGRE Technical Brochure 443已对酯类绝缘液的DGA技术提出了相应的导则，针对天然酯、合成酯的故障判定方法十分有限，主要为Duval三角形和五边形两种判定方法，但是Duval三角形法只选用了CH4、C2H4和C2H2 3种特征气体进行判据。由上文产气特征可知，酯类绝缘液低温热故障下的主要特征气体都包含有C2H6，所以Duval三角形法并不适用于低温热故障的判据。本文将5种酯类绝缘液热故障下的DGA测试值经各自的奥斯特瓦尔德系数校正后与IEEE C57.155中的典型值进行比较，带入IEC三比值法和Duval五边形法，评估上述方法对这5种酯类绝缘液低温热故障下故障判定的适用性。
2.3.1 IEC三比值法
IEC 60599-2015中给出的三比值法是从矿物油中溶解气体中选取5种组成3个比值，即C2H2/C2H4、CH4/H2和C2H4/C2H6，然后通过对3种气体比例的大小关系进行分类，判断绝缘液的故障类型。
若将该方法直接用于酯类绝缘液，将5种气体的DGA测试值进行计算并对照IEC三比值法的判据表，则纯绝缘液下的故障判定结果如表5所示，绝缘液浸渍纤维素纸体系下的故障判定结果如表6所示。
由表5～6可知，除了在绝缘液浸渍纤维素纸体系下，改性酯在200℃下的热故障被判定为T2（中温热故障）外，其余绝缘液故障类型均准确判定为T1低温热故障。说明针对矿物油编制的IEC三比值法对天然酯、合成酯的低温热故障判定仍然基本适用，这是因为裂解生成C2H4需要的能量密度大于C2H6，所以低温情况下提供的能量不足以使C2H4/C2H6的比值大于1。另外随着温度的升高，天然酯C2H4/C2H6的比值呈上升趋势，说明只要能找到T1和T2故障判定的中间值，对整个温度梯度下的IEC三比值法进行修正是有可能的。
2.3.2 Duval五边形法
在酯类绝缘液开推广应用后，Duval为了修正他本人提出的三角形法的不足，尝试提出了使用5种典型故障气体H2、CH4、C2H6、C2H4和C2H2对故障类型进行判定的Duval五边形法[32]，与IEC三比值法使用的5种气体相同。Duval通过对300多组现场以及实验室模拟数据进行统计，提出了适用于矿物油、大豆基和菜籽基天然酯、合成酯的Duval五边形[33]。山茶籽基天然酯的脂肪酸类型与菜籽基天然酯更相似，均是单不饱和脂肪酸含量较多，所以选用菜籽基天然酯的Duval五边形对山茶籽基天然酯DGA结果进行近似分析。A RAJAB等对不饱和程度不同的单酯结构绝缘液进行研究，得出饱和程度较高的单酯结构绝缘油的产气趋势与矿物油较为类似[34]，因此选用矿物油的Duval五边形对棕榈基改性酯DGA结果进行分析。
5种酯类绝缘液的Duval五边形判据如图9所示。由图9(a)～(b)可知，天然酯绝缘液的DGA结果全部落在了T1（低温热故障）区域，说明Duval五边形法对于天然酯低温热故障判定具有良好的适应性。此外，3种天然酯的DGA结果随着温度的升高会向T1与T2的边界移动，与IEC三比值法中C2H4与C2H6的比值上升结果一致。由图9(c)可知，合成酯在200℃绝缘液浸渍纤维素纸条件下的故障判定类型为S（杂散气体），其中IEC中解释S表示杂散产气，指不存在故障的正常使用及过载条件下的产气现象。虽然如此，合成酯低温热故障的Duval五边形判定结果基本在在T1内部与附近，更多的DGA故障数据将可以对五边形边界进行修正，从而达到更高的故障判定准确率。由图9(d)可知，棕榈基改性酯在200℃绝缘液浸渍纤维素纸绝缘条件下的故障判定为T2（中温热故障），与IEC三比值法的判定一致，但均不符合实验温度是低温区间的事实。而且在低温热故障区间，随着温度的升高，DGA判定改性酯的结果会向着S和T1的边界移动，与其他种类绝缘液判据现象相反，说明基于矿物油的Duval五边形不适用于棕榈基改性酯的故障判定，需要对五边形的区域范围进行重新调整。CIGRE工作组D1.32也提到，目前非矿物油DGA故障诊断方法的部分边界值是根据矿物油与非矿物油的产气规律外推得到，尤其涉及变压器真实故障时比实验室模拟更加复杂，所以未来需要充裕的DGA数据库对诊断方法进行调整。
3 结论
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本文设计了考虑铜油温差的热故障模拟系统，并将系统应用于300℃的DGA模拟低温热故障实验，更准确地模拟了变压器发生故障时的温度梯度。对大豆基、菜籽基、山茶籽基3种天然酯绝缘液、合成酯绝缘液和棕榈基改性酯绝缘液进行了纯绝缘液和绝缘液浸渍纤维素纸情况下的低温热故障模拟实验，并将产气规律的变化与故障判据相联系，得到以下结论：
（1）IEC三比值法与Duval五边形法对不同种类天然酯200～300℃的低温热故障判定均具有适用性。由于3种天然酯绝缘液的结构均为甘油三酸酯，低温热故障下产气规律基本相似，特征气体的百分含量由于脂肪酸构成不同存在差异，因此对于不同种类的天然酯的热故障判定，IEC三比值法和Duval五边形法需要不同边界条件的判定方法，关键点在于找到T1和T2与T2和T3边界故障判定处C2H4/C2H6的比值。
（2）针对矿物油编制的IEC三比值法对合成酯的低温热故障判定仍然具有适用性，但与矿物油的IEC三比值法中CH4/H2的比值大小对T1的判定结果不重要相比，CH4/H2的比值对合成酯S和T1及T1和T2的分界均有重要的意义。合成酯的Duval五边形中，不同等级热故障边界位置需要更多热故障的DGA数据进行修正调整。
（3）CH4和C2H6是棕榈基改性酯在低温热故障下的主要特征气体产物，在Duval五边形中改性酯的DGA判定结果会随着温度的升高向着S和T1的边界移动，与矿物油和天然酯判据规律不一致，说明基于矿物油的IEC三比值法和Duval五边形法不适用于棕榈基改性酯的低温热故障判定。
基金
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  • 南方电网公司科技项目(GZHKJXM20170063)
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2023年第56卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.03.013
  • 接收时间：2021-12-14
  • 首发时间：2025-11-21
  • 出版时间：2023-03-20
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  • 收稿日期：2021-12-14
  • 修回日期：2022-01-25
基金
南方电网公司科技项目(GZHKJXM20170063)
作者信息
    1西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
    2广东电网有限责任公司广州供电局,广东 广州 510000

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徐阳（1969-），男（汉族），陕西西安人，教授，博导，主要从事电气绝缘测试技术、电力变压器代替绝缘液、电力电缆、旋转电机绝缘评估等方面的研究工作。
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