Article(id=1193230638426845766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193230615618220608, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.02.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1712246400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-05, revisedDate=1716134400000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762417953354, onlineDateStr=2025-11-06, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762417953354, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762417953354, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762417953354, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193230615618220608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='138', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762417947916, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762418457365, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193232752444145866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193230615618220608, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193232752444145867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193230615618220608, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=110, endPage=120, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193230638644949576, articleId=1193230638426845766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Detection and diagnosis method for decay-like of composite insulator based on vibration mode, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Firstly, the physico-chemical characteristics of the decay-like core rod were analyzed, and the effect of decay-like on the mechanical properties of the core rod was studied. And then, the vibration modes of composite insulator core rods were analyzed by simulation, and the relationship between characteristic frequency and the decay-like degree was studied. Finally, a vibration excitation detection method was proposed for decay-like composite insulator, and the characteristic frequencies of the 110 kV composite insulators with different degrees of decay-like defects were measured and analyzed. The results show that the complete degradation of epoxy resin and the hydrolysis and pulverization of glass fibers in the core rod make the decay-like region loss mechanical properties, leading to the decrease in the overall stiffness, tensile resistance, and deformation resistance of the core rod. Compared with the intact core rod, the characteristic frequencies of 3-5 order vibration mode of decay-like core rod decrease by 2.8%-14.3%, the decreasing range of characteristic frequencies of higher order vibration modes decrease more obvious, and the decreasing range increases with the increase of decay-like degree. The decay-like detection method based on vibration mode can diagnose the decay-like degree of composite insulator, and also can reflect the changes of its mechanical properties, which is suitable for non-destructive detection of decay-like in composite insulators.

, articleAbstract=

Firstly, the physico-chemical characteristics of the decay-like core rod were analyzed, and the effect of decay-like on the mechanical properties of the core rod was studied. And then, the vibration modes of composite insulator core rods were analyzed by simulation, and the relationship between characteristic frequency and the decay-like degree was studied. Finally, a vibration excitation detection method was proposed for decay-like composite insulator, and the characteristic frequencies of the 110 kV composite insulators with different degrees of decay-like defects were measured and analyzed. The results show that the complete degradation of epoxy resin and the hydrolysis and pulverization of glass fibers in the core rod make the decay-like region loss mechanical properties, leading to the decrease in the overall stiffness, tensile resistance, and deformation resistance of the core rod. Compared with the intact core rod, the characteristic frequencies of 3-5 order vibration mode of decay-like core rod decrease by 2.8%-14.3%, the decreasing range of characteristic frequencies of higher order vibration modes decrease more obvious, and the decreasing range increases with the increase of decay-like degree. The decay-like detection method based on vibration mode can diagnose the decay-like degree of composite insulator, and also can reflect the changes of its mechanical properties, which is suitable for non-destructive detection of decay-like in composite insulators.

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首先对芯棒酥朽试样的理化特征进行分析,并研究芯棒酥朽对其力学性能的影响,然后利用仿真对复合绝缘子芯棒的振动模态进行分析,研究特征频率与酥朽程度的关系,最后针对酥朽复合绝缘子提出了一种振动激励检测方法,并对存在不同程度酥朽缺陷的110 kV复合绝缘子芯棒的振动模态特征频率进行测量分析。结果表明:芯棒中环氧树脂的完全降解以及玻璃纤维的水解、粉化使酥朽区域丧失力学性能,导致芯棒整体刚度、抗拉伸性能、抗形变性能降低;与完好芯棒相比,酥朽芯棒3~5阶振动模态的特征频率降低了2.8%~14.3%,高阶振动模态的特征频率降幅更明显,降幅随酥朽程度增大而增大。基于振动模态的酥朽检测方法可以对复合绝缘子的酥朽程度进行诊断,同时可以反映其力学性能变化,适用于复合绝缘子酥朽的无损检测。

, articleAbstract=

首先对芯棒酥朽试样的理化特征进行分析,并研究芯棒酥朽对其力学性能的影响,然后利用仿真对复合绝缘子芯棒的振动模态进行分析,研究特征频率与酥朽程度的关系,最后针对酥朽复合绝缘子提出了一种振动激励检测方法,并对存在不同程度酥朽缺陷的110 kV复合绝缘子芯棒的振动模态特征频率进行测量分析。结果表明:芯棒中环氧树脂的完全降解以及玻璃纤维的水解、粉化使酥朽区域丧失力学性能,导致芯棒整体刚度、抗拉伸性能、抗形变性能降低;与完好芯棒相比,酥朽芯棒3~5阶振动模态的特征频率降低了2.8%~14.3%,高阶振动模态的特征频率降幅更明显,降幅随酥朽程度增大而增大。基于振动模态的酥朽检测方法可以对复合绝缘子的酥朽程度进行诊断,同时可以反映其力学性能变化,适用于复合绝缘子酥朽的无损检测。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
郑书生(1979-),男(汉族),山西晋城人,正高级实验师,博士,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备绝缘在线监测的研究。
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刘志超(2000-),男(汉族),河北衡水人,硕士生,主要从事高压设备局部放电检测与诊断的研究。

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刘志超(2000-),男(汉族),河北衡水人,硕士生,主要从事高压设备局部放电检测与诊断的研究。

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刘志超(2000-),男(汉族),河北衡水人,硕士生,主要从事高压设备局部放电检测与诊断的研究。

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Beijing, China: North China Electric Power University,2023., articleTitle=Research on the mechanism and temperature rise characteristics of crunchy deterioration of composite insulator core rods in high humidity environment, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1193616772789142480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230638426845766, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193616772797531089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230638426845766, companyId=1193616772789142480, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electric Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193616772805919698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230638426845766, 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部件材料密度/(kg/m3)弹性模量/MPa泊松比
芯棒玻璃钢2 0926.30×1040.19
金具铸铁7 8502.06×1050.30
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复合绝缘子芯棒材料参数

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部件材料密度/(kg/m3)弹性模量/MPa泊松比
芯棒玻璃钢2 0926.30×1040.19
金具铸铁7 8502.06×1050.30
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生产时间1阶2阶3阶4阶5阶
2023.021.95317.57854.688105.469171.875
2023.041.95317.57855.734104.282169.922
2023.061.95317.57852.734105.469169.922
2023.071.95317.57853.711105.469170.898
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不同批次的复合绝缘子特征频率测试结果

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生产时间1阶2阶3阶4阶5阶
2023.021.95317.57854.688105.469171.875
2023.041.95317.57855.734104.282169.922
2023.061.95317.57852.734105.469169.922
2023.071.95317.57853.711105.469170.898
), ArticleFig(id=1193616777935552552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230638426845766, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Decay-like degree and parameter of the samples, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样酥朽程度酥朽深度/mm酥朽长度/mm
轻度150
中度2100
严重3150
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试样酥朽程度及参数

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试样酥朽程度酥朽深度/mm酥朽长度/mm
轻度150
中度2100
严重3150
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基于振动模态的复合绝缘子酥朽检测与诊断方法
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刘志超 1 , 郑书生 1 , 陈闽江 2 , 关安旭 3
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2025,58(2): 110-120
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2025, 58(2): 110-120
基于振动模态的复合绝缘子酥朽检测与诊断方法
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刘志超1, 郑书生1, 陈闽江2, 关安旭3
作者信息
  • 1华北电力大学 新能源电力系统全国重点实验室,北京 102206
  • 2国网福建省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,福建 福州 350007
  • 3比亚迪股份有限公司,广东 深圳 518118
  • 刘志超(2000-),男(汉族),河北衡水人,硕士生,主要从事高压设备局部放电检测与诊断的研究。

通讯作者:

郑书生(1979-),男(汉族),山西晋城人,正高级实验师,博士,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备绝缘在线监测的研究。
Detection and diagnosis method for decay-like of composite insulator based on vibration mode
Zhichao LIU1, Shusheng ZHENG1, Minjiang CHEN2, Anxu GUAN3
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electric Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2State Grid Fujian Electric Power Research Institute, Fuzhou 350007, China
  • 3BYD Company Limited, Shenzhen 518118, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.02.015
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首先对芯棒酥朽试样的理化特征进行分析,并研究芯棒酥朽对其力学性能的影响,然后利用仿真对复合绝缘子芯棒的振动模态进行分析,研究特征频率与酥朽程度的关系,最后针对酥朽复合绝缘子提出了一种振动激励检测方法,并对存在不同程度酥朽缺陷的110 kV复合绝缘子芯棒的振动模态特征频率进行测量分析。结果表明:芯棒中环氧树脂的完全降解以及玻璃纤维的水解、粉化使酥朽区域丧失力学性能,导致芯棒整体刚度、抗拉伸性能、抗形变性能降低;与完好芯棒相比,酥朽芯棒3~5阶振动模态的特征频率降低了2.8%~14.3%,高阶振动模态的特征频率降幅更明显,降幅随酥朽程度增大而增大。基于振动模态的酥朽检测方法可以对复合绝缘子的酥朽程度进行诊断,同时可以反映其力学性能变化,适用于复合绝缘子酥朽的无损检测。

复合绝缘子  /  酥朽检测  /  力学性能  /  振动模态  /  特征频率

Firstly, the physico-chemical characteristics of the decay-like core rod were analyzed, and the effect of decay-like on the mechanical properties of the core rod was studied. And then, the vibration modes of composite insulator core rods were analyzed by simulation, and the relationship between characteristic frequency and the decay-like degree was studied. Finally, a vibration excitation detection method was proposed for decay-like composite insulator, and the characteristic frequencies of the 110 kV composite insulators with different degrees of decay-like defects were measured and analyzed. The results show that the complete degradation of epoxy resin and the hydrolysis and pulverization of glass fibers in the core rod make the decay-like region loss mechanical properties, leading to the decrease in the overall stiffness, tensile resistance, and deformation resistance of the core rod. Compared with the intact core rod, the characteristic frequencies of 3-5 order vibration mode of decay-like core rod decrease by 2.8%-14.3%, the decreasing range of characteristic frequencies of higher order vibration modes decrease more obvious, and the decreasing range increases with the increase of decay-like degree. The decay-like detection method based on vibration mode can diagnose the decay-like degree of composite insulator, and also can reflect the changes of its mechanical properties, which is suitable for non-destructive detection of decay-like in composite insulators.

composite insulator  /  decay-like detection  /  mechanical properties  /  vibration mode  /  characteristic frequency
刘志超, 郑书生, 陈闽江, 关安旭. 基于振动模态的复合绝缘子酥朽检测与诊断方法. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (2) : 110 -120 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.02.015
Zhichao LIU, Shusheng ZHENG, Minjiang CHEN, Anxu GUAN. Detection and diagnosis method for decay-like of composite insulator based on vibration mode[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (2) : 110 -120 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.02.015
复合绝缘子是输电系统中重要的绝缘设备之一,在输电线路上不仅起着支撑导线的作用,还能防止电流回地[1]。硅橡胶复合绝缘子主要由芯棒、伞裙护套和金具3部分构成,具有良好的力学性能和防污闪性能,且体积小、质量轻,被广泛应用在110 kV及以上电压等级的输电线路中[2-4]。由于在户外遭受水汽,酸性介质,电、热、机械应力等影响,复合绝缘子长期运行后可能会出现各种断裂情况。近些年,国内输电线路发生多起复合绝缘子断裂故障,其中近一半的断裂故障是由于复合绝缘子酥朽引起,且多发生于沿海潮湿地区[5]。不同于脆性断裂和普通的机械断裂,复合绝缘子酥朽断裂是多应力老化的结果,多为隐蔽性缺陷,无法通过外观直接发现[6-7]。复合绝缘子酥朽断裂会引起严重的掉串事故,不利于输电线路的安全稳定运行,故研究复合绝缘子的酥朽劣化特征、明确酥朽检测方法对于及时发现其酥朽缺陷、预防断裂故障具有重要意义。
目前,常用绝缘子缺陷检测方法主要有红外检测法、紫外检测法、超声波检测法、电场测量法以及声振检测法[8-12]。复合绝缘子发生酥朽劣化早期会伴随异常温升现象,红外检测法可以利用复合绝缘子外层温度变化检测酥朽缺陷[13-15]。DL/T 664—2016中规定当复合绝缘子温升达到0.5~1.0 K时,可判断为存在缺陷[16]。酥朽复合绝缘子因绝缘性能降低将产生电晕和局部放电现象,紫外检测法便是通过放电过程中的紫外图谱变化进行酥朽检测。超声波检测法利用材料的声学特性,通过测量材料劣化对超声波传播的影响来检测复合绝缘子的内外缺陷。电场测量法主要通过测量电场分布曲线实现对复合绝缘子内绝缘缺陷的检测。复合绝缘子的振动模态参数是材料的固有参数,当复合绝缘子存在缺陷导致力学性能发生变化时,其模态参数也将改变[17-18]。声振检测法便是利用结构机械振动产生的振动信号或声信号对结构进行模态分析,从而检测、定位以及量化缺陷并在一定程度上反映结构的力学性能变化,常用于机械轴、结构梁以及柱状结构中缺陷的无损检测[19-21]。目前,声振法在支柱绝缘子无损检测领域应用较广泛,但在复合绝缘子缺陷检测方面的应用较少。
本文在探究复合绝缘子酥朽特性的基础上,研究芯棒酥朽过程中力学性能的变化,并利用仿真与实验测试分析复合绝缘子振动模态频率与酥朽程度的关联关系,从而提出一种利用机械振动信号中的特征频率检测酥朽缺陷的方法。
复合绝缘子的酥朽老化会导致其性能改变。为了探究酥朽老化对绝缘子性能劣化的影响并寻求能够量化这种劣化的特征量,需要对复合绝缘子的酥朽老化过程进行研究。然而实际复合绝缘子的酥朽老化过程漫长,为此本研究搭建了如图1所示的酥朽老化模拟实验平台,利用该平台可在尽可能保证环境贴合实际的基础上对复合绝缘子进行人工加速老化。本节主要探讨芯棒酥朽过程中的劣化发展情况,试验对象选取国内某厂家生产的110 kV/100 kN复合绝缘子,将其加工为无橡胶护套的芯棒(类型1)、带部分橡胶伞裙的芯棒(类型2)两种类型,试样长度为150 mm,直径为18 mm,如图2所示。利用雾化NaCl溶液模拟潮湿环境,在15 kV试验电压下将试样放置在高低压电极间进行酥朽试验,试样试验部分长度为100 mm。
对两种类型芯棒各取3根试样进行酥朽试验,记录酥朽过程中试样的宏观变化,发现试样劣化均经历了4个阶段,具体过程如图3所示。从图3可以看出,初始芯棒试样表面平整,呈翠绿色;经过24 h加压老化后,芯棒表面开始出现水解通道,表面变得粗糙并出现白色粉末状物质,未酥朽部分变化不明显;继续加压至48 h后,芯棒高压侧表面开始出现碳化痕迹;随着试验的继续进行,碳化痕迹逐渐扩大,形成碳化通道并向低压端发展,最终贯穿整个芯棒;在阶段四,芯棒酥朽部分内部的玻璃纤维完全暴露且呈现松散状态,酥朽老化部分的直径相比于未酥朽部分减小。
对比两种类型的试样,在碳化通道处类型1试样的酥朽深度比类型2试样更深,说明类型1试样酥朽沿轴向、径向发展更严重。然而,整体上类型2试样完全酥朽需要的时间更长,且酥朽后的劣化现象更加严重,不同于类型1试样只有碳化通道附近完全酥朽,类型2试样位于高低压电极间的芯棒环面均完全酥朽,且直径变小的现象在类型2试样上更加明显,如图4所示,这说明类型2试样酥朽沿轴向、环向发展程度较高,整体粉化更严重。
实际复合绝缘子酥朽劣化的时间更长、劣化效果更明显,因此在研究复合绝缘子酥朽程度时需考虑酥朽沿轴向、纵向、环向的发展。
复合绝缘子的物理特性与芯棒的成分及状态密切相关,为进一步分析试样在酥朽前后的特征变化,对各阶段试样进行微观结构及成分分析。
图5为复合绝缘子芯棒试样的SEM观察结果。从图5(a)可以看出,除了因打磨试样导致的表面粗糙,完好芯棒中的玻璃纤维排列紧密,玻璃纤维之间的间隔约为9 μm,且缝隙完全由环氧树脂填充固定。这种结构使得复合绝缘子芯棒具备较高的力学性能,抗拉伸、抗形变能力高。从图5(b)(c)可以看出,随着酥朽劣化程度的提高,芯棒中环氧树脂开始降解,并附着在玻璃纤维表面。由于树脂-纤维界面部分失效,玻璃纤维排列变得分散且出现断裂、缺失现象。从图5(d)可以看出,在芯棒完全酥朽后,环氧树脂基体完全降解,玻璃纤维间隔变大,由约9 μm变为约15 μm,树脂-纤维界面完全失效。
由于环氧树脂和玻璃纤维的热分解温度存在差异,可以通过热重测试分析芯棒中环氧树脂的含量。图6为复合绝缘子芯棒的热重分析结果。
图6可以看出,未酥朽芯棒的环氧树脂含量占比为20.8%,酥朽24 h后的芯棒中环氧树脂含量占比降为19.64%,当芯棒完全酥朽后,环氧树脂含量占比降至3.76%。这说明环氧树脂的含量随着酥朽劣化程度的提高而降低,直至几乎完全降解,与SEM观察结果一致。因此芯棒中完全酥朽部分仅剩玻璃纤维发挥力学性能。
对芯棒进行红外光谱分析,结果如图7所示。由图7可知,对比完好芯棒的红外光谱,酥朽24 h和96 h芯棒的各类特征官能团的特征峰强度明显降低,说明环氧树脂基体发生降解。同时,酥朽24 h和96 h芯棒中的Si-O特征峰强度也有所降低,说明玻璃纤维在酥朽劣化过程中发生了水解和离子交换现象,且完全酥朽部分的玻璃纤维水解现象更明显。
在实际工况下,复合绝缘子芯棒在表面受潮和高场强区域局部放电的共同作用下会产生硝酸等酸性介质[6],酸性介质的腐蚀作用也会导致玻璃纤维的断裂,该过程将加速复合绝缘子的酥朽断裂。
综上所述,由于环氧树脂基体的完全降解以及玻璃纤维的水解、断裂,芯棒中完全酥朽部分发生粉化且基本丧失力学性能,从而导致复合绝缘子整体的力学性能下降。
为了探究酥朽劣化对复合绝缘子芯棒力学性能的影响,对酥朽过程中芯棒试样的力学性能进行测试。对不同劣化程度的芯棒试样施加轴向应力,利用应力与应变的比例关系计算弹性模量以表征芯棒的刚度及变形难易程度,测试结果如图8所示。经计算,完好芯棒试样的弹性模量为63.00 GPa,酥朽24 h芯棒试样的弹性模量降低至58.75 GPa,酥朽48 h芯棒试样的弹性模量降低至56.64 GPa。结果表明,随着酥朽劣化程度的提高,芯棒的弹性模量明显降低,刚度减小,抗形变能力降低。
对不同劣化程度的芯棒试样施加纵向应力,利用试样横向应变与纵向应变的比例关系计算泊松比,用以表征芯棒的抗拉伸、抗压缩能力,测试结果如图9所示。从图9可以看出,完好芯棒的泊松比为0.19,酥朽24 h后芯棒的泊松比变为0.54,酥朽48 h后芯棒的泊松比增大到0.62。可见劣化程度越高,芯棒的泊松比越大,这说明酥朽劣化后芯棒的抗拉伸能力降低。
芯棒酥朽前后的宏观、微观特性分析及力学性能实测结果表明,芯棒完全酥朽部分中的环氧树脂完全降解,玻璃纤维发生水解导致其断裂粉化,使得完全酥朽部分基本丧失力学性能,致使复合绝缘子的刚度、抗形变能力、抗拉伸能力等力学性能降低。
对于理想化无阻尼系统,其振动方程如式(1)~(2)所示。
MX¨+KX=0
X=ϕsin(ωt+φ)
式(1)~(2)中:M为系统的质量;K为系统刚度;X为主振动函数;X¨为振动加速度函数;φ为初始相位;ϕ为振动距离幅值;ω为特征频率。
为保证振动X有非零解,则有式(3)~(4),其中式(4)式(3)的特征多项式。
K-ω2M=0
ω2n+a1ω2(n-1)++an-1ω2+an=0
式(4)中,an表示特征多项式中各阶ω的系数。
根据振动方程可知,当芯棒的刚度、质量等参数发生变化时,复合绝缘子系统的振动模态以及特性频率将发生变化。下面将利用振动模态仿真研究复合绝缘子芯棒特征频率随酥朽程度的变化趋势。
根据型号为FXBW4 110/100的复合绝缘子芯棒建立模型,高度为1 280 mm,直径为18 mm,材料的具体参数如表1所示。
根据上节中宏观、微观特性分析结果,将模型中芯棒的部分材料去除以模拟因材料粉化而失去力学性能的酥朽部分,如图10所示。分别对完整的芯棒模型以及模拟部分酥朽的芯棒模型进行振动模态仿真,前4阶振动模态的特征频率如图11所示。从图11可以看出,完好芯棒前4阶振动模态的特征频率分别为29.50、98.42、205.63、349.35 Hz;部分酥朽芯棒前4阶振动模态的特征频率分别为29.37、96.21、195.75、324.25 Hz。相比于完好芯棒的特征频率,部分酥朽芯棒模型的特征频率在各阶振动模态中均下降,且振动模态阶数越高,特征频率降低越为明显,即高阶振动模态的特征频率对复合绝缘子的酥朽缺陷感知更敏感。
保持酥朽径向深度r为2 mm,分别对酥朽轴向长度d为0~125 mm(间隔为25 mm)的复合绝缘子芯棒进行振动模态分析,缺陷模型示意图如图12所示。仿真得到前4阶振动模态的特征频率如图13所示。
图13可以看出,当酥朽沿轴向发展时,复合绝缘子芯棒前4阶振动模态的特征频率均随之下降。当酥朽长度发展到125 mm时,前4阶振动模态的特征频率分别比轴向长度为0 mm时下降了0.390、4.597、15.880、30.510 Hz,其中4阶振动模态的特征频率下降最明显。
保持酥朽轴向长度d为75 mm,分别对酥朽径向深度r为0~5 mm(间隔为1 mm)的复合绝缘子芯棒进行振动模态分析,缺陷模型示意图如图14所示。仿真得到前4阶振动模态的特征频率如图15所示。
图15可以看出,与酥朽沿轴向发展时的变化规律相似,当酥朽沿径向发展时,复合绝缘子芯棒前4阶振动模态的特征频率不断下降。当酥朽深度发展到5 mm时,前4阶振动模态的特征频率比径向深度为0 mm时分别下降了2.155、25.284、59.740、82.510 Hz。
设置酥朽轴向长度为75 mm、径向深度为 2 mm,改变酥朽区域的环向角度为0°~360°(间隔为60°),缺陷模型示意图如图16所示。仿真得到前4阶振动模态的特征频率如图17所示。
图17可以看出,随着酥朽区域环向角度的增大,复合绝缘子芯棒前4阶振动模态的特征频率随之下降,当酥朽环向角度发展到360°,前4阶振动模态的特征频率比环向角度为0°时分别下降了0.138、2.221、9.880、25.100 Hz。
综上所述,复合绝缘子各阶振动模态对应的特征频率均会随着酥朽区域的扩大而下降,且高阶振动模态的特征频率下降幅度最为明显。因此,可以通过复合绝缘子高阶振动模态特征频率的降幅来反映其酥朽劣化程度。
利用单点锤击法检测复合绝缘子的振动模态,搭建了如图18所示的振动模态检测平台,其中激励作用位置以及振动信号采集位置有高压端铸铁、低压端铸铁两处。激励位置和信号采集位置的不同将会影响模态参数的测量效果。同时,施加激励时采用的力锤锤头一般有304钢、树脂、橡胶3种材质,不同材质的锤头对复合绝缘子各阶振动模态的激励效果也存在差异。因此,为了尽可能地激发高阶振动模态并确保模态参数的测量效果,需要选择最优的锤头材质、激励位置以及信号采集位置。
分别采用304钢、树脂、橡胶材质的锤头激励完好复合绝缘子的1、2号点位,3、4号点位的信号采集分析结果如图19所示。从图19可以看出,虽然金属和橡胶材质的锤头对低阶振动模态的激励效果较好,但对高阶振动模态的激励效果不理想。而树脂材质的锤头在保证低阶振动模态激励效果的同时,对高阶振动模态的激励也较有效,因此锤头材质选取树脂。
对比4种激励-信号采集位置下的分析结果发现,在1号点位施加激励,4号点位采集的信号中包含的高阶振动模态特征频率更明显。因此,激励及信号采集位置分别选择为1号、4号位。
由于生产批次的不同,同型号复合绝缘子的制作工艺存在差异,可能影响其特征频率的数值。为了保证检测方法的可信性,需要验证同型号复合绝缘子各阶振动模态特征频率的一致性,确保不同批次复合绝缘子的特征频率偏差在误差范围内。
分别对国内某厂家在2023年2、4、6、7月生产的110 kV复合绝缘子进行实测,得到前5阶振动模态对应的特征频率如表2所示。从表2可以看出,4个批次复合绝缘子各阶振动模态的特征频率相差不大,说明同型号复合绝缘子各阶振动模态的特征频率具有一致性。因此,研究复合绝缘子特征频率与酥朽的关联关系并利用该特征进行酥朽诊断是可行的。
为了满足研究需求,需要制备多根存在酥朽缺陷的复合绝缘子试样。本研究以现场试样和第一节分析结果为依据,对同厂家同批次的复合绝缘子进行模拟酥朽处理。复合绝缘子在受到长时间载荷影响后,芯棒表面环氧树脂基体以及玻璃纤维会破损脱落[22],因此为了模拟复合绝缘子受交变载荷的影响,暂时剥离橡胶护套并对芯棒进行打磨处理。采用图1所示的酥朽平台,对处理后的芯棒进行模拟酥朽实验。处理过程如图20所示。
在开展实测前,需要排除橡胶护套处理过程对复合绝缘子振动模态特征频率的影响,为此分别对未处理的复合绝缘子以及处理但未酥朽的复合绝缘子进行检测,特征频率分析结果如图21所示。从图21可以看出,处理后复合绝缘子的5阶振动模态特征频率比未处理的高1.553 Hz,此偏差在可接受范围内。说明橡胶护套处理过程对复合绝缘子特征频率的影响较小,可忽略不计。
将同批次同型号的复合绝缘子制作为酥朽区域如表3所示的酥朽试样,采用单点锤击法(锤击高压端铸铁、采集低压端铸铁振动信号)对酥朽试样的振动模态特征频率进行实测,测量结果如图22所示。
图22可以看出,完好复合绝缘子的前5阶振动模态特征频率分别为1.953、17.578、54.688、105.469、171.875 Hz。对比完好复合绝缘子,3种酥朽试样的1、2阶振动模态特征频率偏差很小,3阶振动模态的特征频率随着酥朽程度的增加分别下降了3.6%、6.3%、14.3%,4阶振动模态的特征频率分别下降了2.8%、7.4%、11.1%,5阶振动模态的特征频率分别下降了4.5%、9.1%、13.6%。针对3~5阶振动模态特征频率,轻度酥朽的复合绝缘子降低了0%~5%,中度酥朽的复合绝缘子降低了5%~10%,严重酥朽的复合绝缘子降低了10%以上。后续可以利用特征频率-酥朽程度关联数据库进行酥朽程度诊断。
由前文可知,复合绝缘子振动模态的特征频率(ω)也是反映复合绝缘子力学性能的物理量,与绝缘子的刚度(K)和质量(M)相关,具体表达式如式(5)所示。
ω=KM/(2π)
当存在酥朽缺陷时,复合绝缘子的质量将降低,因此,复合绝缘子振动模态特征频率的下降可以反映出刚度的降低,即力学性能的降低。
(1)通过对复合绝缘子芯棒试样在酥朽前后的特征分析,明确了芯棒酥朽缺陷沿轴向、径向、环向的发展区域;宏观及微观的观察结果表明,芯棒酥朽部分的环氧树脂基体降解和玻璃纤维水解、粉化使其基本丧失力学性能,导致芯棒整体力学性能降低;对芯棒试样的弹性模量以及泊松比进行实测,酥朽后芯棒的弹性模量降低、泊松比增大,表明芯棒刚度、抗形变能力、抗拉伸能力降低。
(2)通过对酥朽复合绝缘子进行振动模态仿真分析,明确了复合绝缘子振动模态特征频率与酥朽程度的关联关系:复合绝缘子酥朽程度越严重,其各阶振动模态对应的特征频率越低,且高阶振动模态的特征频率对酥朽程度的感知更敏感。
(3)对复合绝缘子酥朽试样进行实测分析,发现对比完好复合绝缘子,轻度酥朽的复合绝缘子的3~5阶振动模态特征频率下降了2.8%~4.5%,中度酥朽复合绝缘子的3~5阶振动模态特征频率下降了6.3%~9.1%,严重酥朽复合绝缘子的3~5阶振动模态特征频率下降了10%以上。表明本研究提出的基于振动模态的酥朽检测方法可以对复合绝缘子的酥朽程度进行诊断,同时可以反映其力学性能变化。
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2025年第58卷第2期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.02.015
  • 接收时间:2024-04-05
  • 首发时间:2025-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-05
  • 修回日期:2024-05-20
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    1华北电力大学 新能源电力系统全国重点实验室,北京 102206
    2国网福建省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,福建 福州 350007
    3比亚迪股份有限公司,广东 深圳 518118

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郑书生(1979-),男(汉族),山西晋城人,正高级实验师,博士,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、电气设备绝缘在线监测的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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