Article(id=1193543214914302476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193543214067056904, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1728403200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-09, revisedDate=1731254400000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762492477395, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762492477395, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762492477395, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762492477395, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193543214067056904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='157', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762492477194, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762498203949, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193567233872982429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193543214067056904, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193567233872982430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193543214067056904, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=99, endPage=108, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193543215899963918, articleId=1193543214914302476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on ablation mechanism of water-blocking buffer layer in high voltage XLPE cable, columnId=1193543215723806988, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on Advanced Cable Insulation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the ablation mechanism of water-blocking buffer layer in high-voltage cable and reveal its critical conditions, the dielectric performance parameters of water-blocking buffer layer material with different water contents were measured. A three-dimensional non-axisymmetric corrugated aluminum sheath structure cable geometric model was constructed based on gravity effects to conduct electro-thermal-flow multi-physics field coupled finite element simulation. Experimental verification was conducted using a constant current simulated ablation test system, and the voltage and temperature variations during the ablation process were monitored in real-time. The results show that poor contact and moisture are necessary conditions for ablation. When the aluminum sheath is poorly contacted with the buffer layer, electric field concentration occurs near the gaps at the well-contacted positions, and partial discharge can be triggered when the moisture content reaches 5%. In well-contacted areas of buffer layer, capacitive current concentration causes localized temperature rise, and the local temperature would reach the ablation initiation threshold at the water content of 25%. According to the experimental results, ablation only occurs when the aluminum electrode is poorly contacted with the buffer layer, while only electrochemical corrosion is observed under good contact conditions. Electrochemical corrosion initially produces high-resistance white powder, followed by partial discharge, which makes the voltage and temperature rise steadily. With the occurrence of partial discharge, the voltage can reach 147 V, and the temperature can reach 187.8℃, causing partial melting of polyester fibers in the buffer layer, further leading to current concentration, and ultimately causing thermal breakdown of the water-blocking buffer layer material.

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为研究高压电缆阻水缓冲层的烧蚀机理并揭示其临界条件,本文测定不同含水率下阻水缓冲层材料的介电性能参数。通过构建基于重力影响的三维非轴对称皱纹铝护套结构电缆几何模型,开展电-热-流多物理场耦合有限元仿真,并结合恒流模拟烧蚀试验系统进行试验验证,实时监测烧蚀过程中的电压和温度变化特征。结果表明:接触不良与受潮是引发烧蚀的必要条件,当铝护套与缓冲层接触不良时,接触良好位置附近的空隙处会产生电场集中,含水率达到5%时即可引发局部放电。接触良好区域的缓冲层因容性电流集中产生局部温升,含水率达到25%时局部温度可达烧蚀起始阈值。从试验结果可以看出,烧蚀现象仅在铝电极与缓冲层接触不良时发生,接触良好时仅出现电化学腐蚀。电化学腐蚀会产生高阻白色粉末,使得电压和温度稳定上升,伴随局部放电的发生,此时电压最高可达147 V,温度最高可达187.8℃,导致缓冲层部分聚酯纤维熔断,进一步引发电流集中,最终导致阻水缓冲层材料的热击穿。

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李欢(1988-),男(汉族),陕西汉中人,教授,主要从事电介质物理、固体介质的劣化及失效机制、绝缘结构设计等方面的研究。
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刘青(1984-),男(汉族),湖北黄冈人,副高级工程师,主要从事电缆系统运维的研究工作。

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刘青(1984-),男(汉族),湖北黄冈人,副高级工程师,主要从事电缆系统运维的研究工作。

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刘青(1984-),男(汉族),湖北黄冈人,副高级工程师,主要从事电缆系统运维的研究工作。

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结构 外径/mm 厚度/mm 相对介电常数 电导率/(S/m) 导热系数/(W/(m·K)) 恒压热容/(J/(kg·K)) 密度/(kg/m3)
导体 15.15 1.0×107 5.998×107 400 385 8 890
导体屏蔽 16.45 1.30 100 1×10-3 0.4 2 180 1 150
XLPE 32.95 16.5 2.3 1×10-15 0.286 2 600 930
绝缘屏蔽 33.95 1.00 100 2×10-3 0.4 2 180 1 150
阻水缓冲层 36.95 3.00 测量值 测量值 0.5 2 120 140
空气气隙 38.95 2.00 1 1×10-16 0.025 1 000.4 ρ
皱纹铝护套 46.75 2.30 1.0×107 2.746×107 238 900 2 700
外护套 49.40 2.65 2.25 1.6×10-14 0.2 2 000 100
), ArticleFig(id=1195077139864228102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214914302476, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

几何及材料参数

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结构 外径/mm 厚度/mm 相对介电常数 电导率/(S/m) 导热系数/(W/(m·K)) 恒压热容/(J/(kg·K)) 密度/(kg/m3)
导体 15.15 1.0×107 5.998×107 400 385 8 890
导体屏蔽 16.45 1.30 100 1×10-3 0.4 2 180 1 150
XLPE 32.95 16.5 2.3 1×10-15 0.286 2 600 930
绝缘屏蔽 33.95 1.00 100 2×10-3 0.4 2 180 1 150
阻水缓冲层 36.95 3.00 测量值 测量值 0.5 2 120 140
空气气隙 38.95 2.00 1 1×10-16 0.025 1 000.4 ρ
皱纹铝护套 46.75 2.30 1.0×107 2.746×107 238 900 2 700
外护套 49.40 2.65 2.25 1.6×10-14 0.2 2 000 100
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变量名称 变量取值
含水率/% 0、5、10、…、40
气隙厚度/mm 0.1、0.2、0.3、0.5
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仿真变量设置

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变量名称 变量取值
含水率/% 0、5、10、…、40
气隙厚度/mm 0.1、0.2、0.3、0.5
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试样结构 缓冲层厚度/mm 缓冲层含水率/% 试样接触程度
阻水缓冲层 2.0 0、5、10、…、40 点接触
阻水缓冲层+屏蔽层 面接触
金布+阻水缓冲层+屏蔽层 体接触
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试样规格及条件设置

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试样结构 缓冲层厚度/mm 缓冲层含水率/% 试样接触程度
阻水缓冲层 2.0 0、5、10、…、40 点接触
阻水缓冲层+屏蔽层 面接触
金布+阻水缓冲层+屏蔽层 体接触
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序号 试样结构 受潮程度 接触程度 实验结果
1 阻水缓冲层 干燥 接触良好 无烧蚀现象
2 阻水缓冲层 干燥 接触不良 缓冲层存在放电痕迹,无白色粉末
3 阻水缓冲层 干燥 过盈1 mm 无烧蚀现象
4 阻水缓冲层 含水率10% 接触良好 析出白色粉末面积最小
5 阻水缓冲层 含水率20% 接触良好 析出白色粉末面积较小
6 阻水缓冲层 含水率20% 接触不良 缓冲层击穿,受潮处表面有白色粉末;铝电极严重腐蚀,表面有碳化痕迹
7 阻水缓冲层 含水率40% 接触良好 缓冲层受潮处出现少量白色粉末;铝电极表面轻微腐蚀
8 阻水缓冲层 含水率40% 接触不良 缓冲层击穿,受潮处表面有大量白色粉末;铝电极严重腐蚀,表面有击穿痕迹
9 阻水缓冲层 含水率40% 过盈1 mm 缓冲层受潮处出现微量白色粉末;铝电极几乎无腐蚀痕迹
10 阻水缓冲层+屏蔽层 含水率40% 接触良好 缓冲层受潮处出现少量白色粉末;铝电极表面轻微腐蚀
11 阻水缓冲层+屏蔽层 含水率40% 接触不良 缓冲层击穿,受潮处表面有大量白色粉末;铝电极严重腐蚀,表面有碳化痕迹;屏蔽层击穿,未击穿处腐蚀且有白色粉末
12 金布+阻水缓冲层+屏蔽层 干燥 接触不良 缓冲层、屏蔽层击穿,表面有大量碳化痕迹;金布表面被烧穿;铜、铝电极表面有大量放电痕迹
13 金布+阻水缓冲层+屏蔽层 含水率40% 接触不良 无烧蚀现象
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不同条件下的烧蚀特征

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序号 试样结构 受潮程度 接触程度 实验结果
1 阻水缓冲层 干燥 接触良好 无烧蚀现象
2 阻水缓冲层 干燥 接触不良 缓冲层存在放电痕迹,无白色粉末
3 阻水缓冲层 干燥 过盈1 mm 无烧蚀现象
4 阻水缓冲层 含水率10% 接触良好 析出白色粉末面积最小
5 阻水缓冲层 含水率20% 接触良好 析出白色粉末面积较小
6 阻水缓冲层 含水率20% 接触不良 缓冲层击穿,受潮处表面有白色粉末;铝电极严重腐蚀,表面有碳化痕迹
7 阻水缓冲层 含水率40% 接触良好 缓冲层受潮处出现少量白色粉末;铝电极表面轻微腐蚀
8 阻水缓冲层 含水率40% 接触不良 缓冲层击穿,受潮处表面有大量白色粉末;铝电极严重腐蚀,表面有击穿痕迹
9 阻水缓冲层 含水率40% 过盈1 mm 缓冲层受潮处出现微量白色粉末;铝电极几乎无腐蚀痕迹
10 阻水缓冲层+屏蔽层 含水率40% 接触良好 缓冲层受潮处出现少量白色粉末;铝电极表面轻微腐蚀
11 阻水缓冲层+屏蔽层 含水率40% 接触不良 缓冲层击穿,受潮处表面有大量白色粉末;铝电极严重腐蚀,表面有碳化痕迹;屏蔽层击穿,未击穿处腐蚀且有白色粉末
12 金布+阻水缓冲层+屏蔽层 干燥 接触不良 缓冲层、屏蔽层击穿,表面有大量碳化痕迹;金布表面被烧穿;铜、铝电极表面有大量放电痕迹
13 金布+阻水缓冲层+屏蔽层 含水率40% 接触不良 无烧蚀现象
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扫描部位 元素
C O Na Al S
全新阻水缓冲层 42.41% 39.39% 12.68% 0.25%
未烧蚀阻水缓冲层 51.42% 36.18% 11.25% 0.55%
击穿区域熔断处 70.66% 27.89% 0.67% 0.46%
含白色粉末熔断处 23.59% 48.68% 0.95% 24.15% 2.6%
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元素种类及含量

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扫描部位 元素
C O Na Al S
全新阻水缓冲层 42.41% 39.39% 12.68% 0.25%
未烧蚀阻水缓冲层 51.42% 36.18% 11.25% 0.55%
击穿区域熔断处 70.66% 27.89% 0.67% 0.46%
含白色粉末熔断处 23.59% 48.68% 0.95% 24.15% 2.6%
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高压XLPE电缆阻水缓冲层烧蚀机理研究
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刘青 1 , 焦宇阳 1 , 尚英强 1 , 郑天宇 1 , 刘明亮 1 , 朱梦瑶 2 , 李欢 2
绝缘材料 | 先进电缆绝缘专题 2025,58(3): 99-108
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绝缘材料 | 先进电缆绝缘专题 2025, 58(3): 99-108
高压XLPE电缆阻水缓冲层烧蚀机理研究
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刘青1, 焦宇阳1, 尚英强1, 郑天宇1, 刘明亮1, 朱梦瑶2, 李欢2
作者信息
  • 1 国网北京市电力公司,北京 100041
  • 2 陕西理工大学 电气工程学院,陕西 汉中 723001
  • 刘青(1984-),男(汉族),湖北黄冈人,副高级工程师,主要从事电缆系统运维的研究工作。

通讯作者:

李欢(1988-),男(汉族),陕西汉中人,教授,主要从事电介质物理、固体介质的劣化及失效机制、绝缘结构设计等方面的研究。
Study on ablation mechanism of water-blocking buffer layer in high voltage XLPE cable
Qing LIU1, Yuyang JIAO1, Yingqiang SHANG1, Tianyu ZHENG1, Mingliang LIU1, Mengyao ZHU2, Huan LI2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Grid Beijing Electric Power Company, Beijing 100041, China
  • 2 School of Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.011
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为研究高压电缆阻水缓冲层的烧蚀机理并揭示其临界条件,本文测定不同含水率下阻水缓冲层材料的介电性能参数。通过构建基于重力影响的三维非轴对称皱纹铝护套结构电缆几何模型,开展电-热-流多物理场耦合有限元仿真,并结合恒流模拟烧蚀试验系统进行试验验证,实时监测烧蚀过程中的电压和温度变化特征。结果表明:接触不良与受潮是引发烧蚀的必要条件,当铝护套与缓冲层接触不良时,接触良好位置附近的空隙处会产生电场集中,含水率达到5%时即可引发局部放电。接触良好区域的缓冲层因容性电流集中产生局部温升,含水率达到25%时局部温度可达烧蚀起始阈值。从试验结果可以看出,烧蚀现象仅在铝电极与缓冲层接触不良时发生,接触良好时仅出现电化学腐蚀。电化学腐蚀会产生高阻白色粉末,使得电压和温度稳定上升,伴随局部放电的发生,此时电压最高可达147 V,温度最高可达187.8℃,导致缓冲层部分聚酯纤维熔断,进一步引发电流集中,最终导致阻水缓冲层材料的热击穿。

XLPE电缆  /  缓冲层烧蚀  /  电-热-流仿真分析  /  模拟烧蚀试验  /  局部温升

To study the ablation mechanism of water-blocking buffer layer in high-voltage cable and reveal its critical conditions, the dielectric performance parameters of water-blocking buffer layer material with different water contents were measured. A three-dimensional non-axisymmetric corrugated aluminum sheath structure cable geometric model was constructed based on gravity effects to conduct electro-thermal-flow multi-physics field coupled finite element simulation. Experimental verification was conducted using a constant current simulated ablation test system, and the voltage and temperature variations during the ablation process were monitored in real-time. The results show that poor contact and moisture are necessary conditions for ablation. When the aluminum sheath is poorly contacted with the buffer layer, electric field concentration occurs near the gaps at the well-contacted positions, and partial discharge can be triggered when the moisture content reaches 5%. In well-contacted areas of buffer layer, capacitive current concentration causes localized temperature rise, and the local temperature would reach the ablation initiation threshold at the water content of 25%. According to the experimental results, ablation only occurs when the aluminum electrode is poorly contacted with the buffer layer, while only electrochemical corrosion is observed under good contact conditions. Electrochemical corrosion initially produces high-resistance white powder, followed by partial discharge, which makes the voltage and temperature rise steadily. With the occurrence of partial discharge, the voltage can reach 147 V, and the temperature can reach 187.8℃, causing partial melting of polyester fibers in the buffer layer, further leading to current concentration, and ultimately causing thermal breakdown of the water-blocking buffer layer material.

XLPE cable  /  buffer layer ablation  /  electrical-thermal-flow simulation analysis  /  simulating ablation test  /  localized temperature rise
刘青, 焦宇阳, 尚英强, 郑天宇, 刘明亮, 朱梦瑶, 李欢. 高压XLPE电缆阻水缓冲层烧蚀机理研究. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (3) : 99 -108 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.011
Qing LIU, Yuyang JIAO, Yingqiang SHANG, Tianyu ZHENG, Mingliang LIU, Mengyao ZHU, Huan LI. Study on ablation mechanism of water-blocking buffer layer in high voltage XLPE cable[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (3) : 99 -108 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.011
交联聚乙烯(cross-linked polyethylene, XLPE)电力电缆因其电气性能和力学性能优异、不需要供油供气设备、耐热性能好、安装维护方便等突出优点,被广泛应用于我国的输、配电系统中[1-3]
21世纪以来,国内多地的110 kV及以上电压等级皱纹铝护套结构XLPE电缆中出现了由阻水缓冲层烧蚀所引发的故障,有些烧蚀现象甚至引起了主绝缘的击穿,严重危害电网的安全可靠运行[4-5]。故障电缆的电压等级高,且大部分运行时间在10年以下,正处于运行稳定期,在故障发生前并不会引起电力运行部门的过多关注[6-7]。故障电缆的运行条件和运行环境不尽相同,故障成因不明,即高压电缆的阻水缓冲层故障具有隐蔽性强、复杂性高且危害性大的特点。因此,有必要针对高压XLPE电缆阻水缓冲层烧蚀故障展开研究。
针对阻水缓冲层的烧蚀机理,研究人员主要通过有限元仿真和模拟烧蚀试验开展研究,但尚未形成统一观点。目前认为烧蚀故障主要由局部放电烧蚀[8-12]、电流致热烧蚀[13-14]及电化学腐蚀烧蚀[15-17]3种方式所引发,也有可能是由3种烧蚀方式的共同作用引发。局部放电烧蚀主要包括气隙放电[9]和电位悬浮放电[10]。气隙放电分为铝护套与阻水缓冲层之间的气隙放电和蓬松棉内部的气隙放电;电位悬浮放电主要为白色粉末使屏蔽层电位悬浮而引发的放电。除蓬松棉内部的气隙放电外,气隙放电大多发生于阻水缓冲层与铝护套波谷接触点附近的气隙处。阻水缓冲层受潮可能是局部放电烧蚀的必要条件。当阻水缓冲层受潮时,其相对介电常数和电阻率会增大几个数量级,气隙中的场强将远超过空气的电气强度[18]。当阻水缓冲层与皱纹铝护套轴向接触不良的距离增加时,可导致局部放电现象加剧[18-20]
当阻水缓冲层与铝护套出现接触不良时,铝护套与缓冲层间的容性电流会集中于接触良好处流过。当阻水缓冲层为干燥状态,虽然存在一定长度的接触不良,但因容性电流集中造成的局部温升仍然较低,不会引发烧蚀。但在阻水缓冲层受潮后,接触不良长度超过一定阈值时,局部集中的容性电流引起的温升会超过阻水缓冲层材料中聚酯纤维的起始分解温度,材料性能下降,进而引起烧蚀[21]。但该阈值与阻水缓冲层含水率的定量关系尚不明确。
电化学腐蚀烧蚀的观点则认为,当阻水缓冲层受潮后,阻水缓冲层中聚丙烯酸钠(C3H3NaO2) n遇水形成碱性电解液,使得铝与阻水缓冲层中的炭黑颗粒形成原电池发生电化学反应,一方面铝护套上出现腐蚀坑洞和生成白色氧合物;另一方面阻水缓冲层材料的体积电阻率不断增大,产生局部温升,进而引起烧蚀[16]。目前对于烧蚀机理的观点未能统一,3种烧蚀方式之间的耦合机制尚不清楚。现有的仿真模型多为二维轴向模型以及三维轴对称模型,缺少精细化的皱纹铝护套电缆三维模型,因此仿真结果的精确性较低,对烧蚀机理的探讨还不够深入。
综上所述,现有研究手段及思路存在的局限以及机理层面观点的不统一,导致了阻水缓冲层烧蚀故障仍未得到有效解决。本文针对110 kV高压XLPE电缆,通过Solidworks软件建立基于重力影响的三维非轴对称皱纹铝护套结构电缆几何模型。在此基础上,通过Comsol有限元仿真软件开展电-热-流多物理场耦合仿真计算,深入探讨电缆在复杂工况下的电磁场、热场和流场相互作用及其对烧蚀现象的影响。结合在恒流条件下进行的模拟烧蚀试验,系统研究引发烧蚀的关键因素和临界条件,进一步完善阻水缓冲层烧蚀的机理。希望本研究能为高压XLPE电缆的设计与应用提供新的视角与解决方案,从而有效提升高压电缆的运行安全性和稳定性。
为了研究引发阻水缓冲层烧蚀的关键因素和临界条件,本文以YJLW03 64/1101×630型电力电缆为研究对象,采用三维方式建模,计算不同含水率、气隙厚度下电缆的电场及温度场分布。
分别将质量为0.1、0.2、0.3、……、0.8 g的蒸馏水均匀喷洒在尺寸为80 mm×80 mm×2 mm、质量为2 g的阻水缓冲层试样上,制备含水率为5%~40%的阻水缓冲层试样。采用阻抗分析仪(3532-50型,日置电机株式会社)对3个不同厂家(分别标记为厂家1、2、3)的阻水缓冲层试样进行相对介电常数的测量,试验条件为25℃预热1 h,频率为50 Hz。同时根据JB/T 10259—2014,使用万用表测量试样的体积电阻值,计算得到体积电阻率。
本文通过电-热-流多物理场耦合求出唯一麦克斯韦方程组(求解电场分布)、传热方程以及非等温流动(求解温度曲线)的解。
电缆所在电场为电准静态场(electroquasistatics,EQS),其微分形式的基本方程式满足式(1)
× E = 0 · ( ε E ) = 0
电缆敷设于空气之中,因此温度场遵守热通量守恒方程,其控制方程为式(2)
- · ( k T ) = Q
控制非等温流动的方程是包含重力的纳维-斯托克斯方程,气体的密度由理想气体定律给出,如式(3)所示。
ρ = M p R T
式(1)~(3)中: E、 T Q、M、R分别为电场强度、温度、热源密度、气体的摩尔质量、气体通用常数;ε、k、p分别为介电常数、热导率和绝对压力。
现有的仿真模型多为二维轴向模型以及由二维轴向模型旋转360°得到的三维轴对称模型。二维模型无法反映阻水缓冲层和皱纹铝护套一侧存在空气气隙,另一侧出现过盈配合的几何特征。在三维轴对称模型中,皱纹铝护套为波峰、波谷同心圆串联分布的结构。而在实际的工业生产中,为保证铝护套的抗弯强度以及径向上的阻水性能,皱纹铝护套实际为波峰、波谷平行排列的螺纹状结构,因此三维轴对称模型与实际的皱纹铝护套结构也存在偏差。本研究使用SolidWorks三维辅助绘图软件建立考虑重力影响下的三维非轴对称电缆几何模型,如图1所示。电缆结构包括铜导体、内半导电层、XLPE绝缘层、外半导电层、阻水缓冲层、皱纹铝护套、外护套。模型中皱纹铝护套外表面的绘制基于圆柱体,以半周期正弦曲线为轮廓、螺旋线为路径切除而成;内表面则使用软件的抽壳命令,以外表面形状为标准,掏空圆柱内部实现内螺纹特征。通过上述方法建立的三维模型可完美还原实际电缆的几何结构,并且该模型还具有变量设置自由度高的优点。
基于电缆模型建立电-热-流多物理场耦合仿真模型,模型的相关参数如表1所示[22-23],其中阻水缓冲层的相对介电常数和电导率由实验测量得出,空气气隙的密度 ρ由理想气体公式(式(3))计算,与温度变化有关。
设置电缆总长度为1.5 m,阻水缓冲层与铝护套轴向接触不良长度为0.75 m,接触良好长度为0.75 m,接触不良率占电缆全长的50%;电缆缆芯电压设为98.8 kV(相电压值,考虑电压波动系数为1.1),考虑集肤效应,施加法向电流1 800 A,铝护套外表面接地,电缆敷设于空气中,环境温度为25℃,外护套与空气的传热系数为5 W/(m2·K),电缆的表面发射率为0.85。
三维模型的网格使用自由四面体划分,皱纹铝护套和空气域为自定义划分,定义最大单元大小为2.450 mm,最小单元大小为0.001 mm,最大单元增长率为1.3,曲率因子为0.2,其余部位为物理场控制网格划分。自定义划分可以有效减小误差,提高计算精度和收敛性。
仿真所需的变量设置如表2所示。其中气隙厚度指铝护套与缓冲层接触不良处气隙的厚度,特指在运输或敷设过程中,原本过盈配合的皱纹铝护套与缓冲层发生位移导致出现气隙,如图2所示。
阻水缓冲层相对介电常数和体积电阻率随含水率的变化规律如图3所示。从图3可以看出,随着含水率的增加,体积电阻率和相对介电常数持续增大[18]。体积电阻率由干燥时的1 000~5 000 Ω·cm增大至含水率为40%时的5 000~23 000 Ω·cm;相对介电常数由干燥时的300~500增大至含水率为40%时的2 000~2 500。不同厂家的缓冲层试样中炭黑、阻水粉含量不同,其分布的均匀性也不同,因此测量结果存在差异,但变化规律一致。
关于阻水缓冲层的测量,目前针对其含水率从0到40%时的体积电阻率或相对介电常数变化的研究相对较少,大多对受潮缓冲层的仿真计算仅笼统地定义了“干燥”和“受潮”两种状态。本研究旨在将不同受潮程度的实测值引入仿真计算中,以探究含水率影响缓冲层烧蚀发生的临界值。
本文选用厂家2的测量结果作为仿真中阻水缓冲层的电气参数。
皱纹铝护套高压XLPE电缆电场分布如图4所示。从图4(a)(b)可以看出,不论是皱纹铝护套与阻水缓冲层接触良好或接触不良,最大场强均出现在XLPE绝缘层内侧并沿径向向外逐渐减小,最大值为6.59 kV/mm。为更直观地研究空隙处的场强分布,截取空隙处场强云图如图4(c)(f)所示。从图4(c)(d)可以看出,阻水缓冲层干燥时,其与皱纹铝护套波谷界面处的空隙出现电场集中,接触良好时空隙处的最大场强为0.072 kV/mm,接触不良时空隙处的最大场强为0.251 kV/mm,均未超过空气的电气强度(3 kV/mm)。从图4(e)(f)可以看出,阻水缓冲层受潮时,其与皱纹铝护套接触良好时空隙处的最大场强为4.94 kV/mm,略超过空气的电气强度,接触不良时空隙处的最大场强为38.9 kV/mm,远超过空气的电气强度。
阻水缓冲层与皱纹铝护套接触不良处的气隙厚度可能会在电缆安装或运输过程中发生变化,同时由于电力电缆通常采用地下敷设,部分电缆长期处于潮湿的环境,接头长期浸泡在水中,阻水缓冲层会因其本身吸潮特性或电缆外破进水而受潮[24]。气隙厚度和受潮后阻水缓冲层介电性能的变化可能加剧空隙处的电场集中[25]。因此本文研究了气隙厚度及阻水缓冲层含水率对空隙处最大场强的影响,结果如图5所示。从图5可以看出,当气隙厚度为0.1 mm时,空隙处的最大场强随阻水缓冲层含水率的增大而增大,由不含水时的0.251 kV/mm增大至含水率为40%时的51.3 kV/mm,当含水率为5%时,空隙处最大场强为12.3 kV/mm,已超过空气的电气强度。气隙厚度对于含水率为0~15%时空隙处的最大场强影响较小,而当含水率为20%~40%时,空隙处的最大场强随气隙厚度增加而增大,含水率为40%时增大趋势最为明显,由气隙厚度为0.1 mm时的51.3 kV/mm增至气隙厚度为0.5 mm时的64.2 kV/mm。
阻水缓冲层干燥和受潮时,皱纹铝护套高压XLPE电缆轴向温度场分布如图6所示。从图6(a)(b)可以看出,最高温度出现在电缆缆芯并沿径向向外逐渐减小;阻水缓冲层与皱纹铝护套接触良好时温度最高值为93.5℃,接触不良时温度最高值为93.6℃。从图6(c)(d)可以看出,阻水缓冲层受潮时,其与皱纹铝护套接触良好时最高温度出现在电缆缆芯并沿径向向外逐渐减小,最高温度为84.1℃;接触不良时最高温度出现在接触良好处的缓冲层处并沿径向向内逐渐减小,最高温度为226℃,已远高于局部烧蚀的起始温度(165℃)[21]
图7为气隙厚度及阻水缓冲层含水率对电缆轴向温度场分布的影响规律。从图7可以看出,当气隙厚度为0.1 mm时,电缆轴向最高温度随阻水缓冲层含水率的增大而升高,由不含水时的93.6℃增至含水率为40%时的232℃,当含水率为25%时,电缆轴向最高温度为170℃,无论气隙厚度为多少,均已超过局部烧蚀的起始温度。气隙厚度对于含水率为0~15%时电缆轴向最高温度的影响较小,而当含水率为20%~40%时,电缆轴向最高温度随气隙厚度增加而升高,含水率为40%时增大趋势最为明显,由0.1 mm时的232℃增至0.5 mm时的291℃。
仿真结果表明,阻水缓冲层受潮和接触不良会大幅增加电缆空隙处的最大场强以及缓冲层的局部温度。为了验证含水率及接触不良对缓冲层烧蚀程度的影响规律,通过恒流模拟烧蚀试验系统开展模拟烧蚀试验,记录烧蚀过程中的电压和温度,以完善烧蚀机理。
采用如图8所示的模拟烧蚀试验系统针对不同含水率阻水缓冲层试样在恒流模式下开展模拟烧蚀试验。图8中,上电极为铝制平板形,下电极为黄铜制平板形,试样放置于两电极之间;接地端与地线连接,高压端与恒流源连接,通过调整垫片的数量控制试样与铝电极的接触程度。试样规格及条件设置如表3所示。其中,点接触表示试样与铝电极接触不良,局部位置存在空隙;面接触表示试样与铝电极接触良好,几乎不存在空隙;体接触表示试样与铝电极过盈配合1 mm。设置烧蚀时长为 1 h,施加电流幅值为100 mA。
阻水缓冲层含水率为40%、试样与铝电极为点接触时模拟烧蚀试验结果如图9所示。从图9可以看出,此时阻水缓冲层试样已击穿,受潮处表面出现大量白色粉末;铝电极受潮处严重腐蚀,电极上出现明显击穿点;铜电极表面有缓冲层纤维丝粘连。
总结不同条件下的烧蚀特征如表4所示。从表4可以看出,白色粉末的析出程度与阻水缓冲层的受潮和试样接触程度有关。对比第1、2、3组可以看出,干燥情况下,缓冲层不会发生烧蚀现象。对比第1、4、5、7组可以看出,试样含水率越高,白色粉末析出面积越大,铝电极腐蚀越严重。对比第7~11组可以看出,当试样与铝电极接触良好时,烧蚀程度较弱且未发生局部放电;当接触不良时,缓冲层击穿并出现大量碳化痕迹,推断烧蚀过程伴随电化学腐蚀和击穿一同进行。对比第2、8、11、12、13组可以看出,当缓冲层上加入金布后,缓冲层受潮对烧蚀的避免有显著效果,但在缓冲层干燥时,由于其铜丝与编织布穿插的网状结构,更易与铝护套接触不良从而引发局部放电,最终损坏电缆。
为进一步研究局部放电与烧蚀程度的关系,将试验时间延长至135 min,试验结果如图10所示。从图10可以看出,实验结束时阻水缓冲层已击穿,缓冲层受潮处表面出现大量白色粉末;铝电极严重腐蚀并粘有大量白色粉末,电极上出现明显碳化痕迹;屏蔽层已击穿,未击穿处被腐蚀且表面有白色粉末;铜电极表面出现碳化痕迹。
试验过程中实时测量试样两端电压以及铝电极温度,测量结果如图11所示。从图11可以看出,电压和铝电极温度随烧蚀实验时间的延长逐渐升高,在20 min时突增,并观察到电极发生明显放电。此刻测量到高温位置出现在放电处对侧电极,温度最高可达187.8℃;电压最高可达147 V。推测此时由于电化学反应产生大量的白色粉末提高了局部的接触电阻,使得阻水缓冲层的整体电阻升高,因此电压升高;而阻水缓冲层与铝电极接触良好处存在导电通路使得电流通过,电流集中使得局部温度大幅度升高。电压升高后突然降低是因为试样局部被击穿。但由于电化学腐蚀仍在进行,继续析出的高阻性白色粉末使得电压继续升高。
试验结束后采用偏光显微镜及扫描电镜-能谱对阻水缓冲层试样进行分析,微观形貌图像如图12所示,扫描区域见图12(e)图12(f),试样元素种类及含量如表5所示。
根据图12表5,全新和未烧蚀的缓冲层试样表面纤维丝无粘连,主要成分为C、O、Na元素,受潮后的试样表面有阻水粉析出并粘连在纤维丝上,烧蚀后的试样上有大量纤维丝熔断,分别分布在击穿区域及含白色粉末区域,前者主要成分主要仍为C、O、Na元素,而后者还含有大量的Al元素,证明击穿区域的缓冲层与铝电极之间未发生反应,单纯是局部放电引发的击穿,而含白色粉末区域的缓冲层与铝护套发生了电化学反应,反应生成的高阻物质导致局部温升引发烧蚀。完整烧蚀过程示意图如图13所示。
(1)本文建立了基于重力影响下的三维非轴对称皱纹铝护套结构电缆几何模型,该模型考虑阻水缓冲层与皱纹铝护套过盈配合的情况,还原了皱纹铝护套的螺纹型结构,克服了以往模型的缺陷,与实际电缆结构高度吻合,能更准确地计算故障点的电场与温度分布情况。
(2)受潮和接触不良是烧蚀发生的必要条件。当铝护套波谷与阻水缓冲层接触不良时,空隙处存在电场集中现象,缓冲层含水率为5%即可使得空隙最大场强远高于空气的电气强度。接触良好处容性电流集中可引发局部温升,含水率达到25%时的局部温度即可达到缓冲层烧蚀的起始温度。缓冲层的含水率升高可使电场和温度显著升高,加剧阻水缓冲层材料的破坏。当含水率为20%~40%时,接触不良时的气隙厚度对于电场和局部温升影响较大。
(3)阻水缓冲层的模拟烧蚀试验结果表明,接触不良时,电化学腐蚀产生高阻白色粉末,使得电压和温度稳定上升,伴随着局部放电的发生,共同引发局部过热,此时电压最高可达147 V,温度最高可达187.8℃,导致缓冲层材料中部分聚酯纤维熔断,进一步导致电流集中,最终引发阻水缓冲层材料的热击穿。烧蚀过程中电化学腐蚀和局部击穿反复发生,导致电压和温度反复升高。金布的加入可以有效减缓受潮缓冲层烧蚀故障的发生,但在干燥环境下,其结构更易与皱纹铝护套接触不良从而发生局部放电,使得电缆有被击穿的风险。
  • 京卓越电力建设有限公司科技项目(ZYKCJS[2024]007)
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  • 陕西省教育厅专项科研计划项目(22JK0322)
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2025年第58卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.011
  • 接收时间:2024-10-09
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-09
  • 修回日期:2024-11-11
基金
京卓越电力建设有限公司科技项目(ZYKCJS[2024]007)
陕西省科技厅自然科学基金重点项目(2023-JC-ZD-34)
陕西省教育厅专项科研计划项目(22JK0322)
作者信息
    1 国网北京市电力公司,北京 100041
    2 陕西理工大学 电气工程学院,陕西 汉中 723001

通讯作者:

李欢(1988-),男(汉族),陕西汉中人,教授,主要从事电介质物理、固体介质的劣化及失效机制、绝缘结构设计等方面的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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