Article(id=1192878365125259518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1192878363166523716, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710000000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-10, revisedDate=1715097600000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762333964853, onlineDateStr=2025-11-05, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762333964853, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762333964853, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762333964853, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192878363166523716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762333964387, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762334342663, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192879949821395698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1192878363166523716, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192879949821395699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1192878363166523716, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=20, endPage=28, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192878365389500672, articleId=1192878365125259518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Simulation optimization on thermal conductivity and dielectric properties of alumina/polypropylene composites, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the influence of the filler network constructed by alumina (Al2O3) on the thermal and dielectric properties of polypropylene (PP) composites, this study constructed a finite element model of randomly filled Al2O3 fillers, and systematically studied the effects of factors such as filler content, filler particle size, and size matching of binary fillers on the thermal conductivity and dielectric constant of Al2O3/PP composites. The results indicate that increasing the filler content can significantly bridge the Al2O3 filler, synergistically construct an interconnected thermal conductive network and electric displacement pathway, thereby significantly improving the thermal conductivity and dielectric constant of Al2O3/PP composites. For single Al2O3 filled PP composites, the thermal conductivity and dielectric constant of composites cannot be effectively enhanced by regulating the size of Al2O3 filler. After introducing the multiscale fillers, at the optimized binary filler ratio of 70∶30 (40 μm∶15 μm), the overall thermal conductivity and electrical displacement networks show the dominant skeleton of large-sized filler and the bridging branch of small-sized fillers features, which synergistically contributes to the Al2O3/PP composite reach the optimal thermal conductivity (0.55 W/(m·K)) and dielectric constant (5.6).

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为研究氧化铝(Al2O3)构筑的填料网络对聚丙烯(PP)复合材料导热性能和介电性能的影响规律,本文通过构建Al2O3颗粒随机填充的有限元模型,系统研究了填料填充体积分数、填料粒径以及二元填料的尺寸匹配等因素对Al2O3/PP复合材料热导率和介电常数的影响。结果表明:增加填料的填充体积分数可以显著地桥接Al2O3填料,协同构建互联的导热网络和电位移通路,从而显著提升Al2O3/PP复合材料的热导率和介电常数。对于单一粒径Al2O3/PP复合材料,调控Al2O3填料尺寸不能有效提高复合材料的热导率和介电常数。引入多尺度填料后,在最佳二元填料 (40 μm、10 μm)比例为70∶30下,整体的导热和电位移网络呈现出大尺寸填料的主导骨架和小尺寸填料的桥接分支特征,协同促进Al2O3/PP复合材料达到最优热导率(0.54 W/(m·K))和介电常数(5.6)。

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李石琨(1993-),男(汉族),河南平顶山人,工程师,博士,主要从事电工新材料的研究

李文鹏(1984-),男(汉族),安徽人,高级工程师,主要从事电工新材料的研究。

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样品 密度/(kg/m3) 比热容/(J/(kg·K)) 热导率/(W/(m·K)) 电导率/(S/cm) 介电常数(1 kHz)
Al2O3 3 900 750 30 10-17 9.8
PP 900 1 900 0.2 10-18 2.3
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Al2O3和PP的参数设置

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样品 密度/(kg/m3) 比热容/(J/(kg·K)) 热导率/(W/(m·K)) 电导率/(S/cm) 介电常数(1 kHz)
Al2O3 3 900 750 30 10-17 9.8
PP 900 1 900 0.2 10-18 2.3
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氧化铝/聚丙烯复合材料的导热与介电性能仿真优化
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李石琨 , 李文鹏 , 史晓宁 , 赵维佳 , 王博 , 张翀 , 陈新
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2025,58(1): 20-28
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2025, 58(1): 20-28
氧化铝/聚丙烯复合材料的导热与介电性能仿真优化
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李石琨, 李文鹏, 史晓宁, 赵维佳, 王博, 张翀, 陈新
作者信息
  • 中国电力科学研究院有限公司 先进输电技术全国重点实验室,北京 102209
  • 李石琨(1993-),男(汉族),河南平顶山人,工程师,博士,主要从事电工新材料的研究

    李文鹏(1984-),男(汉族),安徽人,高级工程师,主要从事电工新材料的研究。

Simulation optimization on thermal conductivity and dielectric properties of alumina/polypropylene composites
Shikun LI, Wenpeng LI, Xiaoning SHI, Weijia ZHAO, Bo WANG, Chong ZHANG, Xin CHEN
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Advanced Power Transmission Technology, China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 102209, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.003
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为研究氧化铝(Al2O3)构筑的填料网络对聚丙烯(PP)复合材料导热性能和介电性能的影响规律,本文通过构建Al2O3颗粒随机填充的有限元模型,系统研究了填料填充体积分数、填料粒径以及二元填料的尺寸匹配等因素对Al2O3/PP复合材料热导率和介电常数的影响。结果表明:增加填料的填充体积分数可以显著地桥接Al2O3填料,协同构建互联的导热网络和电位移通路,从而显著提升Al2O3/PP复合材料的热导率和介电常数。对于单一粒径Al2O3/PP复合材料,调控Al2O3填料尺寸不能有效提高复合材料的热导率和介电常数。引入多尺度填料后,在最佳二元填料 (40 μm、10 μm)比例为70∶30下,整体的导热和电位移网络呈现出大尺寸填料的主导骨架和小尺寸填料的桥接分支特征,协同促进Al2O3/PP复合材料达到最优热导率(0.54 W/(m·K))和介电常数(5.6)。

氧化铝  /  聚丙烯  /  热导率  /  介电常数  /  多尺度优化

To investigate the influence of the filler network constructed by alumina (Al2O3) on the thermal and dielectric properties of polypropylene (PP) composites, this study constructed a finite element model of randomly filled Al2O3 fillers, and systematically studied the effects of factors such as filler content, filler particle size, and size matching of binary fillers on the thermal conductivity and dielectric constant of Al2O3/PP composites. The results indicate that increasing the filler content can significantly bridge the Al2O3 filler, synergistically construct an interconnected thermal conductive network and electric displacement pathway, thereby significantly improving the thermal conductivity and dielectric constant of Al2O3/PP composites. For single Al2O3 filled PP composites, the thermal conductivity and dielectric constant of composites cannot be effectively enhanced by regulating the size of Al2O3 filler. After introducing the multiscale fillers, at the optimized binary filler ratio of 70∶30 (40 μm∶15 μm), the overall thermal conductivity and electrical displacement networks show the dominant skeleton of large-sized filler and the bridging branch of small-sized fillers features, which synergistically contributes to the Al2O3/PP composite reach the optimal thermal conductivity (0.55 W/(m·K)) and dielectric constant (5.6).

alumina  /  polypropylene  /  thermal conductivity  /  dielectric constant  /  multiscale optimization
李石琨, 李文鹏, 史晓宁, 赵维佳, 王博, 张翀, 陈新. 氧化铝/聚丙烯复合材料的导热与介电性能仿真优化. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (1) : 20 -28 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.003
Shikun LI, Wenpeng LI, Xiaoning SHI, Weijia ZHAO, Bo WANG, Chong ZHANG, Xin CHEN. Simulation optimization on thermal conductivity and dielectric properties of alumina/polypropylene composites[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (1) : 20 -28 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.003
随着电气设备逐步朝着高集成和高密度化方向发展,器件单位体积的功耗会成倍增加,导致设备温度大幅提升,从而降低电气系统的可靠性和使用寿命[1-3]。高分子材料因其易于加工、成本低和电气绝缘等优点,作为导热介电材料被广泛用于电气封装、高压电缆、储能电容器和高压换流阀等领域[4-6]。但高分子材料普遍存在热导率较低(0.2 W/(m·K))的问题[7]。为了实现器件高效的换热,迫切需要在高分子基体内部构建一个完整和互联的导热网络,以保证器件的有效散热和稳定运行。
氧化铝(Al2O3)由于具有热导率较高、成本低、介电绝缘和高球形度等优点,被广泛用于制备不同类型的导热绝缘复合材料[8-9]。对于单一粒径Al2O3填充的复合材料而言,Al2O3与环氧树脂[10]、硅橡胶[11]和绝缘纤维[12]等基体混合后均能形成具有增强导热的功能性复合材料,同时提高其介电常数与电气强度。此外,将粒径为5、20、45 μm的Al2O3填料分别添加到聚丙烯(PP)中,Al2O3/PP复合材料的热导率可以从0.31 W/(m·K)提升到0.33 W/(m·K)[13]。近年来,多尺度填料填充而成的复合材料,因尺寸匹配效应的作用,其所含的球形填料能够形成紧密连接的路径,故而引起了广泛的关注[14-15]。例如,TIAN F等[16]将二元Al2O3填料(粒径为3 μm和45 μm)与环氧树脂共混,通过改善大小填料之间的体积配比,在总填充质量分数为80%时,复合材料获得最佳的热导率(2.47 W/(m·K)),并维持优异的介电常数(7.5)和电气强度(40 kV/mm)。L FREDIN等[17]通过制备核壳纳米颗粒填料填充PP基体,复合材料的介电常数由原来的2.3提升到3.1。YAO Z等[18]也将Al2O3纳米粒子引入到PP中以改善PP的介电性能和导热性能。事实上,Al2O3填充复合材料的热导率和介电常数与一些关键因素有很大关系,如填料体积、填料粒径和多尺度复配等[19-21]。然而,目前关于这些参数与复合材料热导率和介电常数的关系系统和定量的研究还相对较少。
本文对Al2O3填充PP基复合材料的导热性能和介电常数进行系统的仿真模拟。首先建立包含随机分布球形填料的3D有限元模型,填充体积分数变化范围为0~30%,粒径变化范围为5~40 μm,多尺度复配填料粒径选择10 μm和40 μm。随后通过实验与理论模型验证模型的准确性并深入探究Al2O3填料体积、粒径和尺度复配对Al2O3/PP复合材料热流和电位移场分布的影响规律。
基于Al2O3填充复合材料的微观结构,生成不同粒径球形填料随机分布的有限元模型。建立模型的具体步骤如下:①首先输入模型所需的3D尺寸、填充填料的数量和直径,并随机生成一个三维坐标(xyz)的数据集;②依次生成不同粒径球形填料的坐标,若它们不相交则接受数据集,反之则打断并生成新的坐标;③先生成大粒径,再生成小粒径并判断填料体积之和是否达到目标填充量,若不是则重复步骤②,直到不同粒径球形填料体积之和达到预设的目标填充量。模型生成的流程图如图1所示。
假设球形Al2O3填料随机分布在PP基体中,且填料与基体之间接触良好,无明显间隙。图2为生成的Al2O3填充复合材料的有限元模型,空白区域代表聚合物基体,球形颗粒代表Al2O3填料。3D几何模型的长、宽和高均设置为100 μm,PP高分子基体简化为无缺陷的均匀结构,Al2O3填料简化为理想球形填料,其直径(d)变化范围为5~40 μm,以便模拟不同粒径的填料。
此外,生成的球形填料互不相交,即两个球中心坐标之间的距离不小于两个球的半径之和。通过调整填料的数量得到所需的总填料含量(f ),不同尺寸的填料数量(N)可表示为式(1)
N l = f × f t f l   f l = 4 3 π d l 2 3 N s = f × f t f s   f s = 4 3 π d s 2 3
式(1)中:N lN s分别为大、小粒径填料的数量;f t为三维几何模型总体积,其值为1×106 μm3f lf s分别为大、小粒径填料的体积分数;d ld s分别为大、小粒径填料的直径,μm。
Al2O3与PP基体的主要性能参数如表1所示[13,15,21]
使用Comsol有限元软件对模型进行边界处理和网格划分,每个模型生成并计算6次,取其平均值作为最终复合材料的热导率值以减少随机误差[22]。具体步骤为:假设复合材料整体传热仅为热传导,材料内部温度不随时间变化。因此,基于稳态传热模拟,当没有外部热源且不涉及流体时,傅里叶导热方程可表示为式(2) [23]
x k x T x + y k y T y + z k z T z = 0
式(2)中:kxkykz分别表示材料在xyz轴方向的有效热导率;T为热动力学温度场,单位为K。
模型的边界条件设置如图3所示,模型四周设为绝热边界。模型上、下表面温度分别设为T 1=323.15 K和T 2=293.15 K。复合材料内部温度场的计算可以归因于稳态热传导过程的解,该过程由式(2)控制,并满足式(3)提出的边界条件。
T 1 = 323.15   K ; T 2 = 293.15   K T n Γ = 0
式(3)中:Γ是有限元模型周围的表面;n为上述表面对应的界面法线。
假设有限元模型内部的热传导是沿着一个主要的热流方向(z方向),在无热源的情况下,热流的传递也符合傅里叶定律[23],因此复合材料的热导率可表示为式(4)
k = Q L T 1 - T 2
式(4)中:L是几何模型的高度,为100 μm;Q是通过上表面的热流密度,单位为W/m2k是复合材料的沿z轴方向传热的热导率。
将模型等效为一个平行板电容器,其板间充满介电常数为ε的电介质,在电容器上极板施加电压φ,下极板接地,其边界条件满足式(5)的方程24,如图4所示。
ε 0 ε x , y φ = 0 ε x , y = ε 1 x , y - i ε 2 x , y φ = φ 0 e i ω t
式(5)中:εxy)为有效介电常数;ε 1ε 2分别为复有效介电常数实部和虚部;ε 0为真空介电常数;φ为点位于(xy)位置的电压;φ 0为电压幅值;ω为角频率;t为时间。
利用式(5)的能量等效原理求出模型的等效介电常数ε [19],如式(6)所示。
ε 2 E 2 V = j = 1 N ε 1 j E j 2 V j
式(6)中:E为外加电场;V为电容器两极板间体积;N为微元个数;ε 1 jEjVj分别代表第j个微元的复有效介电常数实部、局部场强和体积。
在填充体积分数(f )为0~30%时,将仿真模拟计算的Al2O3填充复合材料的热导率与测量得到的实验结果[21]进行比较,结果如图5所示。从图5可以看出,仿真计算结果与实验值呈现出相同的变化趋势,但仿真计算结果略大于实验值。经过计算可知仿真结果与实验值的平均误差为7.1%,此数值在可允许的误差范围内[25]。造成仿真计算结果大于实验值的原因可能有两点:①有限元模型忽略了Al2O3填料和PP基体之间的界面热阻(R I),而R I引起的界面声子散射会极大地影响填料与基体之间的界面传热,从而阻碍材料整体的热传输并降低材料的热导率[20];②真实材料内部会不可避免地存在Al2O3填料之间的团聚体,造成填料分布不均匀而中断填料导热网络,导致材料整体的传热性能下降[21]。这些因素导致了仿真结果与实验结果之间的偏差。此外,将仿真模拟计算得到的热导率与经典的导热模型[26](Maxwell、Bruggeman和Nielsen模型)进行了对比验证,结果发现导热模型与模拟值的平均偏差仅分别为7.2%、6.8%和3.5%,进一步表明有限元模型建立的有效性。
图6展示了20 μm Al2O3填充的有限元模型在f分别为10%、20%和30%时计算得到的内部热流分布。从图6可以看出,呈现明显黄白色的高热流区域主要集中在Al2O3路径上。这是因为Al2O3填料的热导率(30 W/(m·K))显著高于PP基体的热导率(0.2 W/(m·K))。此外,当f 较小时,填料呈现自由孤立分布特征,填料间距过大,难以形成有效的导热网络;随着f的增加,Al2O3填料数量迅速增加,填料间的距离急剧减小,大幅增加了填料间接触的可能性,有助于形成桥接互联的导热路径,如图6中橙黄色箭头指向所示,从而强化内部传热。
大多数文献使用的Al2O3填料直径(d)通常为5~40 μm[20-22]。这是由于Al2O3填料的本征密度较高(3 900 kg/m3),大尺寸填料可能会在低黏度基体中出现沉淀现象而破坏复合材料的均一性,导致其传热性能和机械稳定性较差;而小尺寸Al2O3填料具有较强的范德华力和较大的比表面积,会在基体内部形成明显的团聚体并增加填料和基体间界面数量,从而影响复合材料综合性能的发挥。本文计算了不同f下Al2O3填料直径d(5~40 μm)对有限元模型热导率的影响,结果如图7所示。从图7可以看出,模型的热导率基本与填料尺寸无关,只有f 增加时,复合材料的热导率才会显著提升。
f为20%为例,图8展示了有限元模型在不同d时的热流分布。从图8可以看出,当填料的尺寸较小时(d=10 μm),小尺寸的填料有利于缩短填料之间的距离,从而形成长而相互连接的传热路径,但构建的网络尺寸较窄且填料与基体之间界面数量较多,会引起更多的界面声子散射,从而减弱热传输。随着d的增加,大尺寸的填料可以有效增加Al2O3通道的宽度,有利于填料之间的声子输运,但填料数量明显减少,填料之间的距离增大,难以在模型内部形成完整的Al2O3通道,也会降低传热效率。最终,这两种对热流的正负效应被同时抵消,导致复合材料的热导率与Al2O3填料的尺寸无关[26]
在实际情况中,填料的尺寸往往呈正态分布而不是绝对不变的,因而复合材料内部可能会存在填料的尺寸匹配效应,从而具有与固定的单一粒径完全不同的导热网络,并表现出可变的热导率值[20]。因此,接下来研究Al2O3填料尺寸匹配对复合材料导热性能的影响。
为研究不同尺度填料之间的复配对复合材料热导率的影响,对二元填料在固定f下进行不同配比的仿真模拟研究。基于此,建立的有限元模型包含不同比例的大尺寸Al2O3填料(d l=40 μm)和小尺寸Al2O3填料(d s=10 μm)。图9给出了不同比例的二元填料在不同f下(f = f l + f sf lf s分别是大尺寸Al2O3和小尺寸Al2O3在混合物中所占的比例)模拟计算的热导率。从图9可以看出,当f为10%时,整体热导率在不同f s下保持不变。当f增加到20%时,整体热导率明显提高,且在不同填料配比下略有差异。当f达到30%时,整体热导率进一步提高,当二元填料的比例为70∶30时,热导率达到最优值(0.54 W/(m·K))。因此当二元填料的填充体积分数较低时,不管大小填料间怎么优化配比,填料都相对自由孤立地分布在模型内部,难以有效地缩短填料之间的距离,导致复合材料的热导率基本不变。而随着f的增加,二元填料间存在最优的尺寸配比能够有效地改善填料网络,从而协同提升复合材料的热导率。
图10给出了总填充体积分数为30%时,不同二元填料比例下模型内部的热流分布。从图10可以看出,当f s为10%时,如红色标记区域所示,这些填料呈孤立分布,且填料之间距离较大,不利于形成有效的Al2O3桥接通路。当f s增加到30%时,填料的热流颜色从红色明显转变为白色,表明复合材料内部的热传导增强。如橙黄色箭头所示,大的填料起到主导热流路径的作用,小的填料起到灵活的桥梁作用,将相邻的大填料连接起来。这种大小填料复配组合将通过Al2O3路径的热流进行有效的拓宽和延伸。当f s加到60%时,较小的填料在基体中占据主导地位,这些自由分散的小填料对导热通路的桥接和扩展效应明显减弱;同时填料与基体的界面数量增多,导致Al2O3填料边缘存在明显的声子散射,使热导率低至0.50 W/(m·K)。因此,通过寻找二元填料的最佳体积配比来提高复合材料的传热效率是行之有效的策略。
f为0~30%时,通过仿真模拟计算得到模型的介电常数如图11所示。从图11可以看出,随着f的增加,模型的介电常数逐步升高。其中,f为30%的Al2O3/PP复合材料介电常数(4.4)是PP基体介电常数(2.3)的1.9倍。这是因为Al2O3填料的介电常数(9.8)是PP基体介电常数(2.3)的4.3倍,而填充体积分数增加对材料整体介电常数的提升是显著的;此外,当填料体积分数增加时,填料间的距离减小,界面面积增多,填料与基体之间的界面极化效应增强,有利于复合材料中极性基团的偶极取向[19],从而提升了复合材料的介电常数。
为直观描述填充体积分数增加对复合介质内部电位移通路的影响规律,图12展示了20 μm Al2O3填充的有限元模型在f分别为10%、20%和30%时计算得到的内部电位移分布图。从图12可以看出,呈明显黄红色的高电位移区域主要集中在Al2O3路径及其边界。此外,随着f的增加,Al2O3填料含量迅速增加,填料间的距离急剧减小,极大地促进了填料间电位移通路的构建,如图中红色箭头所示。这是复合材料介电常数提升的关键。
从理论角度出发,材料电位移D的定义如式(7)所示[27]
D=ε 0 E+P
式(7)中:ε 0为真空介电常数;E为外加电场;P为复合材料极化强度,其定义如式(8)所示。
P=ε 0 χE
式(8)中,χ为介质极化率,由此可得到式(9)
D=ε 0 E+P=ε 0(1+χ)E=ε 0 εE
式(9)中,ε为相对介电常数。
式(9)可知,在所加电场E一定的情况下,电位移D越大,越能增强复合材料中极性基团的极化强度P [28],从而提升相对介电常数ε,这一理论与本文仿真模拟结果可相互验证。
图13为不同f下,d从5 μm增加到40 μm时复合材料的介电常数变化。从图13可以看出,随着填料粒径的增大,复合材料的相对介电常数基本保持不变。当f增加到30%时,复合材料的热导率随粒径的增大先略有增大然后轻微降低。
f为20%为例,图14描述了有限元模型在不同d时的内部电位移分布。从图14可以看到,当填料的尺寸较小时,小尺寸的填料能够最大限度地缩短填料间的距离,有利于复合材料中电位移通路的完整连通,但粒径太小时,填料内部及其与基体界面处的电位移路径明显偏窄;随着d的增加,大尺寸的填料可以有效增加填料及其界面的宽度,有利于拓宽电位移通路,但填料数量明显减少,填料间的距离逐步增大,难以在模型内部形成互联的电位移路径,如图中红色箭头所示。最终,这两种对电位移的正负效应同时抵消,导致复合材料的等效介电常数与单一Al2O3填料的尺寸无关。
为探索多尺度填料复配对复合材料介电性能的影响,对二元填料间进行不同配比的仿真模拟研究,结果如图15所示。从图15可以看出,当f为10%时,复合材料的介电常数在不同f s下保持不变。当f增加到20%时,整体介电常数明显提高,且在不同填料配比下略有差异。当f达到30%时,整体介电常数进一步提高,当二元填料的比例为70∶30时,介电常数达到最优值(4.6)。因此,随着总填充体积分数的逐步增大,二元填料间也存在一个最佳的尺寸配比,从而有效地改善填料的网络分布,显著提升复合材料的介电常数。
f为30%为例,图16给出了不同二元填料比例下模型内部的电位移分布。从图16可以清楚地观察到,当f s为10%时,这些大填料呈孤立分布,且填料间距离较大,不利于形成有效的Al2O3连接路径。当f s增加到30%时,通过填料和填料间路径区域的颜色明显转变为更多的深红色,如红色箭头所示,表明复合材料内部的电位移增强。此时大尺寸填料起到主导路径的作用,小尺寸填料起到灵活的桥梁作用,将相邻的大尺寸填料连接起来。这种大小填料复配结构特征具有明显的尺寸协同作用,可将通过Al2O3的电位移路径进行有效的拓宽和延伸,更有利于复合材料整体介电常数的提高[29]。当f s增加到60%时,小尺寸填料在基体中占据主导地位,这些自由分散的小尺寸填料对电位移通路的桥接和扩展效应明显减弱,使介电常数低至4.3。因此,多元填料间也存在一个最优的体积配比,从而显著地提高复合材料的介电常数。
本文为优化Al2O3随机填充PP基复合材料的热导率和介电性能开展了仿真模拟研究,揭示了Al2O3填料的填充体积分数、填料尺寸与二元复配对复合材料热导率和介电常数的影响,得出如下结论:
(1)对于单一粒径Al2O3/PP复合材料,增加填料体积分数有利于桥接Al2O3填料,协同构筑有效的导热和电位移通路,强化传热和极性基团的偶极取向,实现复合材料热导率和介电常数的显著提升。
(2)控制Al2O3体积分数不变,仅改变其尺寸在5~40 μm范围内,Al2O3的导热通路和电位移路径达到饱和,因此复合材料的热导率和介电常数与Al2O3填料的尺寸基本无关。
(3)对于二元复配Al2O3/PP复合材料,在二元填料(40 μm、10 μm)比例为70∶30时,整体导热和电位移网络表现为大尺寸填料的主导骨架和小尺寸填料的桥接分支特征,能够协同促进导热路径的完整和连续,使复合材料达到最优热导率(0.54 W/(m·K))和介电常数(4.6)。
综上,增大填料填充体积分数是提高复合材料导热性能和介电常数的关键,而多尺度填料的复配在高填充体积分数下也能够有效改善填料分布规律,从而协同提升复合材料的导热性能和介电常数。
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.003
  • 接收时间:2024-03-10
  • 首发时间:2025-11-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-10
  • 修回日期:2024-05-08
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国家电网公司总部科技项目(5500-202358802A-3-9-HW)
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    中国电力科学研究院有限公司 先进输电技术全国重点实验室,北京 102209
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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