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Article(id=1193556933715132808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193556932167431095, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.04.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715702400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-15, revisedDate=1720454400000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762495748211, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762495748211, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762495748211, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762495748211, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193556932167431095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762495747843, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762498255746, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193567451108573868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193556932167431095, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193567451112768173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193556932167431095, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=90, endPage=98, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193556934843400589, articleId=1193556933715132808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Partial discharge characteristics of typical oil-paper insulation defects under DC pulsating voltage, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Converter transformer is the key equipment in high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system, and its valve-side windings are subjected to complex composite voltage waveforms during operation. The existing researches primarily focus on partial discharge characteristics under single voltage form or AC-DC composite voltages. However, due to the influence of power electronic devices such as converter valves, converter transformers also endure pulsating voltages. In this paper, the impact of positive polarity DC pulsating voltage on partial discharge of oil-paper insulation under actual operating conditions was studied, and the partial discharge characteristics of two typical oil-paper insulation defects, needle tips discharge in oil and surface discharges on oil-paper boards, were obtained under DC pulsating voltage. The results show that the DC component only changes the frequency and amplitude of partial discharge, and has same effect on the two types of defects. As the amplitude of the pulsating component increases, the discharge pulses of the two types of defects increase gradually, forming pulse clusters and exhibiting significant polarity effects. The pulse clusters for needle tips discharge in oil are concentrated on the rising edge, while those for surface discharges on oil-paper boards are concentrated on the falling edge.

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换流变压器是高压直流输电系统的关键设备，其阀侧绕组在运行过程中承受复杂的复合电压波形，现有研究主要集中在单一电压形式或交直流复合电压下的局部放电特性。由于换流阀等电力电子器件的影响，换流变压器还会承受脉动电压。本文结合实际运行工况，研究正极性直流脉动电压对油纸绝缘局部放电的影响，获得油中尖端放电和油纸板沿面放电两种典型油纸绝缘缺陷在直流脉动电压下的局部放电特性。结果表明：直流分量只会改变局部放电的频次和幅值，对两类缺陷局部放电的影响规律相同；随着脉动分量的增大，两类缺陷的放电脉冲逐渐增多，形成脉冲簇并表现出明显的极性效应，油中尖端放电的脉冲簇集中在上升沿，而油纸板沿面放电的脉冲簇则集中在下降沿。

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张轩瑞（1994-），男（汉族），河南郑州人，助理教授，主要从事电力变压器现场试验及故障诊断技术的研究。
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李渊（1989-），男（汉族），甘肃平凉人，高级工程师，主要从事直流输变电设备状态检修技术的工作。

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李渊（1989-），男（汉族），甘肃平凉人，高级工程师，主要从事直流输变电设备状态检修技术的工作。

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李渊（1989-），男（汉族），甘肃平凉人，高级工程师，主要从事直流输变电设备状态检修技术的工作。

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典型油纸绝缘缺陷在直流脉动电压下的局部放电特性
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李渊 1 , 吴对平 1 , 李子彬 1 , 曲全磊 1 , 李生龙 2 , 丁宏伟 3 , 张轩瑞 3
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025,58(4): 90-98
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025, 58(4): 90-98
典型油纸绝缘缺陷在直流脉动电压下的局部放电特性
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李渊1, 吴对平1, 李子彬1, 曲全磊1, 李生龙2, 丁宏伟3, 张轩瑞3
作者信息
  • 1 国网青海省电力公司电力科学研究院，青海 西宁 810008
  • 2 国网青海省电力公司，青海 西宁 810008
  • 3 西安交通大学 电气工程学院，陕西 西安 710049

    • 李渊（1989-），男（汉族），甘肃平凉人，高级工程师，主要从事直流输变电设备状态检修技术的工作。

通讯作者:

张轩瑞（1994-），男（汉族），河南郑州人，助理教授，主要从事电力变压器现场试验及故障诊断技术的研究。
Partial discharge characteristics of typical oil-paper insulation defects under DC pulsating voltage
Yuan LI1, Duiping WU1, Zibin LI1, Quanlei QU1, Shenglong LI2, Hongwei DING3, Xuanrui ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1 State Grid Qinghai Electric Power Research Institute, Xining 810008, China
  • 2 State Grid Qinghai Electric Power Company, Xining 810008, China
  • 3 School of Electrical Engineering, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.04.012
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摘要
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换流变压器是高压直流输电系统的关键设备，其阀侧绕组在运行过程中承受复杂的复合电压波形，现有研究主要集中在单一电压形式或交直流复合电压下的局部放电特性。由于换流阀等电力电子器件的影响，换流变压器还会承受脉动电压。本文结合实际运行工况，研究正极性直流脉动电压对油纸绝缘局部放电的影响，获得油中尖端放电和油纸板沿面放电两种典型油纸绝缘缺陷在直流脉动电压下的局部放电特性。结果表明：直流分量只会改变局部放电的频次和幅值，对两类缺陷局部放电的影响规律相同；随着脉动分量的增大，两类缺陷的放电脉冲逐渐增多，形成脉冲簇并表现出明显的极性效应，油中尖端放电的脉冲簇集中在上升沿，而油纸板沿面放电的脉冲簇则集中在下降沿。

油纸绝缘  /  局部放电  /  复合电压  /  换流变压器

Converter transformer is the key equipment in high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system, and its valve-side windings are subjected to complex composite voltage waveforms during operation. The existing researches primarily focus on partial discharge characteristics under single voltage form or AC-DC composite voltages. However, due to the influence of power electronic devices such as converter valves, converter transformers also endure pulsating voltages. In this paper, the impact of positive polarity DC pulsating voltage on partial discharge of oil-paper insulation under actual operating conditions was studied, and the partial discharge characteristics of two typical oil-paper insulation defects, needle tips discharge in oil and surface discharges on oil-paper boards, were obtained under DC pulsating voltage. The results show that the DC component only changes the frequency and amplitude of partial discharge, and has same effect on the two types of defects. As the amplitude of the pulsating component increases, the discharge pulses of the two types of defects increase gradually, forming pulse clusters and exhibiting significant polarity effects. The pulse clusters for needle tips discharge in oil are concentrated on the rising edge, while those for surface discharges on oil-paper boards are concentrated on the falling edge.

oil-paper insulation  /  partial discharge  /  composite voltage  /  converter transformer
李渊, 吴对平, 李子彬, 曲全磊, 李生龙, 丁宏伟, 张轩瑞. 典型油纸绝缘缺陷在直流脉动电压下的局部放电特性. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (4) : 90 -98 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.04.012
Yuan LI, Duiping WU, Zibin LI, Quanlei QU, Shenglong LI, Hongwei DING, Xuanrui ZHANG. Partial discharge characteristics of typical oil-paper insulation defects under DC pulsating voltage[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (4) : 90 -98 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.04.012
正文
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0 引言
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在高压直流输电系统中，换流变压器作为交直流转换的核心设备[1-3]，其阀侧绕组在运行过程中承受着包括直流电压波形、工频交流电压波形、谐波电压波形以及脉冲电压波形[4-5]，这些复杂的电压波形对油纸绝缘材料的影响尤为显著。当油纸绝缘劣化出绝缘缺陷后将发生局部放电，因此将局部放电特性作为衡量油纸绝缘劣化程度的重要指标，同时局部放电也会加速绝缘劣化进一步促进局部放电的发展从而使有缺陷的油纸绝缘失效，减少了换流变压器的使用寿命，对换流变压器的安全运行产生极大的负面影响[6-8]。
现有的关于换流变压器局部放电的研究主要集中在单一的电压形式和交直流复合电压下的局部放电特性[9-11]。许多研究者通过实验分析了直流或交流电压对油纸绝缘系统的影响。文献[12-14]着重于直流电压下的放电现象，指出直流下的局部放电重复率随绝缘材料内部气隙充电时间常数的增加而减少；文献[15-18]则集中在交流和交直流复合电压条件下的放电现象，发现其与电压波形的相位和频率密切相关；文献[19-21]则集中在交直流复合电压下，温度、水分等对绝缘缺陷的影响规律。受换流阀等电力电子器件的影响，直流脉动电压在高压直流输电系统中普遍存在，周期的脉动电压会造成油纸绝缘的界面电荷以及空间电荷频繁地注入与抽出，导致绝缘逐渐老化，发生局部放电。
本文针对这个问题，分别对油中尖端放电和油纸板沿面放电两种典型缺陷模型在直流脉动电压下进行局部放电实验，详细探讨在直流脉动电压下两种油纸绝缘缺陷模型的局部放电特性。探究脉动幅值和直流分量对局部放电的影响，以及放电主脉冲方向与所处脉动位置的关系，总结油中尖端放电和油纸板沿面放电缺陷模型在直流脉动电压下的放电发展过程。
1 实验设计
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1.1 直流脉动电压源的设计和组建
为考察脉动分量电压对油纸绝缘局部放电的影响，在实验室设计和组建了直流6脉动电压产生装置，通过用低压侧可控硅进行控制、高压侧用硅堆进行整流的方式得到直流脉动电压。
根据脉动电压系统拓扑图在实验室组建直流脉动电压实验装置，如图1所示。对直流脉动产生系统输出的电压波形进行测试，结果如图2所示。从图2可以看出，每个工频周期的20 ms内都存在6脉动信号。对图2中导通角小的电压波形进行频谱分析即得到图3所示的信号频谱，其中频率为300 Hz的信号即代表6脉动信号。
从图2和图3可以看出，本直流脉动电压产生系统在一定的导通角和电压下可以输出含6脉动的直流电压波形。该直流6脉动系统具有以下特点：
（1）通过调节导通角，可以实现脉动峰值和谷值在大范围内变化，脉动谷值占脉动峰值的比例可调节至80%以上；
（2）调节调压器可改变输出电压大小；
（3）结合调节导通角和调压器，可以得到实验需要的6脉动波形；
（4）受制于三相试验变压器的铁芯特性和结构形式，高次谐波无法通过变压器，导致系统得到的6脉动直流电压波形的上升沿较为缓慢。
1.2 直流脉动电压波形
为了量化直流脉动电压的波形参数，定义图4直流脉动波形的峰值为V p，谷值为V d，脉动分量的幅值为V pp。由于1个工频周期内6个脉动波形的峰值和谷值因三相负载稍不对称而存在偏差，取6个脉动的谷值和峰值的均值作为最终的V d和V p，然后通过式（1）可计算脉动电压的平均值U d。
U d ≈ V p + V d / 2
直流脉动电压参数的变动主要体现在两个方面：脉动幅值和整体直流电压水平。本文中以V pp来体现脉动分量幅值，以V d作为直流分量变动的参量。
脉动电压实验装置输出的谷值电压V d的取值范围为峰值电压V p的0～80%，通过调整导通角即可产生不同脉动幅值的电压波形。本研究通过考察脉动幅值大小对试品局部放电的影响，来分析综合性复合电压波形中，相对直流分量较小的脉动分量对试品局部放电的影响。
1.3 典型油纸绝缘缺陷模型
变压器中的绝缘结构比较复杂，在制造、运输、安装和长期运行中均有可能使油纸绝缘产生缺陷。本文按照参考文献和实验标准[22-23]设计了变压器中典型的油中尖端放电和油纸板沿面放电缺陷模型，如图5所示。
油中尖端放电缺陷模型采用图5(a)所示的针板缺陷模型，高压电极采用针电极，锥角度为30°，距离绝缘纸板15 mm；绝缘纸板的直径为55 mm，厚度为1 mm；接地电极的直径为65 mm。
油纸板沿面放电缺陷模型如图5(b)所示，高压电极采用直径为25 mm的小电极；接地电极直径为65 mm；绝缘纸板尺寸同上。
对于模型中的绝缘纸板，均在80℃的烘箱中干燥72 h，干燥时置于两块钢板之间，上面压重物以防止纸板变形。干燥后的绝缘纸板浸入脱水脱气后变压器油中进行充分浸渍，之后再进行实验。
1.4 局部放电检测系统
采用IEC 60270:2015推荐的脉冲电流法进行局部放电测试[24]，图6展示了基于脉冲电流法的局部放电测量回路。
图6中，R 1和R 2构成了分压比为3 000∶1的电阻分压器，用于测量实验施加的电压波形和数值；输出信号S1为分压器分压后的实验施加电压信号，经由50 Ω的同轴电缆传输；C k是容值为100 pF的耦合电容，用于提供高频局部放电信号的通路；Cx是浸在变压器油中的试品，其高压电极连接实验电压，接地电极与地之间连接有检测阻抗Z m；Z m是阻值为50 Ω的无感电阻，封装在屏蔽铜管内；Z m检测到的电压信号S2为阻抗检测到的局部放电信号，通过50 Ω的同轴电缆输出。S1和S2两个信号均使用TEK4054示波器进行信号测量。
2 直流脉动电压下油中尖端放电缺陷的局部放电特性
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油中尖端放电缺陷模型采用的电极结构决定了其最初发生放电的起始电压与直流脉动的峰值相关。当针电极处于脉动峰值附近时，针尖端畸变电场的场强超过放电起始场强后发生放电。图7是脉动分量幅值V pp为12 kV、直流分量V d为0 kV时针板起始放电阶段的脉冲序列图。从图7可以明显看到放电脉冲出现在脉动峰值稍前处。
实验中发现，在较小的脉动幅值V pp下，尖端放电缺陷发生放电的次数较少，在经历若干次脉动之后，会在某一个脉动的峰值或峰值稍前的上升沿位置发生一次放电，表现为类似直流稳恒电压下的放电特点，即随机放电。
当增大V pp时，针板缺陷模型的局部放电次数逐渐增多。当V pp超过14 kV时，出现放电脉冲簇，局部放电发生在脉动的上升沿靠近峰值处以及下降沿靠近谷值处。两处的放电重复率存在明显差异，上升沿段的放电重复率高于下降沿段，表现出明显的极性效应。
当V pp为20 kV时，尖端放电缺陷模型放电的波形如图8所示，图8中6个脉动上升沿和下降沿的平均放电幅值分别为41.552 6 mV和-25.714 3 mV，平均放电次数分别为7.6次和1.5次。从图8可以看出，尖端放电缺陷的放电在脉动峰值稍前的上升沿位置较为集中，且放电幅值较大；而在脉动谷值稍前的位置，放电次数明显较少，放电幅值也较小。
尖端放电缺陷模型中，针电极处于脉动峰值位置时，其尖端处的畸变电场最大，局部放电容易发生；而当针电极处于脉动谷值位置时，尽管仍有脉动分量的影响，其畸变电场要小的多，局部放电难以发生，表现为放电次数和幅值均较小。并且上升沿发生油中尖端放电的脉冲方向向上，与下降沿的放电脉冲方向相反。
2.1 直流分量对油中尖端放电的影响
设置脉动幅值V pp为12 kV，直流分量V d分别为0 kV和12 kV，测得直流分量对油中尖端放电的影响，结果如图9所示。从图9可以看出，随着直流分量增大，放电次数增多，但放电发生的位置仍只在脉动峰值附近。
由于综合性复合电压每半周期上的脉动分量幅度相对整体电压幅值较小，不会出现如图8所示的放电形式。在综合性复合电压下，油中尖端放电的影响仍是在脉动的峰值部分，而这对于综合性复合电压整体的放电特性影响不大。
2.2 脉动幅值对油中尖端放电的影响
设置直流分量V d为0 kV时，逐步增大脉动幅值V pp（分别为10、15、17、19 kV），测得一组典型放电脉冲序列如图10所示。
从图10可以看出，脉动幅值超过17 kV时，油中尖端放电缺陷产生的放电集中在脉动的上升沿和下降沿处。脉动幅值对放电的影响比较明显，主要体现在以下2个方面：
（1）脉动幅值V pp较小时，局部放电最先发生在脉动峰值位置，随着脉动幅值的增加，放电会偶尔发生在脉动谷值附近；
（2）脉动幅值V pp的增加会使局部放电周期性出现在脉动上升沿的某一固定相位，与工频下的局部放电现象类似。放电次数和放电幅值也均有所增加，但上升沿位置的放电次数多于下降沿，上升沿位置的放电幅值也高于下降沿的放电幅值。
2.3 局部放电过程分析
局部放电的发生需要满足电场场强超过临界场强E lj和存在自由电子两个条件[25]。在外施电场E 1作用下，当油隙上的电场场强大于临界场强且有自由电子存在时，就会发生局部放电。局部放电过程中生成的正、负电荷在外施电场作用下沿相反方向运动，积聚在油隙两端，并形成与E 1方向相反的空间电场E 2。E 2削弱了E 1，使得合成电场E ch的场强低于临界场强，导致油隙内局部放电停止。经过一定时间后，油隙两端聚集的电荷发生复合而衰减，使得油隙内的E ch恢复至临界值，才可能出现第二次局部放电。因此，空间电荷的复合衰减是局部放电熄灭后电场强度恢复至临界场强以触发下一次放电的关键。
当油隙两端在直流电压下，油隙两端电压的幅值和极性保持恒定，导致E 1和E 2的方向始终相反且保持不变，受此影响，E ch的方向和大小也不发生改变，因此油隙两端聚集的电荷不易发生复合而衰减，在一次放电后难以发生二次放电。在脉动电压与直流电压复合后，E 1的方向固定但其幅值会周期性地上升和下降，可能导致E ch的幅值发生变化甚至改变方向。
尖端放电缺陷模型中，在脉动幅值较小且固定的情况下增大直流分量时，E 1得到增强，从而进一步增大E ch，使得局部放电后E 2对E ch的削弱效果减弱，经过几个脉动周期后空间电荷减少，E ch超过临界场强后再次发生局部放电。因此保持脉动幅值不变只增大直流分量会增加放电频次。当外施电压的直流分量固定，脉动幅值V pp较小时，E ch仅在脉动峰值处有可能超过临界场强发生局部放电；而脉动幅值V pp较大时，E ch在脉动上升沿就可能超过临界场强发生局部放电。局部放电后产生的E 2会削弱E ch，导致局部放电停止。
图11为脉动幅值较大时油中尖端的局部放电过程。从图11(a)可以看出，随着脉动幅值V pp增大，在起始放电阶段E ch就能超过临界场强而发生局部放电。局部放电后产生的E 2削弱了E ch，导致局部放电短暂停止，随后E ch随脉动电压上升沿进一步加大，又迅速地超过临界场强发生下一次局部放电，如图11(b)所示。当脉动电压进入下降沿时E 1开始减小，此时的空间电荷在多次局部放电后增多，导致E 2增大，使得E ch小于临界场强而停止局部放电，如图11(c)所示。这一过程循环往复，导致尖端放电缺陷模型在脉动幅值V pp较大时的局部放电集中在上升沿。
3 直流脉动电压下油中沿面局部放电特性
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3.1 直流分量对油纸板沿面放电的影响
维持脉动幅值V pp为5 kV不变，增大直流分量V d值（分别为2.5 kV和8 kV），测量沿面放电的脉冲序列，结果如图12所示。从图12可以看出，随着直流分量的增大，油纸板沿面放电发展速度越来越快，表现为在测量时脉冲触发等待的时间越来越短，与油中尖端放电的实验结果相似，仍以单个脉冲形式出现在脉动峰值处。直流分量的增大还会使得沿面放电的幅值逐渐增大，这也符合直流稳恒电压下增加直流电压幅值对放电脉冲幅值带来的变化。
3.2 脉动幅值对油纸板沿面放电的影响
脉动幅值对油纸板沿面放电的脉冲序列形式影响很大，维持V p为13 kV不变，逐步增大V pp，测得的一组典型放电脉冲序列，结果如图13所示。从图13可以看出，V pp增大促使沿面放电发生在上升沿和下降沿位置，形成类似于交流电压下的放电脉冲簇。在图13(d)中统计得出6个脉动中每个脉动上升沿和下降沿的平均放电幅值分别为54.318 mV和-88.125 mV，平均放电次数分别为7.33次和12.13次。由此可见，脉动下降沿发生的放电脉冲次数较多，放电幅值也较大，分布相位范围较广。而在脉动上升沿的放电次数较少，放电幅值较大，与下降沿相较大，这与针板放电有所不同。
3.3 沿面放电过程分析
油纸板沿面放电模型在外施电压保持脉动幅值不变只增大直流分量时，会增加放电频次。当直流分量固定，脉动幅值V pp较小时，E ch在脉动峰值处有可能超过临界场强而发生沿面放电，放电后产生的E 2削弱了E ch，导致放电停止。
脉动幅值V pp较大时，如图14(a)所示，E ch在起始放电阶段超过起始放电场强，导致沿面放电发生。局部放电后产生的E 2削弱了E ch，导致放电短暂停止，随后E ch随脉动电压上升沿进一步加大后超过了临界场强发生下一次沿面放电，直到下降沿时E 2增大、E 1减小，使E ch小于临界场强而停止沿面放电，如图14(b)所示。与尖端放电缺陷模型相比，油纸板沿面放电缺陷模型的电极间被绝缘纸板填充，空间电荷在纸板表面积聚，不容易复合而衰减[26]。在下降沿时，E 1逐渐减小，足够多的空间电荷使得E 2大于E 1，导致E ch反向。如图14(c)所示，随着E 1进一步减小，反向的E ch超过临界场强，放电由地电极向高压电极发展，产生极性相反的放电脉冲电流。由于纸板阻碍了空间电荷的扩散，在下降沿发生放电后，E 2并不会减小很多，直到多次反向放电后产生的空间电荷与原来积聚的电荷复合，减小了E 2使得反向的E ch减小并逐渐恢复原来的方向。这一过程循环往复，使油纸板沿面放电缺陷模型在脉动下降沿时的沿面放电次数较多，与尖端放电缺陷模型不同。
4 结论
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本文通过系统的实验研究，揭示了脉动成分和直流成分对局部放电的影响，加深了对换流变压器局部放电行为的理解，主要得出以下结论：
（1）直流分量对放电间隔和放电幅值有显著影响。直流分量较小时，放电随机发生且幅值小；直流分量增大时，放电次数和幅值显著增加。
（2）当脉动幅值较小时，放电出现在脉动峰值处；随着脉动分量的增大，放电频繁地发生在脉动上升沿和下降沿，形成放电脉冲簇，且表现出明显的极性效应。在尖端放电缺陷模型中，脉冲簇在脉冲上升沿较多，而油纸板沿面放电缺陷模型则相反。
（3）两种模型在脉动幅值增大时表现出来的极性效应是由于两种模型中空间电荷的扩散速度不同。油纸板沿面放电缺陷模型中空间电荷更容易积聚，使得沿面缺陷模型的放电集中在脉动下降沿。而针板缺陷模型空间电荷易扩散消失，使得放电集中在上升沿。
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2025年第58卷第4期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.04.012
  • 接收时间：2024-05-15
  • 首发时间：2025-11-07
  • 出版时间：2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期：2024-05-15
  • 修回日期：2024-07-09
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    1 国网青海省电力公司电力科学研究院，青海 西宁 810008
    2 国网青海省电力公司，青海 西宁 810008
    3 西安交通大学 电气工程学院，陕西 西安 710049

通讯作者:

张轩瑞（1994-），男（汉族），河南郑州人，助理教授，主要从事电力变压器现场试验及故障诊断技术的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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