Article(id=1192878364642914557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1192878363166523716, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709136000000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-29, revisedDate=1713888000000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762333964739, onlineDateStr=2025-11-05, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762333964739, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762333964739, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762333964739, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192878363166523716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762333964387, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762334342663, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192879949821395698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1192878363166523716, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192879949821395699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1192878363166523716, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=97, endPage=108, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192878365695684865, articleId=1192878364642914557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Influence of interfacial air gap defects and moisture on electric field distribution in intermediate joint of ±320 kV DC cables, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the impact of interface air gap and moisture defects on the multilayer composite dielectric insulation interface of ±320 kV DC cable intermediate joints on their electric field distribution mechanism, a simulation model of ±320 kV DC cable intermediate joint was built, and the electric field distribution of the cable joint with air gap and moisture defects on the multilayer composite dielectric interface region was calculated using the finite element method. The effect of these defects on the electric field distribution of the cable joint were analyzed at no load and load conditions, and their differences under AC/DC electric fields were discussed. The results show that there is significant electric field distortion at the composite dielectric interface of the DC cable joint due to air gap and moisture defects under the action of DC electric field. The multiple of electric field distortion of air gap defects is 9.6 times at no load and 1.7 times at load condition. The electric field strength in the water film defects decrease over 99.9% at both operating conditions. Interestingly, the electric field distortion induced by air gap defects in cable joints at no load is larger than that at load condition, and the temperature differentials across the joint play a role in field homogenization. However, the temperature differentials across the joint induced by moisture at load promote the accumulation of space charge in the joint, which leading to the multiple of electric field distortion at moisture defect bigger than than at no load. Notably, the multiple of electric field distortion resulting from defects in DC cable intermediate joint is bigger than that of AC cables.

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为分析直流电缆中间接头多层复合介质绝缘界面气隙缺陷及受潮对其电场分布的影响,本文在建立±320 kV直流电缆中间接头仿真模型的基础上,基于有限元法计算了电缆中间接头在多层复合介质界面区域存在气隙、水膜缺陷时的电场分布,分析了空载与负载两种运行条件下缺陷对中间接头电场分布的影响,并进一步讨论了缺陷在交/直流电场作用下电缆接头电场分布的差异。结果表明:在直流电场作用下,气隙、水膜缺陷均会导致直流电缆中间接头在复合介质界面处的电场发生显著的畸变,气隙在空载、负载时的场强畸变倍数分别为9.6倍、1.7倍,水膜缺陷内场强在两种运行条件下均急剧缩减为原来的99.9%以上;电缆中间接头存在气隙缺陷空载时的场强畸变倍数要大于负载时的场强畸变倍数,接头内外存在的温度梯度起到了一定的均匀电场作用;界面受潮在负载运行时的温度场促进了接头内空间电荷积累,从而引起水膜缺陷处的场强畸变倍数较空载时的场强畸变倍数更大;相比于交流电缆,直流电缆中间接头存在缺陷导致的场强畸变倍数更大。

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唐超(1981-),男(汉族),四川自贡人,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为智能电网(配电网)新技术。
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奚锐(1997-),男(汉族),重庆潼南人,硕士生,主要研究方向为电气设备及其绝缘。

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奚锐(1997-),男(汉族),重庆潼南人,硕士生,主要研究方向为电气设备及其绝缘。

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奚锐(1997-),男(汉族),重庆潼南人,硕士生,主要研究方向为电气设备及其绝缘。

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材料 A/(V(Ω·m2)) φ/eV B/(m/V)
XLPE 8.15×106 0.78 1.40×10-7
SIR 1.93×106 0.72 5.43×10-8
), ArticleFig(id=1193252908343980936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878364642914557, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

XLPE和SIR材料的电导率相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 A/(V(Ω·m2)) φ/eV B/(m/V)
XLPE 8.15×106 0.78 1.40×10-7
SIR 1.93×106 0.72 5.43×10-8
), ArticleFig(id=1193252908394312585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878364642914557, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Material parameters of ±320 kV DC cable joint, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称 相对介电常数 电导率/(S/m) 恒压热容/(J/(kg·K)) 密度/(kg/m3) 导热系数/(W/(m·K))
铜导体 10 000 5.998×107 385 8 960 400
连接管 10 000 5.998×107 385 8 960 400
连接金具 10 000 5.998×107 385 8 960 400
屏蔽层 1 000 0.01 2 700 1 100 0.27
XLPE绝缘 2.25 γ(XLPE) 2 603 922 0.28
硅橡胶 3.60 γ(SIR) 1 700 1 150 0.27
应力锥 30 2×10-3 2 182 1 100 0.40
硅脂 3.20 2.56×10-14 1 750 2 550 4.50
空气 1 1×10-16 1 017 1.29 0.03
水膜 81 5.5×10-6 4 178 1 000 0.65
), ArticleFig(id=1193252908453032842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878364642914557, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

±320 kV直流电缆中间接头材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称 相对介电常数 电导率/(S/m) 恒压热容/(J/(kg·K)) 密度/(kg/m3) 导热系数/(W/(m·K))
铜导体 10 000 5.998×107 385 8 960 400
连接管 10 000 5.998×107 385 8 960 400
连接金具 10 000 5.998×107 385 8 960 400
屏蔽层 1 000 0.01 2 700 1 100 0.27
XLPE绝缘 2.25 γ(XLPE) 2 603 922 0.28
硅橡胶 3.60 γ(SIR) 1 700 1 150 0.27
应力锥 30 2×10-3 2 182 1 100 0.40
硅脂 3.20 2.56×10-14 1 750 2 550 4.50
空气 1 1×10-16 1 017 1.29 0.03
水膜 81 5.5×10-6 4 178 1 000 0.65
), ArticleFig(id=1193252908511753099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878364642914557, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Relationship between electric field variations and cable AC/DC operation characteristics kV/mm, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
缺陷 交流 直流
10 kV 35 kV 110 kV 320 kV
正常 0.375 1.01 2.8 139.1
气隙 0.5 1.23 4.4 234.2
0.75 (未见报道) (未见报道) 6.8×10-6
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电场变化情况与电缆交/直流运行特性关系

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缺陷 交流 直流
10 kV 35 kV 110 kV 320 kV
正常 0.375 1.01 2.8 139.1
气隙 0.5 1.23 4.4 234.2
0.75 (未见报道) (未见报道) 6.8×10-6
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界面气隙缺陷及受潮对±320 kV直流电缆中间接头电场分布的影响
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奚锐 1 , 张亚 2 , 程明亮 2 , 詹陶 2 , 曹亮 1 , 何高辉 1 , 桂银刚 1 , 唐超 1
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025,58(1): 97-108
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025, 58(1): 97-108
界面气隙缺陷及受潮对±320 kV直流电缆中间接头电场分布的影响
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奚锐1, 张亚2, 程明亮2, 詹陶2, 曹亮1, 何高辉1, 桂银刚1, 唐超1
作者信息
  • 1.西南大学 工程技术学院,重庆 400715
  • 2.重庆泰山电缆有限公司,重庆 401125
  • 奚锐(1997-),男(汉族),重庆潼南人,硕士生,主要研究方向为电气设备及其绝缘。

通讯作者:

唐超(1981-),男(汉族),四川自贡人,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为智能电网(配电网)新技术。
Influence of interfacial air gap defects and moisture on electric field distribution in intermediate joint of ±320 kV DC cables
Rui XI1, Ya ZHANG2, Mingliang CHENG2, Tao ZHAN2, Liang CAO1, Gaohui HE1, Yingang GUI1, Chao TANG1
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
  • 2. Chongqing Taishan Cable Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401125, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.012
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为分析直流电缆中间接头多层复合介质绝缘界面气隙缺陷及受潮对其电场分布的影响,本文在建立±320 kV直流电缆中间接头仿真模型的基础上,基于有限元法计算了电缆中间接头在多层复合介质界面区域存在气隙、水膜缺陷时的电场分布,分析了空载与负载两种运行条件下缺陷对中间接头电场分布的影响,并进一步讨论了缺陷在交/直流电场作用下电缆接头电场分布的差异。结果表明:在直流电场作用下,气隙、水膜缺陷均会导致直流电缆中间接头在复合介质界面处的电场发生显著的畸变,气隙在空载、负载时的场强畸变倍数分别为9.6倍、1.7倍,水膜缺陷内场强在两种运行条件下均急剧缩减为原来的99.9%以上;电缆中间接头存在气隙缺陷空载时的场强畸变倍数要大于负载时的场强畸变倍数,接头内外存在的温度梯度起到了一定的均匀电场作用;界面受潮在负载运行时的温度场促进了接头内空间电荷积累,从而引起水膜缺陷处的场强畸变倍数较空载时的场强畸变倍数更大;相比于交流电缆,直流电缆中间接头存在缺陷导致的场强畸变倍数更大。

电缆中间接头  /  直流  /  界面缺陷  /  电场分布

To investigate the impact of interface air gap and moisture defects on the multilayer composite dielectric insulation interface of ±320 kV DC cable intermediate joints on their electric field distribution mechanism, a simulation model of ±320 kV DC cable intermediate joint was built, and the electric field distribution of the cable joint with air gap and moisture defects on the multilayer composite dielectric interface region was calculated using the finite element method. The effect of these defects on the electric field distribution of the cable joint were analyzed at no load and load conditions, and their differences under AC/DC electric fields were discussed. The results show that there is significant electric field distortion at the composite dielectric interface of the DC cable joint due to air gap and moisture defects under the action of DC electric field. The multiple of electric field distortion of air gap defects is 9.6 times at no load and 1.7 times at load condition. The electric field strength in the water film defects decrease over 99.9% at both operating conditions. Interestingly, the electric field distortion induced by air gap defects in cable joints at no load is larger than that at load condition, and the temperature differentials across the joint play a role in field homogenization. However, the temperature differentials across the joint induced by moisture at load promote the accumulation of space charge in the joint, which leading to the multiple of electric field distortion at moisture defect bigger than than at no load. Notably, the multiple of electric field distortion resulting from defects in DC cable intermediate joint is bigger than that of AC cables.

cable intermediate joint  /  DC  /  interfacial defects  /  electric field distribution
奚锐, 张亚, 程明亮, 詹陶, 曹亮, 何高辉, 桂银刚, 唐超. 界面气隙缺陷及受潮对±320 kV直流电缆中间接头电场分布的影响. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (1) : 97 -108 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.012
Rui XI, Ya ZHANG, Mingliang CHENG, Tao ZHAN, Liang CAO, Gaohui HE, Yingang GUI, Chao TANG. Influence of interfacial air gap defects and moisture on electric field distribution in intermediate joint of ±320 kV DC cables[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (1) : 97 -108 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.012
由于我国能源地区性分布不均匀,伴随着电力系统的发展,电力电缆在输配电系统中取得了广泛的应用[1-2]。电缆中间接头在输配电系统中起着衔接、过渡的作用,是保障输配电系统安全可靠运行的重要组成部分[3-4]。电缆中间接头由于为多层电介质复合结构,在实际安装过程中,受安装环境、生产或安装工艺以及运行过程等影响,电缆中间接头极易混入气隙、杂质以及水分等缺陷,容易造成电场集中,在强电场下发生局部放电或电树枝放电,直至绝缘击穿,引起大范围的电气事故,严重影响电力系统安全稳定运行[5-8]。同时由于存在应力集中和复合界面效应,电缆中间接头是输配电系统中绝缘性能最为薄弱的环节[9-10]。因此,探究电缆中间接头缺陷对其电场分布的影响具有非常重要的工程意义。
长期以来,国内外学者对电缆中间接头存在的缺陷类型及缺陷对绝缘性能的影响高度关注,包括电缆中间接头在潮湿条件下的测试或修复、存在缺陷后电气性能的变化规律等,并取得了丰硕的研究成果。赵健军等[4]通过建立10 kV电缆中间接头模型,仿真计算绝缘老化前后交联聚乙烯-硅橡胶(XLPE-SIR)复合界面处存在导电杂质、划痕以及水分3种缺陷时的电场分布。刘刚等[11]通过建立10 kV T型电缆终端接头模型,研究XLPE-SIR绝缘层界面存在气隙缺陷时的电场及温度场特性。谢坤等[12]通过对退役110 kV电缆附件绝缘的材料特性、热学性能、介电性能和陷阱分布特性进行了测试和分析,发现电缆附件的介电性能受材料理化性能的影响显著。洪浚轩等[13]通过对110 kV电缆外半导体层断口与线芯压接口间的主绝缘表面受潮情况进行仿真,发现受潮位置电场发生畸变,场强增大24倍以上。但是目前大部分研究主要集中在交流电缆附件,国外关于直流电缆及其附件的研究主要包括电缆中间接头的设计和材料的选择[14]、水分检测技术以及电缆中间接头内部水分对电缆性能的影响等方面[15-16]。而国内关于直流电缆及其附件的研究起步较晚,缺乏相关理论研究与运行经验。因此,有必要针对高压直流电缆附件的运行条件,研究直流电缆中间接头界面缺陷对其电场分布的影响。
本文采用有限元仿真分析软件建立±320 kV直流电缆中间接头仿真模型,分别求解空载和负载运行条件下电缆中间接头的电场分布特性,对比分析复合介质绝缘界面区域存在水膜、气隙等缺陷对直流电缆中间接头内部电场的影响规律,以期为±320 kV直流电缆中间接头缺陷故障诊断提供支撑,进而提高电力系统运行的可靠性和安全性。
现阶段直流电缆主绝缘通常为交联聚乙烯(XLPE),中间接头的绝缘材料为硅橡胶(SIR)[17]。本文以±320 kV XLPE绝缘电缆系统为研究对象,采用有限元仿真分析软件建立±320 kV直流电缆中间接头物理等效模型。采用的整体预制式电缆中间接头为单一预制橡胶绝缘件,其内径有较大的过盈配合,以保证橡胶绝缘件具有较大的断裂伸长率以及较低的应力松弛度,主要包括增强绝缘屏蔽、应力锥、增强绝缘以及高压屏蔽等结构[18]。电缆与中间接头的具体尺寸如下:电缆铜导体线芯外径为52.6 mm,内屏蔽层外径为57.6 mm,厚度为2.5 mm;XLPE绝缘层外径为105.6 mm,厚度为24 mm;绝缘屏蔽外径为108.6 mm,厚度为1.5 mm;电缆中间接头的长度为1 000 mm,高度为300 mm,高压屏蔽层长度为400 mm[19-20]。依据上述数据建立电缆中间接头轴对称结构模型如图1所示,本文对其1/4模型进行仿真分析,即图1中红色方框框选部分。
单片水膜用宽为5 mm、厚度为0.2 mm的片状进行模拟,位于XLPE绝缘层外侧,由于XLPE表面是亲水性的,其接触角低于90°,因此本文设置其角度为75°[21],具体尺寸如图2所示。
为了方便进行对比分析,气隙物理模型参数设置与水膜保持一致,其位置在应力锥根部与连接金具界面的中线处,距离应力锥根部125 mm。
根据电磁场理论,恒定电流场方程的麦克斯韦方程的微分形式如式(1)所示22
× H = J ; B = 0 × E = 0 ; J = 0
式(1)中: H为磁场强度,A/m; J为电流密度矢量, A/m2 B为磁感应强度,T; E为电场强度,V/m。
在直流电缆中间接头绝缘中, J E J e的关系如式(2)所示。
J = γ E + J e
式(2)中:γ为介质的电导率,S/m; J e为外部注入电流密度,A/m2
式(2)代入(1),可得式(3)
× H = γ E + J e
矢量计算公式如式(4)所示。
× H = 0
由式(3)、(4)可得到式(5)
( γ E + J e ) = 0
因此,在恒定电流场中,界面处的电场分布主要取决于绝缘材料XLPE、SIR的电导率。
为求解电缆中间接头在稳定运行过程中的电场分布情况,采用电-热耦合方法,物理场耦合计算公式如式(6)~(7)所示。
ρ C P u T = ( k T ) + Q e
Q e = J E
式(6)~(7)中: Q e为电磁热源,W/m3ρ为密度, kg/m3C p为恒压热容,J/(kg·K); u为固体传热的速度矢量,m/s;k为导热系数,W/(m·K);T为温度,K。
±320 kV直流电缆中间接头的设计需考虑空间电荷对其场强分布的影响,在忽略注入电荷的影响下,其绝缘界面的空间电荷密度计算公式如式(8)所示[23]
σ = ( ε 2 γ 1 - ε 1 γ 2 ) U ( γ 1 l n r 2 r 1 + γ 2 l n r i r 1 ) r i
式(8)中:σ为介质界面空间电荷密度;r 1为XLPE内半径;r 2为硅脂层外半径;U为电缆运行电压;ε 1 、ε 2分别表示XLPE和硅脂的相对介电常数;γ 1 、γ 2分别表示XLPE和硅脂的电导率;r i为绝缘界面处的半径。
高压直流电缆在运行过程中,铜导体的发热情况会间接导致电缆中间接头产生温度梯度的现象。两种绝缘材料的电导率γ与温度和场强的关系符合式(9) [24-25]
γ = A e x p ( - φ q k B T ) s i n h ( 10 6 B E ) 10 6 E
式(9)中:A为与材料有关的常数,V/(Ω∙m2);φ为活化能,eV;q为电子电荷量,C;k B为玻尔兹曼常数, J/K;T为材料温度,K;B为电场系数,m/V; E为场强,kV/mm。
两种绝缘材料的电导率相关参数见表1
根据公式(9)表1参数26,可以得到直流绝缘材料电导率γ(XLPE)、γ(SIR)与温度和场强的关系。
电缆及中间接头材料的电、热性能参数如表2所示[20,27-30]
铜导体上温度取电缆负荷平均温度约为338.15 K(65℃),环境温度设置为298.15 K(25℃)[19]。导体上施加的直流电压为±320 kV,增强绝缘屏蔽的电势设为0,由于应力锥与电缆绝缘半导电层紧密接触,可以认为它们的电势均为0。
为便于对仿真结果进行分析,图3标注了电缆中间接头轴向截线L1和径向截线L2:轴向截线L1起始位置为应力锥根部,终末位置为金属连接管端面,以靠近导体中心连接处的方向为正向;径向截线L2的位置在XLPE-SIR复合界面的中心点处,方向为电缆中间接头铜导体至增强绝缘屏蔽层。
直流电缆中间接头在空载运行条件下电场与电荷分布如图4所示。从图4(a)(b)可以看出,直流电缆中间接头在应力锥根部位置处的场强最大,达到了41.9 kV/mm。中间接头中XLPE层与SIR层的平均场强低于电缆本体XLPE层。在中间接头硅脂层内的场强明显高于硅脂附近XLPE与SIR承受的场强。产生该现象的原因主要是,在径向上电导率和场强的关系满足式(10)
γ 1 E 1 n = γ 2 E 2 n
式(10)中, E 1n E 2n中n的方向为分界面的法向方向。
在空载运行条件下,硅脂的电导率低于硅脂附近XLPE、SIR的电导率,导致硅脂层承受的场强较大。
进一步分析电缆中间接头在绝缘界面轴向与径向上的场强分布,结果如图4(c)所示。在XLPE-硅脂分界面上即截线L1上的电场在应力锥根部处达到最大值,约为38.2 kV/mm,而场强最小处靠近高压屏蔽管,约为1.8 kV/mm。随着与应力锥根部距离的增加,截线L1上的电场呈现减小的趋势。在靠近高压屏蔽管周围,电场又出现了小幅度的增大,场强达到7.3 kV/mm。这是由于在高压屏蔽管的端部,屏蔽管的位置高出连接金具,电位随空间位置的变化速率加快,因此出现局部电场强度增大。从径向上来看,在空载运行条件下,截线L2上XLPE层内的场强数值变化较小,约从4.0 kV/mm减小到3.9 kV/mm。硅脂层的场强最大,达到11.9 kV/mm。SIR层的场强由内而外逐渐减小,约从4.2 kV/mm减小到1.8 kV/mm。
XLPE-硅脂分界面即截线L1上的空间电荷密度分布如图4(d)所示。应力锥根部位置空间电荷密度最大,以负电荷为主,空间电荷密度为3.1 C/m3。其余位置以正电荷为主,且随着与应力锥根部距离的增加,截线L1上的空间电荷密度呈现减小的趋势。在靠近高压屏蔽管附近,电荷密度有小幅度的增大。这是由于绝缘界面电荷的极性与电导率及相对介电常数较高介质侧的电极极性相同[24],外屏蔽层的电导率和相对介电常数高于XLPE层,因此在应力锥根部处其电荷极性与外屏蔽层侧极性相同,以负电荷为主;在XLPE-硅脂分界面其余位置,据式(8)知,空间电荷极性为正电荷,因此其余位置处电荷极性与XLPE层侧电极极性相同,以正电荷为主。
直流电缆中间接头在负载运行条件下的温度分布如图5所示。从图5可以看出,铜导体温度为65℃,XLPE层温度为54.29~65℃,SIR层温度为38.80~60.90℃,应力锥温度为44.18~54.84℃,电缆外护层温度为整个电缆中间接头温度最小的位置,其值为35.7℃。这是由于在增强绝缘屏蔽层外表面存在外部自然对流,电缆的整体温度沿着电缆径向逐渐降低。
直流电缆中间接头在负载运行条件下的电场与电荷分布如图6所示。由图6(a)(b)可以看出,在负载运行条件下的电场分布趋势和空载下基本一致,接头内部电场集中于应力锥侧,场强最大值为453 kV/mm,约为空载运行条件下的10.8倍。硅脂层的场强远大于硅脂层附近XLPE层、SIR层内承受的场强。
图6(c)进一步可以看出,在XLPE-硅脂分界面即截线L1上,靠近应力锥根部位置的场强相较于空载时变大,其值为46.7 kV/mm。其余位置场强相较于空载时均变小,在高压屏蔽管附近的场强减小至2.5 kV/mm,这是因为温度场会影响绝缘层材料的电导率。在截线L2上,XLPE、SIR层的场强值略大于空载时;XLPE层存在的温度梯度为6℃,其内外场强差为0.8 kV/mm,而SIR层存在的温度梯度为12℃,其内外场强差为1.2 kV/mm。研究表明,温度梯度的大小是影响直流电缆电场反转程度的主要因素。因此,XLPE层与SIR层存在的温度梯度引起了中间接头各层介质电场反转。硅脂内场强最大达到139.1 kV/mm。分析认为,在温度场和电场的共同作用下,XLPE和SIR的电导率比空载时显著提高。硅脂层附近XLPE和SIR承受的场强与空载时基本一致,由式(10)可知,在XLPE和SIR的电导率都增大了一个数量级、硅脂电导率基本不变的条件下,硅脂内部的场强较空载时增大了约10.7倍。
图6(d)为直流电缆中间接头负载运行条件下在截线L1上的空间电荷密度。从图6(d)可以看出,负载运行时的电荷极性、曲线变化趋势与空载时表现一致。在应力锥根部以负电荷为主,其余位置以正电荷为主。直流电缆中间接头在应力锥根部位置周围空间电荷密度最大,其值为34.8 C/m3,明显大于空载时相同位置处的空间电荷密度值。这一现象表明直流场下温度梯度对电缆中间接头界面处空间电荷的积累有促进作用。在高压屏蔽管周围的空间密度积累相较于空载时减小,这可能是由于XLPE电导率随温度的升高而增大,根据式(8)可知,XLPE电导率的增大直接影响了界面处空间电荷的积累量。
直流电缆中间接头存在气隙缺陷情况下,其空载运行时的电场与电荷分布如图7所示。由图7(a)(b)可以看出,除去硅脂涂抹不均匀造成的气隙缺陷处,电缆中间接头与无缺陷中间接头空载时内部电场分布规律大致相同。
图7(c)可以看出,在XLPE-硅脂复合界面气隙缺陷处,由于其端面位置与XLPE界面接触位置曲率半径较小,场强随之增大。同时,气隙附近场强出现“中间低、两边高”的现象,其畸变倍数约为无缺陷电缆中间接头空载时相同位置处的3.5倍。气隙处的场强最大值达到114 kV/mm,畸变倍数约为9.6倍,显著大于无缺陷电缆中间接头空载运行时相同位置处的场强。导致该现象的原因是气隙的电导率小于硅脂的电导率,根据式(10),气隙缺陷内承受的场强更大。
为了进一步分析气隙缺陷处场强出现的“中间低、两边高”这一现象,作出了截线L1上空间电荷密度分布,如图7(d)所示。由于在气隙缺陷两侧界面处积累的空间电荷量较多,使得气隙缺陷两侧界面处场强发生严重畸变。
直流电缆中间接头存在气隙缺陷情况下,其负载运行时的电场与电荷分布如图8所示。对图8(a)(b)分析发现,除气隙处,其电场变化情况与无缺陷电缆中间接头负载运行条件下的电场分布规律总体一致。
图8(c)可以看出,在XLPE-硅脂分界面即截线L1上,气隙附近场强最大值为6.1 kV/mm,其畸变倍数为2.8倍,小于电缆中间接头存在气隙缺陷空载时的场强畸变倍数。引起这一现象的原因是在温度场的影响下,XLPE、SIR的电导率增大。从径向上看,由于气隙的电导率受温度场影响较小,而XLPE、SIR电导率增大,根据式(10),气隙缺陷承受的场强较空载时进一步增大,最大值约为234.2 kV/mm,分别是无缺陷电缆中间接头负载运行、电缆中间接头带气隙缺陷空载运行时相同位置处的1.7倍和2.1倍。负载时气隙缺陷处的畸变倍数减小,其原因为温度对XLPE、SIR绝缘材料电导率的影响较大,温度的升高导致绝缘材料的电导率增大,降低了分界面处绝缘材料承受的场强,从而在宏观上表现为电场分布相对更为均匀。
截线L1上的空间电荷密度与电缆中间接头带气隙缺陷在空载运行条件下的变化趋势基本一致,如图8(d)所示,在气隙缺陷附近空间电荷密度分布也出现“中间低、两边高”的现象。
直流电缆中间接头绝缘界面受潮时在空载运行条件下的电场与电荷分布如图9所示。从图9(a)(b)可以看出,与气隙缺陷形成的电场分布云图变化情况一致,除水膜位置外,其电场分布情况与直流电缆中间接头空载运行时的电场大小一致。在水膜缺陷内部,其场强数值接近于0。
图9(c)可以看出,在XLPE-硅脂分界面即截线L1上,如前文所述,由于水膜的存在导致物质结构发生改变,形成新的界面,造成电荷积聚,导致水膜缺陷处的场强增大至13.9 kV/mm,畸变倍数约为无缺陷电缆中间接头相同位置处的3.9倍。从径向上看即截线L2,由于水膜的电导率远大于XLPE、SIR的电导率,据式(10)可知,水膜内部承受的场强急剧减小99.9%以上,其值为3.6×10-7 kV/mm。
分析截线L1上的空间电荷特性,结果如图9(d)所示。从图9(d)可以看出,除水膜位置外,空间电荷密度与直流电缆空载运行时大小一致。针对XLPE与水膜分界面空间电荷特性,由于水膜的电导率和相对介电常数较大,界面电荷极性与水膜侧的电极极性相同,以负电荷为主,空间电荷密度最大值为1.5 C/m3,水膜附近空间电荷积聚是其场强畸变的重要因素。
直流电缆中间接头绝缘界面受潮时在负载运行条件下的电场与电荷分布如图10所示。由图10(a)(b)可以看出,绝缘界面受潮在两种运行条件下的电场畸变规律大致相同,相较于无缺陷直流电缆中间接头负载运行条件下的最大场强位置发生改变,最大场强位于水膜上弯曲表面与硅脂接触的尖端位置,其值为886 kV/mm,水膜内部的场强相对于硅脂的场强急剧减小。
图10(c)所示,在XLPE-硅脂分界面即截线L1上,水膜缺陷附近场强最大值为20.5 kV/mm,相对于空载运行条件,水膜缺陷附近的电场畸变倍数达到9.3倍。从径向上看即截线L2,水膜内部的场强也急剧减小99.9%以上,最小值为6.8×10-6 kV/mm。相较于空载运行条件下的水膜内场强3.6×10-7 kV/mm,负载运行条件下由于温度升高,导致电缆中间接头各介质的电导率也随之增大,最终表现为水膜内部的场强增大。
电缆中间接头绝缘界面受潮后的空间电荷密度分布如图10(d)所示。从图10(d)可以看出,其空间电荷极性与电缆中间接头空载时水膜-XLPE界面极性相同,水膜与硅脂分界面上空间电荷最大值为6.0 C/m3,相较于空载时水膜与硅脂分界面上空间电荷密度最大值1.5 C/m3更大,这可能是导致电缆中间接头绝缘界面受潮在负载运行条件下的场强畸变较空载时更大的原因。
交/直流XLPE电缆运行特性和绝缘特性的显著差异主要是由绝缘介质微观载流子在交流电场与直流电场下的响应不同造成的[31]。目前由于直流电缆的大规模敷设,在倡导节约资源以及技术发展的影响下,越来越多的研究致力于对传统交流电缆进行直流化改造,并且通过总结交流电缆运行经验来丰富直流电缆缺陷检测的理论研究[31-32]。因此,有必要对XLPE电缆在两种电场运行条件下,电缆中间接头存在缺陷时的电场畸变程度进行讨论。
目前已有学者针对交流电缆中间接头存在多种缺陷时的电场分布情况进行了探讨,将目前已有的研究成果与本文两种运行条件下电缆中间接头存在缺陷时的电场畸变倍数进行对比分析,结果如表3所示[33-35]
表3可知,由于交流XLPE电缆中间接头一般在工频电压下运行,其可视为准静态电场,缺陷周围的场强主要受缺陷相对介电常数的影响。直流电缆与交流电缆区别较大,电场分布主要受场强与电导率的影响。10、35、110 kV的交流电缆由于其中间接头存在气隙引起的电场畸变倍数分别为1.33倍、1.22倍、1.57倍,直流电缆在负载运行条件下,气隙缺陷内部导致电缆中间接头引起的电场畸变倍数为1.68倍。交/直流电缆中间接头产生气隙缺陷均会导致局部场强增大,但气隙缺陷在直流电缆中间接头引起的电场畸变程度相较于交流电缆更大,这是由于气隙缺陷的电导率相较于相对介电常数变化程度更大。
交流电缆由于其中间接头存在水膜缺陷引起的电场畸变倍数为2倍,由前文所述,直流电缆中间接头在负载运行条件下水膜缺陷周围场强增大9.3倍,水膜缺陷内局部场强减小99.9%以上。在交流电场作用下,由于电介质的场强 E与其ε成反比,而水膜的相对介电常数较大,导致水膜缺陷内部场强为正常时的20%~60%。在直流电场作用下,由于电介质的场强 E与其电导率γ成反比,且水膜的电导率较大,同样造成水膜缺陷内部场强急剧缩小99.9%以上。交/直流电缆中间接头产生水膜缺陷均会导致其缺陷周围的局部场强增大,而缺陷内部的局部场强减小。
由此可见,在直流电场作用下,由于电力电缆存在缺陷导致局部场强畸变程度相较于交流电场更大,这是由于电缆中间接头侵入缺陷的电导率相较于相对介电常数变化程度更大,缺陷周围空间电荷聚集更多,进而造成电缆加速老化、产生故障。因此,在直流电缆运维过程中需要更加关注中间接头中可能产生的缺陷。
本文针对±320 kV直流电缆中间接头在生产、制造、安装及运行过程中极易受到气隙、水分等物质侵入形成缺陷引起电场畸变的现象,基于空载与负载两种运行条件下分别对电缆中间接头的电场畸变程度进行仿真分析,得到如下结论:
(1)在两种运行条件下,气隙、水分等物质侵入均会对电缆中间接头电场分布引起畸变。气隙侵入电缆中间接头会使其局部场强增大,相较于电缆无缺陷运行时的相同位置处,空载时其内部畸变倍数为9.6倍,周围畸变倍数为3.5倍;负载时其内部畸变倍数为1.7倍,周围畸变倍数为2.8倍。水分侵入使其缺陷内局部场强减小,周围局部场强增大,在两种运行条件下,水膜缺陷内局部场强减小99.9%以上,场强大小接近于0;水膜缺陷周围局部场强在空载、负载运行条件下的畸变倍数分别为3.9倍、9.3倍。
(2)温度场对电缆中间接头绝缘界面存在气隙缺陷、受潮引起的畸变作用不一致。电缆中间接头绝缘界面存在气隙缺陷的情况下,温度场起到了均匀电场的作用,电缆中间接头气隙缺陷处在空载运行条件下的场强畸变程度比负载时更大。电缆中间接头绝缘界面存在受潮的情况下,温度场促进了空间电荷积累,导致水膜缺陷处的场强畸变程度较空载时更大。
(3)与交流电缆相比,直流电缆在受到外部缺陷侵入之后引起的电场畸变程度更大,危害程度也相对更大,因此应更加关注中间接头的缺陷状态。
  • 重庆市自然科学基金资助项目(sl202100000470)
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2025年第58卷第1期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.012
  • 接收时间:2024-02-29
  • 首发时间:2025-11-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-29
  • 修回日期:2024-04-24
基金
重庆市自然科学基金资助项目(sl202100000470)
作者信息
    1.西南大学 工程技术学院,重庆 400715
    2.重庆泰山电缆有限公司,重庆 401125

通讯作者:

唐超(1981-),男(汉族),四川自贡人,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为智能电网(配电网)新技术。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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