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Article(id=1193543216810131735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193543214067056904, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716134400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-20, revisedDate=1724256000000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762492477848, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762492477848, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762492477848, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762492477848, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193543214067056904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='157', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762492477194, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762498203949, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193567233872982429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193543214067056904, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193567233872982430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193543214067056904, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=87, endPage=98, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193543217061789976, articleId=1193543216810131735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Combined analysis of space charge and current in different ageing stages of XLPE, columnId=1193543215723806988, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on Advanced Cable Insulation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the internal relationship between space charge transport and polarization/depolarization current of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable insulation in direct current (DC) field, a space charge-current combined measurement platform was established based on PEA method. The combined measurements were conducted on XLPE cable insulation samples with different ageing time. Parameters such as total charge, carrier mobility, and trap distribution in XLPE samples were evaluated using the combined variation data of space charge and current. The results show that at room temperature and 20 kV/mm, homopolar charges accumulation occurs obviously within the sample, and with the increase of test temperature; the charge polarity changes to the opposite. With the increase of ageing time, the number of accumulated heteropolar charges in the aged samples increases at first and then decreases, and the range of positive charge accumulation expands from near the anode to near the cathode; the decay rates of polarization and depolarization currents in the aged samples decrease, the steady value of polarization current increases, and the depolarization current increases at first and then decreases. With the increase of ageing time, the total amount of charge within the samples increases at first and then decreases, while the conductivity and carrier mobility increase. Notably, the carrier mobility significantly increases when the samples are ageing for more than 10 days, causing the charge accumulation range to gradually extend further from the anode, resulting in a significant reduction in the total amount of accumulated charges within the samples. The trap depth of XLPE samples increases gradually with the increase of ageing time, which is the reason for the reduced decay rate of depolarization current in the aged samples.

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为了研究交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘在直流电场下的空间电荷输运行为与极化/去极化电流之间的内在关联性，基于电声脉冲（PEA）法搭建了空间电荷和电流联合测量平台，对不同老化时间的XLPE电缆绝缘试样进行了联合测量，利用空间电荷和电流的联合变化数据，评估了XLPE试样内的电荷总量、载流子迁移率和陷阱分布等参数。结果表明：在室温及20 kV/mm下，试样内部出现明显的同极性电荷积聚，随着测试温度升高，电荷积聚转变为异极性。随着老化时间的增加，试样内部积聚的同极性电荷先增加后减少，正极性电荷的积聚范围由阳极附近扩展至阴极附近；试样的极化、去极化电流下降速率降低，极化电流稳定值增加，去极化电流先增大后减小。随着老化的进行，试样内的电荷总量先增加后减少，试样的电导率和载流子迁移率均上升，其中载流子迁移率在老化10天后显著增加，使电荷积聚范围逐步从阳极附近扩展到更远，导致试样内电荷积聚总量显著下降。XLEP试样的陷阱深度随老化时间增加逐渐加深，这是老化试样去极化电流衰减速率随之下降的原因。

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周宏辉（1973-），男（汉族），浙江宁波人，高级工程师，主要从事电缆状态检测的研究。

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周宏辉（1973-），男（汉族），浙江宁波人，高级工程师，主要从事电缆状态检测的研究。

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周宏辉（1973-），男（汉族），浙江宁波人，高级工程师，主要从事电缆状态检测的研究。

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Physical Review B,1973,7(8):3706., articleTitle=Theory of isothermal currents and the direct determination of trap parameters in semiconductors and insulators containing arbitrary trap distributions, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1195077001364116459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543216810131735, awardId=5500-202211398A-2-0-ZN, language=CN, fundingSource=国家电网公司总部科技项目(5500-202211398A-2-0-ZN), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1195076996079293334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543216810131735, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1195076996091876247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543216810131735, companyId=1195076996079293334, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co., Ltd. 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未老化 老化4天 老化7天 老化10天 老化14天
峰1 0.78 0.78 0.81 0.81 0.81
峰2 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76
峰3 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93
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老化电缆绝缘试样陷阱深度

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未老化 老化4天 老化7天 老化10天 老化14天
峰1 0.78 0.78 0.81 0.81 0.81
峰2 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76
峰3 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93
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XLPE不同老化阶段的空间电荷与电流联合分析
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周宏辉 1 , 姜云土 2 , 康惠馨 3 , 孙珑 1 , 夏雯 1 , 张浩 1 , 熊吉 1 , 吕泽鹏 3
绝缘材料 | 先进电缆绝缘专题 2025,58(3): 87-98
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绝缘材料 | 先进电缆绝缘专题 2025, 58(3): 87-98
XLPE不同老化阶段的空间电荷与电流联合分析
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周宏辉1, 姜云土2, 康惠馨3, 孙珑1, 夏雯1, 张浩1, 熊吉1, 吕泽鹏3
作者信息
  • 1 国网浙江省电力有限公司宁波供电公司，浙江 宁波 315010
  • 2 国网浙江省电力有限公司， 浙江 杭州 310007
  • 3 西安交通大学 电气工程学院，陕西 西安 710049

    • 周宏辉（1973-），男（汉族），浙江宁波人，高级工程师，主要从事电缆状态检测的研究。

Combined analysis of space charge and current in different ageing stages of XLPE
Honghui ZHOU1, Yuntu JIANG2, Huixin KANG3, Long SUN1, Wen XIA1, Hao ZHANG1, Ji XIONG1, Zepeng LÜ3
Affiliations
  • 1 State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co., Ltd. Ningbo Power Supply Company, Ningbo 315010, China
  • 2 State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310007, China
  • 3 School of Electrical Engineering, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.010
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摘要
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为了研究交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘在直流电场下的空间电荷输运行为与极化/去极化电流之间的内在关联性，基于电声脉冲（PEA）法搭建了空间电荷和电流联合测量平台，对不同老化时间的XLPE电缆绝缘试样进行了联合测量，利用空间电荷和电流的联合变化数据，评估了XLPE试样内的电荷总量、载流子迁移率和陷阱分布等参数。结果表明：在室温及20 kV/mm下，试样内部出现明显的同极性电荷积聚，随着测试温度升高，电荷积聚转变为异极性。随着老化时间的增加，试样内部积聚的同极性电荷先增加后减少，正极性电荷的积聚范围由阳极附近扩展至阴极附近；试样的极化、去极化电流下降速率降低，极化电流稳定值增加，去极化电流先增大后减小。随着老化的进行，试样内的电荷总量先增加后减少，试样的电导率和载流子迁移率均上升，其中载流子迁移率在老化10天后显著增加，使电荷积聚范围逐步从阳极附近扩展到更远，导致试样内电荷积聚总量显著下降。XLEP试样的陷阱深度随老化时间增加逐渐加深，这是老化试样去极化电流衰减速率随之下降的原因。

空间电荷  /  极化/去极化电流  /  交联聚乙烯  /  热老化

To study the internal relationship between space charge transport and polarization/depolarization current of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable insulation in direct current (DC) field, a space charge-current combined measurement platform was established based on PEA method. The combined measurements were conducted on XLPE cable insulation samples with different ageing time. Parameters such as total charge, carrier mobility, and trap distribution in XLPE samples were evaluated using the combined variation data of space charge and current. The results show that at room temperature and 20 kV/mm, homopolar charges accumulation occurs obviously within the sample, and with the increase of test temperature; the charge polarity changes to the opposite. With the increase of ageing time, the number of accumulated heteropolar charges in the aged samples increases at first and then decreases, and the range of positive charge accumulation expands from near the anode to near the cathode; the decay rates of polarization and depolarization currents in the aged samples decrease, the steady value of polarization current increases, and the depolarization current increases at first and then decreases. With the increase of ageing time, the total amount of charge within the samples increases at first and then decreases, while the conductivity and carrier mobility increase. Notably, the carrier mobility significantly increases when the samples are ageing for more than 10 days, causing the charge accumulation range to gradually extend further from the anode, resulting in a significant reduction in the total amount of accumulated charges within the samples. The trap depth of XLPE samples increases gradually with the increase of ageing time, which is the reason for the reduced decay rate of depolarization current in the aged samples.

space charge  /  polarization/depolarization current  /  cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE)  /  thermal ageing
周宏辉, 姜云土, 康惠馨, 孙珑, 夏雯, 张浩, 熊吉, 吕泽鹏. XLPE不同老化阶段的空间电荷与电流联合分析. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (3) : 87 -98 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.010
Honghui ZHOU, Yuntu JIANG, Huixin KANG, Long SUN, Wen XIA, Hao ZHANG, Ji XIONG, Zepeng LÜ. Combined analysis of space charge and current in different ageing stages of XLPE[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (3) : 87 -98 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.010
正文
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0 引言
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2003—2021年，我国高压输电线路长度呈现稳步增长态势，已由87.9万公里增长至222.7万公里以上，年均增长率约为5.3%[1]。高压电缆的设计使用寿命一般为30年，2003年之前投用的电缆已服役超过20年，并且由于早期的生产工艺、使用环境与施工技术等多重因素的影响，这些电缆已接近其使用极限，且每年有大量老旧电缆加入这一行列，这给高压电缆的运维检修工作带来了沉重压力。
自20世纪80年代起，XLPE电缆在城市电网改造与建设中逐步取代了充油电缆[2]。随着技术的不断进步和应用的广泛推广，XLPE已成为高压电缆的主要绝缘材料，在城市主干电网中得到了广泛的应用。XLPE性能的稳定性和持久性对电缆的安全运行起着至关重要的作用。近几十年来，关于电缆绝缘材料耐老化性能的研究，已经由单一变量的探讨拓展至多因素共同作用对性能影响的深入研究[3]。高压电缆绝缘状态的检测方法有很多，大致可以分成两类：①破坏性方法，如耐压法、预击穿局部放电法等。通过对电缆施加超过正常运行的高电压，促使在运行电压作用下未能显露的缺陷快速发展，使被测电缆发生击穿或局部放电现象[4-7]，然后通过对电缆绝缘切片进行拉伸测试、红外光谱、热刺激电流等实验，利用电缆绝缘的力学性能、分子组成以及陷阱分布等特征，评估电缆的老化状态。②非破坏性方法，如介电频谱法、极化-去极化电流（PDC）法、等温松弛电流法等[8-12]。其中PDC法和等温松弛电流法均是通过采集电缆绝缘的极化、去极化电流对绝缘状态进行评估。王逊峰等[11]研究了电缆等温松弛电流的时间特性与温度的关系，指出去极化电流会随温度升高先减小后增大，利用等温松弛电流可有效检测电缆的老化程度。何宁辉等[12]研究了配电电缆绝缘在热老化过程中的等温松弛电流特性，指出绝缘老化因子随老化时间的增加先降后升，可利用老化因子反映绝缘的老化程度。
大量研究表明利用极化、去极化电流的相关分析可以表征绝缘材料的老化状态，但基于PDC或等温松弛电流法的相关理论探讨还不够深入，尤其是极化、去极化电流随老化变化的机理仍不清晰。极化、去极化电流可以看作绝缘材料内部电荷运输在电极处的响应，而空间电荷测量可获得绝缘材料内部的电荷分布。钱恺羽等[13]研究了水中老化电缆的等温松弛电流特性和空间电荷积聚特性，指出电缆在水中老化后可能产生“外导水树枝”，并导致同极性电荷积聚增加。何东欣[14]研究了交联聚乙烯电缆在交流电压下的空间电荷与老化特性的关联性，指出空间电荷积聚量可有效反映电缆绝缘的老化程度。目前空间电荷法和电流法对于电缆绝缘老化的研究相对分离，这也导致了电流法分析电缆绝缘老化状态的相关研究难以更加深入。
本团队利用空间电荷与电流联合测量方法，研究了低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）、油-纸绝缘的空间电荷与电流联合变化特征，指出空间电荷积聚会显著影响电导电流[15-17]。在此基础上，利用阻挡层/测试层双层试样进一步提出了绝缘材料电荷注入势垒的测算方法[17]。由此得出，绝缘材料内部空间电荷积聚与金属/绝缘界面电流存在紧密关联。
因此，本文利用空间电荷与电流联合测量方法，研究XLPE试样在不同老化程度下的电荷、电流变化特征，分析两者之间的关联性。在此基础上利用空间电荷和电流数据评估XLPE的电导率、迁移率、电荷积聚量、陷阱特性等，探讨XLPE老化影响电荷、电流特性的内在机理。
1 实验
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1.1 试样制备
选取恒瑞电缆有限公司生产的YJV62型10 kV单芯XLPE电缆，对电缆绝缘层中间部分进行环切，得到厚度为0.2 mm的片状试样，之后将试样放入恒温箱中在135℃下进行加速热老化。
1.2 空间电荷和电流联合测量方案
电声脉冲法（PEA）具有测量装置结构简单、制造成本低、操作简捷方便等特点，在绝缘介质的空间电荷测量技术领域中得到较为广泛的应用。传统的PEA测量设备通常包含两个电极：上电极同时输出直流高压和方波脉冲信号到样品，下电极由压电转换器接地。为了同时测量空间电荷和电流，需要将压电电压与电流信号相互绝缘，本文搭建了如图1所示的空间电荷和电流联合测量装置，通过四电极系统，将空间电荷测量信号和电流测量信号有效分离。具体操作为：先将传统PEA测试装置的下板电极开槽，再铺一层聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）绝缘槽，在绝缘槽内放置铝环电极，通过单刀双掷（SPDT）开关用三轴线连接到皮安表（Keithley 6514型），用于泄漏电流测量[16]。此外，电流测量电路与地电位采用绝缘槽隔离。通过对SPDT开关和脉冲电源的分时控制，避免空间电荷测量中的高压脉冲对电流测量的干扰，实现空间电荷与电流的高质量测量。测试时采用厚度为0.1 mm的半导电层置于试样上表面与上电极之间。所有试样在20 kV/mm平均电场下加压测试1 h，之后去压测试1 h。
2 电缆绝缘试样空间电荷和电流联合测量
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2.1 温度对空间电荷和电流联合测量结果的影响
未老化XLPE电缆绝缘试样在室温和10kV/mm电场作用下，加压60 min过程中空间电荷及电流随时间的变化如图2所示。其中图2(a)曲线为绝缘空间电荷在不同时间点的分布情况，横坐标表示试样厚度，虚线代表电极位置，0 μm处为接地的下电极，200 μm处为接正压源的上电极，0 μm以下或200 μm以上的区域为电极附近的电荷分布。从图2(a)可以看出，在10 kV/mm电场作用下试样内部仅有非常少量的正电荷积聚，并随加压时间增加而增加。因此，在10 kV/mm场强下XLPE电缆绝缘材料中几乎不积累空间电荷。此外，极化电流（i p）快速衰减至稳定值后保持不变，如图2(b)所示。
在室温及20 kV/mm直流电场作用下，加压60 min过程中未老化XLPE试样的电荷及电流随时间变化的测量结果如图3所示。从图3(a)可以看出，在极化阶段，随着时间的增加，上电极附近积聚同极性电荷，并向着试样内部延伸。由于电荷注入速度小于电荷抽出速度，下电极附近的电荷密度随极化时间增加而逐渐下降。与图2相比，在20 kV/mm电场下，试样上电极已经出现了明显的同极性空间电荷积聚，之后的联合测量试验均在20 kV/mm电场作用下进行。
上、下电极均接地短路后，试样内积聚的电荷在自建电场的作用下移动并完成复合或在电极界面上抽出，试样内部空间电荷逐渐减少，对外形成去极化电流（i dp），如图3(c)～(d)所示。观察其衰减特性可以看出，上电极附近极化阶段积聚的正极性电荷随着时间推移逐步衰减，在前300 s时间内会消散掉大部分的电荷，之后进入缓慢衰减阶段，去极化电流在这段时间内也快速下降。600 s后空间电荷和电流的变化均趋于平缓。
未老化XLPE试样在40℃、20 kV/mm下加压60 min过程中的电荷及电流随时间变化的测量结果如图4所示。从图4可以看出，施加电压后下电极附近出现少量异极性电荷积聚，上电极出现同极性电荷积聚。随着极化时间增加，上、下电极均为同极性电荷积聚且积聚电荷量增加，测得的极化电流稳定值与室温下相比有所提高。去极化后试样内部积聚的电荷使上、下电极产生感应电荷并随时间增加而减少，去极化电流快速衰减。
60℃、20 kV/mm下未老化XLPE试样的电荷及电流随时间变化的测量结果如图5所示。
从图5可以看出，上电极附近的正空间电荷向下电极发展，到3 600 s时上电极附近出现少量负极性电荷，下电极附近出现明显的异极性电荷积聚，试样内部出现多个空间电荷包。
图6为不同温度下未老化XLPE试样的极化、去极化电流曲线。当电场强度恒定时，XLPE电缆绝缘材料内部的同极性电荷积聚转变为异极性电荷积聚，从图6(a)可以看出，测得的极化电流稳定值随温度升高而增加。这是因为在室温下，抽出电流小于注入电流，注入的正极性空间电荷在上电极附近积聚；随着温度升高，注入电流和抽出电流均增加，在40℃下电荷迁移速度加快，在下电极附近形成异极性电荷积聚；在60℃下异极性电荷积聚更为明显，对应的极化电流最为稳定。
由图6(b)可以看出，去极化过程前期，不同温度下的去极化电流值和衰减速率较为相近；500 s以后去极化电流差距则较为明显，温度越高，去极化电流值越大。在去极化过程中，电流主要由两部分构成：电极界面电荷消散引起的容性电流和空间电荷消散引起的阻性电流。其中容性电流分量主要由电极界面容性电荷量和外电流限流电阻决定，阻性电流分量主要由空间电荷量和空间电荷消散速率决定。由于电极上的容性电荷量远超空间电荷量，去极化过程前期主要由容性电流决定。而在不同温度下，在去极化过程前期，电极界面电荷量相近，导致各试样的去极化电流相近。在去极化过程中后期，容性电流消散完全，去极化电流由空间电荷消散引起的阻性电流决定。温度越高，空间电荷消散速率越快，因此导致去极化过程中后期去极化电流幅值越大。
2.2 老化时间对空间电荷和电流联合测量的影响
在20℃和20 kV/mm条件下，对不同老化时间的试样进行60 min的加压联合测量，测量结果如图7所示。从图7可以看出，老化4天的试样在下电极处观察到少量异极性电荷的积累，同时上电极附近的正电荷向下电极迁移，导致试样内部积聚了正极性空间电荷。对于老化10天和14天的电缆绝缘试样，下电极在极化初期即出现异极性电荷的积聚。随着加压时间的延长，试样内部逐渐形成了正极性的空间电荷包，而下电极呈现异极性空间电荷积聚。这些结果表明，随着老化时间的增加，上电极向试样内部注入正极性电荷的速率加快。正极性电荷向试样内部迁移，首先在上电极附近积聚同极性电荷，然后在下电极附近积聚少量异极性电荷。随着正极性空间电荷向试样内部迁移深度的增加，试样内部逐渐积聚大量的正极性空间电荷，并导致下电极感应出的负电荷量增加。值得注意的是，随着老化时间超过7天，试样内部积聚的电荷总量反而下降，这可能是由于在热老化过程中，XLPE分子链断裂[15]导致试样内部电荷迁移率增加，使同极性电荷可以快速到达对电极并抽出。
从图7(i)可以看出，老化后试样的极化电流下降速率降低，极化电流稳定值随老化时间的增加而增加，这是由于试样老化后电导率增加，该结果与空间电荷结果中显示的试样老化后电荷迁移率增加相符。从图7(j)可以看出，试样老化后去极化电流的衰减速率显著下降，老化试样去极化电流稳定值相较于未老化试样增大，并且去极化电流稳定值随老化时间的增加而减小，这可能与试样内部空间电荷的积聚量和陷阱导致的电荷消散速率有关。
3 联合测量结果分析
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3.1 空间电荷量
如前所述，空间电荷积聚量可能是影响极化、去极化电流的重要因素，因此，首先对电荷积聚量进行分析。对试样内体电荷密度进行积分可以得到极化阶段试样内部的空间电荷积聚总量（Q），积分公式为式（1）。
Q = S ⋅ ∫ 0 d ρ x d x
式（1）中：S为电荷测试电极面积，单位为m2；d为试样厚度，单位为m；ρ(x)为不同厚度处的体电荷密度，单位为C·m-3；x表示电荷位置，单位为m。
电极注入的载流子被陷阱捕获，使得试样内部积累空间电荷，剩余的载流子形成传导电流。图8为未老化XLPE片状试样在不同温度下的电导电流密度（J）和空间电荷积累曲线。从图8可以看出，试样内部空间电荷积聚总量和电导电流密度均随温度升高而增大。
通过对去极化电流进行积分可以得到去极化阶段XLPE片状试样单位面积上消散的空间电荷变化总量（σ 1），如式（2）所示。
σ 1 = 1 S ⋅ ∫ 0 3600 i d p ( t ) d t
式（2）中：S为电流测试电极面积，单位为m2；t为测试时间，单位为s；i dp为去极化电流，单位为A。
通过对体电荷密度进行积分可以得到极化阶段XLPE片状试样单位面积上总的空间电荷积聚量（σ 2），计算公式为式（3）。
σ 2 = ∫ 0 d ρ ( x ) d x
图9为XLPE片状试样在不同老化时间下单位面积上的空间电荷积累总量曲线。从图9可以看出，由极化阶段空间电荷分布和由去极化阶段电流计算得到的平均电荷量数值相近，且随老化时间的变化基本一致。这一结果显示，去极化电流是由极化阶段积聚的空间电荷消散引起的，两者之间显著正相关。极化阶段空间电荷的积聚量决定了去极化阶段电流的积分总量。无论是极化阶段体电荷密度积分，还是去极化阶段电流积分，都显示随着老化时间增加而增加，且电荷积聚量先增加，当老化超过7天后，电荷总量快速下降。需要注意的是，由极化阶段体电荷密度积分得到的电荷总量要高于去极化阶段电流积分得到的电荷总量，这可能是由于在去极化阶段，试样内部积聚的电荷一部分发生复合，正、负极性电荷抵消。
3.2 电导率
老化试样的极化、去极化电流稳定值随老化时间增加而增加，电流下降速率随老化时间增加而减小。本文以联合测量中的极化电流在最后100 s的平均值作为电导电流稳定值，计算得到老化试样的电导率如图10所示。从图10可以看出，老化后的试样电导率随着老化时间的增加呈上升趋势，在老化中期电导率增长较慢，在老化早期和老化后期增长较快。
3.3 载流子迁移率
载流子的迁移率会影响试样内部的电荷积聚，目前没有试验方法可以直接得到载流子迁移率，一般通过电导率求解载流子迁移率，如式（4）所示。根据图9所得σ 2计算得到试样内部的平均体电荷密度，代入式（4）即可得到载流子的宏观视在迁移率。
γ = n q μ
式（4）中：γ为电导率，单位为S/m；μ为载流子迁移率，单位为m2/(V·s)；q为电子电荷量，单位为C；n为平均体电荷密度，单位为C/m3。
不同老化程度的XLPE片状试样的载流子迁移率如图11所示。从图11可以看出，当温度、电场强度一定时，载流子迁移率在老化初期增长相对缓慢，随着老化的不断推进，载流子迁移率在老化中后期阶段呈现显著的增长趋势。其中老化14天试样内部的载流子迁移率远高于其他老化试样，使得试样内部由阳极注入的空间电荷快速移动至阴极，电荷从阴极抽出或发生复合时使试样内部空间电荷积聚减弱。随着老化程度的不断加深，试样内部的电荷迁移率呈现出上升的趋势，这一现象导致空间电荷积聚的深度逐渐增加。结合电导率和电荷量的变化结果可以进一步得到，在试样老化前期，电荷量显著增加是试样电导率增大的主要原因；而在试样老化后期，载流子迁移率的显著增加决定了电导率的快速提升。由此可以看出，利用载流子迁移率去评估绝缘材料的老化程度可能比电导率更为有效。而老化对载流子迁移率的影响，可能与XLPE分子链断裂带来的自由体积和物理缺陷增多有关[14]。
3.4 陷阱深度
聚合物电介质材料的电荷输运特性与其内部陷阱参数，如陷阱深度与陷阱密度分布，存在着紧密的关联性。在电场作用下，载流子会进行定向迁移，当部分电荷被陷阱所捕获时，自由移动的载流子密度将相应减少，进而使得载流子的有效迁移率降低。根据J G SIMMONS等[18]的等温松弛经典理论，在外电场的作用下绝缘材料会发生极化，而移除外电场后，绝缘材料会发生极化松弛（去极化），电子的热释放形成松弛电流。在保持温度恒定的情况下，松弛电流将随时间衰减，而松弛电流与XLPE的3种极化过程相关，即绝缘本体极化、非晶区与晶区之间的界面极化、杂质离子极化[16]。为简化定量分析和对比，在等温松弛电流理论中，将所有类型的极化都等效为不同深度的陷阱，材料中电子陷阱能级深度与时间t的关系可以表示为式（5）。
E t = k T l n ( v t )
式（5）中：E t是陷阱能级深度；k为玻尔兹曼常数；T为开尔文温度；v为逃逸频率。
陷阱能级密度与等温衰减电流之间的关系可表示为式（6）。
N t ( E ) f 0 ( E ) = 2 q l k T I t
式（6）中：N t(E)表示陷阱能级的密度；f 0(E)表示电子陷阱的初始密度；l为绝缘厚度；q为电子电荷量；I为等温衰减电流。
从式（5）～（6）可以看出，ln(t)与陷阱能级深度成线性关系，时间和电流的乘积与陷阱能级密度成线性关系，因此可通过It-lnt曲线来表示电子陷阱分布情况。
极化过程分为本体极化过程、非晶区与晶区界面极化过程、老化造成的界面中金属盐和水合离子的极化过程，因此可以用三阶指数模型对去极化电流进行拟合，拟合公式为式（7）。
i d p ( t ) = I 0 + ∑ i = 1 3 a i e - t τ i
式（7）中：I 0为电流稳态值；i为3种极化类型，i＝1代表绝缘材料中的本体极化，i＝2代表晶态与非晶态之间的界面极化，i＝3代表各类离子、基团之间的界面极化；i dp为去极化电流；ai为3种极化类型的拟合系数；t为时间；τi为3种极化的拟合时间常数。
XLPE电缆绝缘老化试样的It-lnt曲线及其分峰如图12所示，其中图(b)～(f)分别表示未老化、老化4天、老化7天、老化10天与老化14天试样的等温松弛电流及拟合峰。从图12可以看出，对于未老化试样，其试样内部主要是浅陷阱，通过式（5）可以计算得到每个峰值对应的陷阱深度，式中逃逸频率的值取6.2×1012 s-1，计算结果如表1所示。对于老化后的试样，首先可以看到纵坐标i dp·t的值随老化进行发生了显著变化，尤其是试样老化7天及以上。这可能与极化阶段积聚的电荷总量或去极化阶段的电流总量变化相关。如前所述，等温松弛电流理论是基于电流量与时间的乘积进行分析，而随着试样老化，积聚在试样内的空间电荷量先增加后减少，这可能是导致i dp·t值变化的原因。本文利用图9所得的电荷积聚总量对不同试样的i dp·t值进行了归一化，以未老化试样的总电荷量作为基准，老化试样相对未老化试样的电荷量比值作为归一化的系数，结果如图12(g)所示。
从图12(g)和表1可以看出，随着试样老化，一方面浅陷阱和深陷阱对应的峰值位置向右偏移；另一方面，根据峰值相对高度，可以看出试样老化10天后，浅陷阱能级的浓度相对降低，而深陷阱能级的浓度显著提高，这是试样老化后去极化电流衰减速率显著下降的原因。以上现象可能是由于试样发生热氧老化，使XLPE中产生更多的C-O或C=C等极化基团，增大了深陷阱的浓度。从图12(g)还可以看出，老化4天和7天的试样，其深陷阱和浅陷阱浓度均相对未老化试样有所降低，这可能是由于归一化处理引入的误差，也有可能是试样进一步的交联减少了内部的极性基团和物理缺陷，这一问题值得未来进一步探索。
4 结论
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（1）在20 kV/mm直流电场作用下未老化的XLPE片状试样开始积聚空间电荷；测试温度上升至40℃后，电荷积聚由同极性转变为异极性；温度上升至60℃后，异极性电荷积聚更明显。试样的总空间电荷量及电导电流密度均随测试温度升高而增加，总空间电荷量增加的越多，电导电流密度增加的也越多。
（2）老化后试样内部积聚异极性电荷，电荷积聚量随老化时间先增加后减少，电导率和载流子迁移率均随老化时间增加而增加。当载流子迁移率增加使阳极注入的电荷迁移深度增加时，电荷积聚量增大，当自由电荷迁移至阴极后抽出或发生复合时，电荷积聚量降低。对去极化电流进行积分得到去极化阶段试样内部消散的空间电荷总量，其值与单位面积空间电荷积聚量随老化时间增加先增大后减小，且数值相近，说明去极化电流大小与空间电荷体密度相关。
（3）未老化试样内部主要是浅陷阱，随着温度升高，陷阱内电荷更容易脱陷，极化、去极化电流值增加。老化后XLPE电缆绝缘试样深陷阱的能级增加，增大了陷阱捕获电荷的概率，使得试样内部更容易积聚电荷，去极化电流衰减速率显著下降。
基金
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  • 国家电网公司总部科技项目(5500-202211398A-2-0-ZN)
文献
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2025年第58卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.010
  • 接收时间：2024-05-20
  • 首发时间：2025-11-07
  • 出版时间：2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期：2024-05-20
  • 修回日期：2024-08-22
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国家电网公司总部科技项目(5500-202211398A-2-0-ZN)
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    1 国网浙江省电力有限公司宁波供电公司，浙江 宁波 315010
    2 国网浙江省电力有限公司， 浙江 杭州 310007
    3 西安交通大学 电气工程学院，陕西 西安 710049
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