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Aimed at the application requirements of polyimide (PI) film materials in the field of high frequency, polyimides containing semi-alicyclic structure were synthesized by the semi-alicyclic diamine 5(6)-amino-1-(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,3-trimethylindan (DAPI) with different aromatic dianhydrides. And their corresponding films were prepared, the correlation between their structure and properties was explored. The results show that polyimides containing semi-alicyclic structure have good solubility and processability, they are soluble in conventional organic solvents such as NMP, DMF, CHC13, etc. The corresponding films had good mechanical and thermal properties, their tensile strength ranges from 64.8 MPa to 82.6 MPa, and their glass transition temperature can exceed 487℃. The dielectric constant (Dk) of the PI films is 2.63-4.62 at 1 kHz-1 MHz and 2.46-2.75 at 10 GHz, respectively. The dissipation factor (Df) is 0.003 1-0.020 5 at 1 kHz-1 MHz and 0.006 6-0.017 4 at 10 GHz, respectively. In particular, the Dk and Df of the B-PI(BPADA-DAPI) film at 10 GHz is 2.75 and 0.006 6, respectively. It is indicated that the polyimide films with low dielectric constant and low dielectric loss at high frequency can be obtained by the introduction of semi-alicyclic moieties and bisphenol A groups into the main chains.

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针对高频通讯领域对聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜材料的应用需求,以半脂环二胺5(6)-氨基-1-(4-氨基苯基)-1,3,3-三甲基茚满(DAPI)与不同的芳香二酐反应,合成了含半脂环结构的PI并制备了对应薄膜,探究了其结构与性能的相关性。结果表明:含半脂环结构的PI具有良好的可溶解加工性,能溶于NMP、DMF、CHC13等常规有机溶剂。制备的薄膜具有良好的力学性能和耐热性,拉伸强度为64.8~82.6 MPa,玻璃化转变温度最高可超过487℃。薄膜的介电常数(Dk)为2.63~4.62(1 kHz~1 MHz)、2.46~2.75(10 GHz),介质损耗因数(Df)为0.003 1~0.020 5(1 kHz~1 MHz)、0.006 6~0.017 4(10 GHz)。其中,薄膜B-PI(BPADA-DAPI)在10 GHz下的介电常数为2.75,介质损耗因数为0.006 6,表明在PI分子主链上同时引入半脂环和双酚A结构能制备兼具高频低介电常数、低介质损耗的PI薄膜。

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陆健(1995-),男(汉族),安徽蚌埠人,硕士生,主要从事聚酰亚胺电子材料的研究

邹国享(1979-),男(汉族),湖北荆州人,教授,研究方向为高分子材料改性

庄永兵(1976-),男(汉族),湖北荆州人,研究员,研究方向为功能性聚酰亚胺的设计、制备及应用。

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溶剂N-PI6F-PIB-PIP-PI
丙酮-+--
四氢呋喃(THF)-+++
二甲基亚砜(DMSO)-+-+
N,N-二甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)++++
N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)++++
甲醇----
乙醇----
三氯甲烷++++
), ArticleFig(id=1210935054369419928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198664997489442978, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PI在有机溶剂中的溶解性能

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溶剂N-PI6F-PIB-PIP-PI
丙酮-+--
四氢呋喃(THF)-+++
二甲基亚砜(DMSO)-+-+
N,N-二甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)++++
N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)++++
甲醇----
乙醇----
三氯甲烷++++
), ArticleFig(id=1210935054457500315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198664997489442978, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Aggregate structure parameters and surface areas of PIs, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PI层间距(Å)比表面积/(m2/g)自由体积分数
N-PI5.92250.165
6F-PI5.692200.194
B-PI5.67160.164
P-PI5.70860.195
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PI的聚集态结构参数及比表面积

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PI层间距(Å)比表面积/(m2/g)自由体积分数
N-PI5.92250.165
6F-PI5.692200.194
B-PI5.67160.164
P-PI5.70860.195
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PI力学性能热性能
σm/MPaEt/GPaεb/%Tg/℃T5%/℃T10%/℃
N-PI64.8±1.62.93±0.077.1±0.9> 487506514
6F-PI82.6±1.72.46±0.045.8±0.8338501514
B-PI74.4±4.32.30±0.1239.1±17232503510
P-PI68.1±3.11.32±0.2073.8±6.1455504512
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PI薄膜的力学性能和热性能

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PI力学性能热性能
σm/MPaEt/GPaεb/%Tg/℃T5%/℃T10%/℃
N-PI64.8±1.62.93±0.077.1±0.9> 487506514
6F-PI82.6±1.72.46±0.045.8±0.8338501514
B-PI74.4±4.32.30±0.1239.1±17232503510
P-PI68.1±3.11.32±0.2073.8±6.1455504512
), ArticleFig(id=1210935054776267431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198664997489442978, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Dielectric properties of PI films at low frequency and high frequency, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PI介电常数介质损耗因数
1 kHz10 kHz1 MHz10 GHz1 kHz10 kHz1 MHz10 GHz
N-PI4.624.604.532.660.009 30.008 10.020 50.014 5
6F-PI2.682.652.632.590.003 50.003 10.010 10.011 1
B-PI3.553.533.482.750.005 60.004 40.011 30.006 6
P-PI4.034.003.892.460.008 40.007 20.015 80.017 4
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PI薄膜在低频和高频下的介电性能

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PI介电常数介质损耗因数
1 kHz10 kHz1 MHz10 GHz1 kHz10 kHz1 MHz10 GHz
N-PI4.624.604.532.660.009 30.008 10.020 50.014 5
6F-PI2.682.652.632.590.003 50.003 10.010 10.011 1
B-PI3.553.533.482.750.005 60.004 40.011 30.006 6
P-PI4.034.003.892.460.008 40.007 20.015 80.017 4
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高频低介电半脂环聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与性能
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陆健 1, 2 , 邹国享 1 , 庄永兵 2, 3
绝缘材料 | 聚酰亚胺薄膜专题 2023,56(2): 39-45
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绝缘材料 | 聚酰亚胺薄膜专题 2023, 56(2): 39-45
高频低介电半脂环聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与性能
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陆健1, 2, 邹国享1, 庄永兵2, 3
作者信息
  • 1常州大学 材料科学与工程学院,江苏 常州 213164
  • 2中国科学院过程工程研究所 生化工程国家重点实验室,北京 100190
  • 3中国科学院大学 化学工程学院,北京 100049
  • 陆健(1995-),男(汉族),安徽蚌埠人,硕士生,主要从事聚酰亚胺电子材料的研究

    邹国享(1979-),男(汉族),湖北荆州人,教授,研究方向为高分子材料改性

    庄永兵(1976-),男(汉族),湖北荆州人,研究员,研究方向为功能性聚酰亚胺的设计、制备及应用。

Preparation and properties of semi-alicyclic polyimide films with low dielectric constant and low dielectric loss at high frequency
Jian LU1, 2, Guoxiang ZOU1, Yongbing ZHUANG2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 3School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2023-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.006
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针对高频通讯领域对聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜材料的应用需求,以半脂环二胺5(6)-氨基-1-(4-氨基苯基)-1,3,3-三甲基茚满(DAPI)与不同的芳香二酐反应,合成了含半脂环结构的PI并制备了对应薄膜,探究了其结构与性能的相关性。结果表明:含半脂环结构的PI具有良好的可溶解加工性,能溶于NMP、DMF、CHC13等常规有机溶剂。制备的薄膜具有良好的力学性能和耐热性,拉伸强度为64.8~82.6 MPa,玻璃化转变温度最高可超过487℃。薄膜的介电常数(Dk)为2.63~4.62(1 kHz~1 MHz)、2.46~2.75(10 GHz),介质损耗因数(Df)为0.003 1~0.020 5(1 kHz~1 MHz)、0.006 6~0.017 4(10 GHz)。其中,薄膜B-PI(BPADA-DAPI)在10 GHz下的介电常数为2.75,介质损耗因数为0.006 6,表明在PI分子主链上同时引入半脂环和双酚A结构能制备兼具高频低介电常数、低介质损耗的PI薄膜。

聚酰亚胺  /  薄膜  /  高频  /  介电常数  /  介质损耗

Aimed at the application requirements of polyimide (PI) film materials in the field of high frequency, polyimides containing semi-alicyclic structure were synthesized by the semi-alicyclic diamine 5(6)-amino-1-(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,3-trimethylindan (DAPI) with different aromatic dianhydrides. And their corresponding films were prepared, the correlation between their structure and properties was explored. The results show that polyimides containing semi-alicyclic structure have good solubility and processability, they are soluble in conventional organic solvents such as NMP, DMF, CHC13, etc. The corresponding films had good mechanical and thermal properties, their tensile strength ranges from 64.8 MPa to 82.6 MPa, and their glass transition temperature can exceed 487℃. The dielectric constant (Dk) of the PI films is 2.63-4.62 at 1 kHz-1 MHz and 2.46-2.75 at 10 GHz, respectively. The dissipation factor (Df) is 0.003 1-0.020 5 at 1 kHz-1 MHz and 0.006 6-0.017 4 at 10 GHz, respectively. In particular, the Dk and Df of the B-PI(BPADA-DAPI) film at 10 GHz is 2.75 and 0.006 6, respectively. It is indicated that the polyimide films with low dielectric constant and low dielectric loss at high frequency can be obtained by the introduction of semi-alicyclic moieties and bisphenol A groups into the main chains.

polyimides  /  films  /  high frequency  /  dielectric constant  /  dielectric loss
陆健, 邹国享, 庄永兵. 高频低介电半脂环聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与性能. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (2) : 39 -45 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.006
Jian LU, Guoxiang ZOU, Yongbing ZHUANG. Preparation and properties of semi-alicyclic polyimide films with low dielectric constant and low dielectric loss at high frequency[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (2) : 39 -45 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.006
近年来,微电子、航空航天以及5G/6G通讯等领域对高频低介电绝缘材料的需求日益迫切。聚酰亚胺(PI)作为一种理想的介电绝缘层材料,具有优异的化学稳定性、热稳定性、力学性能和绝缘性能[1-2]。随着高频通讯的发展,信号在操作频率为GHz段的传输过程中发生的延迟和损耗不可忽略[3-4]。传统PI薄膜在10 GHz下的介电常数达到3.5以上,介质损耗相对较高,因此,很难满足在高频(10 GHz以上)下应用的需求。研究表明,薄膜材料的介电常数(Dk)和介质损耗因数因数(Df)越低,信号传输延迟越小[5-6]。为避免出现信号延迟和信号串扰等不良现象,需要开发高频下兼具低介电常数及低介质损耗的PI绝缘层[7]
近年来,人们在低频PI薄膜的介电性能调控方面取得了一定的研究成果。根据克劳修斯方程[8],降低介电常数的方法主要有两种:增加自由体积和降低基团的极化率[1]。例如,在PI主链中引入含氟基团、低极性脂肪结构[2,9-13]、硅氧烷[14]是降低其介电常数的有效方式。YANG S Y等[15]制备的含氟PI薄膜在1 MHz下具有较低的介电常数(2.75~3.02)及介质损耗因数(0.001 27~0.004 5)。CHEN Z等[16]通过原位气泡拉伸方法制备得到PI纳米复合膜,介电常数低至2.29(10 MHz)。另外,在PI膜内引入微孔及孔洞结构也可降低其介电常数[8,17]。目前对PI关于其结构与介质损耗相关性的系统研究较少。通过将特殊官能团引入到PI主链中,可以降低PI薄膜介质损耗。HUANG X等[18]将苯基硫醚基团添到PI(PMDA/ODA)主链中,通过共聚,采用热酰亚胺化法,合成了不同比例的苯基硫醚基团修饰的PI,经过分子模拟计算,加入苯基硫醚基团的PI薄膜的介质损耗显著降低。XU X等[19]制备了聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)/PI复合薄膜,其介质损耗低于纯PI薄膜,但在高频下介质损耗仍然较高,无法满足应用要求。
目前,大量的研究集中于开发低频下PI介电薄膜。针对现有研究的不足,KUO C C等[20]研究了在高频下(10 GHz)PI分子链结构与介电性能的关系,探讨了其介电常数、介质损耗与结构之间的相关性。结果表明:高频介电常数与含氟量和基团的极化率高度相关,介质损耗与酰亚胺基团含量高度相关,且受结构单元的取向极化和偶极矩大小的影响。此外,含氟PI薄膜的介电常数和介质损耗较低,含酯键的PI薄膜介质损耗最低可达0.004。
本实验以含半脂环结构的二胺单体5(6)-氨基-1-(4-氨基苯基)-1,3,3-三甲基茚满(DAPI)与不同结构的芳香二酐反应,合成含半脂环结构的PI并制备对应薄膜,同时探讨其分子链结构与高频介电性能之间的关系,以期为研发高频通讯用兼具低介电常数及低介质损耗PI薄膜材料的分子结构设计提供参考与借鉴。
1,4,5,8-萘四羧酸二酐(NTCDA)、4,4′-(六氟异丙基)二苯酐(6FDA)、双酚A型二醚二酐(BPADA)、均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA),Sigma-Aldrich(美国),使用前在150℃下真空干燥24 h。5(6)-氨基-1-(4-氨基苯基)-1,3,3-三甲基茚满(DAPI),纯度≥99.0%,常州市阳光药业有限公司。N,N-二甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP,>99.5%)、甲苯(>99.8%),阿拉丁试剂公司。
以二胺单体DAPI分别与不同二酐NTCDA、PMDA、6FDA、BPADA合成的聚酰亚胺简写为N-PI、P-PI、6F-PI、B-PI,合成路线如图1所示。B-PI、6F-PI、P-PI的合成步骤见文献[21-22]。本研究中,采用两步热亚胺化法合成PI,以合成N-PI为例:在N2气氛下,在配有机械搅拌的三颈烧瓶中加入DAPI(1.331 9 g,5 mmol),并加入NMP(25 mL),待完全溶解后加入NTCDA(1.340 9 g,5 mmol),在N2气氛下冰水浴中搅拌12 h后,向反应溶液中加入10 mL甲苯作为共沸溶剂,然后将混合溶液加热至回流(约162℃),在回流状态下搅拌至少18 h。甲苯回流时,使用Dean-Stark分水器除去水。待反应溶液冷却至室温后,将其倒入500 mL体积分数为50%的甲醇溶液中。过滤得到沉淀,用甲醇洗涤3次。将洗涤后的产物置于真空烘箱中,在120℃下真空干燥12 h,得到灰白色纤维状产物N-PI(产率为95%)。核磁氢谱(600 MHz,CDC13):δ 1.09~1.29(m,3H),1.37~1.49(m,3H),1.70~1.92(m,3H),2.29~2.40(m,H),2.58(s,H),7.10~7.30(m,4H),7.33~7.51(m,3H),8.83(s,4H)。红外光谱:ʋ=3 030~2 867 cm-1(C-Hx伸缩振动),1 770 cm-1(酰亚胺中的C=O,对称伸缩振动),1 718 cm-1(酰亚胺中的C=O,不对称伸缩振动),1 371 cm-1(酰亚胺C-N伸缩振动)。元素分析:C32H22N2O4,理论值:C,77.09%;H,4.46%;N,5.63%。实测值:C,75.19%;H,4.67%;N,5.67%。使用DMF洗脱液通过凝胶渗透色谱仪(GPC)测试N-PI的分子量:Mn(数均分子量)=31 499 g/mol,Mw(重均分子量)=100 633 g/mol,PDI(多分散指数)=3.19。
二酐单体为BPADA、6FDA、PMDA时分别得到黄色产物B-PI、浅黄色产物6F-PI、浅绿色产物P-PI(产率分别为96%、95%、94%)。使用DMF洗脱液通过凝胶渗透色谱仪(GPC)测试得到B-PI的分子量为:Mn=185 908 g/mol,Mw=270 783 g/mol,PDI=1.46;6F-PI的分子量为:Mn=231 454 g/mol,Mw=279 317 g/mol,PDI=1.21,P-PI的分子量为:Mn=158 451 g/mol,Mw=275 223 g/mol,PDI=1.74。
将干燥所得的PI粉末溶解在氯仿中,配成固含量为5%的铸膜液,用0.45 µm PTFE滤头进行过滤,然后静置、脱泡,倒在洁净光滑的培养皿里,溶剂在室温环境下缓慢挥发2 d,得到固体薄膜,将得到的薄膜置于真空干燥箱中,在120℃下真空干燥12 h。
PI的分子量采用美国沃特世公司Waters1515型凝胶渗透色谱仪测试,以二甲基甲酰胺为洗脱剂,聚苯乙烯为外标。PI的傅里叶红外光谱采用美国赛默飞世尔科技公司Nicolet-Is50型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪测试。PI的核磁光谱采用瑞士布鲁克公司AVANCEⅢ 600 MHz型光谱仪测试,溶剂为氘代氯仿(CDCl3)。PI粉末的元素分析采用德国元素分析系统公司Vario MACRO cube型元素分析仪进行测量。将PI分别溶解在丙酮、四氢呋喃(THF)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、N,N-二甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、甲醇、乙醇、三氯甲烷中,测试聚合物的溶解性。PI薄膜力学性能采用日本岛津公司AGS-X-10KN型万能拉伸试验机,按照ASTM D638-Type 5进行测试,速率为5 mm/min。PI的热分解温度采用日本精工公司TG-DTA6300型热重分析仪测试,N2气氛,测试温度为25~800℃,升温速率为10℃/min。PI薄膜的玻璃化转变温度采用美国TA仪器公司DMA Q800型动态热机械分析仪测试,测试温度为50~500℃,升温速率为10℃/min,测试频率为1 Hz。PI薄膜的聚集态结构采用日本日立株式会社Smartlab(9)型X射线衍射仪测试,测试范围为5°~50°。PI的比表面积、吸脱附曲线采用麦克默瑞提克(上海)仪器有限公司麦克2460型全自动物理吸附仪(BET)测试。PI薄膜的密度通过浮力法,采用德国哥廷根公司Sartorius LA 120S型天平测试,再根据薄膜的密度计算出自由体积分数[8]。PI薄膜的低频介电性能采用德国NOVOCONTROL公司GmbH Concept 50型宽频介电常数测试仪测试,频率范围为1 kHz~1 MHz,薄膜半径>20 mm。PI薄膜的高频介电性能采用美国安捷伦公司PNA-N5244A型矢量网络分析仪(VNA)测试,测试频率为10 GHz,薄膜尺寸为4 cm×5 cm。
通过两步热亚胺化法合成了含半脂环结构的PI,合成的N-PI的1H-NMR谱图如图2所示。从图2可以看出,N-PI分子链上每个官能团上的氢在 1H-NMR图谱中都有相应的归属信号。利用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)表征进一步确定其结构,结果如图3所示,从图3可以看出,1 371cm-1处为酰亚胺C-N的伸缩振动特征吸收峰,1 718 cm-1处为酰亚胺中C=O的不对称伸缩振动特征吸收峰,1 770 cm-1处为酰亚胺中C=O的对称伸缩振动特征吸收峰。另外,元素分析测试结果与理论值相吻合,证实了目标PI产物化学结构的正确性。
4种半脂环PI在25℃下的溶解性测试结果如表1所示,其中“+”表示溶解,“-”表示不溶解。从表1可以看出,4种PI在室温下均溶于常规的极性有机溶剂,如NMP、DMF、CHC13等,而在甲醇、乙醇中则不溶。良好的溶解性归因于PI分子结构中含有含氟基团、半脂环结构及柔性的双酚A结构。
为了评估4种PI中是否存在孔径<2 nm的微孔,将PI粉末进行了全自动物理吸附测试,测得的比表面积如表2所示,吸附和脱附曲线如图4所示。从表2可以看出,6F-PI的比表面积较大,达到220 m2/g,结合图4的吸附曲线图可知,该曲线为Ⅱ类吸附等温线,在低压时,没有很高的吸附量,曲线有上凸趋势,说明该聚合物中没有微孔结构。N-PI、B-PI、P-PI均属于Ⅲ类吸附等温线,曲线下凹,且无明显拐点,吸附气体量随压力增加平缓上升,因此聚合物属于无孔材料。
通过广角X射线衍射仪表征了4种PI薄膜的聚集态结构,结果如图5所示。从图5可以看出,制备的PI薄膜在2θ=14.51°~15.55°处均有一个宽的衍射峰,表明薄膜为无定型结构。从表2可以看出,2θ对应的平均链间距为5.67~5.92 Å。其中,B-PI相对于N-PI具有更小的平均链间距,且衍射峰较窄,表明引入柔性BPADA骨架的PI在膜内更易形成紧密的链间堆积。依据密度测试,计算得到4种PI薄膜的自由体积分数为0.164~0.195,表明相较于常规的致密PI薄膜[2],它们具有较高的自由体积分数。
图6为4种PI薄膜的应力-应变曲线,力学性能数据列于表3中。从表3图6可以看出,制备的PI薄膜均具有良好的力学性能,其拉伸强度(σm)为64.8~82.6 MPa,模量(Et)为1.32~2.93 GPa,断裂伸长率(εb)为5.8%~73.8%。对比文献[21]报道的采用同种聚合单体DAPI与PMDA、6FDA制备的PI薄膜,本研究制得的P-PI和6F-PI表现出更好的力学性能。不同结构的芳香二酐,对应薄膜的力学性能显著不同。N-PI与6F-PI薄膜表现为脆性断裂,而B-PI与P-PI薄膜表现为韧性断裂。N-PI分子链刚性较大,薄膜的自由体积分数较小,从而阻碍链段的活动以至不能实现强迫高弹形变,使薄膜呈现脆性断裂。6F-PI分子链具有较大的刚性,且分子链排列有序度较小[2,23],因此薄膜表现为脆性断裂。B-PI分子链含有柔性的醚键,分子链容易发生形变,且聚合物分子量较高,因此对应薄膜表现为韧性断裂,薄膜同时具有较高拉伸强度和断裂伸长率。尽管P-PI分子链的刚性较大,但对应薄膜的自由体积分数较大,导致分子堆砌较为松散,链段运动余地较大,使得薄膜拉伸时仍呈现韧性断裂,断裂伸长率高达73.8%。
通过TGA和DMA评估PI薄膜的热性能,结果如图7图8表3所示。从表3可以看出,含半脂环PI薄膜均具有良好的耐热性,它们的初始分解温度均高于400℃,5%分解温度(T5%)和10%分解温度(T10%)分别为501~506℃和510~514℃。从图8可以看出,基于NTCDA和PMDA的PI薄膜表现出较高的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)。其中N-PI的Tg最高可超过487℃,高于6F-PI(Tg=338℃)和B-PI(Tg=232℃),这归因于NTCDA和PMDA的高刚性结构限制了聚合物分子链的运动,从而提高了Tg。相比之下,由于B-PI分子骨架中含有柔性醚键和半脂环结构,链段易于活动,分子链构象旋转容易,内旋转位垒较小,Tg较低。
含半脂环PI薄膜的介电性能随频率变化曲线如图9所示,在1 kHz、10 kHz、1 MHz的介电常数及介质损耗因数列于表4中。
图9可以看出,薄膜的介电常数随频率增加稍有降低,这是由频率增加后PI链的偶极极化延迟导致。从表4可以看出,低频下薄膜的介电常数从大到小依次为N-PI、P-PI、B-PI、6F-PI。含氟PI(6F-PI)薄膜具有最低的介电常数,其在1 MHz时,介电常数低至2.63。N-PI的介电常数较高,这是由于萘环为平面共轭结构,既有利于形成分子链间紧密堆积,减小膜内自由体积分数(如表2所示),又能增强偶极极化作用,导致介电常数增加。随着频率的增加,PI薄膜的介质损耗因数先是大体保持不变然后增加,原因是当频率增加到一定程度时,偶极子极化已经跟不上外电场的变化,需要较长时间才能达到稳定状态,因此会引起能量损耗增加,导致薄膜的介质损耗增加。薄膜的介质损耗因数从大到小依次为N-PI、P-PI、B-PI、6F-PI,这表明含氟基团及双酚A结构在分子链上的引入可在一定程度上降低PI薄膜的介质损耗。
表4还可以看出,含半脂环PI薄膜在10 GHz下的介电常数均相较于低频下减小。具有平面共轭结构的N-PI和P-PI介电常数相对较低,这可能因为其分子链具有高刚性,分子链的构象旋转困难,从而导致高频下偶极子极化延迟现象更为显著,介电常数变小。同时,含半脂环PI薄膜在10 GHz下相对于低频下均具有较高的介质损耗,这可能是在高频下偶极极化完全跟不上外电场变化,极化滞后效应导致介质损耗增加。由表4可知,分子主链引入半脂环结构和双酚A结构的B-PI具有较低的介质损耗因数(0.006 6),这是因为它的重复结构单元中低酰亚胺基团含量导致在高频(10 GHz)下具有低的取向极化,从而产生低的介质损耗[20]
将含半脂环结构的DAPI和不同结构的芳香二酐进行聚合,制备的含半脂环结构PI薄膜具有优异的力学性能、耐热性以及良好的介电性能(10 GHz)。它们能溶解于NMP、DMF、CHC13等有机溶剂,拉伸强度为64.8~82.6 MPa,玻璃化转变温度最高可超过487℃。研究发现,引入半脂环结构及双酚A结构的PI薄膜高频下具有较低的介电常数(2.75)及介质损耗因数(0.006 6),优异的综合性能使得含半脂环结构PI薄膜在5G/6G高频通讯领域具有广阔的应用前景。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52173210)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.006
  • 接收时间:2022-01-19
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-19
  • 修回日期:2022-02-17
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(52173210)
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    1常州大学 材料科学与工程学院,江苏 常州 213164
    2中国科学院过程工程研究所 生化工程国家重点实验室,北京 100190
    3中国科学院大学 化学工程学院,北京 100049
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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