Article(id=1192878363690811716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1192878363166523716, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1704384000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-05, revisedDate=1710086400000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762333964512, onlineDateStr=2025-11-05, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762333964512, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762333964512, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762333964512, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192878363166523716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762333964387, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762334342663, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192879949821395698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1192878363166523716, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192879949821395699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1192878363166523716, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192878363871166790, articleId=1192878363690811716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on electrical ageing performance of XLPE insulating material under low frequency voltage, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the development and construction of offshore wind power, cross-linked polyethylene cables are gradually used in low-frequency power transmission. However, their insulation characteristics after ageing at low-frequency voltage are still unclear. So the insulation characteristics and ageing mechanism of cross-linked polyethylene after ageing at low frequency were studied in this paper. Firstly, cross-linked polyethylene samples were conducted accelerated ageing experiments at voltage frequencies of 20, 35, 50 Hz. Then, the physicochemical and electrical properties of the ageing samples were tested. Finally, the mechanism of voltage frequency on the electrical ageing of cross-linked polyethylene was investigated. The results show that with the decrease of the ageing voltage frequency, the crystallinity of cross-linked polyethylene decreases, the space charge accumulation and conductivity increase, and the AC electric strength decreases. The decrease of voltage frequency makes the ageing degree increase significantly. Combined with the infrared spectroscopy and crystallinity analysis, the decrease of voltage frequency makes the probability of charge into trap and forming hot electron be higher, the electroluminescence effect caused by electron-hole composite is stronger, which causes the increase of polymer molecular chain breakage and cleavage, and then its electric strength is reduced.

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随着远海风电的开发与建设,交联聚乙烯电缆被逐步应用于低频输电,然而其在低频电压下的绝缘老化特性尚不明确,因此本文对交联聚乙烯在低频老化后的绝缘特性及老化机制进行研究。首先对交联聚乙烯开展20、35、50 Hz电压频率的加速老化实验,然后对老化后的试样进行理化及电气性能测试,最后探究电压频率对交联聚乙烯电老化的影响机制。结果表明:随着电压频率的降低,交联聚乙烯的结晶度下降,空间电荷积聚量和电导率上升,交流电气强度下降,即电压频率降低使老化程度显著提高。结合红外光谱和结晶度分析,电压频率降低使得电荷入陷形成热电子的概率更大,电子和空穴复合引起的电致发光效应更强,从而引起聚合物分子链断链裂解程度增加,进而降低其电气强度。

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周远翔(1966-),男(汉族),福建莆田人,教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的教学与科研工作;

黄继宇(1997-),男(汉族),安徽宿州人,硕士生,主要从事低频电缆绝缘材料特性的研究。

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周远翔(1966-),男(汉族),福建莆田人,教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的教学与科研工作;

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周远翔(1966-),男(汉族),福建莆田人,教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的教学与科研工作;

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黄继宇(1997-),男(汉族),安徽宿州人,硕士生,主要从事低频电缆绝缘材料特性的研究。

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黄继宇(1997-),男(汉族),安徽宿州人,硕士生,主要从事低频电缆绝缘材料特性的研究。

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State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power Systems and Generation Equipment, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193252955068526709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878363690811716, companyId=1193252955055943795, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.清华大学 电机工程与应用电子技术系电力系统及大型发电设备安全控制和仿真国家重点实验室,北京 100084)])]), Author(id=1193252956108714135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878363690811716, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1193252956180017305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878363690811716, authorId=1193252956108714135, language=EN, stringName=Xin HUANG, firstName=Xin, middleName=null, lastName=HUANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2. 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State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power Systems and Generation Equipment, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193252955068526709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878363690811716, companyId=1193252955055943795, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.清华大学 电机工程与应用电子技术系电力系统及大型发电设备安全控制和仿真国家重点实验室,北京 100084)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1193252956486201507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878363690811716, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=low frequency ageing), Keyword(id=1193252956553310373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878363690811716, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=submarine cables), Keyword(id=1193252956628807849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878363690811716, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=cross-linked polyethylene), Keyword(id=1193252956674945195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878363690811716, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=insulation degradation), Keyword(id=1193252956733665453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878363690811716, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=低频老化), Keyword(id=1193252956804968623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878363690811716, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=海底电缆), Keyword(id=1193252956855300275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878363690811716, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=交联聚乙烯), Keyword(id=1193252956909826229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878363690811716, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=绝缘劣化)], refs=[Reference(id=1193252959589986548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878363690811716, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=36, issue=1, pageStart=15, pageEnd=19, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=王秀丽, 张小亮, 宁联辉, journalName=电力工程技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王秀丽,张小亮,宁联辉,等.分频输电在海上风电并网应用中的前景和挑战[J].电力工程技术,2017,36(1):15-19., articleTitle=分频输电在海上风电并网应用中的前景和挑战, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1193252959652901110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878363690811716, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=36, issue=1, pageStart=15, pageEnd=19, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=WANG Xiuli, ZHANG Xiaoliang, NING Lianhui, journalName=Electric Power Engineering Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= WANG Xiuli, ZHANG Xiaoliang, NING Lianhui, et al. 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老化时间/d 0 3 9 15
熔融焓/(J/g) 110.3 104.6 101.9 100.0
结晶度/% 38.39 36.40 35.47 34.80
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20 Hz电压下老化XLPE的结晶度

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老化时间/d 0 3 9 15
熔融焓/(J/g) 110.3 104.6 101.9 100.0
结晶度/% 38.39 36.40 35.47 34.80
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电压频率/Hz 50 35 20
熔融焓/(J/g) 107.3 106.4 100.0
结晶度/% 37.35 37.03 34.80
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不同电压频率老化处理15 d后XLPE的结晶度

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电压频率/Hz 50 35 20
熔融焓/(J/g) 107.3 106.4 100.0
结晶度/% 37.35 37.03 34.80
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低频电压下XLPE绝缘材料电老化性能研究
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周远翔 1, 2 , 黄继宇 1 , 陈健宁 2 , 姜贵敏 1, 2 , 黄欣 2
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2025,58(1): 1-10
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2025, 58(1): 1-10
低频电压下XLPE绝缘材料电老化性能研究
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周远翔1, 2, 黄继宇1, 陈健宁2, 姜贵敏1, 2, 黄欣2
作者信息
  • 1.新疆大学 电气工程学院电力系统及发电设备控制和仿真国家重点实验室风光储分室, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830047
  • 2.清华大学 电机工程与应用电子技术系电力系统及大型发电设备安全控制和仿真国家重点实验室,北京 100084
  • 周远翔(1966-),男(汉族),福建莆田人,教授,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的教学与科研工作;

    黄继宇(1997-),男(汉族),安徽宿州人,硕士生,主要从事低频电缆绝缘材料特性的研究。

Study on electrical ageing performance of XLPE insulating material under low frequency voltage
Yuanxiang ZHOU1, 2, Jiyu HUANG1, Jianning CHEN2, Guimin JIANG1, 2, Xin HUANG2
Affiliations
  • 1. The Wind Solar Storage Division of State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power System and Generation Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830047, China
  • 2. State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power Systems and Generation Equipment, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.001
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随着远海风电的开发与建设,交联聚乙烯电缆被逐步应用于低频输电,然而其在低频电压下的绝缘老化特性尚不明确,因此本文对交联聚乙烯在低频老化后的绝缘特性及老化机制进行研究。首先对交联聚乙烯开展20、35、50 Hz电压频率的加速老化实验,然后对老化后的试样进行理化及电气性能测试,最后探究电压频率对交联聚乙烯电老化的影响机制。结果表明:随着电压频率的降低,交联聚乙烯的结晶度下降,空间电荷积聚量和电导率上升,交流电气强度下降,即电压频率降低使老化程度显著提高。结合红外光谱和结晶度分析,电压频率降低使得电荷入陷形成热电子的概率更大,电子和空穴复合引起的电致发光效应更强,从而引起聚合物分子链断链裂解程度增加,进而降低其电气强度。

低频老化  /  海底电缆  /  交联聚乙烯  /  绝缘劣化

With the development and construction of offshore wind power, cross-linked polyethylene cables are gradually used in low-frequency power transmission. However, their insulation characteristics after ageing at low-frequency voltage are still unclear. So the insulation characteristics and ageing mechanism of cross-linked polyethylene after ageing at low frequency were studied in this paper. Firstly, cross-linked polyethylene samples were conducted accelerated ageing experiments at voltage frequencies of 20, 35, 50 Hz. Then, the physicochemical and electrical properties of the ageing samples were tested. Finally, the mechanism of voltage frequency on the electrical ageing of cross-linked polyethylene was investigated. The results show that with the decrease of the ageing voltage frequency, the crystallinity of cross-linked polyethylene decreases, the space charge accumulation and conductivity increase, and the AC electric strength decreases. The decrease of voltage frequency makes the ageing degree increase significantly. Combined with the infrared spectroscopy and crystallinity analysis, the decrease of voltage frequency makes the probability of charge into trap and forming hot electron be higher, the electroluminescence effect caused by electron-hole composite is stronger, which causes the increase of polymer molecular chain breakage and cleavage, and then its electric strength is reduced.

low frequency ageing  /  submarine cables  /  cross-linked polyethylene  /  insulation degradation
周远翔, 黄继宇, 陈健宁, 姜贵敏, 黄欣. 低频电压下XLPE绝缘材料电老化性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (1) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.001
Yuanxiang ZHOU, Jiyu HUANG, Jianning CHEN, Guimin JIANG, Xin HUANG. Study on electrical ageing performance of XLPE insulating material under low frequency voltage[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (1) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.001
随着风力发电技术日益成熟,开发深海风电成为未来新能源发展的趋势[1]。柔性低频输电为电能远距离输送提供了一种经济且极具竞争力的方案。与传统的工频输电和直流输电相比,低频输电提高了线路的传输功率与传输距离,降低了建设成本,对推进“碳达峰、碳中和”战略具有重要意义。2022年,世界首个35 kV/20 Hz柔性低频输电示范工程在浙江台州正式带电运行。低频海上风电系统的主要电气设备包括发电机、变压器、电缆等,运行频率的降低是否会对电气设备的绝缘性能与使用寿命产生影响鲜有报道。交联聚乙烯(cross-linked polyethylene,XLPE)具有许多优异性能,但是在运行过程中的强电场会破坏XLPE电缆绝缘的分子链,进而导致其绝缘性能下降,若XLPE内部存在气隙等缺陷,其还会导致电场畸变,严重威胁电缆的可靠运行[2]。然而,当前低频输电所用电缆多采用交流电缆,低频环境运行是否会影响交流XLPE电缆设计寿命以及低频环境运行下交流XLPE电缆的劣化特性尚未明确。
目前,国内外学者针对电缆绝缘在工频交流和直流电压下的劣化特性和机制开展了研究[3-10]。尹毅等[11]研究发现在聚乙烯的电老化过程中不仅存在因电荷复合引起的电致发光效应,还存在热电子效应,从而导致了XLPE大分子链的裂解。陈智勇等[12]研究了XLPE电缆在电老化下的劣化特性,结果表明在电应力作用下,XLPE的结晶度先上升后下降,热稳定性下降。刘云鹏等[5]研究了XLPE电缆切片经直流电老化后的空间电荷分布特性,结果表明虽然老化会增强空间电荷的积累,但直流电老化对绝缘材料的影响较小。王云杉[13]研究了交直流电压老化后聚乙烯的空间电荷特性,结果表明交流电压加速老化后聚乙烯的劣化比直流电压严重,交流电压老化后的空间电荷迁移率比直流电压老化后的高。CHEN G等[14]研究了交流电压老化后LDPE的空间电荷特性,结果表明在不同老化时间下,交流电压老化会改变试样的陷阱深度,并且老化时间越长,交流电场越大,空间电荷积聚总量越多,陷阱的深度也越深。张杰等[15]研究了电荷陷阱特性对XLPE材料电老化的影响,结果表明在XLPE电老化过程中,浅陷阱密度的增加会加速电老化进程,而深陷阱的存在则有助于抑制电老化。当前研究表明,电老化后绝缘材料的电气性能均表现为下降,其机理主要归结于在电场作用下,电致发光效应和热电子撞击聚合物的分子链,破坏了聚合物晶体结构。
随着直流输电、柔性输电技术的发展,国内外学者为进一步探明电压频率对XLPE材料老化特性的影响开展了研究。本课题组[16-17]研究了50 Hz~90 kHz电压频率对聚乙烯材料电树起树及其生长特性的影响,发现在1~90 kHz范围内起树电压先升高后下降,分析认为电压频率升高会引起电荷注入-抽出周期缩短,导致起树电压升高,当频率进一步升高时,材料疲劳效应占据主导,导致起树电压降低。Y L CHING等[18]研究表明,随着施加电压频率降低,未脱气XLPE试样中积聚的电荷量增加。刘云鹏等[19]探究了频率在20~50 Hz下电树枝的生长及局部放电特性,指出低频(20 Hz)下电树枝生长速度显著加快,局部放电量增加。由此可见,虽然在直流电压下XLPE绝缘的劣化相比工频交流电压更轻微,但在工频电压附近,随着电压频率降低,XLPE材料的电老化程度加剧。然而,已有研究大多围绕工频交流电压或直流电压作用下XLPE老化规律和电压频率对XLPE电树特性的影响开展,针对应用于海底电缆输电工程的20 Hz低频电压下XLPE绝缘特性的研究鲜有报道,针对低频电压(20~50 Hz)老化对XLPE理化性能与电气性能的影响及其机理缺乏研究。
因此,本文搭建工频至低频电老化平台,在20、35、50 Hz电压频率下对XLPE进行加速老化实验,对电老化后试样的红外光谱、结晶度等理化性能和空间电荷、直流电导、击穿电压等电气性能进行测试,结合实验结果与固体电介质理论分析电压频率对XLPE电老化的影响规律及机制。研究可为低频输电工程的设计、建设与运维提供参考,为电缆在低频运行下的可靠性提供实验与理论支撑。
本实验采用商用的35 kV XLPE电缆粒料,试样制备过程如下:首先取一定量的电缆粒料放入模具中,于平板硫化机上先预热1 min,使粒料充分熔融,然后在180℃和8 MPa的条件下交联15 min,冷却至常温后制得XLPE薄膜,厚度为(300±20)μm。最后将XLPE薄膜放入80℃真空干燥箱中真空处理24 h,以消除试样制备过程中产生的微水和交联副产物。
将试样放入平板电极[20]中进行加速电老化,以模拟电缆绝缘在不同频率电压作用下的老化过程。电极材料为黄铜,上下电极直径均为90 mm,厚度为20 mm。为防止老化过程中试样发生放电,对上下电极边缘采取倒圆角处理(半径为3 mm),将电极和试样置于绝缘油中防止闪络。
搭建电老化及局部放电监测平台对老化过程中的放电情况进行实时监测,以保证试样老化过程不受局部放电的影响,满足电缆绝缘实际运行需求。电老化及局部放电监测平台示意图如图1所示。
根据已有研究,可根据式(1)确定试验场强[21]
g = E / E b × 1.1
式(1)中:g为老化因子,通常取值为0.2~0.6;E b为试样平均电气强度;E为老化实验所施加的电场强度。
试样平均电气强度为77.3 kV/mm,实验选定老化因子为0.2~0.3,所加电场为25 kV/mm,实验温度为室温。
当电场应力单独作用时,多使用逆幂指数模型对电缆材料的寿命进行预测[22],如式(2)所示。
t = C E - n
式(2)中:t为试样在所加电场E下的绝缘寿命;C为常数;n为电老化寿命指数。
试验所用交流电缆料的预期寿命为35年,电老化时间可以按照式(3)进行计算。
t 2 = t 1 E 1 n 1 E 2 n 2
式(3)中:t 1为电缆正常工作电压的使用寿命;t 2为电缆在加速老化实验中的寿命;E 1E 2分别为电缆正常运行工况和电老化实验时绝缘材料所承受的电场;n 1n 2分别为电缆正常运行和电老化过程中的寿命指数。
研究表明,电缆在低电场作用下的寿命指数大于高电场作用下的寿命指数[23],基于实验所用35 kV电缆料,依据相关文献[24],选取n 1=14.4,n 2=12.4。当场强为最大运行场强的2.5倍时,根据式(3)可确定老化实验15 d对应电缆寿命末期。因此,本文在20、35、50 Hz 3个电压频率下将老化时间设为0、3、9、15 d,分别对应电缆实际投运前及运行寿命周期的前期、中期和末期。
老化试验结束后,将表面绝缘油充分漂洗后的试样放在烘箱中短路处理10 h,以消除试样内部残余的空间电荷。
通过差示扫描量热仪(DSC)表征材料内部结构的完整程度,为防止热历史对测试结果产生影响,对XLPE进行二次升温测试,选取第二次的升温曲线进行分析。测试温度为40~140℃,升温速率为10℃/min,测试环境为氮气气氛。
采用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)表征材料所含官能团的种类与含量,测试波数为4 500~400 cm-1
XLPE的空间电荷积聚和老化程度密切相关。电老化后,XLPE内部的小分子基团充当陷阱进而捕获空间电荷,因此本文采用空间电荷积聚情况来评估试样的老化程度。采用电声脉冲法(pulsed electro-acoustic,PEA)对试样进行空间电荷测试,选取的测试场强为-20 kV/mm,极化时间为60 min,每隔3 s采集一次数据,测试温度为室温。
电导电流表征材料内部带电粒子在电场作用下定向移动形成的传导电流,可以反映材料的绝缘性能。依据GB/T 31838.2—2019《固体绝缘材料介电和电阻特性》要求[25]对试样的电导率进行测试。采用的电导电流测量系统包括直流高压电源、Keithley 6517A静电计、三电极测量单元,电导电流通过中心电极经传输线连接到静电计上,以此测量试样的体电流,中心电极直径为30 mm。为防止表面电流干扰,将环电极接地。测试电场为10 kV/mm,测试温度为室温。试样电导电流在加压20 min时已基本达到稳态,因此取第20 min时的电导电流来计算试样的电导率。重复2次测试,若结果相差较大,则增加第3个试样作为补充。根据电导电流数据,电导率(σ)可以根据式(4)计算。
σ = I / ( E σ S )
式(4)中:S为中心电极面积,m2I为电导电流,A;Eσ为外施电场强度,V/m。
电气强度可以表示材料耐受电场作用的能力。依据GB/T 1408.1—2016《绝缘材料电气强度实验方法》要求[26]进行工频击穿测试。电极为球板电极,上电极是直径为20 mm的球电极,下电极是直径为25 mm的板电极。测试时,控制电源升压速率为500 V/s,上、下电极及试样均浸泡在变压器油中,防止试样沿面放电和闪络,测试温度为室温。测量击穿点的厚度,计算交流电气强度,最后采用Weibull分布进行统计分析。
本文对不同电压频率下老化处理后的试样进行了DSC测试。由于不同电压频率老化处理后的试样DSC曲线变化趋势一致,选取低频20 Hz电压老化处理后的试样用来分析,绘制了如图2所示的DSC曲线。
图2可以看出,未老化试样的熔融峰峰值温度为100.2℃,老化3 d后试样的熔融峰峰值温度为99.2℃,老化9 d后试样的熔融峰峰值温度为98.6℃,老化15 d后试样的熔融峰峰值温度为98.2℃,即熔融峰峰值温度随老化时间增加稍有降低,且熔融峰面积变窄。此外由图2可知,随着老化时间增加,熔融峰起始温度和终止温度都有所降低,XLPE试样的起始温度由未老化时的91.2℃降低到老化15 d后的88.3℃,终止温度由未老化时的103.4℃降低到老化15 d后的102.2℃。而熔融峰起始温度和终止温度分别包含了试样内部小分子链和大分子链的相关信息,特征温度的升高表示相关的分子链含量增多[27-28],由此可知,随着老化时间的增加,XLPE的分子链发生了断裂,导致试样的大分子链和小分子链含量有所降低。
为对电老化后试样大分子链的断裂情况进行定量分析,通过DSC曲线对XLPE试样的结晶度进行计算以表征试样的老化程度。结晶度越高,说明材料内部结构越完整;结晶度越低,则说明材料内部大分子链被破坏,老化越严重。结晶度可由式(5)计算。
X = Δ H Δ H 0 × 100 %
式(5)中:X为结晶度;ΔH为熔融焓;ΔH 0为结晶度100%时的熔融焓,取值为287.3 J/g[29]
XLPE老化后的熔融焓及结晶度如表1所示。
表1可以看出,随着老化时间的增加,XLPE的结晶度逐渐降低。在20 Hz电压下老化15 d后的XLPE结晶度相较于未老化试样下降了9.4%,即试样中的大分子链已出现相当数量的断裂,材料性能开始出现劣化。
不同电压频率老化处理15 d后XLPE的DSC曲线如图3所示,对应的结晶度计算结果如表2所示。由图3可知,随着老化电压频率的降低,熔融峰峰值温度有所降低,并且熔融峰值降低。从表2可以看出,相同老化天数下XLPE的结晶度随着老化电压频率下降而降低,20 Hz电压老化15 d后XLPE的结晶度相较于50 Hz电压老化15 d下降了6.8%。以上结果综合表明,老化电压频率的降低会使XLPE老化更显著,大分子链破坏更严重。
由于不同电压频率老化处理后试样的红外光谱变化趋势相似,本文选取20 Hz电压老化处理后的试样用来分析,20 Hz电压老化后XLPE的红外光谱如图4所示。从图4可以看出,XLPE的特征峰主要有720、1 460、2 850、2 920 cm-1附近的亚甲基特征峰。同时,在1 100、1 600、1 730 cm-1附近可以观察到不太明显的醚键特征峰、碳碳双键特征峰、羰基特征峰[30]。以波数为2 920 cm-1处的亚甲基特征峰为例,可以看出随着老化时间的增加,亚甲基的特征峰有所增强。在电应力的作用下,XLPE分子末端或支链末端甲基上的C-H键最先断裂,导致亚甲基数量增多[31]。以上结果表明,随着老化时间的增加,XLPE的分子链结构破坏趋于严重。
不同电压频率老化15 d后XLPE的红外光谱如图5所示。从图5可以看出,低频20 Hz电压老化15 d试样的红外光谱在1 600 cm-1处开始出现了碳碳双键特征峰,而50 Hz电压老化下则没有此特征峰。在低频20 Hz电压作用下,XLPE分子出现了少量C-C键的断裂,C-C键断裂处形成自由基,部分自由基发生脱氢反应,生成了碳碳双键[32]。以上结果表明,老化电压频率降低会使部分C-C键断裂,XLPE老化更严重。
未经老化处理试样的空间电荷分布如图6所示。由于20、35、50 Hz电压老化处理后试样的空间电荷分布变化趋势一致,本文选取低频20 Hz电压老化处理后XLPE的空间电荷分布情况进行分析,空间电荷积聚随时间变化规律通过箭头标注,如图7所示。
图6图7可知,随着极化时间的增加,未经老化处理的试样内部只有少量的同极性电荷积聚,而经老化处理后的试样内部出现了异极性电荷积聚,且随着老化时间的增加,试样内部异极性电荷积聚越明显。
可从空间电荷测试结果提取相关特征参量以评价电缆绝缘材料的老化程度,本文采用老化前后试样的空间电荷积聚总量进行老化评估。图8为不同频率电压老化15 d后试样极化过程中空间电荷的总电荷量随时间的变化规律。从图8可以看出,随着极化时间的增加,试样内空间电荷积聚量逐渐增加。随着老化电压频率下降,老化15 d的试样空间电荷积聚总量逐渐升高。老化试样极化3 600 s的空间电荷总量由50 Hz电压下的1.51×10-4 C/m增加到20 Hz电压下的2.37×10-4 C/m。以上结果表明,老化电压频率下降,小分子解离形成的异极性空间电荷增多,老化程度更严重。
对不同电压频率老化不同时间的XLPE试样的直流电导率进行测试,结果如图9所示。从图9可以看出,在任何电压频率下,随着老化时间的增加,XLPE试样的电导率均会增加。在相同的老化时间下,随着老化电压频率的降低,电导率有一定程度升高。未经老化处理的试样电导率为2.67×10-15 S/m,经20、35、50 Hz电压频率老化15 d后的试样电导率分别增至5.46×10-14、4.83×10-14、2.19×10-14 S/m,低频20 Hz老化处理15 d后的试样电导率较工频50 Hz处理相同时间的试样增加了149.3%。以上结果表明,老化电压频率降低会使XLPE的电导率增大,材料的绝缘性能下降。
对不同电压频率老化后的试样进行交流击穿测试,获得电气强度Weibull分布的尺度参数,即交流击穿概率为63.2%时的电气强度,如图10所示。
图10可以看出,随着老化时间的增加,不同电压频率处理后XLPE的交流电气强度逐渐下降,其中20 Hz电压老化下电气强度下降最明显,而50 Hz电压老化下电气强度只有小幅降低。未经老化处理的XLPE电气强度为79.26 kV/mm,经20、35、50 Hz电压频率老化15 d后的XLPE电气强度有所下降,分别为60.40、64.46、70.35 kV/mm,降幅分别为23.80%、18.67%和11.24%。相同老化天数下,随着老化电压频率的降低,交流电气强度也随之降低,其中低频20 Hz老化15 d后的交流电气强度较工频50 Hz下降了14.14%,即低频20 Hz老化后的XLPE试样交流击穿性能相较50 Hz老化后试样显著下降。
XLPE是结晶相和无定形区共存的聚合物,其中许多物理结构缺陷和化学缺陷在XLPE中形成大量局域态,即电荷陷阱[33]。当施加在XLPE试样上的电场达到一定值时,空间电荷会从电极注入试样,在试样内经过多次反射后落入陷阱内,而电子和空穴入陷时会发生复合发光,从而导致XLPE大分子链裂解。另外,陷阱理论[34]认为,入陷或复发光合释放的能量会以非辐射的能量转移给其他电子,形成热电子,热电子产生途径如图11所示。热电子不断轰击XLPE大分子链使其末端甲基断裂,导致亚甲基数量增多,使材料宏观性能劣化严重。因此,3个电压频率加速老化后XLPE的亚甲基数量增多,与前述DSC测量结果相吻合。
单个周期一个正弦半波内电荷注入时间(t effect)随频率的变化以及不同电压频率下XLPE分子链断裂情况如图12所示。当外施电压超过起始注入电压(U cr)后,电极开始向试样内注入电荷。对于外施正弦电压U=U msin(2πft),在单个周期正半波内,空间电荷注入时间如式(6)所示。
t e f f e c t = 1 f ( 1 2 - 1 π a r c s i n U c r U m )
式(6)中,U m为正弦电压峰值。
式(6)可知,在单个周期正半波内,低频电压下电场保持在注入阈值以上的时间更长,空间电荷有更长的时间向内部迁移。从图12可以看出,低频下每一周期单一半波内更长的注入时间将会使电子和空穴复合的概率增加,从而导致电致发光效应增强,同时由于低频下电压极性改变之前有相对较长的时间迟滞,电荷被捕获概率更大,导致低频下电荷积聚更多[35]。由以上分析可知,虽然相同时间周期内不同频率电压整体处于注入阈值以上的时间相同,但是低频下电荷入陷的概率更大,形成热电子的概率也增加。同时低频下电场畸变更加严重,导致局部电场增强。几方面的原因共同导致了试样大分子链的裂解,晶体结构的破坏,试样结晶态向无定形态的转变使低频电压老化后试样内无定形区增大。因此,低频电压老化后试样结晶度显著下降,如表2所示。晶体结构被破坏,大分子链被裂解,使得熔融小晶体结构和小分子链需要的能量变小,从而试样的熔融温度也随老化电压频率降低而下降,如图3所示。
综上可知,一方面,在同一时间周期内,低频下空间电荷注入-抽出的次数比工频下次数少,引起XLPE大分子链段因疲劳效应引起的断裂裂解程度小;另一方面,低频下,空间电荷入陷形成的热电子概率更大,并且电子和空穴复合引起的电致发光效应更强,导致聚合物分子链断裂更多。在低频输电可能采用的频率范围内,XLPE的裂解是以上两种机制共同竞争的结果,且受第二种机制的影响更大。
XLPE中的物理结构缺陷和化学缺陷会在材料内部形成陷阱,易于捕获电荷。在材料老化过程中,分子链末端和支链末端的甲基断裂生成小分子自由基,在电场作用下,小分子自由基发生解离,形成的异极性空间电荷大于电极注入的同极性空间电荷,从而表现为异极性电荷积聚。随着电压频率的降低,大分子链和支链断裂程度严重,生成的小分子自由基增多,导致低频电压老化后XLPE试样的空间电荷积聚更严重,因此老化电压频率的降低会使异极性空间电荷积聚量增多。
聚合物的电导率( σ)可以用式(7)表示。
σ = n q μ
式(7)中:n为载流子的密度;q为载流子的带电量;μ为载流子的迁移率。
式(7)可知,聚合物的电导率主要与载流子的密度和迁移率有关。XLPE老化过程中大分子链断裂和末端甲基断裂形成的小分子基团与自由基,在相同电场下更容易产生载流子,使得自由载流子密度n增大;同时XLPE的结晶度降低,对载流子迁移的阻碍作用降低,载流子在试样内部的迁移速率增大。在这两方面共同的作用下,电导率随老化时间增加出现增大。其中,由于老化电压频率的降低,形成热电子的概率大,同时电子和空穴复合引起的电致发光效应更强,大分子链的裂解程度增强,试样内大晶体被破坏成小晶体,从而导致在相同老化天数下低频20 Hz电压老化试样的结晶度要比工频下低。低频20 Hz电压老化后试样无定形区域增加,对载流子迁移阻碍降低,导致试样内部载流子迁移率增强。老化电压频率的降低也使试样内部小分子产物增多,增加了载流子的浓度。两方面共同作用下使电导率随着频率降低而进一步增大。
根据自由体积击穿理论[36],材料自由体积的大小决定了电子的平均自由行程,从而决定了材料的电气强度。老化电压频率的降低使XLPE试样分子链裂解反应增强,晶体结构的破坏使试样部分区域由结晶态向无定形态转变,无定形区域增大,试样内部载流子的浓度和迁移率增大,试样自由体积增大,电子平均自由行程增加,从而可以获得更高的能量,使碰撞电离更加容易发生,导致低频20 Hz电压老化后的试样交流电气强度比工频50 Hz电压老化下降了14.14%。
本文对不同频率电压老化处理后的XLPE试样进行理化性能和电气性能研究,分析讨论了老化电压频率对XLPE电气性能的影响及机理,得到以下结论:
(1)在低频电场应力作用下,XLPE结晶度减小,熔融峰特征温度下降。20 Hz电压老化15 d后的XLPE结晶度相较于50 Hz电压老化15 d XLPE下降了6.80%。
(2)与工频50 Hz电压老化相比,老化电压频率降低使得XLPE劣化更严重,材料中载流子密度和迁移率均有所增大,两方面共同作用下导致低频下XLPE的电导率显著增加,其中低频20 Hz老化处理15 d后的XLPE电导率较工频50 Hz老化处理15 d XLPE增加了149.3%。
(3)工频电压对交流电缆绝缘材料老化的影响相对较小,在工频电压作用下老化15 d后XLPE试样的电气强度只有小幅下降。而在低频20 Hz电压作用下,老化15 d后XLPE试样的电气强度相较于未老化试样下降了23.8%,而相较于工频50 Hz下降了14.14%。
研究结果表明,老化电压频率降低会加剧XLPE的劣化程度,现有商用工频电缆料直接用于低频输电存在加剧老化问题,因此低频电缆在运行时需要适当增加运维频次。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52037009)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977186)
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2025年第58卷第1期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.001
  • 接收时间:2024-01-05
  • 首发时间:2025-11-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-05
  • 修回日期:2024-03-11
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52037009)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977186)
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    1.新疆大学 电气工程学院电力系统及发电设备控制和仿真国家重点实验室风光储分室, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830047
    2.清华大学 电机工程与应用电子技术系电力系统及大型发电设备安全控制和仿真国家重点实验室,北京 100084
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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