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Effect of swelling effect of silicone rubber (SiR) caused by silicone grease coated on the interface between high voltage cable accessories and cable body on the electrical tree characteristics of SiR under monopolar impulse voltage (250/2 500 μs) was studied. The isothermal surface potential decay (ISPD) and equilibrium solvent swelling were carried out to characterize the influence of swelling effect on the trap characteristics and crosslinking structures of SiR. The results show that with the increase of swelling time, both the initiation probability and fractal dimension of electrical tree in SiR increase. After 340 h of swelling, the tree initiation voltage of 50% probability under positive and negative impulse voltage decrease from about 37 kV and about -41 kV to 32 kV and about -39 kV, respectively. In addition, the polarity effect can be observed in the electrical tree process of SiR under impulse voltage. The initiation and growth of electrical tree is easier under positive impulse voltage than negative impulse voltage. With the increase of swelling time, the shallow trap density increases, and the deep trap and physical crosslinking density decrease. The destruction of physical crosslinking structure leads to the expansion of free volume, which intensifies the collision ionization processes. Meanwhile, the decrease of deep trap density enhances the charge transport processes. Multiple physical processes intensify the fracture of molecular chains, which furtherly weakens the resistance to electrical tree of SiR. The polarity effect of electrical tree in SiR under impulse voltage is mainly caused by the different distribution of hole-type and electron-type traps.

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本文研究了单极性冲击电压(250/2 500 μs)作用下高压电缆附件与电缆本体界面处涂覆硅脂引发的硅橡胶(SiR)溶胀效应对其电树枝特性的影响,并分别采用等温表面电位衰减与平衡溶胀法表征了溶胀效应对SiR陷阱特性与交联结构的影响。结果表明:随着溶胀时间的增加,SiR电树枝起始概率与分形维数均增大,溶胀340 h后,正、负极性冲击电压下50%概率起树电压分别由约37 kV和约-41 kV降至32 kV和约-39 kV。此外,冲击电压下SiR电树枝存在极性效应,相比于负极性,正极性冲击电压下电树枝更容易进行引发和生长。随着溶胀时间的增加,SiR中空穴型与电子型陷阱均表现为浅陷阱密度增大,深陷阱密度降低,物理交联密度减小。SiR物理交联结构的破坏导致其自由体积增大,碰撞电离过程加剧,同时深陷阱密度降低使得电荷输运过程增强,多个物理过程加剧了分子链段的断裂程度,进而导致SiR的耐电树枝特性降低。冲击电压下SiR电树枝的极性效应是由于空穴型与电子型陷阱的分布差异导致的。

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潘泽华(1992-),男(汉族),山西运城人,工程师,硕士,主要研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术;

任志刚(1983-),男(汉族),北京人,高级工程师,主要研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。

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潘泽华(1992-),男(汉族),山西运城人,工程师,硕士,主要研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术;

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潘泽华(1992-),男(汉族),山西运城人,工程师,硕士,主要研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术;

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任志刚(1983-),男(汉族),北京人,高级工程师,主要研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。

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任志刚(1983-),男(汉族),北京人,高级工程师,主要研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。

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涂覆时间/h(厚度为3 mm)试样编号涂覆时间/h(厚度为0.25 mm)试样编号
0B00F0
70B702F2
160B1604F4
340B3408F8
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SiR试样信息与编号

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0B00F0
70B702F2
160B1604F4
340B3408F8
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冲击电压作用下溶胀效应对硅橡胶电树枝特性的影响
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潘泽华 1 , 任志刚 1 , 陈平 1 , 孙致远 1 , 严智民 2 , 高建 2 , 李建英 2
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2023,56(3): 77-83
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2023, 56(3): 77-83
冲击电压作用下溶胀效应对硅橡胶电树枝特性的影响
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潘泽华1, 任志刚1, 陈平1, 孙致远1, 严智民2, 高建2, 李建英2
作者信息
  • 1国网北京市电力科学研究院,北京 100075
  • 2西安交通大学,陕西 西安 710049
  • 潘泽华(1992-),男(汉族),山西运城人,工程师,硕士,主要研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术;

    任志刚(1983-),男(汉族),北京人,高级工程师,主要研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。

Effect of swelling effect on electrical tree characteristics of SiR under impulse voltage
Zehua PAN1, Zhigang REN1, Ping CHEN1, Zhiyuan SUN1, Zhimin YAN2, Jian GAO2, Jianying LI2
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100075, China
  • 2Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
出版时间: 2023-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.03.012
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本文研究了单极性冲击电压(250/2 500 μs)作用下高压电缆附件与电缆本体界面处涂覆硅脂引发的硅橡胶(SiR)溶胀效应对其电树枝特性的影响,并分别采用等温表面电位衰减与平衡溶胀法表征了溶胀效应对SiR陷阱特性与交联结构的影响。结果表明:随着溶胀时间的增加,SiR电树枝起始概率与分形维数均增大,溶胀340 h后,正、负极性冲击电压下50%概率起树电压分别由约37 kV和约-41 kV降至32 kV和约-39 kV。此外,冲击电压下SiR电树枝存在极性效应,相比于负极性,正极性冲击电压下电树枝更容易进行引发和生长。随着溶胀时间的增加,SiR中空穴型与电子型陷阱均表现为浅陷阱密度增大,深陷阱密度降低,物理交联密度减小。SiR物理交联结构的破坏导致其自由体积增大,碰撞电离过程加剧,同时深陷阱密度降低使得电荷输运过程增强,多个物理过程加剧了分子链段的断裂程度,进而导致SiR的耐电树枝特性降低。冲击电压下SiR电树枝的极性效应是由于空穴型与电子型陷阱的分布差异导致的。

SiR  /  溶胀效应  /  电树枝  /  冲击电压  /  极性效应

Effect of swelling effect of silicone rubber (SiR) caused by silicone grease coated on the interface between high voltage cable accessories and cable body on the electrical tree characteristics of SiR under monopolar impulse voltage (250/2 500 μs) was studied. The isothermal surface potential decay (ISPD) and equilibrium solvent swelling were carried out to characterize the influence of swelling effect on the trap characteristics and crosslinking structures of SiR. The results show that with the increase of swelling time, both the initiation probability and fractal dimension of electrical tree in SiR increase. After 340 h of swelling, the tree initiation voltage of 50% probability under positive and negative impulse voltage decrease from about 37 kV and about -41 kV to 32 kV and about -39 kV, respectively. In addition, the polarity effect can be observed in the electrical tree process of SiR under impulse voltage. The initiation and growth of electrical tree is easier under positive impulse voltage than negative impulse voltage. With the increase of swelling time, the shallow trap density increases, and the deep trap and physical crosslinking density decrease. The destruction of physical crosslinking structure leads to the expansion of free volume, which intensifies the collision ionization processes. Meanwhile, the decrease of deep trap density enhances the charge transport processes. Multiple physical processes intensify the fracture of molecular chains, which furtherly weakens the resistance to electrical tree of SiR. The polarity effect of electrical tree in SiR under impulse voltage is mainly caused by the different distribution of hole-type and electron-type traps.

SiR  /  swelling effect  /  electrical tree  /  impulse voltage  /  polarity effect
潘泽华, 任志刚, 陈平, 孙致远, 严智民, 高建, 李建英. 冲击电压作用下溶胀效应对硅橡胶电树枝特性的影响. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (3) : 77 -83 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.03.012
Zehua PAN, Zhigang REN, Ping CHEN, Zhiyuan SUN, Zhimin YAN, Jian GAO, Jianying LI. Effect of swelling effect on electrical tree characteristics of SiR under impulse voltage[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (3) : 77 -83 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.03.012
硅橡胶(SiR)是以线性聚有机硅氧烷为基础聚合物,辅以交联剂、补强填料等,经配合、硫化形成的有机弹性体[1],具有比一般聚合物更优异的热稳定性、抗氧化性、电绝缘性和高弹性[2],因此,SiR被广泛地应用于预制式高压电缆附件的生产与制造。预制式SiR电缆附件将应力控制件与主绝缘一体成形,与电缆绝缘采取过盈结合设计,利用SiR的高回弹性保证电缆绝缘与附件之间界面的紧密结合[3],便于现场安装敷设。
SiR高压电缆附件虽然具有众多优异的特性,但由于电缆附件连接处多为场强集中区域,且存在多层界面结构,使得电缆附件成为整个电缆系统中的薄弱点。据国网公司统计,110 kV电压等级以上的电缆系统中超过70%的故障是由于电缆附件设备故障引起的[4],而目前普遍认为电树枝老化是导致SiR电缆附件绝缘性能劣化及过早失效的主要原因之一[5-6]。SiR中的电树枝通常为白色的中空通道,基本不含碳元素[7]。针对不同影响因素作用下SiR电树枝的老化特性,国内外学者已展开了大量研究,如温度[8-9]、机械应力[10-11]、水分[12]、电压频率[13-14]、磁场[15]、热老化[16]以及纳米掺杂[17]等。近年来,也有部分学者针对多因素耦合下SiR电树枝特性展开了研究,包括SiR在极性反转电压下电树枝起始的温度特性[18]、交直流叠加电压下的电树枝特性[19]以及温度梯度叠加极性反转电压下的电树枝特性[20]等。相关的研究成果有助于深入理解SiR绝缘的劣化规律以及电缆附件的失效机理,但是,由于SiR电缆附件服役环境的复杂性,目前仍有部分关键因素对SiR电树枝特性的影响尚不清楚。
SiR电缆附件在安装过程中,为了增加附件与电缆本体界面间的润滑及密封性,通常会在其界面处涂覆一层硅脂[21],SiR与交联聚乙烯界面处涂覆硅脂后可大幅提高其界面电气强度[22]。但随着服役时间的增加,硅脂会逐渐扩散进入SiR内部使其发生溶胀,已有研究指出,溶胀后的SiR体积电阻率及力学性能都会发生大幅降低[23-24],因此,可以推测硅脂引发的SiR溶胀效应必然也会影响其电树枝老化特性,但目前尚无相关的研究报道。此外,SiR电缆附件在实际运行过程中经常承受过电压冲击,而聚合物材料在经受过电压冲击后其局部放电起始电压及熄灭电压会降低[25]。基于上述分析可以看出,硅脂引发的溶胀效应及过电压冲击都会对SiR电树枝特性产生严重的影响,针对这些影响因素展开研究对保障SiR高压电缆附件运行的安全性具有重要意义。
本文以商用高压电缆附件绝缘SiR为研究对象,研究冲击电压作用下硅脂引发的溶胀效应对SiR电树枝特性的影响,同时对比不同极性冲击电压作用下的差异。首先制备了不同硅脂溶胀程度的SiR试样;然后对其进行电树枝老化实验,并采用显微成像系统实时监测电树枝生长过程,统计并分析SiR试样的起树电压和电树枝形貌;最后结合SiR试样交联密度与陷阱分布的变化规律,建立SiR交联结构变化、电荷输运以及电树枝特性之间的关系,分析溶胀效应对SiR电树枝特性的影响机理。
SiR试样为中蓝晨光化工研究设计院有限公司生产的R629型双组分高温硫化SiR,原料中已添加有纳米二氧化硅等功能性填料。共制备了两种厚度的SiR试样,厚度为3 mm的块状试样用于电树枝与平衡溶胀测试,厚度为0.25 mm的片状试样用于等温表面电位衰减(ISPD)测试。块状试样制备流程如下:首先按质量比1∶1称取两相SiR原料,采用高速离心机令两相原料均匀混合20 min;接着采用真空干燥箱对混合后的SiR进行真空处理10 min以去除试样中的气泡;最后将SiR注入预埋好针电极的模具中。根据厂家提供的固化参数,在120℃的平板硫化机上硫化30 min成型,获得电树枝实验试样。针电极的偏光显微镜图像如图1(a)所示,针电极曲率半径约为3 μm,针尖与地电极距离为3 mm。片状试样采用热压法制备,在硫化过程中对试样施加15 MPa的压力,其余硫化条件与块状试样相同。
接着制备不同硅脂溶胀程度的SiR试样。在SiR试样表面均匀涂覆一层高真空硅脂后,放入60℃的烘箱中让硅脂逐渐扩散进入SiR中。由于在相同时间内,硅脂在不同厚度的SiR试样中扩散程度不同,因此,设置厚度为3 mm试样的取样时间分别为70、160、340 h,厚度为0.25 mm试样的取样时间分别为2、4、8 h。对不同溶胀程度的SiR试样进行编号,详细信息如表1所示。
电树枝观察系统示意图如图1(b)所示,由电源系统和显微成像系统构成。电源系统为CJ-2015冲击电压发生器,输出幅值范围为-100~+100 kV,根据IEC 60071-1:2019标准中推荐使用的操作过电压波形,调节波前时间为250 μs,波尾时间为2 500 μs;显微成像系统由SZ61型体式显微镜、MS60-H CCD相机、落射光源和计算机组成,可对电树枝生长过程进行实时监测。采用绝缘油将试样浸没,防止沿面放电并消除表面折射。
实验过程中,每个试样施加10次操作冲击电压,两次施加冲击电压之间的时间间隔为30 s,当针尖处观测到至少10 μm的树枝通道时,认定电树枝已经起始。每种试样在每个设定的电压幅值下重复进行10次有效实验,统计在此电压幅值下的电树枝起始概率。实验温度为25℃。
采用等温表面电位衰减(isothermal surface potential decay,ISPD)测试获取不同溶胀程度SiR试样的陷阱分布特性[26]。测试系统示意图如图2所示,测试平台由充电系统与电位测量系统组成。充电系统包括两台高压直流源和针-栅-地电极;电位测量系统包括静电电位计(Trek P0865)、数据采集卡以及计算机组成,其中静电电位计的测量精度为1 V。在实验过程中,分别对针电极和栅极施加±15 kV和±5 kV的直流电压,充电时间为5 min,测试时间为4 h,采样时间间隔为1 s。
采用浮力法测试不同溶胀程度SiR试样的体积与密度[27]。首先采用精密天平测试得到试样的初始质量m0,接着将试样放入蒸馏水中,再测试试样在水中的质量mwat,试样的体积V与密度ρ分别通过式(1)式(2)计算得到。
V=αm0-mwatρwat-ρair
ρ=m0m0-mwat(ρwat-ρair)+ρair
式(1)~(2)中:α为空气浮力修正系数,取值为0.999 85;ρwat为蒸馏水密度;ρair为空气密度。
采用平衡溶胀法测试SiR试样的交联密度。首先将初始质量为m0的SiR试样放入甲苯溶剂中,密闭并放入30℃恒温烘箱中静置24 h后取出,接着将试样表面残余溶剂擦干迅速称量,得到试样达到溶胀平衡时的质量m1,最后通过式(3)~(6)计算试样的交联密度Dtotal[28]
Dtotal=12MC
MC=-ρ0Vmφ1/3ln(1-φ)+φ+Xφ2
φ=11+ρ0ρ1(m1m0-1)1φ0
X=0.459+0.134φ+0.59φ2
式(3)~(6)中:MC为交联点间的平均分子量;φ为溶胀后试样中聚合物的体积分数;φ0为溶胀前试样中橡胶相的体积分数;ρ1为甲苯溶剂的密度;ρ0为SiR试样溶胀前的密度;Vm为甲苯溶剂的摩尔体积,约为107 mL/mol;X为试样与溶剂甲苯之间的相互作用参数。每种试样测试3个样品后取平均值作为最终结果。
通过上述方法测得的交联密度为试样的总交联密度,包括了由共价键形成的化学交联结构和通过纳米SiO2与SiR分子主链间的氢键形成的物理交联结构。将SiR试样浸入甲苯氨溶液中可以破坏SiR中的氢键结构,从而消除物理交联点,因此,采用甲苯氨溶液作为溶剂测得的SiR交联密度仅包含化学交联密度Dchem,用甲苯溶剂下测得的交联密度Dtotal减去化学交联密度Dchem即可得到物理交联密度Dphys
图3为不同极性操作冲击电压下SiR试样的电树枝起始概率分布。从图3可以看出,无论在正极性还是负极性下,随着溶胀程度的增大,SiR试样的电树枝起始概率分布曲线均向左侧移动,即在相同的电压幅值下,发生电树枝起始的试样数量增多,电树枝的起始概率更高,表明在冲击电压作用下溶胀效应会促进SiR电树枝的引发。
U50%定义为每组10个试样中有50%的试样产生了电树枝起始时的外施操作冲击电压幅值。结果发现,在正极性下,试样B0、B70、B160和B340U50%分别为约37 kV、约35 kV、34 kV和32 kV;在负极性下它们分别为约-41 kV、-40 kV、约-39 kV和约-39 kV,随着溶胀程度的增大,正/负极性下SiR试样的U50%均明显降低,说明电树枝起始更加容易,SiR试样在操作冲击电压下的耐电树枝性能下降。此外,可以发现对于所有SiR试样,负极性电压下的U50%均高于正极性电压下的U50%,即相比于负极性,正极性电压下电树枝更容易引发。
图4为冲击电压作用下SiR试样电树枝的典型形貌,图中还给出了对应电树枝的分形维数Df。从图4可以看出,所有SiR试样中都只观察到树枝状的电树枝,且分支较少,形状单一。虽然在冲击电压下SiR试样内部都形成了枝状的电树枝,但其相互之间仍旧存在一定程度的形态差异。随着溶胀程度的增大,电树枝分支增多,电树枝形状趋于复杂,且Df随溶胀时间的增加而逐渐增大。此外,对于所有SiR试样,相较于负极性电压,正极性电压下的电树枝分支更多,形貌更复杂,且正极性电压下电树枝的Df均大于负极性电压下电树枝的Df,说明相较于负极性冲击电压,SiR电树枝在正极性冲击电压下更容易生长。
图5为SiR试样的质量、体积与密度随溶胀时间的变化规律。从图5可以看出,随着溶胀时间的增加,SiR试样的质量与体积逐渐增大,溶胀340 h后,其质量与体积分别增大了4.06%和7.81%,而SiR试样的密度逐渐减小,溶胀340 h后,密度降低了3.48%。因此,可以证实在实验过程中,硅脂确实扩散进入SiR试样内部,并使其发生了溶胀。
图6为SiR试样DtotalDchemDphys随溶胀时间的变化规律。从图6可以看出,SiR试样的Dtotal随着溶胀时间的增加而明显降低,Dphys的变化趋势与Dtotal一致,而Dchem在溶胀过程中几乎不发生变化,可以推断溶胀效应导致SiR试样Dtotal降低主要是由于物理交联结构被破坏引起的,而溶胀效应对SiR化学交联结构影响不大。
图7为基于SiR试样的表面电位衰减曲线计算得到的陷阱分布特性[26],包括陷阱能级ET和陷阱密度Ntrap。从图7可以看出,每条曲线均呈现两个峰,分别对应着试样的深/浅陷阱分布。对于空穴型陷阱,随着溶胀时间的增加,其深/浅陷阱能级均有所降低,浅陷阱密度增大,深陷阱密度减小,溶胀8 h后,SiR试样的浅陷阱能级由0.98 eV降低至0.96 eV,深陷阱能级由1.07 eV降低至1.05 eV,浅陷阱密度由1.97×1021 m-3增大至3.00×1021 m-3,深陷阱密度由5.13×1021 m-3降低至3.21×1021 m-3。对于电子型陷阱,其随溶胀时间的变化规律与空穴陷阱一致,溶胀8 h后,浅陷阱能级由0.99 eV降低至0.98 eV,深陷阱能级由1.08 eV降低至1.06 eV,浅陷阱密度由1.36×1021 m-3增大至2.54×1021 m-3,深陷阱密度由5.82×1021 m-3降低至4.33×1021 m-3。此外可以发现,对于所有SiR试样,其电子深陷阱的能级与密度均高于空穴深陷阱。
SiR的主要分子结构为聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS),而硅脂与SiR具有相似的分子结构[29],因此,根据相似相容原理,当硅脂涂覆在SiR表面时,硅脂会逐渐扩散进入SiR内部,使其发生溶胀,因此,随着溶胀时间的增加,SiR的质量与体积逐渐减小,密度逐渐增大,如图3所示。
SiR内部的交联网络包括由共价键形成的化学交联结构以及由氢键形成的物理交联结构,氢键是在SiR主链上的氧原子与纳米二氧化硅表面的羟基之间形成的,氢键密集地分布在纳米二氧化硅的表面,限制了SiR分子链的相对滑动,对SiR力学性能起到补强作用。J P COHEN-ADDAD等[30]研究指出,SiR内部分子链上的氢键结合位点是一个伴随着形成与解离的动态系统,不能看作是一个稳定不变的刚性晶格,虽然氢键不是完全紧密连接的,但其数量巨大而在一定程度上对分子链起到稳固的作用。硅脂由于与SiR具有相似的分子链结构,其主链上的氧原子也可以与纳米二氧化硅表面的羟基形成氢键,因此,当硅脂进入SiR内部后,由于氢键的结合位点是不断变化的,因此当SiR主链上的部分结合位点发生解离后,纳米二氧化硅表面的羟基有可能被硅脂主链上的氧原子所占据,导致原先SiR主链上形成的氢键数量减少,物理交联结构遭到一定程度的破坏[27]。而SiR内部的化学交联结构是通过共价键形成的,其键能较大,硅脂无法对其造成破坏,化学交联网络受溶胀效应的影响不大。因此,随着硅脂溶胀程度的增大,SiR的物理交联密度有所降低,进而导致其交联密度下降,如图4所示。SiR物理交联结构的破坏会对其自由体积产生影响,SiR分子链与纳米SiO2形成键合后,局部区域包含着数个被分子链段分隔开的自由体积,当纳米SiO2表面上原先与SiR分子链键合的位点被硅脂小分子占据后,部分被分隔开的自由体积相互连接,导致自由体积增大。
而自由体积增大将影响SiR的电树枝特性。图8所示为载流子在SiR内部输运的示意图,自由体积的增大导致载流子平均自由程增大,一方面,平均自由程增大后,载流子在电场加速作用下可获得更高的能量,发生碰撞电离后产生的能量也更高,对SiR分子链段的破坏程度加重;另一方面,载流子在电场作用下迁移一定距离le后获得的能量记为Ele,若此能量高于陷阱的势垒高度Ea,则载流子可跃过陷阱继续迁移,从而使得载流子数量增多,碰撞电离过程加剧,产生的高能电子撞击SiR分子链使其断裂过程加剧。局部分子链段破坏导致自由体积进一步增大,当自由体积增大至一定程度时发生局部放电,进而形成低密度区,最终电树枝开始引发。因此,随着溶胀程度的增大,SiR的起树电压逐渐降低。
考虑陷阱的影响,载流子在介质内部输运时,其在扩展态迁移所需的时间远小于其在局域态(陷阱)中停留的时间,因此,载流子的输运过程主要受到介质内部陷阱的调控。深/浅陷阱对载流子的捕获能力不同,深陷阱能级较大,载流子在电场作用下获得的能量低于深陷阱势垒,被深陷阱捕获,而载流子的热助出陷过程需要较长的时间,载流子无法在短时间内出陷,因此深陷阱密度增大会导致迁移载流子的数量和迁移率降低;而浅陷阱由于能级较浅,载流子在电场作用下获得的能量往往能使其越过浅陷阱而不被捕获,浅陷阱能为载流子提供跃迁位点,载流子可以通过在浅陷阱间跳跃来进行迁移[31],因此,浅陷阱密度增大使得浅陷阱间的平均距离减小,载流子更容易在浅陷阱间进行跃迁,导致迁移率增大。根据前文陷阱特性的测试结果,随着溶胀时间的增加,SiR试样深陷阱密度减小,浅陷阱密度增大,深/浅陷阱的能级均有所下降。溶胀后SiR内部的深陷阱数量减少,且势垒降低,载流子在迁移过程中碰见深陷阱的概率降低,同时,遇见深陷阱后直接越过深陷阱继续迁移的概率增大,所以载流子被深陷阱捕获的概率降低。浅陷阱密度增大、能级降低同样有利于载流子的迁移。迁移载流子浓度和迁移率增大,加剧碰撞电离过程,加速电树枝的引发。因此,随着溶胀时间的增加,SiR试样的起树电压逐渐降低。
电树枝在生长过程中,主要沿着物理交联区域和自由体积进行生长。物理交联区域虽然密集地分布着许多物理交联点,整体上表现出较大的机械强度,但是氢键的键能远低于分子链上原子间的键能和化学交联形成的共价键的键能,因此物理交联区域属于弱区,高能电子可以更容易对其进行破坏。溶胀前SiR交联结构完好,电树枝沿着部分物理交联区域以及场强较高的轴向进行生长,无法产生较多分支,因此主要形成枝状的电树枝;溶胀后,由于物理交联结构的破坏,自由体积增大,电树枝更容易在物理交联区域沿着更多方向生长,且在场强较弱的径向方向上也可以进行大量生长,产生更多分支。因此,随着溶胀时间的增加,SiR中电树枝分支增多,形貌逐渐趋于密集,由树枝状向丛林状转变。
冲击电压作用下SiR电树枝的起始与生长过程存在极性效应,主要表现为SiR电树枝在正极性冲击电压下比负极性冲击电压下更容易进行引发和生长。冲击电压作用下的极性效应与空间电荷行为密切相关,而空间电荷分布受到陷阱的影响。当对针电极施加冲击电压时,注入的电荷会在针尖附近被深陷阱捕获,由于实验过程中两次冲击电压之间的施加时间间隔为30 s,远小于空间电荷的消散时间(约几小时)[32],因此这部分入陷电荷会在在针尖周围形成电荷屏蔽层,削弱针尖处的电场强度,如图9所示,进而抑制了电树枝的生长。
根据陷阱特性测试结果,SiR试样的电子型深陷阱密度要高于空穴型深陷阱密度,相比于空穴,针尖周围深陷阱所捕获的电子的密度要高于空穴的密度,进而导致在负极性冲击电压作用下,入陷电子产生的电荷屏蔽层对针尖电场的削弱作用要强于入陷空穴所造成的电场削弱作用,因此,负极性冲击电压下SiR电树枝更难引发和生长。
本文研究了冲击电压作用下硅脂引发的溶胀效应对SiR电树枝特性的影响规律与机理,同时对比分析了不同极性冲击电压下SiR电树枝特性的差异,得到以下结论:
(1)在冲击电压作用下,硅脂引发的SiR溶胀效应导致其耐电树枝老化特性降低。随着溶胀时间的增加,SiR起树概率逐渐增大,电树枝分形维数增大。相比于负极性冲击电压,正极性冲击电压作用下SiR电树枝更容易进行引发和生长。
(2)溶胀效应导致SiR物理交联结构被破坏,物理交联结构的破坏使得SiR自由体积增大、深陷阱密度减小,电荷输运过程增强,碰撞电离过程加剧,分子链段断裂程度加剧,进而导致SiR的耐电树枝特性降低。
(3)在冲击电压作用下,SiR电树枝的极性效应主要是由于空穴型和电子型陷阱分布的差异导致的。SiR中电子型深陷阱密度(5.82×1021 m-3)要高于空穴型深陷阱密度(5.13×1021 m-3),在针尖周围会捕获更高密度的电子,所形成的电荷屏蔽层对针尖处电场的削弱作用更强,进而导致负极性电压下SiR电树枝更难引发和生长。
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.03.012
  • 接收时间:2022-01-19
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-19
  • 修回日期:2022-02-28
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    1国网北京市电力科学研究院,北京 100075
    2西安交通大学,陕西 西安 710049
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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