Article(id=1193543214561984776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193543214067056904, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1717171200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-01, revisedDate=1720886400000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762492477312, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762492477312, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762492477312, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762492477312, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193543214067056904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='157', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762492477194, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762498203949, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193567233872982429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193543214067056904, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193567233872982430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193543214067056904, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=14, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193543215795110158, articleId=1193543214561984776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research progress and prospects on performance enhancement of polypropylene cable insulation based on chemical grafting modification, columnId=1193543215723806988, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on Advanced Cable Insulation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Polypropylene (PP) insulation is an important development direction of environmentally friendly recyclable cable insulation materials. However, isotactic PP insulation suffers from issues such as high low-temperature modulus, poor toughness, and low elongation at break. Although the introduction of elastomers into PP insulation through blending or copolymerization methods can optimize its mechanical properties, it also leads to a severe decline in insulation performance. For this purpose, this paper reviewed the research progress on strengthening the performance of cable insulation based on chemical grafting modification. At first, we comparatively analyzed the influence patterns and mechanisms of three types of grafting monomers—polar small molecules, high-energy electron/photon-trapping small molecules, and free radical scavenging small molecules—on the dielectric properties of cable insulation, including space charge accumulation, breakdown, and electrical tree degradation, and proposed the optimal method for chemical grafting monomers. Then different grafting modification methods such as solution grafting, melt grafting, solid-phase grafting, suspension grafting, and radiation grafting were compared and analyzed. At last, the problems in the current chemical grafting modification methods for PP cable insulation were summarized, and the development and application of chemical grafting modified PP cable insulation materials were prospected.

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聚丙烯(PP)绝缘是环境友好型可回收电缆绝缘材料的重要发展方向。但等规PP绝缘存在低温模量高、韧性差、断裂伸长率低的问题,通过共混或共聚方法在PP绝缘中引入弹性体虽可实现其力学性能的优化,但也导致其绝缘性能的严重下降。为此,本文综述了基于化学接枝改性的电缆绝缘性能强化方法的研究进展。首先对比分析了极性小分子、高能电子/光子捕获型小分子、自由基清除型小分子三类接枝单体对电缆绝缘空间电荷积聚、击穿、电树枝劣化等介电性能的影响规律及作用机理,并提出了化学接枝单体的优选方法。然后对溶液接枝、熔融接枝、固相接枝、悬浮接枝、辐射接枝等不同接枝改性方法进行了对比分析。最后,总结了聚丙烯电缆绝缘化学接枝改性方法目前存在的问题,并对化学接枝改性PP电缆绝缘材料的发展及应用进行了展望。

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李忠磊(1989-),男(汉族),河北沧州人,副教授,主要从事高压交/直流电缆绝缘关键技术的研究;

杜伯学(1961-),男(汉族),天津人,教授,主要从事特高压电工装备绝缘关键技术、先进工程电介质及纳米复合电介质的研究。

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李忠磊(1989-),男(汉族),河北沧州人,副教授,主要从事高压交/直流电缆绝缘关键技术的研究;

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李忠磊(1989-),男(汉族),河北沧州人,副教授,主要从事高压交/直流电缆绝缘关键技术的研究;

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杜伯学(1961-),男(汉族),天津人,教授,主要从事特高压电工装备绝缘关键技术、先进工程电介质及纳米复合电介质的研究。

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杜伯学(1961-),男(汉族),天津人,教授,主要从事特高压电工装备绝缘关键技术、先进工程电介质及纳米复合电介质的研究。

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Research progress of water-phase suspension grafting of PP[J]. China Synthetic Resin and Plastics,2018,35(1):81-85., articleTitle=Research progress of water-phase suspension grafting of PP, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1195077115717624230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=50, issue=11, pageStart=6228, pageEnd=6236, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=57, authorNames=LIANG Y, WENG L, ZHANG W L, journalName=Journal of Electronic Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference= LIANG Y, WENG L, ZHANG W L. Preparation and electrical properties of 4-allyloxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone grafted polypropylene for HVDC cables[J]. Journal of Electronic Materials,2021,50(11):6228-6236., articleTitle=Preparation and electrical properties of 4-allyloxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone grafted polypropylene for HVDC cables, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1195077111393296694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, awardId=52077148, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(52077148), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1195077107203186875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1195077107211575484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, companyId=1195077107203186875, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China), 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companyId=1195077107287072958, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 智能配用电装备与系统全国重点实验室(天津大学),天津 300072)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1195077108973183215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Melting characteristics and molecular weight distributions of PP, PP-g-MAH, and PP-g-(St*-co-MAH), figureFileSmall=vtMbnLDgkjxKLjNBx6WsrA==, figureFileBig=Oj492OwSZmZ23UMWXHUedw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077109040292081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=CN, label=图1, caption=PP、PP-g-MAH和PP-g-(St*-co-MAH)的熔融特性和分子量分布, figureFileSmall=vtMbnLDgkjxKLjNBx6WsrA==, figureFileBig=Oj492OwSZmZ23UMWXHUedw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077109132566771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Space charge distribution of PP and PP-g-(St*-co-MAH) at 80℃, figureFileSmall=1Lnx+Aun/yPTFQniomV4RQ==, figureFileBig=pyFjw1RwPAI8X0mUAgIwiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077109187092726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=CN, label=图2, caption=80℃时PP和PP-g-(St*-co-MAH)中的空间电荷分布, figureFileSmall=1Lnx+Aun/yPTFQniomV4RQ==, figureFileBig=pyFjw1RwPAI8X0mUAgIwiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077109250007287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The variation of surface potential decay of PP and PP-g-ITA with time, figureFileSmall=gBDQl9MvNixo3Gj3Me+tYw==, figureFileBig=hchb+cDyePsg/A4A+96wsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077109317116153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PP和PP-g-ITA随时间变化的表面电位衰减, figureFileSmall=gBDQl9MvNixo3Gj3Me+tYw==, figureFileBig=hchb+cDyePsg/A4A+96wsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077109388419323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Electrical tree growth morphologies of PP and PP-g-MMA at 30℃, figureFileSmall=S25OZ0r8c+OBRi1SSS7EUg==, figureFileBig=3SS5eltQfNxzBW7V1/A+pQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077109447139581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=CN, label=图4, caption=PP和PP-g-MMA在30℃下的电树枝生长形貌, figureFileSmall=S25OZ0r8c+OBRi1SSS7EUg==, figureFileBig=3SS5eltQfNxzBW7V1/A+pQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077109526831358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=POM images of PP grafted with different contents of MMA, figureFileSmall=UmJBK23r28hGRdtiNRm4dw==, figureFileBig=oBpYXG67Mcwa3YW9iHbDow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077109627494655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同含量MMA接枝PP的偏光显微镜照片, figureFileSmall=UmJBK23r28hGRdtiNRm4dw==, figureFileBig=oBpYXG67Mcwa3YW9iHbDow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077109702992128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Energy band structures of PP and PP-g-St, figureFileSmall=5DgXS1hUI8Agoxptb0xxRQ==, figureFileBig=mhrtJoVLUPyUfdnzfqfLSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077109765906689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=CN, label=图6, caption=PP和PP-g-St的能带结构, figureFileSmall=5DgXS1hUI8Agoxptb0xxRQ==, figureFileBig=mhrtJoVLUPyUfdnzfqfLSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077109833015554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Mechanism schematic diagram of voltage stabilizer for capturing high-energy electrons, figureFileSmall=EMva6ffQTD3JuNQyV0Nu1A==, figureFileBig=EskETqxExWTh+uYpBL6Hrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077109891735811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=CN, label=图7, caption=俘获高能电子的电压稳定剂作用机理示意图, figureFileSmall=EMva6ffQTD3JuNQyV0Nu1A==, figureFileBig=EskETqxExWTh+uYpBL6Hrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077109984010500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Space charge characteristics of XLPE and XLPE/GO-g-PAC under polarity reversal voltage condition, figureFileSmall=skaGBdxA76gAtlIaUll7CQ==, figureFileBig=Af9nUdvp6SN4r+ba0GqDQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077110072090888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=CN, label=图8, caption=极性翻转电压条件下XLPE和XLPE/GO-g-PAC的空间电荷特性, figureFileSmall=skaGBdxA76gAtlIaUll7CQ==, figureFileBig=Af9nUdvp6SN4r+ba0GqDQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077110135005451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Schematic of the mechanism for MDVS capturing high-energy electrons, figureFileSmall=xt+cRrRd9bRM2pOmZkKjkA==, figureFileBig=l0vecj1avBPV4GHtzRWiJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077110197920013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=CN, label=图9, caption=MDVS捕获高能电子的机理示意图, figureFileSmall=xt+cRrRd9bRM2pOmZkKjkA==, figureFileBig=l0vecj1avBPV4GHtzRWiJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077110244057361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Photon-absorption characteristics of DCBP, figureFileSmall=JT5mKx3KUDsUoJqUz+904g==, figureFileBig=yiy6QHdwWE/CEw4NJ+y6Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077110298583317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=CN, label=图10, caption=DCBP的光子吸收特性, figureFileSmall=JT5mKx3KUDsUoJqUz+904g==, figureFileBig=yiy6QHdwWE/CEw4NJ+y6Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077110361497879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Inhibition mechanism of photon trapping molecules on electrical treeing in insulation, figureFileSmall=hhWSllNp/uoqBBpOhfkZHg==, figureFileBig=Y7V3Mji0bgtb8rTjYa33eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077110420218137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=CN, label=图11, caption=光子捕获型小分子对绝缘电树枝的抑制机理, figureFileSmall=hhWSllNp/uoqBBpOhfkZHg==, figureFileBig=Y7V3Mji0bgtb8rTjYa33eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077110474744093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Schematic diagram of free radical chain reaction and free radical scavenging process in cable insulation, figureFileSmall=IcdFb7PsWV9h7oWVqqx9Wg==, figureFileBig=oa6XXSP+mFteE0t1fN7PqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077110541852959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=CN, label=图12, caption=电缆绝缘自由基链式反应与自由基清除过程示意图, figureFileSmall=IcdFb7PsWV9h7oWVqqx9Wg==, figureFileBig=oa6XXSP+mFteE0t1fN7PqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077110596378913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=OIT and DC electric strength of PP and PP-g-AO3052, figureFileSmall=MftS/x9vHHnOLpEGu+Fpdg==, figureFileBig=YBvSV2YA2e2lqd4JQsNvtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077110667682085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=CN, label=图13, caption=PP和PP-g-AO3052的氧化诱导期和直流电气强度, figureFileSmall=MftS/x9vHHnOLpEGu+Fpdg==, figureFileBig=YBvSV2YA2e2lqd4JQsNvtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077110734790951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Schematic of chemical grafting reaction of PP insulation induced by free radical, figureFileSmall=kKoYRbQnMerTeX623BZw2w==, figureFileBig=Z3/G4fB8swC/jTsApit80Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077110852231465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=CN, label=图14, caption=自由基引发PP绝缘化学接枝反应示意图, figureFileSmall=kKoYRbQnMerTeX623BZw2w==, figureFileBig=Z3/G4fB8swC/jTsApit80Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195077110944506157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Effect of different grafted molecules on the dielectric properties of cable insulation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 接枝单体 介电性能 最优含量 文献
电导率 电荷陷阱 空间电荷 电气强度 电树枝劣化
极性小分子 马来酸酐(MAH) 深陷阱能级和密度增大,陷阱密度提高3.4倍 抑制电荷注入和积聚,室温下最大电场畸变降低80% 室温下直流电气强度提高13.5% 2.0% [15-16]
衣康酸酐(ITA) 120℃下降低1个数量级 2.93 eV的电子陷阱和0.04 eV的空穴陷阱 120℃下直流电气强度提高42.9% 电树枝长度减小,分形维数降低 5.0% [17]
甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA) 能级和密度增大 电树枝长度减小89% 10.0% [18]
苯乙烯(St) 室温下降低2个数量级 1.93 eV的电子陷阱和1.31 eV的空穴陷阱 抑制电荷注入和积聚,室温下电场畸变率降低83.3% 室温下直流电气强度提高36% 5.0% [19-21]
高能电子/光子捕获型小分子

1-(4-乙烯基氧基)苯乙烯酮

(VPE)

室温下交流电气强度提高15.5% 电树枝起始电压提高39.6% 1.0% [22]
4-丙烯氧基-2-羟基二苯甲酮(AOHBP) 90℃下,交流电气强度提高9.7% 电树枝起始电压提高,生长减缓 0.8份 [23-24]
4-乙酰氧基苯乙烯(AOS) 室温下降低74.4% 能级和密度增大 抑制电荷注入 室温下直流电气强度提高53% [25]

4,4′-二羟基二苯甲酮

(PAC)

室温下,降低1个数量级 抑制电荷注入 室温下直流电气强度提高33.3% [26-27]

4-(4-苯甲酰基-3-羟基苯氧基)-4-氧代丁-2-烯酸

(MDVS)

70℃下降低2个数量级 能级和密度增大 抑制电荷注入,70℃下最大空间电荷密度降低56.2% 70℃下直流电气强度提高14.8% 1.2% [28]

4,4′-二氯二苯甲酮

(DCBP)

能级和密度增大 电树枝起始电压提高20%,累计损伤面积降低50.8% 0.5% [29]
自由基清除型小分子(抗氧剂) 2-(2-羟基-3-叔丁基-5-甲基苄基)-4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯基丙烯酸酯(AO3052) 90℃下降低1个数量级 2.62 eV的电子陷阱和1.55 eV的空穴陷阱 抑制电荷积聚,30℃下电场畸变率下降55.8% 90℃下直流电气强度提高32.2% [30-32]
N-(4-苯胺基苯基)马来酰亚胺(MC) 能级和密度增大 抑制电荷积聚,80℃下电场畸变下降89.8% 90℃下直流电气强度提高11.8% [33-34]
), ArticleFig(id=1195077111036780847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同接枝小分子对电缆绝缘介电特性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 接枝单体 介电性能 最优含量 文献
电导率 电荷陷阱 空间电荷 电气强度 电树枝劣化
极性小分子 马来酸酐(MAH) 深陷阱能级和密度增大,陷阱密度提高3.4倍 抑制电荷注入和积聚,室温下最大电场畸变降低80% 室温下直流电气强度提高13.5% 2.0% [15-16]
衣康酸酐(ITA) 120℃下降低1个数量级 2.93 eV的电子陷阱和0.04 eV的空穴陷阱 120℃下直流电气强度提高42.9% 电树枝长度减小,分形维数降低 5.0% [17]
甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA) 能级和密度增大 电树枝长度减小89% 10.0% [18]
苯乙烯(St) 室温下降低2个数量级 1.93 eV的电子陷阱和1.31 eV的空穴陷阱 抑制电荷注入和积聚,室温下电场畸变率降低83.3% 室温下直流电气强度提高36% 5.0% [19-21]
高能电子/光子捕获型小分子

1-(4-乙烯基氧基)苯乙烯酮

(VPE)

室温下交流电气强度提高15.5% 电树枝起始电压提高39.6% 1.0% [22]
4-丙烯氧基-2-羟基二苯甲酮(AOHBP) 90℃下,交流电气强度提高9.7% 电树枝起始电压提高,生长减缓 0.8份 [23-24]
4-乙酰氧基苯乙烯(AOS) 室温下降低74.4% 能级和密度增大 抑制电荷注入 室温下直流电气强度提高53% [25]

4,4′-二羟基二苯甲酮

(PAC)

室温下,降低1个数量级 抑制电荷注入 室温下直流电气强度提高33.3% [26-27]

4-(4-苯甲酰基-3-羟基苯氧基)-4-氧代丁-2-烯酸

(MDVS)

70℃下降低2个数量级 能级和密度增大 抑制电荷注入,70℃下最大空间电荷密度降低56.2% 70℃下直流电气强度提高14.8% 1.2% [28]

4,4′-二氯二苯甲酮

(DCBP)

能级和密度增大 电树枝起始电压提高20%,累计损伤面积降低50.8% 0.5% [29]
自由基清除型小分子(抗氧剂) 2-(2-羟基-3-叔丁基-5-甲基苄基)-4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯基丙烯酸酯(AO3052) 90℃下降低1个数量级 2.62 eV的电子陷阱和1.55 eV的空穴陷阱 抑制电荷积聚,30℃下电场畸变率下降55.8% 90℃下直流电气强度提高32.2% [30-32]
N-(4-苯胺基苯基)马来酰亚胺(MC) 能级和密度增大 抑制电荷积聚,80℃下电场畸变下降89.8% 90℃下直流电气强度提高11.8% [33-34]
), ArticleFig(id=1195077111150027057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Parameters and characteristics of different grafting methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液接枝 熔融接枝 固相接枝 悬浮接枝 辐射接枝
反应温度 373~393 K 433~483 K 373~413 K 353~373 K 室温
反应时间 较长 较长
生产成本 较高 较低 较低
批量制备适用性 一般 一般
特点

接枝均匀

污染环境

反应快

无后处理

表面接枝

反应温和

接枝均匀

反应温和

接枝均匀

产物纯净

), ArticleFig(id=1195077111221330228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543214561984776, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同接枝方法的参数及特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液接枝 熔融接枝 固相接枝 悬浮接枝 辐射接枝
反应温度 373~393 K 433~483 K 373~413 K 353~373 K 室温
反应时间 较长 较长
生产成本 较高 较低 较低
批量制备适用性 一般 一般
特点

接枝均匀

污染环境

反应快

无后处理

表面接枝

反应温和

接枝均匀

反应温和

接枝均匀

产物纯净

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基于化学接枝改性的聚丙烯电缆绝缘性能强化方法研究进展及展望
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李忠磊 1, 2 , 赵帅 1, 2 , 殷一凡 1, 2 , 杜伯学 1, 2
绝缘材料 | 先进电缆绝缘专题 2025,58(3): 1-14
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绝缘材料 | 先进电缆绝缘专题 2025, 58(3): 1-14
基于化学接枝改性的聚丙烯电缆绝缘性能强化方法研究进展及展望
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李忠磊1, 2, 赵帅1, 2, 殷一凡1, 2, 杜伯学1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 天津大学 电气自动化与信息工程学院,天津 300072
  • 2 智能配用电装备与系统全国重点实验室(天津大学),天津 300072
  • 李忠磊(1989-),男(汉族),河北沧州人,副教授,主要从事高压交/直流电缆绝缘关键技术的研究;

    杜伯学(1961-),男(汉族),天津人,教授,主要从事特高压电工装备绝缘关键技术、先进工程电介质及纳米复合电介质的研究。

Research progress and prospects on performance enhancement of polypropylene cable insulation based on chemical grafting modification
Zhonglei LI1, 2, Shuai ZHAO1, 2, Yifan YIN1, 2, Boxue DU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Power Distribution Equipment and System (Tianjin University), Tianjin 300072, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.001
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聚丙烯(PP)绝缘是环境友好型可回收电缆绝缘材料的重要发展方向。但等规PP绝缘存在低温模量高、韧性差、断裂伸长率低的问题,通过共混或共聚方法在PP绝缘中引入弹性体虽可实现其力学性能的优化,但也导致其绝缘性能的严重下降。为此,本文综述了基于化学接枝改性的电缆绝缘性能强化方法的研究进展。首先对比分析了极性小分子、高能电子/光子捕获型小分子、自由基清除型小分子三类接枝单体对电缆绝缘空间电荷积聚、击穿、电树枝劣化等介电性能的影响规律及作用机理,并提出了化学接枝单体的优选方法。然后对溶液接枝、熔融接枝、固相接枝、悬浮接枝、辐射接枝等不同接枝改性方法进行了对比分析。最后,总结了聚丙烯电缆绝缘化学接枝改性方法目前存在的问题,并对化学接枝改性PP电缆绝缘材料的发展及应用进行了展望。

聚丙烯  /  电缆绝缘  /  接枝改性  /  介电性能

Polypropylene (PP) insulation is an important development direction of environmentally friendly recyclable cable insulation materials. However, isotactic PP insulation suffers from issues such as high low-temperature modulus, poor toughness, and low elongation at break. Although the introduction of elastomers into PP insulation through blending or copolymerization methods can optimize its mechanical properties, it also leads to a severe decline in insulation performance. For this purpose, this paper reviewed the research progress on strengthening the performance of cable insulation based on chemical grafting modification. At first, we comparatively analyzed the influence patterns and mechanisms of three types of grafting monomers—polar small molecules, high-energy electron/photon-trapping small molecules, and free radical scavenging small molecules—on the dielectric properties of cable insulation, including space charge accumulation, breakdown, and electrical tree degradation, and proposed the optimal method for chemical grafting monomers. Then different grafting modification methods such as solution grafting, melt grafting, solid-phase grafting, suspension grafting, and radiation grafting were compared and analyzed. At last, the problems in the current chemical grafting modification methods for PP cable insulation were summarized, and the development and application of chemical grafting modified PP cable insulation materials were prospected.

polypropylene (PP)  /  cable insulation  /  grafting modification  /  dielectric properties
李忠磊, 赵帅, 殷一凡, 杜伯学. 基于化学接枝改性的聚丙烯电缆绝缘性能强化方法研究进展及展望. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (3) : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.001
Zhonglei LI, Shuai ZHAO, Yifan YIN, Boxue DU. Research progress and prospects on performance enhancement of polypropylene cable insulation based on chemical grafting modification[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (3) : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.001
电力电缆是电能传输的重要载体,是输配电系统的重要组成部分。随着我国“双碳”战略目标的不断深化,承担输配电重任的电力电缆也经历着绿色化、低碳化的关键性变革[1-2]。热塑性聚丙烯(polypropylene,PP)材料因其优异的电气和耐热性能、生产过程无需交联、可熔融回收再利用、生产时间短且能耗小、无交联副产物等优势[3],现已成为环境友好型电力电缆绝缘材料的主流发展方向[4]。开发高性能的环境友好型PP电缆绝缘材料对我国电力装备绿色低碳转型具有重要意义[5]
然而,等规PP绝缘材料存在低温模量高、抗冲击强度低、韧性差、断裂伸长率低的问题[6],无法满足电力电缆绝缘的力学性能要求。目前主要采用共混和共聚技术在聚丙烯材料中引入弹性体从而改善PP的力学性能以满足电缆绝缘的要求。研究发现聚乙烯[7]、聚苯乙烯[8]α-烯烃无规共聚具有较高的柔性,可作为弹性体与聚丙烯绝缘材料共混,改善其力学性能。但是,弹性体的引入降低了等规PP原有的分子链段规整性,导致结晶度下降;同时,柔性链段自身的电气性能较差,且共混弹性体与聚丙烯之间存在大量的界面区域,导致PP共混或共聚绝缘的电气性能发生不同程度的降低,严重影响电缆绝缘可靠性。此外,PP分子链段叔碳原子上的氢原子较为活泼,在光、热、电等激发作用下容易发生活化形成自由基,并在有氧或微氧环境下发生自由基链式反应。综上,PP电缆绝缘的电学、力学和耐热性能相互影响、相互制约,亟待探究PP电缆绝缘的电气、力学和耐热性能协同调控与优化方法,在满足PP电缆绝缘力学性能要求的条件下提升其电学和耐热氧老化性能。
目前,提高PP电缆绝缘电气性能的方法主要有无机纳米复合、有机小分子复配和有机小分子化学接枝方法。研究发现,在PP共混聚烯烃弹性体(polyolefin elastomer,POE)试样内部掺杂纳米ZnO颗粒之后,复合试样表现出优异的介电特性,体积电阻率和电气强度明显提升,空间电荷得到了有效抑制,同时复合材料仍保持着良好的韧性,实现了电气性能与力学性能的协同提升[9];将经过表面修饰的纳米MgO颗粒掺入PP/POE共混材料中,共混材料的直流电气强度显著提高、空间电荷抑制能力显著增强,有效改善了共混材料的电气绝缘性能[10]。然而,无机纳米复合虽然可以有效改善PP共混材料的电气绝缘性能,但在批量化制备过程中会存在复合材料中无机纳米团聚的问题,导致绝缘性能变化甚至下降。相比于无机纳米材料,有机小分子更易均匀分散于绝缘材料中,将具有高能电子捕获和自由基捕获作用的有机小分子复配可显著提高聚合物电缆绝缘性能。刘畅等[11]研究表明,自由基捕获剂可在PP中引入多个局域态能级,捕获电荷载流子,抑制空间电荷积聚,从而提升电气强度,同时可提升PP绝缘抗热氧老化性能。ZHU L W等[12]研究表明,添加适量的2-羟基-2-苯基苯乙酮电压稳定剂可提高PP的电气强度并抑制直流脉冲复合电压下PP电树枝的生长,改善PP的绝缘性能。但是,有机小分子极性较强,与非极性或弱极性聚合物基体的相容性较差,在聚合物基体中易发生迁移和析出,降低绝缘的长期稳定性[13]。为了解决这些问题,化学接枝改性可将不同官能团的单体或支链接枝于PP分子链上,可从根本上解决有机小分子在聚合物绝缘中的迁移问题,成为提升PP电缆绝缘的电气和耐老化性能的有效手段,在PP共混和共聚电缆绝缘领域具有较高的应用潜力,是一种极具发展价值的改性技术路线[14]
本文综述化学接枝改性方法在聚丙烯及传统交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘中的研究进展,整理汇总了近年文献报道的不同类型小分子接枝改性对电缆绝缘性能的影响规律,如表1所示。目前聚丙烯电缆绝缘主要使用的接枝单体可以归纳为三类,分别是极性小分子、高能电子/光子捕获型小分子、自由基清除型小分子,下文将分别探讨三类接枝单体对电缆绝缘空间电荷、击穿、电树枝劣化等介电性能的影响规律及作用机理,以期为PP电缆绝缘性能强化提供理论和技术基础。
目前,化学接枝极性小分子主要分为两类,一类是带有极性官能团的单体,如马来酸酐(MAH)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、衣康酸酐(ITA)等;另一类是带有共轭结构的单体,如苯乙烯(St)。上述极性小分子均具有较强的静电势,能够在材料内部引入深陷阱,有效抑制电荷的注入和迁移,从而改善复合材料的电气性能。
含有羰基、羟基、硝基、氰基等极性官能团的单体接枝均可在聚合物中引入局域态电荷陷阱,可以提升绝缘的体积电阻率,抑制空间电荷积聚,改善聚合物绝缘的电气性能。
文献[15-16]研究了MAH接枝对PP电气性能的影响规律,结果表明,MAH中的羰基官能团在MAH接枝PP复合材料(PP-g-MAH)中引入了明显的深陷阱,PP-g-MAH的陷阱能级密度峰值约为9.66×1019 eV/m3,约为PP绝缘的4.4倍;深陷阱的引入极大地降低了电荷迁移率并提高了电荷注入势垒,在室温及电场强度为-60 kV/mm的测试条件下,PP的阴极附近存在着明显的同极性电荷注入,最大电场畸变达到了10 kV/mm,而PP-g-MAH中空间电荷的注入和积聚被明显抑制,最大电场畸变为2 kV/mm,仅为PP的1/5。由于PP-g-MAH可以有效捕获载流子并抑制直流电场下的空间电荷积聚,PP-g-MAH的直流电气强度达到453 kV/mm,较PP的399 kV/mm提高了13.5%。此外,与未接枝PP绝缘相比,MAH单体接枝可诱导出更小的球晶;同时,MAH接枝到PP上后改变了分子链段构型,影响了PP分子链排列,在晶区和非晶区边界处引入了大量电荷陷阱。但是,由于MAH是极性分子,PP-g-MAH绝缘的介质损耗因数较PP明显增大。在103 Hz频率下,PP的介质损耗因数约为7.69×10-4,接枝质量分数分别为1%和2%的PP-g-MAH绝缘介质损耗因数分别为1.57×10-3和2.89×10-3,分别是PP绝缘的2.04和3.76倍,介电常数从PP的2.30分别提高到2.34和2.37。
虽然PP接枝MAH具有优异的电气性能,但是在熔融接枝过程中PP大分子链会产生严重降解,导致基体黏度下降,力学性能减弱,从而使接枝效率降低。为了抑制PP大分子链的降解,YANG X等[35]采用活性苯乙烯衍生物4-叔丁基苯乙烯(St*)作为抗降解共聚单体,辅助紫外光引发MAH接枝到PP上,制备了接枝复合材料PP-g-(St*-co-MAH),相关测试结果如图1所示。
图1(a)可以看出,在辐照接枝后,PP晶型存在α相到β相的转变,接枝样品在150℃时出现了对应于β晶体的熔融峰。与PP-g-MAH相比,PP-g-(St*-co-MAH)在150℃处的β晶体熔融峰明显减小,说明晶型转变被明显抑制,证明St*的加入抑制了PP分子链的降解。从图1(b)可以看出,与PP相比,PP-g-MAH的分子量分布曲线向低分子量区域移动,证明MAH接枝反应过程导致PP绝缘发生降解。加入St*后,PP-g-(St*-co-MAH)与PP的分子量分布曲线差异较小,表明分子链降解得到有效抑制。同时,PP-g-(St*-co-MAH)具有良好的绝缘特性。采用电声脉冲法(pulsed electro-acoustic,PEA)测量了80℃下PP及其复合绝缘的空间电荷特性,结果如图2所示。从图2可以看出,PP绝缘在极化初始阶段就注入了大量空间电荷,并在电场作用下阳极附近的正电荷向阴极迁移,导致严重的电场畸变;而PP-g-(St*-co-MAH)复合绝缘中空间电荷注入和积聚过程被显著抑制,大部分空间电荷仍然集中在电极附近,未发生空间电荷迁移现象。
为了实现PP材料的高韧性和良好的介电性能,ZHOU Y等[36]将马来酸酐接枝共聚聚丙烯(cPP-g-MAH)与等规PP和弹性体苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(SEBS)共混,开发了一种新型复合材料(cPP-g-MAH/iPP/SEBS)。研究结果表明,接枝MAH增加了PP相的极性,提高了等规PP与SEBS绝缘的相容性。与等规PP绝缘相比,cPP-g-MAH/iPP/SEBS复合材料的弹性模量降低了58%,在155℃下的断裂伸长率提高了一倍,具有优异的力学性能。同时,复合绝缘直流介电性能显著提升,在40 kV/mm电场下极化15 min后,等规PP与SEBS共混材料的阴极和阳极附近积聚了大量的异极性电荷,而cPP-g-MAH/iPP/SEBS中未出现明显的空间电荷积聚现象;去极化30 min后,iPP/SEBS的空间电荷密度为5.3 C/m3,而cPP-g-MAH/iPP/SEBS空间电荷密度小于0.5 C/m3
极性分子接枝对PP电缆绝缘空间电荷的抑制主要源于其引入的深电荷陷阱。为了从微观上分析其对电荷陷阱的影响,YUAN C等[17]基于纳米等温表面电位衰减方法(nano isothermal surface potential decay,Nano-ISPD),使用开尔文探针力显微镜表征衣康酸酐(ITA)接枝对PP微观电荷陷阱特性的影响,结果如图3所示。从图3可以看出,相比于PP绝缘,PP-g-ITA绝缘电位衰减速率减慢。PP-g-ITA和PP的表面电位下降到初始值50%所需的时间分别为348 s和247 s,表明PP-g-ITA比PP具有更多更深的电荷陷阱。
极性小分子接枝也可抑制PP电缆绝缘电树枝劣化过程。ZHANG W J等[18]研究发现甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)接枝改性可有效阻碍PP绝缘电树枝劣化过程,PP和MMA接枝PP绝缘(PP-g-MMA)在30℃下的电树枝生长形貌如图4所示,不同含量MMA接枝PP绝缘的偏光显微镜(POM)照片如图5所示。
图4可以看出,PP-g-MMA的电树枝劣化区域较PP明显减小,电树枝进入滞长阶段,接枝MMA质量分数为10%的试样(PP-g-10% MMA)电树枝长度仅为PP试样的11%。从图5可以看出,随着接枝MMA含量的增加,PP-g-MMA的球晶尺寸减小,球晶边界变得模糊。以上现象是因为一方面接枝引入了深陷阱,限制了高能电子对分子链段的破坏过程,从而抑制了电树枝的引发;另一方面接枝使得PP的晶区和无定形区的边界被压缩,曲折的晶区与无定形区边界会阻碍电树枝的生长。
含芳香环共轭结构的小分子具有较高的电子亲和能与较低的电离能,相比于普通极性小分子具有更强的电荷捕获能力。
清华大学和中石化北京化工研究院研究人员探究了苯乙烯(St)接枝改性对PP绝缘性能的影响[19-21]。YUAN H等[19]采用量子化学计算发现接枝St引入了1.93 eV的电子陷阱和1.31 eV的空穴陷阱,如图6所示。同时,St接枝单体的异相成核作用和分子链的空间位阻效应使得PP-g-St的球晶尺寸减小,球晶边界变得不明显,其中球晶尺寸的减小显著增加了界面深陷阱数量,抑制了电荷传输。研究还发现,在50 kV/mm的电场强度下极化30 min,PP的电场畸变率为8.4%,而接枝St质量分数为5%的PP-g-St电场畸变率仅为1.4%,且其室温下的体积电阻率比PP绝缘提高了2个数量级。但是,当St接枝含量进一步增大时,会出现明显的自聚现象,自聚的St将从晶区排出,导致其在PP中引入缺陷,降低PP的绝缘性能。同时,过高的接枝含量也会导致介质损耗显著增大,接枝质量分数为5%和10%的PP-g-St绝缘工频(50 Hz)介质损耗因数分别增大至PP绝缘的1.5倍和2.1倍。
综上,极性分子化学接枝可在不同程度上抑制PP电缆绝缘中空间电荷的注入、提高直流电阻率和电气强度,其影响机理主要归因于深电荷陷阱的引入和球晶结构的调控。但是,过多的极性分子接枝也会增强分子链段极性,导致电缆绝缘介质损耗增大,不适合作为高压交流电缆绝缘改性手段。另外,部分极性小分子与PP分子熔融接枝可能会导致PP大分子链发生严重降解劣化。因此,选择合适的极性分子种类与含量对于调控PP电缆绝缘性能至关重要。
极性分子接枝改性是利用分子的极性官能团或者共轭结构在材料内部引入深陷阱,捕获载流子以提升材料的绝缘性能,具有一定局限性。因此研究者们进一步研究了具有高能电子/光子捕获功能化的小分子接枝改性方法。目前,高能电子/光子捕获功能化小分子接枝PP绝缘的相关研究较为有限,大部分研究集中于XLPE基体。但无论何种聚合物基体,这类功能化小分子的作用机理都是一致的,相关研究可为分析高能电子/光子捕获功能化小分子对PP绝缘电气性能的影响规律提供参考。
捕获高能电子型电压稳定剂主要是含有离域大π键结构的芳香族化合物,其作用机理如图7所示。在强电场下,芳香族化合物因其较高的电子亲和能和较低的电离能而优先接收高能电子冲击,被激发或者电离[37];进入激发态的分子将进一步通过发光或振动释放能量回到原始状态,且释放的能量较小,不足以破坏聚合物的分子链;同时,电离产生的阳性游离基会与电子重新结合,恢复初始状态,从而提高了绝缘材料的空间电荷抑制性能与击穿性能。
哈尔滨理工大学研究团队研究了1-(4-乙烯基氧基)苯乙烯酮(VPE)接枝交联聚乙烯(XLPE)绝缘[22]、4-丙烯氧基-2-羟基二苯甲酮(AOHBP)接枝XLPE绝缘[23-24]和4-乙酰氧基苯乙烯(AOS)接枝PP[25]绝缘的性能演变规律。结果发现,VPE、AOHBP和AOS三种高能电子捕获型小分子均具有低电离能和高电子亲和能,可以吸收高能电子的能量,防止高能电子对聚合物链发生碰撞和破坏过程。随着接枝含量的增加,XLPE-g-VPE、XLPE-g-AOHBP和PP-g-AOS的电气强度均呈现出先增大后减小的变化规律,其中,接枝1%质量分数VPE的XLPE绝缘、接枝0.8份AOHBP的XLPE绝缘、接枝1.14%质量分数AOS的PP绝缘的特征电气强度比未改性绝缘样品分别提高了15.5%、9.7%、53%。实验还发现,XLPE-g-VPE的电树枝起始电压比XLPE提高了39.6%,PP-g-AOS的体积电阻率约为PP的3.9倍。在40 kV/mm的电场强度下极化30 min后,PP的阴极和阳极附近均积聚了大量的异极性电荷,而PP-g-AOS内部几乎没有空间电荷。
HAN C L等[26-27]优选了高能电子捕获型电压稳定剂,采用原子转移自由基聚合(atom transfer radical polymerization,ATRP)将4,4′-二羟基二苯甲酮(PAC)接枝于纳米氧化石墨烯(graphene oxide,GO)表面,并与电缆绝缘基体材料复合制备出纳米复合XLPE绝缘,以强化XLPE绝缘性能。研究结果表明,电缆绝缘室温下电导率由1.67×10-16 S/m下降至1.44×10-17 S/m,直流电气强度Weibull分布特征值由364.8 kV/mm提升至486.2 kV/mm。这是因为二苯甲酮所含有的离域大π键结构提高了纳米GO对电荷的捕获能力,抑制了直流电压与极性翻转电压下XLPE的空间电荷注入过程,如图8所示。
图8(a)可以看出,在第一阶段施加+30 kV/mm电场时,同极性电荷从阳极附近注入XLPE绝缘并缓慢向其内部迁移,平均电荷密度稳态值约为2.7 C/m3;在第二阶段电压极性翻转后,电场发生畸变,试样内部的空间电荷主要来源于新建立的阳极注入的同极性电荷,XLPE绝缘平均电荷密度上升到3.3 C/m3;在第三阶段施加正极性电场时,阴极附近积聚的正电荷与电子复合后平均电荷密度下降到2.9 C/m3。从图8(b)可以看出,XLPE/GO-g-PAC试样在极性翻转条件下表现出更优异的空间电荷抑制能力,第一阶段极化结束时刻,XLPE/GO-g-PAC试样中的平均空间电荷密度为1.5 C/m3;第二阶段施加负极性电场后,试样中的平均空间电荷密度稳态值为1.7 C/m3;第三阶段施加正极性极化电场时,试样平均空间电荷密度的稳态值为1.6 C/m3。由此可见,高能电子捕获型小分子可显著抑制电荷的注入。
ZHU L W等[12]对比分析了4,4′-二甲基氨基苯偶酰、2-羟基-2-苯基苯乙酮和4-苯基二苯甲酮3类高能电子捕获型小分子接枝对直流叠加异极性过电压下PP绝缘电树枝劣化的影响规律。研究发现三者之中,苯乙酮类小分子具有最优异的电树枝抑制能力,当其质量分数为0.1%时,试样在90℃下的电树枝长度和累计损伤面积对比PP绝缘可分别减小29.9%和16.7%。
DENG W等[28]采用4-(4-苯甲酰基-3-羟基苯氧基)-4-氧代丁-2-烯酸(MDVS)对XLPE绝缘进行接枝改性。结果表明,MDVS不仅能够通过激发捕获高能电子,其酮-烯异构化还能有效消耗高能电子的能量。MDVS分子中的羟基氢与邻近的羰基氧之间形成了分子内氢键,构成了一个鳌合环。当分子吸收高能电子的能量后,热振动会导致氢键断裂、鳌合环打开,将吸收的能量转化为无害的热能释放出来,如图9所示。接枝1.2%质量分数MDVS的XLPE具有最优的直流介电性能,其在70℃下的最大空间电荷密度比XLPE减小了56.2%,直流电导率下降近2个数量级,直流电气强度提高了14.8%。
电缆绝缘在局部放电过程中会以辐射能量的形式释放光子,导致聚合物分子链老化和破坏。在聚合物绝缘中引入光子捕获型小分子,可以吸收有害的光子辐射能量并进入激发态。
LI Z L等[29]选取了具有吸收300~400 nm波长功能的4,4′-二氯二苯甲酮(4,4′-dichlorobenzophenone,DCBP)小分子对XLPE电缆绝缘进行改性,其与XLPE绝缘的光谱吸收特性如图10(a)所示。从图10(a)可以看出,与电缆绝缘相比,DCBP小分子的特征吸收峰出现在波长更长的波段,分别在329、233、224 nm处,属于局部放电释放紫外光波段。采用量子化学计算对其反应路径与过渡态进行了计算,如图10(b)所示,可以看出,处于基态S0的DCBP分子会吸收3.13 eV和3.77 eV的光子分别跃迁至单重激发态S1和S2,此时分子可再经过系间窜跃 (intersystem crossing,ISC)分别转化为三重激发态T1和T2。处于三重激发态T1下的DCBP(DCBP∗T1)分子中的羰基具有0.959 e的电荷差值和-1.79 eV的静电势极小值,说明其对质子具有极强的吸引能力,容易引发质子转移反应,夺取聚乙烯分子链和1,3,5-三聚氰酸三烯丙酯(triallyl cyanurate,TAC)中的氢原子,使聚乙烯分子链与TAC分子发生自由基引发接枝或交联反应,形成局部电荷深陷阱,从而避免了局部放电能量对绝缘的破坏,反应过程如图11所示。针-板电极下电树枝实验结果表明,添加质量分数为0.5%的DCBP和TAC可使XLPE绝缘电树枝起始电压提高20%,相同电压下电树枝累计损伤面积和最大局部放电量可分别降低50.8%和26.2%,有效提升了电缆长期运行工况下绝缘的耐电树枝劣化性能。
相比于极性小分子接枝改性,高能电子/光子捕获型小分子接枝不仅具有引入局域态深陷阱的作用,同时还可捕获高温、高场强下绝缘中的高能电荷和光子,抑制其对绝缘的破坏,显著提高电缆绝缘性能,进而协同调控PP共混/共聚绝缘的电气和力学性能,但无法进一步改善PP绝缘的耐热性能。
自由基捕获型小分子主要包括含受阻酚官能团型和含受阻胺官能团型两类,可以通过质子转移过程清除氧化反应中生成的过氧化自由基,抑制自由基的氧化链式反应[38],从而提高电缆绝缘的抗热氧老化性能,因此其在工业上也被称为“抗氧剂”。图12展示了受阻酚型自由基捕获剂的作用机理。相较于抗氧剂共混法,将自由基捕获型小分子接枝到聚合物基体的大分子链上可以有效抑制抗氧剂小分子的迁移行为,改善材料的稳定性和绝缘性能。
LI Z L等[30-32]研究了抗氧剂AO3052接枝对PP绝缘的影响。结果表明,接枝抗氧剂AO3052可以有效清除PP内部的过氧化自由基,提升PP的热氧稳定性。如图13(a)所示,在210℃下,PP的氧化诱导期(OIT)为19.6 min,而PP-g-AO3052的OIT值为31.5 min,是PP的1.61倍。抗氧剂AO3052在PP能级中引入了局域态深陷阱,且AO3052的带隙小于其电离能,可有效吸收高能电子能量并转化为激发态,从而减少高能电子在碰撞电离和能量释放过程中对PP分子链造成的损伤。在50 kV/mm的电场强度下极化30 min后,PP的电场畸变率高达22.6%,而PP-g-AO3052的电场畸变率低于10%。90℃时,PP-g-AO3052的体积电导率较PP低了一个数量级,说明AO3052可以有效抑制载流子的迁移。此时,PP的直流电气强度为223.5 kV/mm,而PP-g-AO3052的直流电气强度为295.5 kV/mm,较PP提高了32.2%,如图13(b)所示。
ZHANG C C等[33-34]研究了受阻胺型抗氧剂 N-(4-苯胺基苯基)马来酰亚胺(MC)接枝对XLPE的影响。结果表明,MC的极性官能团在XLPE中引入了均匀、密集的深陷阱,可以有效捕获杂质电离产生的电荷和电极注入的电荷,从而抑制空间电荷积聚和电场畸变。在40 kV/mm的电场强度下,60℃和80℃时XLPE-g-MC的电场畸变分别是XLPE的22.3%和10.2%。XLPE-g-MC的直流电气强度相对于XLPE也有所增强,在50、70、90℃时分别比XLPE高7.9%、11.0%、11.8%。同时,MC有效清除了XLPE内部的过氧化自由基,进而提升了材料的抗氧化性能。200℃时,XLPE的OIT值仅为0.5 min,而XLPE-g-MC的OIT值为51.8 min,是XLPE的103.6倍;用丙酮提取XLPE-g-MC后,其OIT值仍能保持37.1 min,OIT保持率高达71.6%。该研究虽然采用XLPE基体,但接枝自由基捕获型小分子MC的抗氧化作用机理与文献[30-32]中抗氧剂AO3052的作用机理是一致的,也可为PP绝缘改性研究提供参考。
综上,自由基捕获型小分子接枝可显著提高PP及其共混、共聚绝缘分子链的氧化诱导期,特别是抑制PP叔碳原子脱氢,提高绝缘抗氧化性能;同时,受阻酚或受阻胺类官能团也可在电缆绝缘中引入局域能级,抑制高温、高场强下载流子的迁移和空间电荷的注入。因此,自由基捕获型小分子接枝可起到清除自由基和清除高能电子的双重作用,达到了协同调控与优化PP电缆绝缘电气、力学和耐热性能的目的,与极性小分子和高能电子/光子捕获型小分子相比,具有更为广泛的应用前景。
PP接枝改性利用自由基反应,将接枝单体接枝到PP分子链上。现有的接枝改性方法有很多,可分为溶液接枝、熔融接枝、固相接枝、悬浮接枝和辐射接枝[39-43],不同接枝方法的特点如表2所示。
溶液接枝法是将PP、接枝单体和引发剂溶解在有机溶剂中进行接枝的改性方法[39]。反应条件较为温和,反应物受热均匀,使得溶液接枝的PP降解程度低,发生的副反应较少,接枝率和接枝效率较高。由于其简便易行,溶液接枝通常被用于实验室研究,尤其是用于开发新的接枝体系以获得更高的接枝率和多元化的接枝官能团,具有一定应用价值。然而,在工业化生产中,溶液接枝受到有机溶剂后处理等成本和环境问题的限制,从而制约了其进一步发展。未来,解决溶液接枝的反应效率、反应条件和有机溶剂后处理等问题至关重要[40]
熔融接枝法是目前广泛应用的化学接枝方法。该方法将PP、接枝单体和引发剂按照一定配比加入螺杆挤出机中,通过加热将接枝单体与PP基料在熔融状态下实现分子间的扩散反应和交换。熔融接枝具有生产连续化、环境影响小、设备简单、投资少和成本低等优点,成为了工业生产的主要方式。然而,由于PP熔融接枝需要较高的温度,容易导致引发剂快速分解产生大量初级自由基,引发副反应,影响接枝率和接枝PP的质量,并对PP成品电缆的加工产生不利影响。此外,熔融接枝的均匀性受熔融温度、反应时间、螺杆转速、螺杆尺寸等因素的影响。因此,如何在抑制副反应的情况下提升接枝率,保持PP的性能并提高接枝产物的均匀性是需要进一步解决的问题[41]
固相接枝法是在惰性气体环境中,将PP、接枝单体和引发剂等原料混合后,在反应釜中通过升温进行接枝反应。该方法反应温度较低,PP仍处于固态,从而降低了副反应的发生。与传统的溶液法和熔融法相比,固相接枝法具有操作压力低、无须回收溶剂、后处理简单、高效节能、设备及生产工艺简单等优点。但是,固相接枝属于局部改性,接枝反应一般发生在固体表面、分子内无定形区域以及晶格缺陷处。因此,固相接枝法主要用于表面改性或PP颗粒改性,后者要求PP采用粉状料,粒径越小,越有利于提高接枝率。
悬浮接枝法是一种相对较新的接枝技术,通过将PP、引发剂和接枝单体悬浮在水相中形成分散相后进行接枝反应。该方法反应温和、易于控制、能够有效防止PP的降解或交联,并且适用于处理高分子量聚烯烃等机械加工困难的材料。然而,因为水等溶剂无法有效溶胀PP,所以接枝单体的分散性较差,需要进行预处理以提高接枝效率;同时,悬浮接枝法需要保证PP材料为粉末状,并特殊添加溶胀剂、悬浮剂等助剂,工艺较为复杂。因此,基于悬浮接枝法的接枝效率受上述多种因素影响,需要进一步的研究以适用于绝缘料的批量化制备[42]
辐射接枝法是利用射线、高能电子束或紫外光引发PP分子链上产生自由基活性位点,从而与接枝单体发生接枝反应的技术。该方法具有工艺简单、能够在PP上产生自由基活性位点而不影响其本身性能等优势。相比传统的方法,辐射接枝法不需要引发剂,且对PP本身的影响较小,可获得接枝程度较高且接枝均匀的产物。然而,使用紫外光诱导辐射接枝时,需要额外添加光敏剂以产生足够的接枝位点。此外,紫外光的穿透力较差,因此主要适用于PP薄膜类绝缘材料。
熔融接枝法是较适用于电缆绝缘料的大规模工业生产的技术,决定其接枝效果的关键在于如何控制接枝反应条件与工艺,以保证接枝的成功与反应的稳定性。目前使用的引发剂有过氧化二异丙苯(DCP)和过氧化苯甲酸(BPO)等。以DCP引发接枝反应为例,其反应过程如图14所示。从图14可以看出,DCP受热分解为初级自由基,初级自由基夺取PP分子链上的氢原子和接枝单体上的氢原子,在PP主链和接枝单体分子上形成活性位点,引发两者发生化学接枝。
熔融接枝改性的一个重要问题是接枝单体与引发剂的含量。多项研究发现随着接枝单体含量的增加,接枝改性PP的接枝率均呈现先增大后减小的变化规律[43]。这是由于随着接枝单体含量的增加,接枝单体与PP大分子自由基发生碰撞的机会增加、接枝反应概率增大,从而接枝率增大。然而,随着接枝单体含量的进一步增加,初级自由基与接枝单体反应的概率增大,大量接枝单体发生自聚,使得其与PP分子接枝率减小。另外,随着引发剂含量的增加,接枝率也呈现先增大后减小的变化规律。这是因为随着引发剂含量的增加,初级自由基与PP分子链上的活性位点增多,接枝率增大。但是随着引发剂含量的进一步增加,单位时间内产生的初级自由基过多,自聚反应增强,与PP大分子自由基发生接枝反应的接枝单体减少。因此,对于不同的接枝单体和引发剂,需进行不同的研究以确定最优含量,确保接枝单体在PP电缆加工过程中保持良好的接枝率。
另外,熔融接枝过程中反应温度、反应时间以及混炼过程中的转子转速等因素对接枝改性的效果也至关重要[43]。研究发现,随着接枝温度的升高、接枝反应时间的延长和转子转速的提高,接枝改性PP的接枝率均呈现先增大后减小的变化规律。这是因为随着温度的升高,引发剂分解速率加快,自由基数量增多,同时接枝单体分子的迁移速度加快,增加了与PP大分子自由基碰撞的机会,促进了接枝反应的进行,接枝率增大;但是,当温度过高时,接枝单体的自聚反应增加,同时高温也容易引发PP绝缘局部降解,使得绝缘性能下降。对于反应时间而言,反应时间较短时,引发剂分解不完全,初级自由基数量有限,限制了PP大分子与接枝单体分子的反应,接枝率低;随着反应时间的延长,引发剂逐渐完全分解,初级自由基数量增多,促进了接枝单体与PP分子链发生接枝反应,接枝率增加;然而,进一步延长反应时间会导致接枝产物受到长时间高温剪切的影响,可能引发PP分子链的降解等副反应。尽管目前研究人员已开展了PP电缆绝缘接枝改性技术的大量研究,但对于不同的接枝单体分子而言,接枝反应温度、反应时间以及转子转速等条件尚无明确定论,不同接枝单体的接枝反应工艺条件仍有待进一步研究和优化,接枝PP电缆绝缘料的大规模生产工艺条件有待进一步探究。
本文综述了基于化学接枝改性的电缆绝缘性能强化方法的研究进展,对比分析了极性小分子、高能电子/光子捕获型小分子、自由基清除型小分子三类接枝单体对PP绝缘介电性能的影响规律及作用机理,总结如下:
极性分子化学接枝可引入电荷陷阱,抑制空间电荷的注入、提高电阻率和直流电气强度,其影响机理主要归因于深电荷陷阱的引入和球晶结构的调控。但是,极性分子的引入也会增大PP绝缘的介质损耗,对电缆绝缘产生不利影响。含有多芳香环结构的高能电子/光子捕获型小分子接枝可提高捕获高能电子或光子的能力,减少高能电子或光子对电缆绝缘分子链的破坏。自由基捕获型小分子接枝可起到清除自由基和清除高能电子的双重作用,不但可提高PP电缆绝缘的电导与击穿性能,同时可提升高压电缆绝缘服役过程中的抗老化性能,是未来PP电缆绝缘的重要发展方向。
化学接枝改性PP绝缘的研究及其应用尚处于起步阶段,未来研究将向更高性能以及大规模工业应用方向迈进,对此提出一些研究展望:
(1)接枝单体和引发剂的用量、接枝反应温度、反应时间以及熔融接枝转子转速等因素是影响PP绝缘性能的关键因素。但目前对于不同类型的接枝小分子的各项影响因素尚无明确定论,因此进一步研究显得尤为重要。研究人员需要通过系统的实验研究,确定不同接枝单体和引发剂的最佳用量比例,同时需要优化反应温度和时间,以保证接枝反应的高效进行并避免材料降解。此外,需通过实验找到最优的转子转速范围来确保熔融接枝反应的均匀性和接枝效率。为实现这些目标,亟需建立化学接枝关键参数与共混/共聚PP绝缘电学、力学和耐老化性能的构效关系,从而进一步优化不同接枝单体的接枝反应工艺条件。
(2)高压交流与直流电缆对绝缘材料性能的要求截然不同,需针对PP绝缘的交流和直流应用场景及绝缘性能需求,开展不同场景下接枝单体种类优选及接枝含量优化研究,实现PP绝缘材料在高压交流与直流电缆中的高性能应用。交流电缆绝缘应关注交流击穿特性、介电常数、介质损耗、耐热性能以及加工性能。因此,对于交流电缆绝缘材料,需要系统研究接枝单体对材料交流击穿特性的影响,寻找能显著提升介电性能的接枝单体,优化接枝反应条件,以降低介质损耗,提高介电常数,并保证高温下材料的耐热性能和加工过程中的流动性和可操作性。而直流电缆绝缘需重点关注直流电导率(或电阻率)的温度系数、高运行温度下空间电荷注入与电场畸变特性以及直流击穿特性。因此,对于直流电缆绝缘材料,重点在于降低直流电导率的温度系数,研究接枝单体对高运行温度下空间电荷行为的影响,选择能抑制空间电荷积聚的接枝单体,并通过优化接枝含量和反应条件,提高材料的直流电气强度。
(3)电缆绝缘实际运行工况中,热-氧作用会引发链式氧化反应造成性能下降和材料降解,电-热老化会改变分子链的排列、破坏原有结晶结构和晶相分布,低温环境下力-电作用会导致绝缘机械破坏形成缺陷进而导致局部放电与绝缘劣化。对此,研究人员需要优选具有优异抗氧化性能的接枝单体,通过实验研究其在不同热-氧条件下的表现,增强材料的抗氧化稳定性。同时需要研究接枝单体对PP分子链和结晶结构的影响,通过调控接枝单体类型和含量,提升材料在高温高电场下的稳定性,抑制材料降解和老化。针对低温环境下的力-电作用,通过优化接枝工艺和优选接枝单体,减少PP低温下缺陷的局部放电现象。此外,还需建立针对电-热/冷-力多物理场作用下的长期服役性能评价方法和寿命评估体系,通过加速老化试验和多场耦合试验,系统分析接枝改性PP电缆绝缘材料在不同服役条件下的性能衰减规律和使用寿命。
综上所述,化学接枝改性PP绝缘为“双碳”背景下绿色电力设备性能提升提供了新方法、新思路,具有巨大的应用潜力。未来研究将进一步注重PP绝缘电学性能、力学性能、长期可靠性、加工性能等多元性能的协同调控与平衡优化,推动环境友好型电工材料与电工装备的发展与应用。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52077148)
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2025年第58卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.001
  • 接收时间:2024-06-01
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-01
  • 修回日期:2024-07-14
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52077148)
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    1 天津大学 电气自动化与信息工程学院,天津 300072
    2 智能配用电装备与系统全国重点实验室(天津大学),天津 300072
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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