Article(id=1198664996256313458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198664995669110898, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1652716800000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-17, revisedDate=1659974400000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763713605226, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1676822400000, pubDateStr=2023-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763713605226, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763713605226, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763713605226, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198664995669110898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2023', volume='56', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='117', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763713605086, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563346770, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210617678729966036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198664995669110898, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210617678729966037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1198664995669110898, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198664996587663478, articleId=1198664996256313458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research progress on energy storage properties of all-organic polyimide composite dielectric films, columnId=1198664996516360309, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Polyimide Film Special Issue, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Polyimide (PI) has attracted wide attention in the field of new high-temperature energy storage dielectric materials because of its excellent properties. Compared with inorganic/PI composite dielectric materials, all-organic PI composite dielectric materials can maintain excellent mechanical properties while obtaining high dielectric permittivity and high energy storage density. This paper firstly discussed the key parameters affecting the energy storage characteristics of polymer dielectric materials, including dielectric permittivity, dielectric loss, breakdown field strength, energy storage density, charge/discharge efficiency, and heat resistance. And then introduced the key factors and development trends affecting the energy storage characteristics of all-organic PI composite dielectric materials from physical blending and chemical blending, respectively. Finally, the problem of how to effectively improve the high-temperature energy storage characteristics of all-organic PI composite dielectric materials was summarized and the future development direction was proposed.

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聚酰亚胺(PI)因其优异的性能在新型高温储能电介质材料领域得到广泛关注。与无机/PI复合电介质材料相比,全有机PI复合电介质材料可以在获得高介电常数和高储能密度的同时保持优异的力学性能。本文首先讨论了影响聚合物电介质材料储能特性的关键参数,包括介电常数、介质损耗、击穿场强、储能密度、充放电效率和耐热性,然后分别从物理共混和化学共混两个角度分类介绍了影响全有机PI复合电介质材料储能特性的关键因素及发展动态,最后,对如何有效提升全有机PI复合电介质材料的高温储能特性问题进行了总结,并对其未来发展方向进行了展望。

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查俊伟(1982-),男(汉族),安徽安庆人,教授,博士,主要从事储能电介质材料、绝缘材料、先进热管理材料、智能柔性电工材料等的研究;

肖梦雨(1999-),男(汉族),河北定州人,硕士生,主要从事聚酰亚胺介电及储能特性的研究。

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查俊伟(1982-),男(汉族),安徽安庆人,教授,博士,主要从事储能电介质材料、绝缘材料、先进热管理材料、智能柔性电工材料等的研究;

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210935051555041853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198664996256313458, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Dielectric properties and energy storage characteristics of typical polymer materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚合物材料介电常数(1kHz)击穿场强/(MV/m)储能密度/(J/cm3)耐受温度/℃
BOPP[14]2.26501.0~1.2105
PI[3]3.4>3001.4250
PC[15]3.1>350<1.0150
PEEK[15]3.22500.5150
PPS[14]3.04701.0~1.5200
FPE[15]3.5>4001.3150
), ArticleFig(id=1210935051672482369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1198664996256313458, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

典型聚合物材料的介电性能与储能特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚合物材料介电常数(1kHz)击穿场强/(MV/m)储能密度/(J/cm3)耐受温度/℃
BOPP[14]2.26501.0~1.2105
PI[3]3.4>3001.4250
PC[15]3.1>350<1.0150
PEEK[15]3.22500.5150
PPS[14]3.04701.0~1.5200
FPE[15]3.5>4001.3150
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全有机聚酰亚胺复合电介质薄膜储能特性的研究进展
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查俊伟 1, 2 , 肖梦雨 1 , 万宝全 1 , 郑明胜 1
绝缘材料 | 聚酰亚胺薄膜专题 2023,56(2): 1-10
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绝缘材料 | 聚酰亚胺薄膜专题 2023, 56(2): 1-10
全有机聚酰亚胺复合电介质薄膜储能特性的研究进展
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查俊伟1, 2, 肖梦雨1, 万宝全1, 郑明胜1
作者信息
  • 1北京科技大学 化学与生物工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2北京材料基因工程高精尖创新中心,北京 100083
  • 查俊伟(1982-),男(汉族),安徽安庆人,教授,博士,主要从事储能电介质材料、绝缘材料、先进热管理材料、智能柔性电工材料等的研究;

    肖梦雨(1999-),男(汉族),河北定州人,硕士生,主要从事聚酰亚胺介电及储能特性的研究。

Research progress on energy storage properties of all-organic polyimide composite dielectric films
Junwei ZHA1, 2, Mengyu XIAO1, Baoquan WAN1, Mingsheng ZHENG1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2023-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.001
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聚酰亚胺(PI)因其优异的性能在新型高温储能电介质材料领域得到广泛关注。与无机/PI复合电介质材料相比,全有机PI复合电介质材料可以在获得高介电常数和高储能密度的同时保持优异的力学性能。本文首先讨论了影响聚合物电介质材料储能特性的关键参数,包括介电常数、介质损耗、击穿场强、储能密度、充放电效率和耐热性,然后分别从物理共混和化学共混两个角度分类介绍了影响全有机PI复合电介质材料储能特性的关键因素及发展动态,最后,对如何有效提升全有机PI复合电介质材料的高温储能特性问题进行了总结,并对其未来发展方向进行了展望。

全有机  /  复合电介质  /  聚酰亚胺  /  薄膜  /  储能特性

Polyimide (PI) has attracted wide attention in the field of new high-temperature energy storage dielectric materials because of its excellent properties. Compared with inorganic/PI composite dielectric materials, all-organic PI composite dielectric materials can maintain excellent mechanical properties while obtaining high dielectric permittivity and high energy storage density. This paper firstly discussed the key parameters affecting the energy storage characteristics of polymer dielectric materials, including dielectric permittivity, dielectric loss, breakdown field strength, energy storage density, charge/discharge efficiency, and heat resistance. And then introduced the key factors and development trends affecting the energy storage characteristics of all-organic PI composite dielectric materials from physical blending and chemical blending, respectively. Finally, the problem of how to effectively improve the high-temperature energy storage characteristics of all-organic PI composite dielectric materials was summarized and the future development direction was proposed.

all-organic  /  composite dielectrics  /  polyimide  /  film  /  energy storage
查俊伟, 肖梦雨, 万宝全, 郑明胜. 全有机聚酰亚胺复合电介质薄膜储能特性的研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2023 , 56 (2) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.001
Junwei ZHA, Mengyu XIAO, Baoquan WAN, Mingsheng ZHENG. Research progress on energy storage properties of all-organic polyimide composite dielectric films[J]. Insulating Materials, 2023 , 56 (2) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.001
为了实现绿色、可持续的发展,人们开发出了太阳能、风能、核能和潮汐能等新能源。但是要想充分有效地利用新能源就需要高能量密度、高功率密度和高效率的储能设备。目前,可使用的储能设备包括飞轮、化学电池、超导线圈、超级电容器、薄膜电容器等[1]。薄膜电容器因其特殊的储能机理而具有较快的充放电速度和较高的功率密度[2],广泛地应用在风力发电、智能电网、井下石油勘测、航空航天、电磁弹射和新能源汽车等领域[3]
薄膜电容器的性能主要取决于电介质薄膜材料。聚合物电介质薄膜材料由于高的击穿场强(Eb)、低的介质损耗、高稳定性和易加工而被广泛应用[4-6]。目前商用的薄膜电容器材料是双轴取向聚丙烯(BOPP),其相对介电常数(εr)只有2.2,储能密度为1~3 J/cm3,如此低的储能密度使得电容器无法满足小型化和轻量化的需要[7]。此外电容器的工作温度一般在120℃以上,而BOPP的工作温度最高不能超过105℃,这使得BOPP薄膜电容器不能满足耐高温的要求[8]。因此,开发耐高温、高储能密度的聚合物电介质材料势在必行[9]
处于材料金字塔顶端的聚酰亚胺(PI)具有优异的绝缘性能、热性能、力学性能和化学稳定性[10],而且PI还具有合成方法简单、结构可设计性强的优点。综合而言,PI是很有潜力的耐高温储能电介质材料[11-12]。另外,PI与典型的聚合物电介质材料如BOPP、聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚苯硫醚(PPS)、芴聚酯(FPE)相比具有较好的高温储能能力,如表1所示。为了进一步提高PI的储能密度以满足工业和科技发展的要求[13],通常采用复合方法来优化PI的介电性能。
在以往的研究中发现,加入无机填料制备无机PI复合材料虽然可以提高PI的介电常数,但是无机填料的引入会降低材料的击穿场强和力学性能[16-20];而通过加入有机填料制备的全有机PI复合材料可以在获得高介电常数和高储能密度的同时保持优异的力学性能。
本文在分析电介质材料物理性能参数的基础上,从物理共混的角度,结合不同物理性质的填料如有机导电材料、分子半导体材料和高绝缘聚合物材料,分析填料对PI复合材料储能特性的影响;从化学共混的角度,分析高极性配合物与高极性基团的引入对PI复合材料极化能力的影响。最后,总结并展望全有机PI复合材料未来发展的前景和方向。
电介质是指在电场中能够产生极化与偶极子,并能在其内部建立静电场的物质。相对介电常数(εr)用来衡量电介质极化能力的大小,可用式(1)表示。
εr=CC0
式(1)中:C0为无电介质(真空)时电容器的电容量;C为有电介质时的电容量。
当电容器两极板间充满电介质时,电介质的极化会在极板上产生感应电荷,使得极板上电荷量增加,因此CC0,即εr>1。电介质在电场中的极化为界面极化、偶极极化、离子极化和电子极化4种极化机制共同作用的结果[21]。电介质中的载流子在界面处的积累产生界面极化;偶极子跟随施加电场的取向产生偶极极化;正负离子、原子内原子核和电子的相对位移则分别产生离子极化、电子极化[22-23]图1显示了电介质的4种极化和频率的关系[11],在这4种极化中,偶极极化(频率<107 Hz)在电介质中起着极为重要的作用。
根据克劳修斯-莫索提方程,可以得到εr和分子极化率(α)之间的关系,如式(2)所示。
εr-1εr+2=Nα3ε0
式(2)中:ε0为真空介电常数,其数值为8.85×10-12 F/m;N为单位体积电介质里的分子数。
式(2)可以看出,通过改变电介质的αN可以调节εr的大小,这将在后文具体阐述。
极化损耗和电导损耗是构成介质损耗的主要部分。一方面,在交流电场中的电介质,缓慢极化所对应的电荷转移或偶极子转动在时间上往往滞后于电场变化,这种缓慢极化会带来能量的损失,形成极化损耗。从图1可以看出[11],电介质的电子极化对损耗的贡献极小,而界面极化、离子极化和偶极极化这类缓慢极化则是极化损耗的主要来源。另一方面,电介质中的载流子在电场中的定向运动会产生漏导电流,由漏导电流产生的损耗称为电导损耗[24]
因此,对于交流电场中的电介质,通常使用复介电常数来描述其介电响应,如式(3)所示。
εr=εr'-iεr
式(3)中:εr'为复介电常数的实数部分,即实际测得的相对介电常数;εr为复介电常数的虚数部分,又称损耗因子。其中εr/εr'=tanδ,tanδ称为介质损耗因数,用来描述电介质的介质损耗。
使两个电极间的电介质丧失绝缘能力的最低电场强度,称为击穿场强(Eb)。由于击穿机理极为复杂,至今还没有一个完善的理论,目前主要有电击穿、热击穿、局部放电击穿和电-机械击穿4种机理[25]。从这些机理中可以得知:载流子的雪崩效应、热量的持续积累、局部气隙被击穿后的重复放电以及正负电极间的静电引力使电介质材料产生超出临界阈值的形变[1,26]都会造成电介质的击穿破坏。
因此,若要提高Eb应从以下4个方向考虑:①降低材料电导率和杂质含量来减少载流子的运动,同时也可以减少焦耳热的生成;②提高材料热导率来减少热量的积累;③减少缺陷来避免局部放电;④提升材料力学性能以抵抗电极间的静电引力。
根据电磁学理论,电介质在电场强度为E的电场下产生电位移D,从而储存能量。则电介质的储能密度(Ue)可以表示为式(4)
Ue=EdD
对于PI这样的线性电介质有D=ε0εrE,则式(4)可以简化为式(5)
Ue=12ε0εrE2
从式(4)~(5)可以看出,高εr、高Eb是电介质具备高Ue的必要条件。
电介质的Ue也可以使用电位移-电场强度(D-E)回线计算,如图2所示[27]D-E回线内部区域代表不能释放出的能量。电介质可以分为铁电材料和非铁电材料两大类,二者最大的区别是铁电材料中存在电畴结构。从图2可以看出,电畴结构的存在会使得铁电材料具有很高的能量损失。
除了Ue,充放电效率(η)也是评价电介质储能性能的一个重要指标,如式(6)所示。
η=UdUe×100%
式(6)中,Ud为电容器的放电能量密度。
在实际应用中,η应该在90%以上,以避免因过多的能量损失而使设备发热严重。
为了使电容器在高温下可靠地运行,从电容器内部有效地移除热量至关重要[28]。但是聚合物电介质的热导率比较低以及特定的导热路径[29]使得热量往往不能被有效地移除,这要求聚合物电介质必须具有优良的耐热性,这是其在高温下保持可靠绝缘性能的先决条件[3]。聚合物电介质的耐热性一般用玻璃化转变温度(Tg)、熔点(Tm)以及热分解温度(Td)来表征。
聚合物电介质的Tg对其力学性能和介电性能具有非常大的影响。当温度超过Tg时,分子链段的运动增强、自由体积增大,这会促进分子的极化以及载流子的运动,从而导致εr和tanδ明显上升。为了使电容器可靠地运行,聚合物电介质的最高工作温度不能超过Tg。对于结晶相起主导作用的聚合物,也用Tm来评估其高温性能。
电介质的εr会随着温度(T)的变化而变化,这对于电容器的工作是不利的,通常使用相对介电常数温度系数αεr来评价电介质介电性能的热稳定性,如式(7)所示。
αεr=1εrdεrdT
综上,为了获得优异的耐高温储能电介质材料,高的TgTd以及低的αεr十分必要。其中,刚性主链、极性基团和交联结构有利于电介质材料获得高的TgTm[30];强的化学键、芳环结构以及梯形、螺旋形和片状结构有利于电介质材料获得较高的Td[25]。为了获得较低的αεr,应该尽量减少和温度相关的极化。
物理共混一般使用的是液相法,其制备工艺主要有溶液法和原位聚合法两种。这两种工艺的最大差别在于加入填料的顺序不同,溶液法是将填料和聚合物一起加入到溶剂中,而原位聚合法是先将填料和聚合物反应单体溶于溶剂中进行分散再进行聚合。使用填料和PI物理共混来提高εr的主要原因在于填料的加入可以提高基体电介质的α或者N。根据填料的性质可以将填料分为有机导电填料、分子半导体填料和高绝缘聚合物填料。
研究表明[22,31],在聚合物基体中加入导电填料会因逾渗效应和界面极化显著提高复合材料的εr。FANG Dan等[32]以2,2ʹ-二甲基-4,4ʹ-二氨基联苯(MMB)、3,3ʹ,4,4ʹ-联苯四甲酸二酐(BPDA)、双(三氟甲磺酰)亚胺锂(LiTFSI)为原料使用流延法制备LiTFSI/PI复合薄膜。当填料LiTFSI的质量分数为15%时,PI在1 kHz下的εr可由原来的3.34提高到8.44,此时tanδ为0.12。当填料质量分数低于15%时,εr和tanδ对于频率几乎没有依赖性。除了良好的介电性能外,LiTFSI质量分数为15%的复合薄膜还具有优异的力学性能和热性能:拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别为195.5 MPa和18.26%,T5%Tg分别高达453.8℃和265.2℃。但是引入导电的LiTFSI会使得复合薄膜电导率升高,从而造成薄膜的Eb降低、tanδ增大。而Eb降低会限制Ue的提高,tanδ增大会导致电容器在工作时产生更多的热量从而带来安全隐患。
为了避免导电填料所带来的电导率升高的情况,B G KIM等[33]通过界面沉积法在导电的聚吡咯(PPy)纳米颗粒上沉淀了PI层,制备了PPy@PI核壳结构,并研究其相对介电常数和电导率与PPy含量的关系,如图3所示。从图3可以看出,与直接由PPy和PI颗粒混合制备的复合材料相比,这种核壳结构显著降低了电导率的增加幅度。这是因为导电颗粒上包覆的绝缘涂层切断了导电颗粒之间的连接。从实验中发现,当PPy的质量分数为15%时,复合材料的εr超过100,电导率为10-8 S/cm,tanδ为0.18。可见,虽然通过制备核壳结构降低了电导率的增幅,但是tanδ仍然较大,不能满足实际需求。
在高温下工作的聚合物电介质材料存在电子的注入、激发和运动,这会造成材料电导的显著增加。如何抑制高温下电子的转移是提升电介质高温储能特性的关键。图4展示了复合材料中分子半导体对电荷转移的影响[34]。如图4(a)所示,分子半导体强烈的电子亲和性可在复合材料中形成电子陷阱来捕获自由电子,形成的陷阱能级可由分子半导体和聚合物基体之间电子亲和能的差值计算(图4(b))。而且电子陷阱捕获自由电子后还会在电极和电介质界面处形成反电场从而抑制电子的注入(图4(c))。综上可知,分子半导体可以抑制电荷的转移。
YUAN Chao等[34]选用了3种分子半导体(2,2ʹ-[[[6,6,12,12-四(4-己基苯基)-6,12-二氢二硫代[2,3-d:2ʹ,3ʹ-dʹ]-s-吲哚诺[1,2-b:5,6-bʹ]二噻吩-2,8-二基]双[亚甲基(3-氧代-1h-茚-2,1(3h)-二亚甲基)]]双[丙胺](ITIC)、(6,6)-苯基-C61-丁酸甲酯(PCBM)和2,2ʹ,9,9ʹ-四(1-戊基己基)-[5,5ʹ-联蒽并[2,1,9-def:6,5,10-dʹeʹfʹ]二异喹啉]-1,1ʹ,3,3ʹ,8,8ʹ,10,10ʹ(2H,2ʹH,9H,9ʹH)-八酮(‎DPDI))分别和聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)共混,研究了3种分子半导体对PEI高温储能特性的影响。研究发现,少量分子半导体的加入即可显著提高PEI的高温储能特性。在150℃下,η超过90%时,复合材料的Ud为3.4~4.5 J/cm3,而PEI的Ud只有1.0 J/cm3。更值得注意的是,即使在200℃下,η超过90%时,复合材料的最大Ud仍然可达到3.0 J/cm3
分子半导体和聚合物基体之间可能会形成界面极化从而使得εr得到提高。例如QIAO Rui等[35]在PEI基体中加入质量分数为4%的苝二酰亚胺(PTCBI)之后使得复合薄膜在1 kHz下的εr从4提高到7。在研究中发现,复合薄膜的Eb随着PTCBI的加入出现先升高后降低的趋势,这是由于在低PTCBI含量时,电荷的运动受到抑制;而在高PTCBI含量时,PTCBI之间的距离会变短,从而增大了电子导电的可能性。在540 MV/m电场下,PTCBI质量分数为1%的复合薄膜具有最大的Ud,为8 J/cm3,此时η为86%。另外,该薄膜还具有优异的耐高温性能,在100℃下,Ud为5.12 J/cm3η为82.7%。
通过对分子半导体的修饰可以调节其能级结构,从而增加陷阱深度。ZHANG Lingjie等[36]使用氯化的六苯佐罗烯(Cl-HBC)和PI共混制备了Cl-HBC/PI复合薄膜。Cl的引入不仅成功地降低了HBC的LUMO能级(提高了电子亲和能),还减少了分子间作用力从而提高了溶解度。因为加入Cl-HBC的含量非常少,所以1 kHz下εr几乎没有变化,但是Eb从442 MV/m提高到539 MV/m,tanδ从0.009降低到0.002。Cl-HBC具有比PI更高的电子亲和能,因此可以作为电子陷阱捕获电子来提高Eb;准二维结构的Cl-HBC可以抑制PI分子链的运动从而降低tanδ。在室温和400 MV/m电场下,Cl-HBC/PI复合薄膜具有最高的Ue,为4.01 J/cm3η为81%。在150℃下,Cl-HBC/PI复合薄膜的Ue为2.5 J/cm3η超过70%。
在PI基体中加入少量的有机导电材料就会大幅提高PI的εr,但是会造成PI电导率增大,对储能性能带来负面影响。而在PI基体中加入具有高εr的绝缘聚合物材料,可以提高PI的εr,同时保持低电导率。但这往往需要大量的绝缘聚合物填料来提高PI的εr,这也就要求PI和填料之间必须要有良好的相容性来保障复合材料性能的稳定。
聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)作为典型的普通铁电聚合物在电介质材料领域受到了广泛关注[37-38]。PVDF中高极性的偏氟结构使其具有很高的εr(10~14),因此可以将其与PI复合制备全有机复合材料来提高εr进而获得高的Ue
MAO Xin等[39]以均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)、4,4ʹ-二氨基二苯醚(ODA)和PVDF为原料制备了PVDF/PI复合薄膜。虽然加入质量分数为30%的PVDF之后,复合薄膜1 kHz下的εr可以达到最大值5.7,但是此时Eb也由原来的311.27 MV/m大幅降低到62 MV/m,如此低的Eb使得Ue仅为0.097 J/cm3。造成Eb下降的主要原因是PVDF和PI的相容性差,导致复合薄膜中出现很多缺陷。缺陷的存在也会导致薄膜的力学性能降低、介质损耗升高。此外,由于PVDF的热稳定性比PI差,随着PVDF含量的增加,复合薄膜的T10%出现下降的趋势。
为了解决PI和PVDF相容性差的问题,研究人员从制备工艺和薄膜的宏观结构上进行了探索。SHEN Youliang等[40]以ODA、BPDA、联苯胺(BPA)为原料合成了共聚的PI,并进行了静电纺丝,然后将静电纺丝后的PI加入到片状的PVDF纤维中进行热压获得了复合薄膜。PI质量分数为50%的复合薄膜的εr为5.19、tanδ为0.026 9。此外该复合薄膜的拉伸强度高达368.6 MPa,拉伸模量为3.24 GPa,韧性为28.4 J/g。该复合薄膜优异的致密性和力学性能来源于以下两个方面:①热压可以提高PI和PVDF的相容性,减少孔隙;②在热压过程中低熔点的PVDF变成连续相而PI继续以纤维的形式存在,PI纤维带间的空隙使得PVDF渗透其中并产生强烈的界面粘合。
CHEN Chen等[41]设计双层结构解决了PI和PVDF基铁电材料相容性差的问题,从而避免了Eb的下降,获得了比PI和聚(偏氟乙烯-三氟乙烯-氟氯乙烯)(P(VDF-TrFE-CFE))更优异的储能性能。他们先以PMDA、ODA为原料制备了PI薄膜,然后通过流延法将P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)沉积在PI薄膜上。这种双层结构可以有效地结合PI高Eb和P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)高εr的优势,所得双层薄膜的εr介于PI和P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)之间,Eb都在二者之上。当PI的体积分数为50%时,双层薄膜的Ud为9.6 J/cm3η为58%。复合薄膜的Eb高于原材料是因为电场的再分配和界面的作用:具有低εr、高Eb的PI层可分配到更多的电场;双层结构之间存在的介观界面可以抑制电树的生长。虽然利用双层结构获得了高Ud的复合薄膜,但其η为58%仍然无法满足实际应用的需要。
造成低η的原因是复合薄膜的介质损耗较大。对于由PVDF基铁电材料和PI制备出的复合材料来说,其介质损耗主要来自于电畴结构带来的剩余极化损耗和载流子带来的电导损耗。因此在解决基体与填料相容性差获得高Ud的基础上,还要降低介质损耗才有可能获得具有实际应用价值的复合材料。使用大的分子基团和PVDF共聚来制备弛豫铁电体可以降低剩余极化带来的损耗;阻碍电子从电极的注入可以降低电导损耗。
WANG Chao等[42]通过PEI与聚(偏氟乙烯-三氟乙烯-三氟氯乙烯)(PVTC)复合制备了3种薄膜:PEI-PVTC-PEI(PVTC为中间层的三明治结构)、PVTC-PEI-PVTC(PEI为中间层的三明治结构)和PVTC/PEI(共混结构)。在这3种结构薄膜中,PEI-PVTC-PEI具有更高的EbUdη。这是因为高绝缘性的PEI作为外层可以有效地阻碍电子从电极的注入。这种薄膜在PVTC体积分数为5%~25%时可以实现εrEb的同步提高。当PVTC体积分数为15%时,PEI-PVTC-PEI具有最高的Eb以及Ud,分别为530 MV/m和8 J/cm3,此时η为81%。而且在25~100℃条件下,PVTC体积分数为15%的PEI-PVTC-PEI的介电性能具有优异的热稳定性。即使在100℃下,该薄膜的Ud仍能接近8 J/cm3η约为80%。
SUN Liang等[43]以PEI/P(VDF-HFP)作为中间过渡层,制备了PEI-PEI/P(VDF-HFP)-P(VDF-HFP)三层不对称结构的LTN薄膜,如图5所示,其中PEI/P(VDF-HFP)为PEI和聚(偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯)的共混结构。研究表明,与PEI、P(VDF-HFP)、PEI/P(VDF-HFP)、PEI-P(VDF-HFP)双层结构薄膜相比,LTN薄膜具有更高的Eb。这是因为T层的均匀化电场特性,将集中在L层的电压分摊到T层与N层上,从而缓和了场强的突变。另外L层和T层之间的界面可以有效地阻止击穿路径的增长。LTN薄膜的高Eb、较高的εr和低tanδ使其具有高的Udη。当过渡层中的PEI体积分数为20%时,LTN薄膜具有最高的Udη,分别为12.15 J/cm3和89.9%。与P(VDF-HFP)-PEI/P(VDF-HFP)-P(VDF-HFP)三层结构NTN薄膜相比,LTN薄膜具有更高的Udη。这是因为高绝缘性L层的引入可以有效地抑制电荷从电极注入。
通过在PI基体中加入高极性的聚合物(LNBR[44]β-环糊精[45]、PSF[46])可以显著提高复合材料的εr,但是由于复合材料的Eb下降,使得最高的Ue也没有超过2 J/cm3。致使Eb下降的一个重要原因是基体和填料中分配的电场与其εr成反比,这种电场的再分配会使得基体中的局部电场增大,最终导致Eb下降。因此,选用高εr的填料虽然会提高复合材料的εr,但是却不一定会使Ue获得提高。根据式(5)可以看出,要想获得高Ue的复合薄膜必须同时具备高εr和高EbEb的提升甚至比εr的提升更加重要。利用填料的特殊结构可以在提高εr的同时提高Eb
LIAO Xiaojian等[47]利用聚丙烯腈(PAN)在温度为400~600℃可以进一步脱氢形成梯形共轭结构(PcLS)这一特性,使用原位聚合法制备了PcLS/PI复合薄膜。当PAN的质量分数为25%时,复合薄膜在1 kHz下的εr为8.19,Eb为345.7 MV/m(比PI提高了45%),最高Ue为4.33 J/cm3。共轭结构有利于增强电子极化,PcLS/PI薄膜致密、均匀的分子结构有利于Eb的提升。此外,这种薄膜还具有优异的力学性能和热性能,PAN质量分数为30%的复合薄膜的拉伸强度、弹性模量和T5%分别为115 MPa、4.3 GPa和600℃。正如1.5节中所述,复合薄膜中的梯形共轭和芳环结构是其具备高T5%的主要原因。
S NASREEN等[48]利用Sn-聚酯中高极性的Sn-O键提高了离子极化,获得了高εr和高Ue的复合薄膜。以3,3′,4,4′-二苯酮四酸二酐(BTDA)、1,6-己二胺(HDA)为原料和两种不同的Sn-聚酯pDMTGlu、pDMTDMG分别共混合成了pDMTGlu/PI和pDMTDMG/PI两种复合薄膜。研究表明,两种薄膜的εr均随着Sn-聚酯含量的增加而升高,当Sn-聚酯的质量分数为60%时,εr达到最高。pDMTDMG/PI比pDMTGlu/PI具有更优异的储能特性,这是因为pDMTDMG的无定形结构可以提高其与PI的相容性,5.3 eV的高带隙有利于Eb的提高。pDMTDMG/PI的εr可达到6.3、Eb为352 MV/m、Ue为5.6 J/cm3η为82%。pDMTDMG/PI还具有优良的热性能,其T5%为200℃(相较于PI提高了约100℃),Tg约为141℃;其εr在-30~150℃比较稳定。
A AHMAD等[49]以PMDA、ODA、芳香聚硫脲(ArPTU)制备了复合薄膜。研究表明,ArPTU质量分数为10%时,复合薄膜1 kHz下的εr为4.52,Eb为443 MV/m,Ue为4 J/cm3,tanδ为0.003 49。与以PMDA、ODA合成的PI相比,复合薄膜的εr提升了5.6%,Eb提升了73.7%,Ue提升了223%。因为ArPTU的εr比PI高,所以加入之后会使得复合薄膜的εr上升;此外,ArPTU链嵌入到PI链中间导致单位体积的极性分子数增加,这也有利于εr提高。Eb的提高来源于以下4个方面:①ArPTU具有超高的Eb(>1 GV/m);②ArPTU的大偶极矩可以形成捕获载流子的陷阱;③ArPTU和PI的εr差距较小,电场在两相中分配比较均匀;④制备的薄膜均匀、缺陷少。A AHMAD等[50]还使用聚芳醚脲(PEEU)和PI溶液共混,制备了PEEU/PI复合薄膜。当PEEU质量分数为15%时,复合薄膜的εr为4.73,Eb为495.65 MV/m,Ue为5.14 J/cm3,tanδ为0.002 99。此外该复合薄膜的εr和tanδ在-50~250℃具有优异的稳定性,这要归功于其突出的热稳定性(Tg=343℃)。εrEb的提高来源于PEEU的高εrEb,以及和PI基体之间优异的相容性。
NIU Yujuan等[51]使用流延法制备了PEIs/PI/PEIs三明治结构薄膜,然后热压提高了界面之间的粘合性,如图6所示。其中,PEIs由等摩尔量的2,2ʹ-双[4-(3,4-二羧基苯氧基)苯基丙烷]二酸酐和4,4ʹ-二氨基二苯砜缩聚制备。使用原子力显微镜与红外光谱相结合测试界面处聚合物结构的变化,发现PEIs溶液在PI薄膜表面的溶胀作用造成了界面处两种聚合物分子含量的梯度变化。这种溶胀作用在三明治结构薄膜中增加了深陷阱密度,提高了捕获电子的能力。因载流子的运输受到了抑制,所以高温下的储能能力得到了提高,该薄膜在200℃下Ud可达到2 J/cm3,且η高于90%。
化学共混法是通过化学反应将不同结构的聚合物结合在一起。与物理共混法相比,这种方法不需要考虑基体和填料之间的相容性,制备的复合材料也更加均一稳定。通过化学共混可以引入高极性结构来提高PI的εr
PENG Xinwen等[52]以BPDA、5,5ʹ-双[(4-氨基)苯氧基]-2,2ʹ-联嘧啶(BAPBP)和YbCl3为原料制备了PI和Yb的配合物薄膜。BAPBP中的π电子可以和Yb中的d轨道形成d-π键来增大电子的离域范围进而提高离子极化。当联嘧啶和Yb的摩尔比为1∶1时,配合物薄膜在100 Hz~100 kHz下的εr为150,tanδ为0.04。此外,该薄膜还具有优异的力学性能和热性能,其T5%可以达到510℃。WU Zhiqiang等[53]合成了含有苯胺三聚体(ACAT)的PI嵌段共聚物ACAT-PI,这种共聚物扩大了电子的离域范围使得离子极化增强。当ACAT摩尔分数为5%时,共聚物的εr为4.4、Eb为426 MV/m,Ue为3.6 J/cm3。酞菁铜低聚物因整个分子链中大的离域电子而具有很高的εr(>103)。CHEN Linlin等[54]使用邻苯二甲酸酐封端的酞菁铜(o-CuPcA)和胺基封端的聚酰胺酸制备了酞菁铜接枝的PI(CuPc-PI)薄膜。当CuPc质量分数为30%时,在100 Hz下薄膜的εr为23.2,该薄膜的最大Ue为0.55 J/cm3,是PI的1.8倍左右。
利用高极性配合物来增强电子离域作用虽然可以提高复合材料的εr,但是这种共轭结构之间的相互作用会导致带隙降低。而高带隙是低漏导电流和高Eb的必备条件(例如CuPc-PI和ACAT-PI在获得高εr的同时,Eb也在大幅降低),因此提高电子离域对于Ue的提升有限。
在聚合物链中引入高极性基团可以提高偶极极化,进而在不降低带隙的前提下提高εr。LI Z Z等[55]使用3,3′,4,4′-二苯酮四羧酸二酐(BTDA)和HDA、聚醚胺(Jeffamine HK511)合成了聚酰亚胺薄膜(BTDA-HK25),与原始的聚合物相比,它的εr增加幅度可达到45%,Ue大于11 J/cm3η大于90%。PI的刚性主链中引入柔性的醚键基团之后增加了自由体积,进而促进了偶极极化。但是含有柔性脂肪族结构的BTDA-HK25的Tg仅为120℃,无法满足高温条件下的应用。
通常,PI是通过前驱体聚酰胺酸(PAA)亚胺化获得的。PAA和PI相比,PAA中含有高极性基团 -COOH和-CO-NH-,更有利于获得高εr。因此,LIU Xuejie等[56]通过控制温度来调节PAA的亚胺化程度,获得了优异的耐高温储能薄膜。以4,4′-氧双邻苯二甲酸酐(ODPA)和1,3-苯二胺(MPD)为原料制备了一系列不同亚胺化程度的PI薄膜,分别记为ODPA-MPD-1~ODPA-MPD-7。其中ODPA-MPD-3(亚胺化温度为200℃,亚胺化程度为81%)具有最好的储能特性。室温下,ODPA-MPD-3的Ud为6.9 J/cm3η为90%;150℃下Ud为3.9 J/cm3。此外,他们还对PMDA和ODA、BPDA和1,3-二(4′-氨基苯氧基)苯(BPB)合成的PI进行了研究。研究表明,当PAA的亚胺化程度在80%~90%时,PI具有最好的储能特性。其主要原因为极性基团-COOH和-CO-NH-可以提高偶极极化,而且一定数量的-COOH和-CO-NH-可以作为陷阱捕获和散射载流子来提高Eb
制备共聚物可以引入高极性基团来促进偶极极化,其原理在于提高分子极化率。但是在制备共聚物时要考虑分子间作用力的影响,如果分子间作用力抑制了共聚物分子链的运动就有可能导致εr下降[57-58]
从物理共混层面来看,导电/PI全有机复合材料虽然有很高的介电常数,但是复合材料的介质损耗和漏导电流较大,而且目前对于这种复合材料的研究较少,仍然需要更加系统和深入的研究。分子半导体/PI复合材料可以在获得高Ue、高η的同时保持材料的耐高温性能,是非常具有发展潜力的一种复合材料。通过特殊结构可以解决PI和PVDF基铁电材料相容性差的问题并获得高Ue的复合材料,但是η仍然无法达到实际应用的标准。非铁电/PI复合材料介电性能提升有限,这限制了Ue的提升,后期利用填料和PI之间的相互作用或者填料的特殊结构可以实现εrEb的同步提高。
从化学共混层面来看,通过引入高极性配合物或高极性基团可以获得高Ue的复合材料,其中高极性配合物带来的电子离域作用对于Ue是有负面影响的,相比之下引入高极性基团来提高偶极极化是更加有效的方式。
基于此,为了获得可以实际应用的耐高温、高储能密度的电介质材料,未来全有机PI复合材料的研究方向应该集中在以下方面:
(1)基体的选择:以往的研究基本上都选择了商用的PI体系作为复合材料的基体。近年来,采用不同二胺和二酐单体反应开发的新型PI也获得了较好的储能特性,因此选用这些PI作为基体有可能获得性能更加优异的复合材料。
(2)填料的选择:高绝缘聚合物材料和分子半导体材料为相对优异的填料。利用计算模拟技术来选择出高绝缘性和高极性的聚合物材料,再结合实验工艺进行合成制备,这样可以大幅降低实验成本。
(3)复合材料的结构优化:通过减少薄膜缺陷、引入电子陷阱或者制备层状结构有望获得优异储能特性的复合材料。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977114)
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2023年第56卷第2期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2023.02.001
  • 接收时间:2022-05-17
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-17
  • 修回日期:2022-08-09
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977114)
作者信息
    1北京科技大学 化学与生物工程学院,北京 100083
    2北京材料基因工程高精尖创新中心,北京 100083
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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