Article(id=1193556938903483345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193556932167431095, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.04.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1714060800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-26, revisedDate=1719676800000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762495749449, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762495749449, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762495749449, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762495749449, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193556932167431095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762495747843, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762498255746, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193567451108573868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193556932167431095, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193567451112768173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193556932167431095, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=62, endPage=72, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193556939192890324, articleId=1193556938903483345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on salt spray resistance of montmorillonite modified polyurea protective coating for composite pole, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The salt alkali resistance modification of polyurea protective coating of the composite pole can improve the operation reliability of the composite pole in heavily polluted area. In this paper, the surface treatment of montmorillonite was carried out with KH550 coupling agent, and the salt spray protection effect of montmorillonite modified polyurea resin with different contents on pole composite materials was analyzed. The results show that after 28 days of salt spray ageing, the properties stability of montmorillonite modified polyurea resin (sample PFRP-4) with mass fraction of 1.5% is better. The bending and tensile properties were reduced by 12.77% and 25.70%, respectively, and the retention rates of electric strength and flashover electric field strength strength reach 77.60% and 83.83%, respectively. After salt spray ageing, the surface damage degree of PFRP-4 is small, the thermal weight loss is low, and the residual rate is 67.15%. Montmorillonite can effectively fill the free volume and cracks in the polyurea resin, adsorb water molecules and corrosive ions, and reduce the overall water absorption of the coating. The sample PFRP-4 protective coating can effectively improve the hydrophobicity and thermal stability of the composite materials, and has good bonding properties, which can provide a strong guarantee for the operation of the composite pole in the harsh environment such as high salt spray and high humidity.

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对复合电杆的聚脲防护涂层作耐盐碱性改性能够提高复合电杆在盐碱重污秽地区的运行可靠性。本文利用硅烷偶联剂KH550对蒙脱土进行表面处理,分析不同含量蒙脱土改性聚脲树脂对于电杆复合材料的盐雾防护效果。结果表明:盐雾老化28 d后,质量分数为1.5%的蒙脱土改性聚脲树脂(样品PFRP-4)性能稳定性较好,其弯曲性能和拉伸性能分别降低了12.77%和25.70%,电气强度和闪络电场强度的保持率分别达到了77.60%和83.83%。盐雾老化后,样品PFRP-4表面破坏程度较小,热失重较低,残留率为67.15%。蒙脱土能有效填充聚脲树脂中的自由体积和裂缝,吸附水分子及腐蚀离子,降低涂层整体的吸水率,样品PFRP-4防护涂层可有效提高复合材料的憎水性和热稳定性,且具有良好的粘接性能,可为复合电杆在高盐雾、高湿度等恶劣环境下的运行提供有力保障。

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肖斯瑶(1999-),女(汉族),湖南益阳人,硕士生,主要从事高分子电工材料研发、电工材料化行为特性、高性能纤维复合材料特性及其防护的研究。
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刘贺晨(1989-),男(汉族),河北保定人,副教授,博士,主要从事环保型环氧树脂及其复合材料研制、高压直流电缆绝缘状态评估及电树枝特性的研究。

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刘贺晨(1989-),男(汉族),河北保定人,副教授,博士,主要从事环保型环氧树脂及其复合材料研制、高压直流电缆绝缘状态评估及电树枝特性的研究。

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刘贺晨(1989-),男(汉族),河北保定人,副教授,博士,主要从事环保型环氧树脂及其复合材料研制、高压直流电缆绝缘状态评估及电树枝特性的研究。

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老化时间/d PFRP-1 PFRP-2 PFRP-3 PFRP-4 PFRP-5
0 -60.4 -69.8 -69.9 -70.0 -70.6
28 -66.2 -65.9 -65.2 -64.7 -66.8
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老化前后试样的玻璃化转变温度

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老化时间/d PFRP-1 PFRP-2 PFRP-3 PFRP-4 PFRP-5
0 -60.4 -69.8 -69.9 -70.0 -70.6
28 -66.2 -65.9 -65.2 -64.7 -66.8
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蒙脱土改性聚脲复合电杆防护层耐盐雾性研究
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刘贺晨 1 , 肖斯瑶 2 , 张铭嘉 3 , 吴鹏 2 , 韦斯贶 2
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2025,58(4): 62-72
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2025, 58(4): 62-72
蒙脱土改性聚脲复合电杆防护层耐盐雾性研究
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刘贺晨1, 肖斯瑶2, 张铭嘉3, 吴鹏2, 韦斯贶2
作者信息
  • 1 华北电力大学,河北省绿色高效电工新材料与设备重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
  • 2 华北电力大学,新能源电力系统全国重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
  • 3 国网浙江省电力有限公司建设分公司,浙江 杭州 310000
  • 刘贺晨(1989-),男(汉族),河北保定人,副教授,博士,主要从事环保型环氧树脂及其复合材料研制、高压直流电缆绝缘状态评估及电树枝特性的研究。

通讯作者:

肖斯瑶(1999-),女(汉族),湖南益阳人,硕士生,主要从事高分子电工材料研发、电工材料化行为特性、高性能纤维复合材料特性及其防护的研究。
Study on salt spray resistance of montmorillonite modified polyurea protective coating for composite pole
Hechen LIU1, Siyao XIAO2, Mingjia ZHANG3, Peng WU2, Sikuang WEI2
Affiliations
  • 1 Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green and Efficient New Materials and Equipment for Electrical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
  • 2 National Key Laboratory of New Energy Power System, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
  • 3 Construction Company, State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.04.009
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对复合电杆的聚脲防护涂层作耐盐碱性改性能够提高复合电杆在盐碱重污秽地区的运行可靠性。本文利用硅烷偶联剂KH550对蒙脱土进行表面处理,分析不同含量蒙脱土改性聚脲树脂对于电杆复合材料的盐雾防护效果。结果表明:盐雾老化28 d后,质量分数为1.5%的蒙脱土改性聚脲树脂(样品PFRP-4)性能稳定性较好,其弯曲性能和拉伸性能分别降低了12.77%和25.70%,电气强度和闪络电场强度的保持率分别达到了77.60%和83.83%。盐雾老化后,样品PFRP-4表面破坏程度较小,热失重较低,残留率为67.15%。蒙脱土能有效填充聚脲树脂中的自由体积和裂缝,吸附水分子及腐蚀离子,降低涂层整体的吸水率,样品PFRP-4防护涂层可有效提高复合材料的憎水性和热稳定性,且具有良好的粘接性能,可为复合电杆在高盐雾、高湿度等恶劣环境下的运行提供有力保障。

复合电杆  /  聚脲涂层  /  盐雾老化  /  蒙脱土改性

The salt alkali resistance modification of polyurea protective coating of the composite pole can improve the operation reliability of the composite pole in heavily polluted area. In this paper, the surface treatment of montmorillonite was carried out with KH550 coupling agent, and the salt spray protection effect of montmorillonite modified polyurea resin with different contents on pole composite materials was analyzed. The results show that after 28 days of salt spray ageing, the properties stability of montmorillonite modified polyurea resin (sample PFRP-4) with mass fraction of 1.5% is better. The bending and tensile properties were reduced by 12.77% and 25.70%, respectively, and the retention rates of electric strength and flashover electric field strength strength reach 77.60% and 83.83%, respectively. After salt spray ageing, the surface damage degree of PFRP-4 is small, the thermal weight loss is low, and the residual rate is 67.15%. Montmorillonite can effectively fill the free volume and cracks in the polyurea resin, adsorb water molecules and corrosive ions, and reduce the overall water absorption of the coating. The sample PFRP-4 protective coating can effectively improve the hydrophobicity and thermal stability of the composite materials, and has good bonding properties, which can provide a strong guarantee for the operation of the composite pole in the harsh environment such as high salt spray and high humidity.

composite pole  /  polyurea coating  /  salt spray ageing  /  montmorillonite modification
刘贺晨, 肖斯瑶, 张铭嘉, 吴鹏, 韦斯贶. 蒙脱土改性聚脲复合电杆防护层耐盐雾性研究. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (4) : 62 -72 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.04.009
Hechen LIU, Siyao XIAO, Mingjia ZHANG, Peng WU, Sikuang WEI. Study on salt spray resistance of montmorillonite modified polyurea protective coating for composite pole[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (4) : 62 -72 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.04.009
纤维增强复合材料电杆通常由玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂制成,因其轻质高强、优良的电绝缘性能和低维护成本等特性,在输配电工程中广泛应用[1]。然而,在沿海或盐湖盐矿周边地区,复合电杆面临盐雾腐蚀等环境压力,盐雾老化会导致其机械强度减弱和绝缘性能下降,影响配网的安全稳定运行[2]。因此,提升复合电杆材料的耐候性能是当下亟待解决的问题。
涂覆防护涂层是提升复合电杆材料耐候性能的一种普通方法。目前复合电杆一般采用环氧涂层或聚氨酯涂层,但现场运行环氧涂层易发生老化和粉化,且在高温下容易变脆,耐冲击性较差;聚氨酯涂层虽具有较好的耐磨性能和柔韧性,但极易发生黄变、水解,固化速度慢。聚脲作为一种由交替硬段和软段组成的嵌段共聚物,以其高强度、优异的耐磨性能以及适应于垂直表面的快速固化特性,成为了高分子领域防护涂层研究的热点。
聚脲在盐雾环境中发生老化主要是水分子、金属/非金属离子和温度等因素的共同作用。室外冷热交变的环境应力容易导致电杆涂层发生膨胀和收缩,使其表面形成微裂纹,裂纹会在盐粒子和大风等机械作用下进一步扩大[3]。随着水分和盐雾的入侵,聚脲分子链中的酯键、胺键等发生水解反应,导致聚合物链断裂,而其内部或界面上的盐结晶则会增加内部应力,导致涂层开裂或剥离。随着盐水的渗透作用,涂层与底材界面上产生的腐蚀导致界面粘接性能劣化[4],使涂层整体的防护性能降低。
为了进一步提高涂层的耐候性能,克服聚脲因吸湿率较高导致的附着力下降和耐候性能降低等问题,需要对聚脲涂层进行改性处理。改性方法主要有树脂改性和添加填料。吕平等[5]用环氧树脂E51改性聚天门冬氨酸酯(PAE)聚脲,在提高涂层对基材附着力和聚脲树脂交联密度的同时,改善了PAE的防腐蚀性能。LIU C等[6]以双氨基封端的聚二甲基硅氧烷PDMS、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯IPDI和己二胺等为原料,合成了有机硅改性的聚脲涂层,结果表明改性后涂层的表面能降低,疏水性能和抗污性能提高。纳米材料具有小尺寸效应和表面效应,在有机涂层中加入少量无机纳米材料可以提高涂层的耐磨性、防腐性、抗污性和耐水性等[7-8]。徐杰等[9]用石墨烯改性PAE聚脲大幅提高了涂层的附着力;YAN J A等[10]将碳纳米管(CNTs)加入聚脲中,提高了聚脲的表面硬度和与铝合金基体的附着力。
蒙脱土在垂直方向上具有由Si-O和Al-O四面体重复堆叠形成的层状结构,同时具有吸水膨胀性、分散悬浮性、触变性和无毒性等多种优异特性。其中钠基蒙脱土经济性较高且热稳定性强,可以作为填料对涂层进行改性。朱恕真[11]利用插层法将钠基蒙脱土加入水性聚氨酯涂层中,提高了涂层的耐碱性。用酸处理蒙脱土则能够利用氢离子将蒙脱土中的钠、镁离子置换出来[12],同时清除掉孔道中的杂质,增大了蒙脱土的层间距,提高其与树脂的相容性。因此,本文考虑用酸处理钠基蒙脱土来改性聚脲树脂。
目前,聚脲涂层多用于混凝土和金属材料的防护层,但将其作为FRP电杆防护层的应用特性尚不明确,且关于盐雾对聚脲涂层的腐蚀机理有待深入研究。基于此,本文用酸处理和偶联剂表面处理后的蒙脱土改性脂肪族聚脲,制备得到蒙脱土质量分数分别为0%、0.5%、1%、1.5%、2%的5种聚脲树脂体系。将不同体系聚脲涂层涂覆于玻璃纤维环氧树脂复合材料上,通过开展盐雾老化试验,测量老化前后样品的吸水率、击穿电压、闪络电压、弯曲性能、粘接性能、憎水性、红外特性、动态热力学性能及观察微观形貌,探究改性聚脲防护涂层的耐盐雾老化机理。
单组份聚脲,工业纯,石家庄玮士奇新材料有限公司;钠基蒙脱土,1 250目,河北泓耀矿产品加工有限公司;氢氧化钠标准溶液(浓度为1 mol/L)、盐酸标准溶液(浓度为2 mol/L)、无水乙醇,科诺试剂耗材有限公司;去离子水,实验室自制;玻璃纤维环氧树脂复合材料,温州如维电气有限公司;γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH550),纯度≥99%,济南兴飞隆化工有限公司。
试验中选用的单组分聚脲是由异氰酸酯与多元醇反应形成NCO封端的预聚体、潜固化剂和其他助剂等原料制备的液态混合物。固化过程中,当潜固化剂接触空气中的水分时,潜固化剂中的亚胺基团发生水解反应生成胺类小分子化合物,反应式如图1所示。图1中,R是潜固化剂中与氮原子相连的烷基与氧原子组成的分子链。
上述反应释放出的胺类小分子化合物随后可以与预聚体中的NCO基团反应,扩链交联形成聚脲涂层,反应式如图2所示。图2中,n表示聚脲中重复单元的数量,代表聚合度。
称取2.5 g钠基蒙脱土加入盛有100 mL去离子水的圆底烧瓶中,在600 r/min的转速下充分混合30 min,再逐滴加入30 mL浓度为2 mol/L的HCl溶液,搅拌30 min后将混合物全部转移到水热釜中,在120℃条件下水热反应720 min,以保证氢离子和蒙脱土孔道中的杂质充分反应。反应结束后自然冷却至室温,将混合液抽滤得到固体,并用大量的去离子水洗去氯离子,得到酸处理后的蒙脱土。以KH550为偶联剂,制备质量分数为1%的硅烷偶联剂-乙醇水溶液,制备方法参照文献[13]。将酸处理后的蒙脱土缓慢加入处理后的KH550-乙醇水溶液中,在600 r/min的转速下充分混合,以保证蒙脱土表面均匀地被KH550包覆,通过过滤得到固体,最后将其放在120℃的烘箱中干燥180 min,得到预处理后的蒙脱土,用研钵磨成粉末状,过筛收集备用。
使用行星搅拌仪,在抽真空状态下,将预处理后的钠基蒙脱土分别以0%、0.5%、1%、1.5%、2%的质量分数均匀分散至聚脲树脂中。将玻纤/环氧树脂底材的粘接面在使用前用360#、800#和1 500#砂纸依次打磨粗糙,再用无水乙醇将粘接面擦拭干净并晾干。将蒙脱土改性复合聚脲均匀涂刷于底材表面后,进行封边,漆膜厚度控制为(50±10)μm,将试样置于35℃烘箱中固化10 h,然后在室温下静置 7 d,整个样品制备流程如图3所示。本研究将聚脲树脂中蒙脱土质量分数为0%、0.5%、1%、1.5%、2%的样品分别命名为PFRP-1、PFRP-2、PFRP-3、PFRP-4、PFRP-5。将未涂刷聚脲的玻纤/环氧树脂底材命名为FRP。
盐雾老化试验采用型号为YA-90A的盐雾试验箱,参照GB/T 2423.17—2008相关要求,在中性盐雾条件下进行。以质量分数为5%的分析纯氯化钠水溶液为喷雾溶液,控制试验箱温度为35℃且喷嘴处的相对湿度不低于85%。盐雾老化试验的取样周期为7、14、21、28 d。样品老化后用去离子水清洗表面氯离子,并置于40℃烘箱中干燥3 h,以去除雾液的影响。
将聚脲树脂的初始质量记为W 0,测试样品尺寸为10 mm×10 mm×1 mm,用无绒纸巾擦拭干净,以保证准确测量样品质量。将不同老化周期样品放置于天平并记录质量W t,进行5次称量,利用式(1)计算样品的吸水率的WGR(t)。
W G R ( t ) = W t - W 0 W 0 × 100 %
根据静态接触角法(CA法),采用JC2000D型动静态接触角测量仪测量老化前后涂层的憎水角[14]。将聚脲涂层表面用无水乙醇清洗以及用去离子水漂洗并晾干后进行憎水角测试。每个样品重复测试5次,结果取平均值。
采用微机控制电子万能拉力试验机(型号为BOS-100KNW,厦门搏仕检测设备有限公司)测试并分析不同老化周期样品的力学性能。拉伸试验根据ISO 527-2-2012的相关要求进行,样品中部宽度为10 mm,标距为50 mm,载荷加载速率为5 mm/min;弯曲试验根据ISO 178-2010的相关要求进行,样品尺寸为10 mm×15 mm×4 mm,跨距为32 mm,载荷加载速率为10 mm/min。为了保证试验结果的准确性,每组样品进行10次重复试验,获得有效数据后取平均值。根据GB/T 2790—1995相关要求对样品进行剥离强度测试[15],用剥离强度表征蒙脱土改性聚脲涂层与底材的粘接性能。
采用同步热分析仪TG-DSC(型号为STA449C,德国耐驰公司)进行热学性能测试[16]。在N2氛围下,称取5~20 mg样品,以10℃/min的升温速率,在温度为50~700℃条件下测定各涂层体系的热失重曲线,每组样品进行3次重复试验;另以10℃/min的升温速率,在温度为-100~30℃条件下测定各涂层体系的DSC曲线,每组样品进行3次重复试验,获得其玻璃化转变温度(T g)数据。
击穿电压试验根据GB/T 1695—2005相关要求进行,测试样品尺寸为100 mm×40 mm×1 mm,采用逐级升压法对样品进行加压,升压速率为1 kV/s。为防止试样发生沿面闪络,试验在装有二甲基硅油的透明玻璃容器中进行,且保证硅油没过样品。将样品放入直径为20 mm的球形电极中,持续加压直至击穿。在每组样品上均匀选取15个击穿点进行重复试验,记录工频击穿电压值(电气强度E b=U b/d,其中U b为击穿电压,d为电极间距)。测试结果用威布尔对数分布显示。
闪络电压测试根据GB/T 1408.1—2016相关要求[17],将样品置于两个对置的指形电极之间,两个极板间的距离为10 mm,测试样品尺寸为100 mm×20 mm×1 mm,以1 kV/s的速率逐级升压直至发生闪络,其中高压侧电流限值为100 mA,低压侧电流限值为50 A。在每个条状试样上均匀选取10个位置进行重复试验,将测试得到的10个闪络电压值取平均数作为测量结果(闪络电场强度E s=U s/d,其中U s为闪络电压)。
采用美国FEI Nova Nano公司生产的SEM450型发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察老化前后聚脲涂层表面以及玻纤/环氧树脂复合材料断面形貌特征;采用美国Thermo公司生产的Nicolet NEXUS870型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对样品开展傅里叶红外光谱分析(FTIR),扫描波数为4 000~400 cm-1,分辨率为4 cm-1,扫描次数为32次。
图4图5为聚脲涂层防护下玻纤/环氧树脂复合底材经盐雾老化后弯曲强度和拉伸强度的变化规律。
图4图5可以看出,盐雾老化前,相较于没有涂层保护的复合底材,涂覆聚脲涂层后的复合底材力学性能均有所提升,且随着蒙脱土填料含量的增加,复合底材的力学性能也逐渐增大,这是由于层状结构的蒙脱土填料本身具有较高的力学性能,能够渗透到涂层基体的微观缺陷和空隙中,增加涂层的致密性,提高了复合底材的力学性能[18]。随着老化的进行,6种样品的力学性能持续降低。老化前,试样FRP、PFRP-1、PFRP-2、PFRP-3、PFRP-4、PFRP-5的弯曲强度依次为403.24、431.79、435.78、438.67、441.01、446.57 MPa。盐雾老化至28 d时,6种样品的弯曲强度依次下降了25.83%(299.08 MPa)、15.52%(364.76 MPa)、14.95%(370.62 MPa)、13.86%(377.86 MPa)、12.77%(384.73 MPa)、15.03%(379.02 MPa);老化前,样品FRP、PFRP-1、PFRP-2、PFRP-3、PFRP-4、PFRP-5的拉伸强度依次为154.42、158.74、161.28、160.77、159.08、171.93 MPa。盐雾老化至28 d时,拉伸强度依次下降了45.81%(83.68 MPa)、34.05%(104.69 MPa)、34.42%(105.77 MPa)、30.70%(111.42 MPa)、25.70%(118.20 MPa)、32.37%(116.28 MPa);相对于弯曲强度,样品的拉伸强度下降幅度更大。这是因为拉伸强度通常受到纤维/树脂界面结合强度的影响,纤维和树脂之间的黏附性减弱、纤维的断裂、疲劳裂纹等是导致样品拉伸强度的下降主要因素,而弯曲试验的施力方向与纤维垂直,弯曲强度受到复合材料中纤维的分布、层合方式、树脂的硬度等因素的共同作用,下降幅度相对较小[19]。其中,样品PFRP-4的弯曲强度和拉伸强度保留率均为最高。上述结果说明聚脲涂层对复合底材盐雾老化起到了防护作用,蒙脱土使得涂层对玻纤/环氧树脂底材的防护作用进一步提升。
从弯曲强度的下降趋势观察到,样品FRP在老化进行的首个周期(0~7 d)弯曲强度的下降速率最大,下降了12.42%,而其余5种样品弯曲强度的下降速率在最后一个老化周期(21~28 d)才达到最大,进一步说明涂层对盐雾老化的隔绝作用延缓了底材性能失效发展的速率。
对涂覆不同体系聚脲涂层的玻璃纤维/环氧树脂样品老化前后进行工频电气强度测试并进行威布尔分布分析,结果如图6图7所示。从图6可以看出,老化之前,涂覆聚脲涂层后样品的工频电气强度整体升高,这是因为聚脲涂层本身具有较好的绝缘性能,从而提高了样品的电气强度。从图7可以看出,老化后6种样品电气强度发生不同程度的下降。盐雾老化至28 d时,6种样品(FRP、PFRP-1、PFRP-2、PFRP-3、PFRP-4、PFRP-5)在失效概率为63.2%时的电气强度保留率依次为66.35%、74.08%、74.87%、74.96%、77.60%、75.98%。
闪络电场强度是反映材料表面绝缘特性的重要指标,图8图9分别为样品盐雾老化前后表面闪络电场强度的测试结果。从图8可以看出,老化前,涂覆聚脲涂层样品的闪络电场强度高于没有涂层的样品,这说明聚脲涂层的绝缘性能优于复合材料。而随着涂层中蒙脱土含量增加,样品的闪络电场强度呈现先升高后降低的趋势。从图9可以看出,盐雾老化28 d后,6种样品的闪络电场强度整体下降。6种样品(FRP、PFRP-1、PFRP-2、PFRP-3、PFRP-4、PFRP-5)的闪络电场强度保持率依次为73.58%、76.82%、81.94%、83.37%、83.83%、80.10%,可以看出聚脲涂层表面闪络电场强度的保持率在添加蒙脱土后得到一定的提升,这与蒙脱土改善涂层的耐湿性有关。
外界的盐雾透过涂层侵入到复合材料内部后,界面可能会发生不同程度的膨胀[20],进而导致界面脱粘,与此同时,持续高盐高湿的老化环境也会使树脂基体的塑性增加,导致材料的刚度降低[21],宏观表现为材料的电-力学性能下降。为探究涂覆不同体系玻璃纤维/环氧树脂试样力-电学性能微观上的差异,对盐雾老化后样品断面进行形貌观察,结果如图10所示。由图10可知,盐雾老化后,样品FRP的纤维表面几乎没有树脂残留,界面严重脱粘,且出现较深的树脂裂纹以及明显的纤维拉断现象,说明盐雾老化对环氧树脂基体与结合界面的破坏程度较大;样品PFRP-1和PFRP-2纤维表面残留树脂较少,出现纤维脱粘现象[22],部分树脂韧性断裂;样品PFRP-3表面能观察到纤维拉断的现象;样品PFRP-4树脂层出现韧性断裂,部分树脂出现较深裂纹,纤维表面的树脂残留较少,树脂基体基本保持原有的结构,结合界面破坏程度较低,说明水分的扩散和树脂溶胀虽然削弱了界面结合力,但是破坏界面需要更多能量;样品PFRP-5树脂层也同样出现韧性断裂,且纤维表面几乎无树脂残留,界面脱粘同样较为严重。结合静态力学试验结果可知,PFRP-4基体树脂盐雾老化后的界面粘合性能及力学性能保持率较高。SEM的结果进一步解释了盐雾老化后样品PFRP-4的静态力学性能优于其他试样。
通过对玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合底材的宏观性能进行分析,发现聚脲涂层对复合材料起到了很好的防护作用,添加质量分数1.5%的蒙脱土填料则使得涂层的防护作用得到进一步优化。为了探究涂层的防护机理和蒙脱土的作用机理,对于蒙脱土/聚脲涂层进行了进一步的试验和分析。
图11给出了5种体系的聚脲涂层经盐雾老化后吸水率随老化时间的变化规律。从图11可以看出,随着盐雾老化时间的增加,5种复合聚脲涂层的吸水率变化趋势相似,也表明涂层在盐雾老化中的增重规律相同;雾液的侵入是导致其吸水率变化的主要原因,样品内部的孔隙数量及孔隙体积则决定了样品的吸水率。盐雾环境对样品PFRP-1、PFRP-2、PFRP-3、PFRP-4、PFRP-5表面的聚脲涂层均造成不同程度的影响,盐雾老化28 d后各样品的吸水率依次是2.28%、1.89%、1.81%、1.70%、2.02%。添加蒙脱土的聚脲涂层吸水率降低,因此可以认为添加一定含量的蒙脱土对聚脲涂层的耐湿性能起到了正面促进作用,这可能是由于蒙脱土典型的层状结构形成了一道物理屏障[23],另外其表面的亲水官能团可与水分子相互作用,其中的钠离子等金属离子发生离子交换后产生的表面电荷会吸引水中的离子和极性分子,使得水分子的移动受到阻碍,这种效应延缓了水分子的渗入,削弱了树脂的水解反应。添加质量分数为1.5%蒙脱土的聚脲涂层在盐雾环境中的吸水率最低,而过量的蒙脱土则可能导致纳米颗粒的集聚,影响聚脲涂层的耐湿性能。
粘接性能是涂层的关键性能,一般用剥离强度来评估涂层与底材之间的粘接性能。图12是5种样品在盐雾老化下剥离强度的变化规律。
图12可以看出,盐雾老化前,涂层的剥离强度随着蒙脱土含量的增加而降低,这是由于填料与基体的相容性较差,导致涂层与底材之间的相互作用力减弱,另外填充蒙脱土也影响了涂层的硬度和脆性,从而影响了涂层与底材的界面相容性,在外部荷载的情况下,涂层更易发生形变。而随着盐雾老化的进行,聚脲涂层的剥离强度出现不同程度下降,这是因为在盐雾老化过程中,水分子从涂层表面的微裂纹和缺陷渗透进入涂层内部,抵达涂层与底材的界面,由于涂层和底材都吸水发生膨胀,而二者的热膨胀系数具有一定的差异,导致涂层的剥离强度降低,此外,水分子进入到聚脲涂层后,引起C=O等化学键的断裂或离子交换,导致聚脲树脂老化,降低了涂层的剥离强度。在盐雾老化28 d后,5种聚脲涂层的剥离强度分别下降了9.24%、9.25%、9.19%、7.47%、7.94%,其中样品PFRP-4表面涂层的粘接性能保留率最高,其老化后的剥离强度为279.9 N/cm。
接触角用于表征涂层在盐雾环境老化过程中的憎水性和稳定性。图13是涂层表面接触角随盐雾老化时间的变化规律。
图13可以看出,盐雾老化前,随着蒙脱土含量的增加,涂层表面的接触角减小,这是由于纳米蒙脱土改变了涂层表面的粗糙程度,增加了液滴与涂层表面的接触面积,此外,蒙脱土还引起了涂层极性状态的变化,改变了液滴的分布状态。随着盐雾老化时间的增加,钠基蒙脱土改性聚脲树脂涂层的表面接触角逐渐减小,这说明5种涂层体系在老化过程中皆由憎水性向亲水性转变。盐雾老化28 d后,样品PFRP-1的表面接触角由95.54°减小到75.64°,减小了20.83%;样品PFRP-2的表面接触角由94.51°减小到了78.19°,减小了17.27%;样品PFRP-3的表面接触角由93.96°减小到了76.18°,减小了17.79%;样品PFRP-5的表面接触角由91.22°减小到了75.79°,减小了16.92%;样品PFRP-4的表面接触角减小幅度最小,由93.36°减小到了79.54°,减小了14.80%,接触角保留率最高,这说明添加适量的蒙脱土延缓了聚脲涂层在盐雾环境中憎水性的劣化,且改性后涂层接触角的变化范围减小,说明蒙脱土提高了复合涂层的稳定性。
图14为5种样品老化前后的表面形貌。从图14可以看出,盐雾老化前,聚脲涂层表面较平整,无明显的孔洞和缝隙;样品PFRP-2表面的蒙脱土粒子分散均匀;样品PFRP-3和样品PFRP-4表面蒙脱土的粒子分散性低于样品PFRP-2,有轻微的团聚现象;样品PFRP-5表面的蒙脱土粒子发生了明显的团聚,分散性较差。
盐雾老化后,5种聚脲涂层表面均出现了不同程度的劣化。样品PFRP-1表面的树脂碎裂现象较为明显,由此产生的孔洞由四周向内凹陷,老化呈现出向材料内部发展的趋势。样品PFRP-2和样品PFRP-3表面出现了较为明显的孔洞和凹陷,样品PFRP-5表面出现了轻微的鳞片剥落和粉碎现象,并由此引发了孔洞和细小裂纹的生长。样品PFRP-4表面未遭到明显破坏,仅部分树脂碎裂,出现了凹坑和边界较为清晰的孔洞。
由此可见,尽管蒙脱土填料的添加使得涂层表面光滑度降低,导致涂层表面的接触角减小,但蒙脱土能有效地填充涂层中自由体积、裂缝等,还延长了水分子及腐蚀离子在聚脲中的扩散路径,从而降低了涂层整体的吸水率,提高了其耐腐蚀性。但是当蒙脱土的质量分数超过1.5%时,涂层中填料的团聚作用也更为明显,填料分布不均而导致许多微缺陷更容易产生,水分子及其他腐蚀离子就更容易沿着涂层中的微缺陷到达涂层和基体的界面。此时,涂层的耐盐雾老化性能降低。
图15图16分别为涂层老化前后的热失重曲线和热失重速率曲线。从图15可以看出,老化前后聚脲涂层样品都是从245℃左右开始产生质量损失,且老化前后皆存在1个失重速率峰,温度区间为260~470℃。从图16可以看出,样品的失重速度随温度的升高先增大后减小,在温度为400~420℃时达到最大值。
图15中老化前样品PFRP-1的残留率保持在60.79%左右,其他样品的残留率保持在65%左右,表明未添加蒙脱土的样品PFRP-1热分解后残留率较低,稳定性能较差;引入蒙脱土的样品(PFRP-2~PFRP-5)通过蒙脱土纳米片层的物理阻隔作用后延缓了热分解进程。随着温度的升高,其分子链断裂所需能量更低。盐雾老化28 d后,5种样品(PFRP-1、PFRP-2、PFRP-3、PFRP-4、PFRP-5)的残留率分别68.53%、67.79%、68.03%、67.15%、67.38%,相比老化前,聚脲涂层残留率有不同程度增大,纯聚脲涂层的残留率较大,添加蒙脱土后的聚脲树脂基体热失重稍有增加但变化不大,这是因为随着盐雾老化的进行,水分和盐雾粒子侵入聚脲基体导致树脂劣化,微观表现为化学键的断裂和分子结构的改变,其中伴随着降解产物的生成,热稳定性降低。从图16可以看出,样品PFRP-1的热失重峰值位置对应的温度最低,随着蒙脱土的添加,失重峰对应温度升高,说明蒙脱土能够提高聚脲的最大失重速率温度,对盐雾老化过程中聚脲树脂的劣化起到一定的延缓作用,提高了聚脲涂层的热稳定性。
为了进一步证实以上观点,对盐雾老化前后不同蒙脱土含量的聚脲涂层进行DSC测试,结果见表1。从表1可以看出,老化前,在聚脲涂层中添加蒙脱土后,其玻璃化转变温度略有下降,说明填充纳米蒙脱土降低了聚脲涂层的刚性,提高了涂层的耐寒性。一方面,添加蒙脱土填料没有在聚脲树脂中形成较好的连续导热网络,散热效果不佳,此外,填料还分割了聚脲树脂基体的连续相,增加了基体界面,使得基体中的缺陷数量增多,降低了树脂的热稳定性;另一方面,脂肪族聚脲在常温环境下以空气中的水分等作为主要的固化剂,蒙脱土对水分在聚脲中的扩散起到了阻碍作用,且对固化前的聚脲分子起到一定的吸附作用,导致树脂固化程度降低,最终导致T g降低。随着老化的进行,纯聚脲涂层的玻璃化转变温度降低,而添加蒙脱土的聚脲涂层玻璃化转变温度则不同程度升高,说明在老化过程中,聚脲树脂的分子链发生了断裂或降解,导致涂层热稳定性下降,而添加蒙脱土的聚脲涂层在分子链之间形成了新的交联结构,在空间中联结更加紧密,使材料的刚性增加,这进一步说明了添加蒙脱土能延缓盐雾老化过程中树脂热稳定性的下降。
图17为老化前聚脲的FTIR谱图。从图17可以看出,随着蒙脱土含量的增加,聚脲涂层体系的FTIR谱图的特征吸收峰位置基本一致,在1 728 cm-1处出现了氢键化的C=O振动吸收峰;在3 302 cm-1处出现了氢键化的N-H伸缩振动吸收峰;在1 532 cm-1处为C-N伸缩振动吸收峰;在1 104 cm-1处出现了C-O-C伸缩振动吸收峰,说明各样品均呈现典型的聚脲结构,且蒙脱土的添加并没有导致新键的生成,仅出现了蒙脱土中特有的Si-O键的振动吸收峰,说明蒙脱土是以共混的形式存在于聚脲中。此外,样品PFTP-5在2 280~2 240 cm-1处出现了NCO基团的振动吸收峰,说明聚脲内部的异氰酸酯基团没有反应完全,这意味着质量分数为2%蒙脱土的加入影响了聚脲树脂的固化过程,导致异氰酸酯反应充分。
由上述测试结果可知,添加蒙脱土填料破坏了聚脲树脂基体结构的完整性,降低了树脂的热稳定性,但添加蒙脱土后树脂的耐盐雾性能得到提升,延缓了盐雾老化对树脂的水解作用和对热性能的劣化作用,提高了聚脲树脂的性能。
本文对玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合电杆材料涂覆蒙脱土改性聚脲防护涂层,并对不同体系涂层进行了为期28 d的盐雾老化试验。通过综合对比复合材料以及聚脲涂层的电-力学特性、扫描电镜、热失重及红外测试结果,得出以下结论:
(1)对盐雾老化前后聚脲涂层防护下玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的力-电学性能进行分析可知,聚脲涂层能够对复合材料起到有效的防护作用。其中,样品PFRP-4老化后纤维无明显拉断现象,树脂基体完整性较高,界面粘接性较好,弯曲强度、拉伸强度和电气强度的保留率均最高,说明蒙脱土质量分数为1.5%的聚脲涂层的防护性能最佳。当蒙脱土填料的含量继续增加时,聚脲中纳米颗粒的团聚作用加剧,导致防护性能降低。
(2)对5种体系的聚脲涂层性能进行综合分析可知,老化后的聚脲涂层表面出现裂缝和孔隙,环境中的水分和盐雾粒子渗透进入聚脲树脂内部,引起涂层树脂性能劣化,憎水性和粘接性能下降、热稳定性降低。添加质量分数为1.5%的蒙脱土填料后,涂层吸水率降低,耐盐雾性能提高。结合扫描电镜结果可知,该体系的聚脲涂层受盐雾老化的破坏作用最低,耐湿性和粘接性能的保留率最高。
(3)结合同步热分析和红外分析结果可知,老化前,蒙脱土填料在聚脲树脂中引入了新的界面,增加了结构中的缺陷,且没有形成较好的导热网络,降低了涂层的热稳定性和玻璃化转变温度,且过量的蒙脱土(质量分数为2%)使得聚脲中的异氰酸酯链式反应不完全,降低了聚脲的固化程度,使得涂层材料的刚性降低,粘接性能变差,但其高耐盐雾性能抑制了缺陷的扩大和水分的侵入,减少了水解过程中化学键的断裂和物质的降解,分子链在老化过程中二次交联,提升了老化后的热稳定性。
(4)综合考虑成本、工艺等因素,采用蒙脱土质量分数为1.5%的聚脲树脂对高湿高盐环境下运行的复合电杆进行防护具有足够的应用前景。
  • 南方电网公司科技项目(CGYKJXM20220300)
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2025年第58卷第4期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.04.009
  • 接收时间:2024-04-26
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-26
  • 修回日期:2024-06-30
基金
南方电网公司科技项目(CGYKJXM20220300)
作者信息
    1 华北电力大学,河北省绿色高效电工新材料与设备重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
    2 华北电力大学,新能源电力系统全国重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
    3 国网浙江省电力有限公司建设分公司,浙江 杭州 310000

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肖斯瑶(1999-),女(汉族),湖南益阳人,硕士生,主要从事高分子电工材料研发、电工材料化行为特性、高性能纤维复合材料特性及其防护的研究。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.04.009
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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