Article(id=1192878366857511253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1192878363166523716, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711641600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-29, revisedDate=1715616000000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762333965267, onlineDateStr=2025-11-05, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762333965267, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762333965267, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762333965267, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192878363166523716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762333964387, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762334342663, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192879949821395698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1192878363166523716, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192879949821395699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1192878363166523716, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=82, endPage=90, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192878368044499293, articleId=1192878366857511253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on ageing state evaluation method of oil-paper insulation based on Dissado-Hill relaxation model, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Oil-paper insulation is the main insulation material for oil-immersed power equipment, and its ageing under long-term complex working conditions will seriously affect the use safety of equipment. Therefore, the accurate evaluation of its insulation status is crucial. Multiple sets of oil-paper insulation models with different degrees of ageing were prepared in this paper, and wide temperature-wide frequency dielectric response tests at different test excitation amplitudes were conducted. Characteristic parameters characterized the ageing of oil-paper insulation was extracted on the basis of Disado-Hill relaxation model. The test results show that as the ageing of oil-paper insulation increases, the full frequency range loss factor curves show two characteristic frequency ranges, which are respectively related to the material conductivity characteristics, turning polarization and interface polarization process. According to the fitting calculation results, it is found that after ageing of the oil-paper insulation, the cellulose structure is damaged, and the number of impurity ions in the dielectric increases, which is manifested at the micro level as enhancing the inter cluster motion within the dielectric and weakening the intra cluster motion. Therefore, the characteristic frequency points in the model move towards higher frequencies. Meanwhile, to accurately obtain the ageing state of oil-paper insulation, a quantitative characterization relationship between model characteristic parameters and insulation ageing was constructed by eliminating the influence of test temperature and excitation amplitude. The research results provide theoretical support for the evaluation method of insulation ageing state of oil-immersed power equipment based on frequency domain dielectric response on-site detection technology.

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油纸绝缘作为油浸式电力设备的主绝缘材料,长期复杂工况下油纸绝缘的老化将严重影响设备的使用安全,因此准确评估油纸绝缘老化状态至关重要。本文制备了多组不同老化程度的油纸绝缘模型,在不同测试激励幅值下开展宽温-宽频介电响应测试,并基于Dissado-Hill弛豫模型,提取表征油纸绝缘老化程度的特征参数。结果表明:随着油纸绝缘老化程度的增加,全频段介质损耗因数曲线出现两个特征频段,分别与材料电导特性、转向极化及界面极化过程有关。根据拟合计算结果发现,油纸绝缘老化后,由于纤维素结构被破坏,介质内的杂质离子数增多,微观上表现为介质内“簇”间运动增强而“簇”内运动削弱,因而模型中的特征频率点向高频移动。为准确获得油纸绝缘的老化状态,本文在消除测试温度及激励幅值的影响下,构建了模型特征参数与绝缘老化程度的量化表征关系,研究成果可为基于频域介电响应现场检测技术的油浸式电力设备绝缘老化状态评估方法提供理论支撑。

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于沐禾(2001-),女(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,主要从事高压油浸式电力变压器绝缘状态无损检测与评估技术的研究工作。
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许敏虎(1986-),男(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,高级工程师,主要从事高压电力设备绝缘状态检测的研究。

张健(1981-),男(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,教授高级工程师,主要从事电力设备状态监测及故障诊断的研究工作。

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许敏虎(1986-),男(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,高级工程师,主要从事高压电力设备绝缘状态检测的研究。

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许敏虎(1986-),男(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,高级工程师,主要从事高压电力设备绝缘状态检测的研究。

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张健(1981-),男(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,教授高级工程师,主要从事电力设备状态监测及故障诊断的研究工作。

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张健(1981-),男(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,教授高级工程师,主要从事电力设备状态监测及故障诊断的研究工作。

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extraction of the Dissado-Hill model, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样 m n p G/pS ω c/Hz ω p/Hz
未老化试样 0.679 0.988 0.775 22.9 0.585 0.794
老化30天试样 0.311 0.960 0.824 125.0 8.69 8.240
老化50天试样 0.119 0.784 0.852 130.0 89.10 93.400
), ArticleFig(id=1193252805969412899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878366857511253, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Dissado-Hill模型等效参数提取

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样 m n p G/pS ω c/Hz ω p/Hz
未老化试样 0.679 0.988 0.775 22.9 0.585 0.794
老化30天试样 0.311 0.960 0.824 125.0 8.69 8.240
老化50天试样 0.119 0.784 0.852 130.0 89.10 93.400
), ArticleFig(id=1193252806028133156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878366857511253, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Characteristic parameter fitting calculation results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征参数 拟合方程 R 2
m DP= -254.94+571.11exp(-m/0.781) 0.951
n DP=416.34+7.08×10-17exp(n/0.0226) 0.890
p DP=342.21+3.13×1012exp(-p/0.035) 0.995
G DP=1109.9-1.494exp(G/21.15) 0.997
ω c DP=418.998+746.82exp(-ω c/6.887) 0.810
ω p DP=418.99+797.75exp(-ω p/5.261) 0.804
), ArticleFig(id=1193252806137185061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878366857511253, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

特征参数拟合计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征参数 拟合方程 R 2
m DP= -254.94+571.11exp(-m/0.781) 0.951
n DP=416.34+7.08×10-17exp(n/0.0226) 0.890
p DP=342.21+3.13×1012exp(-p/0.035) 0.995
G DP=1109.9-1.494exp(G/21.15) 0.997
ω c DP=418.998+746.82exp(-ω c/6.887) 0.810
ω p DP=418.99+797.75exp(-ω p/5.261) 0.804
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特征参数 m n p G/pS ω c/Hz ω p/Hz
未老化 0.674 0.982 0.772 22.5 0.583 0.792
老化30天 0.308 0.962 0.825 126.2 8.68 8.270
老化50天 0.129 0.794 0.872 131.8 91.10 92.400
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Dissado-Hill模型等效参数提取(扩展曲线)

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特征参数 m n p G/pS ω c/Hz ω p/Hz
未老化 0.674 0.982 0.772 22.5 0.583 0.792
老化30天 0.308 0.962 0.825 126.2 8.68 8.270
老化50天 0.129 0.794 0.872 131.8 91.10 92.400
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基于Dissado-Hill弛豫模型的油纸绝缘老化状态评估方法研究
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许敏虎 1 , 张健 1 , 李中原 1 , 于沐禾 2 , 张航 1 , 曲利民 1 , 贾海峰 1
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025,58(1): 82-90
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025, 58(1): 82-90
基于Dissado-Hill弛豫模型的油纸绝缘老化状态评估方法研究
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许敏虎1, 张健1, 李中原1, 于沐禾2, 张航1, 曲利民1, 贾海峰1
作者信息
  • 1.国网黑龙江省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150030
  • 2.哈尔滨理工大学 工程电介质及其应用教育部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 许敏虎(1986-),男(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,高级工程师,主要从事高压电力设备绝缘状态检测的研究。

    张健(1981-),男(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,教授高级工程师,主要从事电力设备状态监测及故障诊断的研究工作。

通讯作者:

于沐禾(2001-),女(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,主要从事高压油浸式电力变压器绝缘状态无损检测与评估技术的研究工作。
Study on ageing state evaluation method of oil-paper insulation based on Dissado-Hill relaxation model
XU Minhu1, Jian ZHANG1, Zhongyuan LI1, Muhe YU2, Hang ZHANG1, Limin QU1, Haifeng JIA1
Affiliations
  • 1. Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid Heilongjiang Electric Power Company Limited, Harbin 150030, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.010
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油纸绝缘作为油浸式电力设备的主绝缘材料,长期复杂工况下油纸绝缘的老化将严重影响设备的使用安全,因此准确评估油纸绝缘老化状态至关重要。本文制备了多组不同老化程度的油纸绝缘模型,在不同测试激励幅值下开展宽温-宽频介电响应测试,并基于Dissado-Hill弛豫模型,提取表征油纸绝缘老化程度的特征参数。结果表明:随着油纸绝缘老化程度的增加,全频段介质损耗因数曲线出现两个特征频段,分别与材料电导特性、转向极化及界面极化过程有关。根据拟合计算结果发现,油纸绝缘老化后,由于纤维素结构被破坏,介质内的杂质离子数增多,微观上表现为介质内“簇”间运动增强而“簇”内运动削弱,因而模型中的特征频率点向高频移动。为准确获得油纸绝缘的老化状态,本文在消除测试温度及激励幅值的影响下,构建了模型特征参数与绝缘老化程度的量化表征关系,研究成果可为基于频域介电响应现场检测技术的油浸式电力设备绝缘老化状态评估方法提供理论支撑。

油纸绝缘  /  Dissado-Hill弛豫模型  /  宽频介电特性  /  绝缘老化状态

Oil-paper insulation is the main insulation material for oil-immersed power equipment, and its ageing under long-term complex working conditions will seriously affect the use safety of equipment. Therefore, the accurate evaluation of its insulation status is crucial. Multiple sets of oil-paper insulation models with different degrees of ageing were prepared in this paper, and wide temperature-wide frequency dielectric response tests at different test excitation amplitudes were conducted. Characteristic parameters characterized the ageing of oil-paper insulation was extracted on the basis of Disado-Hill relaxation model. The test results show that as the ageing of oil-paper insulation increases, the full frequency range loss factor curves show two characteristic frequency ranges, which are respectively related to the material conductivity characteristics, turning polarization and interface polarization process. According to the fitting calculation results, it is found that after ageing of the oil-paper insulation, the cellulose structure is damaged, and the number of impurity ions in the dielectric increases, which is manifested at the micro level as enhancing the inter cluster motion within the dielectric and weakening the intra cluster motion. Therefore, the characteristic frequency points in the model move towards higher frequencies. Meanwhile, to accurately obtain the ageing state of oil-paper insulation, a quantitative characterization relationship between model characteristic parameters and insulation ageing was constructed by eliminating the influence of test temperature and excitation amplitude. The research results provide theoretical support for the evaluation method of insulation ageing state of oil-immersed power equipment based on frequency domain dielectric response on-site detection technology.

oil-paper insulation  /  Dissado-Hill relaxation model  /  wide frequency dielectric properties  /  insulation ageing state
许敏虎, 张健, 李中原, 于沐禾, 张航, 曲利民, 贾海峰. 基于Dissado-Hill弛豫模型的油纸绝缘老化状态评估方法研究. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (1) : 82 -90 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.010
XU Minhu, Jian ZHANG, Zhongyuan LI, Muhe YU, Hang ZHANG, Limin QU, Haifeng JIA. Study on ageing state evaluation method of oil-paper insulation based on Dissado-Hill relaxation model[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (1) : 82 -90 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.010
油浸式电力设备及组部件(变压器、互感器、套管)作为电力系统中的重要组成部分,其安全稳定运行至关重要,长期工况下受到电、热、机械、环境的作用[1-3],使得内部绝缘出现老化或受潮现象,严重威胁设备的稳定运行[4-5],因此准确评估电力设备及组部件的运行状态至关重要。
电力系统运维部门在定期春检及秋检时,会依据DL/T 596—2021《电力设备预防性试验规程》[6]对相关的设备进行离线检测,如采用局部放电、工频耐压、工频介损、特征气体、红外成像温度等特征参数的变化,通过多个维度对设备状态进行评估。以上方式对于设备出现集中性绝缘缺陷或已发展的潜伏性故障等问题时评估效果较好,但对于内部绝缘老化这类问题仍无法准确识别,仅能根据出厂参数值定性比较分析。
为了准确获得设备的绝缘老化状态,频域介电响应检测(FDS)及评估技术的相关研究在国内外迅速发展,且随着该测试设备的普及,该设备/技术已逐步从仅用于高校的科学研究到被各省市电力研究院及检测机构所使用。频域介电响应检测与传统工频介电测试基本原理相同,主要区别包括以下3点:①传统工频介损测试激励幅值较高,一般考虑10 kV测试激励,而频域介电响应测试由于变频电源压摆率的限制,宽频测试范围内的激励幅值为200 V,外加线性放大器后激励幅值可增大到2 kV;②频域介电响应检测技术可获得更宽的主绝缘介电响应测试结果(频率为10-4~104 Hz或10-4~103 Hz),“宽”的测试频段表征绝缘状态的信息量更丰富(工频测试仅一个频率点),有助于相关评估方法的实现;③现场进行工频介损测试时可采用“正接法”与“反接法”测试,但由于一般测试设备的外壳/铁芯均接地,现场多采用“反接法”测试,测试结果中介质损耗因数及电容量均包含高压绕组对地或低压绕组对地部分的影响,无法快速获得高低绕组间主绝缘的测试结果,而现有的评估方法更倾向于分析高低压绕组间的绝缘老化状态。相比之下,频域介电响应检测技术由于产生交变激励的方式与传统工频介电测试不同,因此可在不改变接线方式的前提下获得高低压绕组间主绝缘的介电参数变化信息。现阶段DL/T 1994—2019《电容型油纸绝缘设备介电响应试验导则》[7]已规定频域介电响应检测技术检测油纸绝缘设备的接线/测试方法,包括测量介质损耗因数等电气性能参数,为该法的现场实际应用提供了测试接线方式准则。
现阶段采用频域介电响应检测技术评估油浸式电力设备绝缘状态的方法主要通过材料特性的量化分析[8-9]、主绝缘结构的有效简化、等效介电弛豫模型的建立、特征参数的提取等方式实现[1,10],并可结合现场测试数据及解体分析进一步修正评估方法,其中最重要的是明确油纸绝缘材料宽频介电特性变化规律及等效介电模型特征参数的提取方法。现阶段建立了符合宽频激励下油纸绝缘材料介电弛豫特性的等效模型[11-12],可以分析油纸绝缘材料在宽频激励下的介电响应行为,如杨丽君等[13-14]通过考虑跳跃电导行为修正了Cole-Cole模型,实现了模型特征参数与油纸绝缘内水分含量的量化表征,但对于跳跃电导修正部分与频率的关系尚不明确。董明等[15]通过Havriliak-Negami(H-N)模型模拟油浸纸板的极化特性,获得模型参数随绝缘老化程度及水分含量的变化规律。刘骥等[16]采用非线性拟合方法对其老化状态进行Davidson-Cole(D-C)模型参量提取并分析参数变化,但在H-N模型及D-C模型中均未考虑电导分量对其模型拟合计算的影响,使得拟合计算结果误差较大。除模型参数的提取外,也可将测试结果进行微分[17]、积分[18]、乘法逆元[19]、分频段比较处理[20]等,实现对油纸绝缘状态的量化分析。但根据研究发现对于老化或受潮后的油纸绝缘试样,经宽频介电响应测试后发现,当在频域内提高频域介电响应测试激励幅值后,部分频段的测试曲线出现负非线性变化规律(测试激励幅值越大,介质损耗因数越小),其与不同激励幅值、不同频率下油纸绝缘内离子的往复振荡运动过程有关[21-22]。现场测试时,为降低现场测试中的电磁干扰,一般需增大测试激励幅值,而增大激励幅值后会掩盖绝缘老化的部分信息[23],且现有关于油纸绝缘材料的等效介电弛豫模型参数的提取研究中也尚未考虑测试电压的影响。
基于此,本文针对老化油纸绝缘材料进行不同激励幅值下的宽温-宽频介电响应测试,结合Dissado-Hill弛豫模型,采用多目标值优化拟合计算的方式对模型中的特征参量进行提取,探讨绝缘老化后特征参量的变化规律,构建绝缘老化程度与特征参数的量化表征关系,同时通过频温平移等效方式,消除由于测试激励幅值不同和环境温度差异造成的评估结果干扰,使得该方法可应用于现场测试。研究结果可为油浸式电力设备频域介电响应检测技术的现场应用提供一定的理论指导意义。
现阶段针对油纸绝缘等效介电弛豫模型的研究,均以单一松弛时间的Debye模型为理论基础,对Cole-Cole、Davidson-Cole、Havriliak-Negami等多种理论的介质极化模型进行修正,寻找模型中较为敏感的特征参数,建立特征参数与油纸绝缘状态量的拟合方程。但传统的介电弛豫模型中均未考虑介质内部偶极子间的相互作用,而电介质内部存在如偶极子、正负离子和电子等粒子的集合。Dissado-Hill弛豫模型充分考虑了微观粒子之间的极化作用,并以“簇”表征介质内部微观粒子的集合,而介质内部存在大量的“簇”,因此该模型可以更加准确地反映介质极化过程中的弛豫行为。
介质内部粒子之间的相互作用主要有两类:①同一“簇”内部的微观粒子之间的相互作用,被称为“簇”内运动;②不同“簇”内部的微观粒子之间的相互作用,被称为“簇”间运动。
在介质宽频介电弛豫的测试过程中,在高频激励下偶极子的松弛时间极短,因而偶极子的跃迁距离相对较小,使得“簇”内运动能够有效表征介质内部的高频弛豫特性。而低频激励下响应时间较长,偶极子的跃迁距离更大,因此“簇”间运动更能体现介质内的低频弛豫特性。在外施电场下介质内部的“簇”运动如图1所示。
为了有效说明Dissado-Hill模型各个弛豫过程,将模型分为两个子模型进行研究。
(1)Dissado-Hill Loss Peak模型,即电介质弛豫过程中由偶极子产生的弛豫峰介电响应过程,其复极化率( χ *)为式(1)~(3)。
χ * ω = χ 0 F ω ω p = χ 0 F 0 - 1 1 + j ω ω p n - 1 × F 2 F 1 1 - n ,   1 - m ;   2 - n ; 1 + j ω ω p - 1
F 0 = Γ 2 - n Γ m Γ 1 + m - n
2 1 a ,   b ;   c ;   z = n = 0 a n b n c n z n n !
式(1)~(3)中: χ 0为恒定电场下电介质极化率的幅值;ω为角频率;ω p表示为此部分复极化率虚实部交叉点对应的特征频率;mn表示形状系数;F 0表示归一化系数;Γ()表示伽玛函数;2 F 1(a, b; c; z)表示高斯超几何函数。
(2)Dissado-Hill QDC模型,未考虑弛豫峰的弛豫过程,即低频弥散过程,其复极化率为式(4)~(5)。
χ * ω = χ 0 F ω ω c = χ 0 F 0 - 1 1 + j ω ω c n - 1 × F 2 F 1 1 - n ,   1 + p ;   2 - n ;   1 + j ω ω c - 1
F 0 = Γ 1 - n Γ 1 - p Γ 1 - p - n
式(4)~(5)中:ω c表示为此部分复极化率虚实部交叉点对应的特征频率;np表示为形状系数;F 0表示为归一化系数。
Dissado-Hill弛豫模型中,弛豫峰介电响应过程、电导过程、低频弥散过程均可独立考虑,阻抗网络可表示为各电容部分与电导部分并联的形式,如式(6)~(7)所示。
C Z * = C L - C * + C Q D C * + C d i f f * + C - j G ω
C Z * = ε 0 S d χ L - C * + χ Q D C * + χ d i f f * + ε - j G ω
式(6)~(7)中: C Z *为该模型的总复电容;S为材料的表面积; ε 0为真空介电常数;G为直流电导率; C Q D C * χ Q D C *分别为低频弥散过程的等效复电容、等效复极化率; C L - C * χ L - C *分别为弛豫峰介电响应过程的等效复电容、等效复极化率; C d i f f * χ d i f f *分别为电荷扩散过程的等效复电容、等效复极化率;C 为光频下介质的等效复电容,介质的Dissado-Hill模型等效电路如图2所示。
在实验室环境下对充分干燥后的1 mm纤维素绝缘纸板采用45#变压器油进行真空浸油处理,制备多组结构比例X=50%、Y=30%的缩比油纸绝缘试样,其中X表示隔板的总厚度占主绝缘厚度之比,Y表示撑条的总宽度占主绝缘平均周长的比例。开展加速热老化试验(0~50天,间隔10天为老化周期),以此制备不同老化程度的油纸绝缘模型,并在30、60、90℃下分别进行不同激励幅值下的FDS测试。
FDS测试采用的频域介电响应分析仪型号为IDAX-300,该设备测试覆盖10-4~104 Hz的频率范围,并且能够有效施加的最大测试电压为2 kV。测量时有两种模式可供选择,分别为UST(未接地试样测试)与GST(接地试样测试),这两种模式分别对应介质损耗测试仪测量时的正接法与反接法。由于测试系统选用三电极测试系统,以UST(未接地试样测试)模式进行测试,该测试方式下包含有无保护电路下的两种测试模式,一种是测试电路接入保护回路的测试模式;另一种是测试电路无保护回路的测试模式,分别如图3(a)图3(b)所示。
图3中,C X为待测试样的电容值,C S1C S2为存在其他连接点时待测试样产生的杂散电容,由于本文采用三电极测试系统,表面电极将泄漏电流引入大地回路,因而测试获得的介电信息均为材料“体”电流响应的信息,基于此本文以带有保护电路的UST模式进行介电性能测试。
选用200 V作为测试激励,老化油纸绝缘试样在不同温度下的介质损耗因数测试结果如图4所示。
图4(a)可以看出,对于未老化的油纸绝缘试样,在全频段范围内,仅在中高频段存在一个曲线交叉的特征频率段。当频率高于此特征频段时,测试温度越高介质损耗因数越小;当频率低于此特征频段时,测试温度越高介质损耗因数越大。在传统的分析中仅分析低于特征频段的曲线变化,由于测试温度的升高,介质电导率呈指数函数显著增加,即电导损耗贡献部分显著增大。但对于高于特征频段的曲线部分,传统电介质物理理论中明确在高频下电导损耗的影响较小,损耗贡献均来自于瞬时位移极化,无法解释曲线出现该变化现象的原因。对测试频段进行分析后可知,现有的测试频段内,频率为102~106 Hz仍属于偶极子转向极化频段范围,而根据偶极子能量分布函数与平均偶极矩的关系可知,转向极化率与测试温度成反比,即测试温度越高转向极化率越小,宏观上表现为介电常数越小,介质损耗因数越大,在全频段曲线内电导损耗与松弛极化损耗均存在,两者对介质损耗因数曲线变化的影响是竞争关系。
图4(b)(c)可以看出,油纸绝缘老化后在全频段介质损耗因数曲线增大,同时曲线在低频段内出现拐点,但曲线整体趋势并未改变,这主要是由于界面极化行为对介质损耗因数曲线的变化产生的影响,老化后变压器油与绝缘纸板内部缺陷增多,界面极化增强,曲线拐点的变化明显。根据已有研究表明,相同老化程度的油浸纸板可通过频温平移的方式消除测试温度对结果的影响[24],通过式(8)频温平移的基本理论进行弛豫活化能计算,可得材料的平均弛豫活化能为0.67 eV,将各温度下的曲线归算至30℃下,频域介电响应主曲线如图5所示。
f T = f 0 e x p Δ E k 1 T - 1 T 0
式(8)中:f(T)表示平移后的频率点,Hz;f 0表示测试频率,Hz; Δ E表示油纸绝缘的弛豫活化能,kJ/mol;k表示玻尔兹曼常数,其值为1.38×1023 J/K;T表示平移的目标温度,K;T 0表示测试温度,K。
在第1节中对Dissado-Hill模型进行分析时,建立的等效电路模型中考虑了电荷扩散过程的等效复电容,由于电荷扩散现象是低频范围内弥散过程的特定弛豫行为,在极高的温度或极低的频率下才可能发生,因此对于本文测试温度及频率范围内的油纸绝缘试样,为简化分析,采用的Dissado-Hill等效模型中仅包含电导、介电弛豫、低频弥散以及瞬时电容4个过程。本文采用该模型对实测复电容实部、虚部曲线进行特征参数提取,3种不同老化阶段试样的解谱曲线如图6所示,拟合计算参数如表1所示。
图6可以看出,拟合计算曲线在中高频段内拟合度较高,在低频段内拟合优度较差,且此现象在老化试样中更加明显,这主要是由于简化模型电路中缺少等效电路支路而引起的计算误差。
上述模型的各参数表征含义如下:①m为“簇”间运动强度的关联系数,即“簇”与“簇”间粒子相互作用的程度,m值越趋近于0,表示“簇”间粒子的相互作用越强;②n为“簇”内运动强度的关联系数,即“簇”内微观粒子之间相互作用的程度,n值越趋近于0,表示“簇”内微观粒子排列的越不规律,相互作用越弱;③p为电荷在“簇”间跳跃的难易程度,即“簇”与“簇”之间的电荷交换能力,p值越趋近于0,表示电荷跃迁时所需要克服的势垒高度越大。当油纸绝缘老化后,其内部晶区结构被破坏,“簇”间粒子跃迁时的阻碍作用、粒子定向排列能力减弱,而粒子的跃迁能力提高,因此mn值均降低,而p值增大;④G为介质材料直流电导率,由于油纸绝缘老化后杂质粒子数增多,直流电导率显著增加;⑤ω c为油纸绝缘内部“簇”间运动为主的特征频率点;⑥ω p为材料内粒子在外部电场作用下完成极化过程时的特征频率点。当油纸绝缘老化后,纤维素结构被破坏,“簇”间运动增强而“簇”内运动削弱,因此特征频率点ω c逐渐增加,而由于粒子之间的相互作用相对减弱,极化过程完成的响应时间缩短,完成极化过程时的特征频率增大,因此两个特征频率点均向高频方向移动。为量化特征参数与油纸绝缘老化程度的表征关系,本文将老化0~50天的5组测试数据均进行参数提取,并采用指数函数建立各特征参数与油浸纸板聚合度的函数映射关系,拟合计算结果如表2所示。
表2可以看出,参数mpG的拟合优度较高,而参数nω cω p的拟合优度相对较低,因此在绝缘老化状态评估时可通过信息熵权计算的方式调整不同参数在评估中的权重值[22]。在获得实际测试曲线后,提取模型中特征参数值,分别计算对应绝缘纸板的老化程度即聚合度,然后再考虑各参数的权重值后对聚合度评估结果进行均方根计算,平均聚合度(DPmean)的计算如式(9)所示。
D P m e a n = y 1 D P m 2 + y 2 D P n 2 + y 3 D P p 2 + y 4 D P G 2 + y 5 D P ω c 2 + y 6 D P ω p 2
式(9)中,y 1y 2y 6分别为各参数的熵权计算的权重系数,可根据各特征参数拟合方程计算的拟合优度进行选取。同理,在实际应用时可将现场温度的测试数据归算至30℃以此作为评估的基准。
在实际现场测试时,为避开工频信号的干扰,频域介电响应测试的频率值一般不选取50 Hz,而是选取在工频附近的两个频率值来代替,测试中预设的两个频率值分别为40 Hz、70 Hz。对于变压器类的电容性测试样品,高频下的响应电流与干扰信号相比较大,因而工频至高频测试频段的干扰可有效消除。但在低频激励下,电容性测试样品的阻抗值急剧增大,获得的响应电流值极小,在大的干扰电流下响应电流的幅值及相位均无法准确获得,因而计算获得的介质损耗因数值偏差较大。基于此,现场进行频域介电响应测试时需在测试设备允许的条件下,尽可能地提高测试激励的幅值,以增加响应电流抗干扰的能力。
为探明测试激励幅值对频域介电响应测试结果的影响,本文分别以100 V与2 kV两种激励幅值对不同老化程度油纸绝缘试样进行测试,得到介质损耗因数测试曲线如图7所示。从图7可以看出,对于未老化的油纸绝缘试样,在中低频段内均出现曲线不重合的现象,测试激励幅值越大,所对应的介质损耗因数越小,根据Garton建立的离子往复运动模型可知,测试激励幅值较小时,离子运动时所受到的电场较小,交变电场下离子无法运动至纸板孔隙的边缘,孔隙对其运动行为的影响可忽略不计。而测试激励幅值较大时,离子运动至孔隙边界后无法继续运动,仅当电场方向发生反转时才使得离子向反方向运动,因此在较高压或较低频率下均会出现纸板阻挡离子运动的现象,阻挡运动的时间内离子不消耗能量,即测试电压越高离子静止时间越长,因此介质损耗因数tanδ会随着测试激励幅值的升高而下降,而且当绝缘老化后FDS曲线中出现非线性的特征频段逐渐减小。
图7还可以看出,不同激励幅值下油纸绝缘模型表现的非线性变化频段的范围最大在10-3~ 1 Hz(未老化模型),油纸绝缘老化后介质损耗因数曲线出现非线性变化的最高频率点降低,如采用上述Dissado-Hill模型对全频段的测试曲线进行参数提取,则不同激励幅值下获得的各参数将会有较大差异。由于现场对实际变压器进行测试时,未知投运年限及内部绝缘结构,无法明确介质损耗因数曲线出现非线性变化的最大频率点。基于此在进行评估时可选用中高频测试频段曲线进行参数提取,该频段包含全部的“簇”内运动与部分的“簇”间运动行为有关的信息,与“簇”内运动有关的参数n及特征频率ω c参数直接相关。
在2 kV的激励幅值下,频温平移归算至30℃后所获曲线提取的特征参数结果(如表3所示)与表1中的参数基本一致。同时根据前文的分析可知,随着测试温度的升高,介质损耗因数曲线向高频方向移动,即高温下未出现非线性变化的频段依据频温平移归算至30℃时,扩展后的曲线中未出现非线性变化的频段将更宽,从而利用频温平移的方法,消除了由于测试激励不同造成介质损耗因数曲线非线性变化使得特征参数提取带来差异的影响。实际应用时可针对变压器不同停运时刻进行高压频域介电响应测试(不同停运温度下内部油温不同),以此增加归算温度下无非线性响应变化的曲线频段,以提高模型参数提取后评估的准确性。
本文对老化油纸绝缘试样进行了不同激励下的宽温-宽频介电响应测试,并基于Dissado-Hill弛豫模型对其介电特性的变化规律进行分析,提出了基于特征参数的绝缘老化状态评估方法,得到结论如下:
(1)随着油纸绝缘老化程度的增加,不同测试温度下的介质损耗因数曲线在全频段内出现两个明显的特征频段,高频段的特征拐点主要与转向极化行为与电导行为竞争机制有关,而低频段的特征拐点主要与油纸绝缘老化后的界面极化行为有关。
(2)当油纸绝缘老化后,纤维素结构被破坏,微观上表现为“簇”间运动增强而“簇”内运动削弱,使得Dissado-Hill两类模型(Loss Peak模型、QDC模型)中复极化率对应的特征频率点均向高频方向移动。
(3)提出了以Dissado-Hill模型特征参数为基础的油纸绝缘老化状态评估方法(考虑各参数间的信息熵权),并通过频温平移方式,在消除测试温度影响的同时亦可扩展未受非线性影响的曲线频段,实现了绝缘老化状态的量化计算。
  • 国网黑龙江省电力公司2024年科技项目(52243724001F)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52307164)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.010
  • 接收时间:2024-03-29
  • 首发时间:2025-11-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-29
  • 修回日期:2024-05-14
基金
国网黑龙江省电力公司2024年科技项目(52243724001F)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52307164)
作者信息
    1.国网黑龙江省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150030
    2.哈尔滨理工大学 工程电介质及其应用教育部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080

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于沐禾(2001-),女(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,主要从事高压油浸式电力变压器绝缘状态无损检测与评估技术的研究工作。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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