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Article(id=1190369198325993647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1190365079976640655, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720627200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-11, revisedDate=1724774400000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761735732871, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1752940800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761735732871, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761735732871, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761735732871, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190365079976640655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761734750980, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761735924323, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190370001430348320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1190365079976640655, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190370001430348321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1190365079976640655, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=113, endPage=120, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190369198556680370, articleId=1190369198325993647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Compatibility study of cable termination stress cone material and insulating tapes with polyisobutylene, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=

The compatibility of cable termination structural materials with insulating fluids has an important impact on the safe and stable operation of cables. In this paper, the compatibility of cable termination materials with polyisobutylene is studied by analyzing the changes in morphology, swelling and mechanical properties of silicone rubber, ethylene-propylene insulating self-adhesive tape, and halogenated butyl + ethylene-propylene waterproof insulating tape before and after the compatibility test, as well as the changes in the physicochemical and dielectric properties of polyisobutylene before and after the compatibility test, and combined with the attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis with other means. The results show that the compatibility of the stress cone material silicone rubber with polyisobutylene is good, the compatibilities of ethylene-propylene insulating self-adhesive tape and halogenated butyl + ethylene-propylene waterproof insulating tape with polyisobutylene are not good, and the physicochemical and dielectric properties of the polyisobutylene impregnated insulating tape are also degraded after compatibility test.

, articleAbstract=

The compatibility of cable termination structural materials with insulating fluids has an important impact on the safe and stable operation of cables. In this paper, the compatibility of cable termination materials with polyisobutylene is studied by analyzing the changes in morphology, swelling and mechanical properties of silicone rubber, ethylene-propylene insulating self-adhesive tape, and halogenated butyl + ethylene-propylene waterproof insulating tape before and after the compatibility test, as well as the changes in the physicochemical and dielectric properties of polyisobutylene before and after the compatibility test, and combined with the attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis with other means. The results show that the compatibility of the stress cone material silicone rubber with polyisobutylene is good, the compatibilities of ethylene-propylene insulating self-adhesive tape and halogenated butyl + ethylene-propylene waterproof insulating tape with polyisobutylene are not good, and the physicochemical and dielectric properties of the polyisobutylene impregnated insulating tape are also degraded after compatibility test.

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电缆终端结构材料与绝缘油的相容性对于电缆的安全稳定运行具有重要影响。本文通过分析电缆终端应力锥材料硅橡胶、乙丙绝缘自粘带和卤化丁基+乙丙防水绝缘带在相容性试验前后的形貌、溶胀性能和力学性能变化以及聚异丁烯在相容性试验前后的理化性能和介电性能变化，并结合衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱和热重分析等手段，研究了电缆终端材料与聚异丁烯的相容性。结果表明：应力锥材料硅橡胶与聚异丁烯的相容性良好，乙丙绝缘自粘带和卤化丁基+乙丙防水绝缘带与聚异丁烯的相容性不佳，浸渍绝缘带材的聚异丁烯的理化性能和介电性能在相容性试验后也发生了劣化。

, articleAbstract=

电缆终端结构材料与绝缘油的相容性对于电缆的安全稳定运行具有重要影响。本文通过分析电缆终端应力锥材料硅橡胶、乙丙绝缘自粘带和卤化丁基+乙丙防水绝缘带在相容性试验前后的形貌、溶胀性能和力学性能变化以及聚异丁烯在相容性试验前后的理化性能和介电性能变化，并结合衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱和热重分析等手段，研究了电缆终端材料与聚异丁烯的相容性。结果表明：应力锥材料硅橡胶与聚异丁烯的相容性良好，乙丙绝缘自粘带和卤化丁基+乙丙防水绝缘带与聚异丁烯的相容性不佳，浸渍绝缘带材的聚异丁烯的理化性能和介电性能在相容性试验后也发生了劣化。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张晓晶（1980-），女（汉族），江苏镇江人，副研究员，博士，研究方向为合成纤维、高温绝缘材料、改性特种材料的开发、评价技术。
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巩智利（1988-），女（汉族），山西忻州人，工程师，主要从事电气绝缘材料与绝缘液的相容性研究；

吕玉春（1985-），男（汉族），山东潍坊人，高级工程师，从事高压电缆附件的设计工作；

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巩智利（1988-），女（汉族），山西忻州人，工程师，主要从事电气绝缘材料与绝缘液的相容性研究；

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巩智利（1988-），女（汉族），山西忻州人，工程师，主要从事电气绝缘材料与绝缘液的相容性研究；

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吕玉春（1985-），男（汉族），山东潍坊人，高级工程师，从事高压电缆附件的设计工作；

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吕玉春（1985-），男（汉族），山东潍坊人，高级工程师，从事高压电缆附件的设计工作；

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Statistical analysis of AC breakdown voltage for transformer oil[J]. Insulating Materials,2015,48(3):73-77., articleTitle=Statistical analysis of AC breakdown voltage for transformer oil, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1190961142089527769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190369198325993647, awardId=GZHKJXM20200085, language=CN, fundingSource=南方电网公司重点科技项目(GZHKJXM20200085), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190961138004275592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190369198325993647, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190961138012664201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190369198325993647, companyId=1190961138004275592, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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(a) 试验前 (b) 试验后

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(a) 试验前 (b) 试验后

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项目试验前试验后增长率/%
质量/g1.2521.3296.15
体积/cm31.0991.1968.83
密度/(g/cm3)1.1401.111-2.54
), ArticleFig(id=1190961141493936592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190369198325993647, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

硅橡胶在相容性试验前后的质量、体积与密度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目试验前试验后增长率/%
质量/g1.2521.3296.15
体积/cm31.0991.1968.83
密度/(g/cm3)1.1401.111-2.54
), ArticleFig(id=1190961141548462545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190369198325993647, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Changes in mechanical properties of silicone rubber before and after compatibility test, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目试验前试验后增长率/%
拉伸强度/MPa8.486.59-22.3
断裂伸长率/%463.4365.5-21.1
撕裂强度/(N/mm)7.37.1-2.7
Shore A硬度52520
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硅橡胶在相容性试验前后的力学性能变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目试验前试验后增长率/%
拉伸强度/MPa8.486.59-22.3
断裂伸长率/%463.4365.5-21.1
撕裂强度/(N/mm)7.37.1-2.7
Shore A硬度52520
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波数/(cm-1)官能团分子振动类型
2 962-CH3伸缩振动
1 258Si-CH3伸缩振动
1 007Si-O-Si伸缩振动
785Si(CH3)2伸缩振动
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硅橡胶官能团对应波数

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波数/(cm-1)官能团分子振动类型
2 962-CH3伸缩振动
1 258Si-CH3伸缩振动
1 007Si-O-Si伸缩振动
785Si(CH3)2伸缩振动
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样品T5%/℃Tmax/℃残留率/%
试验前432.1686.175.2
试验后314.2693.073.3
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试验前432.1686.175.2
试验后314.2693.073.3
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样品1聚异丁烯初始样
样品2只含有聚异丁烯，未浸渍固体材料，在105℃下加热168 h
样品3浸渍硅橡胶的聚异丁烯，在105℃下加热168 h
样品4浸渍乙丙自粘带的聚异丁烯，在105℃下加热168 h
样品5浸渍卤化丁基+乙丙防水绝缘的聚异丁烯，在105℃下加热168 h
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样品信息

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样品1聚异丁烯初始样
样品2只含有聚异丁烯，未浸渍固体材料，在105℃下加热168 h
样品3浸渍硅橡胶的聚异丁烯，在105℃下加热168 h
样品4浸渍乙丙自粘带的聚异丁烯，在105℃下加热168 h
样品5浸渍卤化丁基+乙丙防水绝缘的聚异丁烯，在105℃下加热168 h
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电缆终端应力锥材料和绝缘带材与聚异丁烯的相容性研究
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巩智利 1 , 张晓晶 1 , 吕玉春 2 , 宋浩永 3
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025,58(7): 113-120
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025, 58(7): 113-120
电缆终端应力锥材料和绝缘带材与聚异丁烯的相容性研究
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巩智利1, 张晓晶1, 吕玉春2, 宋浩永3
作者信息
  • 1.西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室，陕西 西安 710049
  • 2.广东吉熙安电缆附件有限公司，广东 佛山 528200
  • 3.广东电网有限责任公司广州供电局，广东 广州 510620

    • 巩智利（1988-），女（汉族），山西忻州人，工程师，主要从事电气绝缘材料与绝缘液的相容性研究；

    吕玉春（1985-），男（汉族），山东潍坊人，高级工程师，从事高压电缆附件的设计工作；

通讯作者:

张晓晶（1980-），女（汉族），江苏镇江人，副研究员，博士，研究方向为合成纤维、高温绝缘材料、改性特种材料的开发、评价技术。
Compatibility study of cable termination stress cone material and insulating tapes with polyisobutylene
Zhili GONG1, Xiaojing ZHANG1, Yuchun LÜ2, Haoyong SONG3
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049 China
  • 2. Guangdong GCA Cable Accessory Co., Ltd., Foshan 528200, China
  • 3. Guangzhou Power Supply Bureau of Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510620, China
出版时间: 2025-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.013
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摘要
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电缆终端结构材料与绝缘油的相容性对于电缆的安全稳定运行具有重要影响。本文通过分析电缆终端应力锥材料硅橡胶、乙丙绝缘自粘带和卤化丁基+乙丙防水绝缘带在相容性试验前后的形貌、溶胀性能和力学性能变化以及聚异丁烯在相容性试验前后的理化性能和介电性能变化，并结合衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱和热重分析等手段，研究了电缆终端材料与聚异丁烯的相容性。结果表明：应力锥材料硅橡胶与聚异丁烯的相容性良好，乙丙绝缘自粘带和卤化丁基+乙丙防水绝缘带与聚异丁烯的相容性不佳，浸渍绝缘带材的聚异丁烯的理化性能和介电性能在相容性试验后也发生了劣化。

相容性  /  电缆终端  /  硅橡胶  /  绝缘带材  /  聚异丁烯

The compatibility of cable termination structural materials with insulating fluids has an important impact on the safe and stable operation of cables. In this paper, the compatibility of cable termination materials with polyisobutylene is studied by analyzing the changes in morphology, swelling and mechanical properties of silicone rubber, ethylene-propylene insulating self-adhesive tape, and halogenated butyl + ethylene-propylene waterproof insulating tape before and after the compatibility test, as well as the changes in the physicochemical and dielectric properties of polyisobutylene before and after the compatibility test, and combined with the attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis with other means. The results show that the compatibility of the stress cone material silicone rubber with polyisobutylene is good, the compatibilities of ethylene-propylene insulating self-adhesive tape and halogenated butyl + ethylene-propylene waterproof insulating tape with polyisobutylene are not good, and the physicochemical and dielectric properties of the polyisobutylene impregnated insulating tape are also degraded after compatibility test.

compatibility  /  cable termination  /  silicone rubber  /  insulating tapes  /  polyisobutylene
巩智利, 张晓晶, 吕玉春, 宋浩永. 电缆终端应力锥材料和绝缘带材与聚异丁烯的相容性研究. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (7) : 113 -120 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.013
Zhili GONG, Xiaojing ZHANG, Yuchun LÜ, Haoyong SONG. Compatibility study of cable termination stress cone material and insulating tapes with polyisobutylene[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (7) : 113 -120 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.013
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0 引言
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电缆终端受结构、制作、连接及运行条件复杂性的影响，与高压电缆本体相比属于相对薄弱环节，因此绝大部分的电缆运行故障由电缆终端故障造成[1-2]。电缆户外终端套管内一般采用聚异丁烯或硅油作为绝缘填充剂，应力锥材料主要有硅橡胶和三元乙丙橡胶[3]，起密封作用的绝缘带多为自黏性丁基橡胶或自黏性乙丙橡胶材料[4-5]。鉴于当前国内高压电缆附件在运行中出现因绝缘填充剂与应力锥和密封带材之间存在相容性风险而引发的故障，有必要开展电缆终端结构材料与绝缘油的相容性研究[6]。
目前，液体绝缘电力设备的相容性研究主要集中在电力变压器上，美国标准ASTM D3455：2019[7]规定了变压器结构材料（如涂层、漆包线、密封圈等）与矿物油的相容性试验方法以及绝缘油的表征参数。I AΤANASOVA-HOHLEIN[8]基于长期的实践经验阐述了测试变压器结构材料与绝缘油相容性的必要性以及材料不相容可能产生的不良后果。M MUZIK等[9]研究了高分子材料绑扎带、橡胶垫片等与天然酯绝缘油的相容性，分析了试验前后绝缘油介电常数、电阻率、黏度等的变化，指出使用新型绝缘油之前，所有材料都需要进行相容性验证。梁苏宁等[10]研究了天然酯绝缘油与6种变压器绝缘漆的相容性，通过对比热老化前后天然酯的运动黏度、水分含量、酸值、介质损耗、击穿电压以及气相色谱等特性的变化，分析绝缘油与漆类材料的相容性。
目前还没有关于电缆终端结构材料和绝缘油的相容性试验方法标准，GB/T 11017.3—2024[11]和GB/T 18890.3—2015[12]仅对材料相容性提出要求，规定绝缘油填充剂应与相接触的绝缘材料相容。且针对电气绝缘油与结构材料的相容性研究主要集中在变压器领域，关于电缆终端结构材料与绝缘油的相容性研究鲜有报道，因此研究并确定电缆终端结构材料和绝缘油相容性的试验方法具有重要意义。
本文系统开展电缆应力锥材料硅橡胶、乙丙绝缘自粘带、卤化丁基橡胶+乙丙防水绝缘带与聚异丁烯之间的相容性研究，分析应力锥材料硅橡胶和绝缘带材在相容性试验前后的形貌、尺寸和力学性能的变化，并采用衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱分析和热重分析等测试手段，研究应力锥硅橡胶材料和绝缘带材与聚异丁烯之间的相互作用机理。希望研究结果可以为电缆终端的设计和制造提供试验和理论支撑。
1 试验
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1.1 主要原材料
聚异丁烯，牌号为PB680，韩国大林公司；应力锥硅橡胶材料，型号为Powersil 750，规格为150 mm×150 mm×2 mm，瓦克化学；乙丙绝缘自粘带，型号为KCJ-50，规格为5 m×50 mm×0.6 mm，无锡昆成新材料科技有限公司；卤化丁基橡胶+乙丙防水绝缘带，型号为KCJ-80，规格为3 m×50 mm×1.6 mm，无锡昆成新材料科技有限公司。
聚异丁烯拥有不同的端基双键结构，包括末端α-双键、末端β-双键和末端四取代内双键，如图1所示[13]。硅橡胶、乙丙橡胶和丁基橡胶的分子结构分别如图2、3、4所示[14]。
1.2 试验方法
（1）聚异丁烯在相容性试验前的水分、击穿电压和介质损耗因数需满足DL/T 2412—2021《电力电缆终端用绝缘油选用导则》[15]要求。
（2）硅橡胶提前裁切成哑铃型试样和裤型试样，其中哑铃型试样用于测试拉伸性能，裤型试样用于测试撕裂强度。自粘带和防水绝缘带提前准备好哑铃型试样和耐热应力开裂试样，其中绝缘带材耐热应力开裂试样的制备参考JB/T 6464—2006[16]附录C的制样要求，同时考虑到相容性试验为单独结构材料与绝缘油进行组合且要求尽量不引入第3种材料，将带材缠绕在聚四氟乙烯上进行试验。用涂抹酒精的无纺布将上述试样表面擦拭干净，并在（105±5）℃恒温干燥烘箱中预处理16 h。
（3）从烘箱中取出预处理后的硅橡胶、自粘带和防水绝缘带，分别放置于装有800 mL聚异丁烯的容器中，向聚异丁烯中通入干燥氮气约10 min后，密封好容器，作为试验样品；硅橡胶、自粘带和防水绝缘带的表面积与聚异丁烯体积的比例不小于65 cm2/800 mL。
（4）单独准备一份800 mL聚异丁烯，不加入固体材料，将其进行与步骤（3）一致的操作，作为参考样品。
（5）将按照步骤（3）和（4）准备的试验样品和参考样品放入老化烘箱中，在（105±2）℃下加热168 h。根据标准中规定的电缆导体最高运行温度为90℃，当出现异常缺陷时可在短时间达到110℃以上，结合耐热等级，本文试验温度设置为105℃。试验时长参考ASTM D3455:2019[7]和ASTM D5282:2020[17]，设置为168 h。
（6）试验结束后分别测试固体材料和聚异丁烯的性能。
1.3 性能测试
固体材料的质量、体积和密度变化按照ISO 1817:2024测试；硬度按照ISO 868:2003测试；橡胶拉伸强度和断裂伸长率按照ISO 37:2024测试；橡胶撕裂强度按照ISO 34-1:2022测试。采用电子万能试验机（CMT 4000型，美特斯公司）测试橡胶的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和撕裂强度。
采用台式透射分光测色仪（CS-810型，杭州彩谱科技有限公司）测试聚异丁烯的铂-钴色度；采用自动电位滴定仪（848 Titrino Plus型，瑞士万通公司）测试聚异丁烯的酸值；采用自动绝缘油耐压测试仪（DTA 100C型，奥地利BUAR公司）测试聚异丁烯的击穿电压；采用宽带介电谱测试系统（Concept 80型，德国Novocontrol）测试聚异丁烯的介质损耗因数。
采用偏光显微镜（BX51型，日本奥林巴斯公司）观察硅橡胶试样的表面形貌；采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（Nicolet iZ10型，美国赛默飞世尔）对硅橡胶试样进行衰减全反射（ATR-FTIR）测试，波数范围为4 000～400 cm-1，分辨率设置为4 cm-1，扫描次数为32次；采用同步热分析仪（TGA/DSC 3+至尊型，瑞士梅特勒托利多公司）对橡胶试样进行35～800℃的热重分析，升温速率为10℃/min，气氛为N2。
2 结果与讨论
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2.1 硅橡胶性能分析
2.1.1 外观变化
硅橡胶与聚异丁烯进行相容性试验前后的外观变化如图5所示。从图5可以看出，相容性试验后硅橡胶试样体积有轻微增加。为了进一步查看硅橡胶试样的表面形貌变化，通过光学显微镜观察了硅橡胶试样在相容性试验前后的表面形貌，如图6所示。从图6可以看出，相容性试验前后硅橡胶试样的形态基本一致，没有明显变化。
2.1.2 溶胀性能
硅橡胶试样在相容性试验前后的质量、体积和密度变化如表1所示。从表1可以看出，硅橡胶试样在相容性试验后的质量和体积都有轻微增长，但增长率均低于10%，符合应用要求。
2.1.3 力学性能
为保证一定的界面抱紧力，从而增强界面的绝缘性能，预制橡胶件需长期处于“紧绷”状态，这对橡胶材料的力学性能提出了较高的要求[18]。本文对硅橡胶试样的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、撕裂强度和邵氏A硬度进行了测试，结果如表2所示。由表2可知，硅橡胶的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率在相容性试验后都有一定程度的减小，减小幅度在20%左右，符合应用要求；硅橡胶的撕裂强度和邵氏A硬度在试验前后没有明显变化。以上结果说明，在应力锥硅橡胶材料与聚异丁烯的相容性测试中，聚异丁烯对硅橡胶的影响较小。结合前文硅橡胶的外观变化和溶胀性能分析，可以初步判断硅橡胶与聚异丁烯的相容性良好。
2.1.4 红外光谱
图7为硅橡胶与聚异丁烯进行相容性试验前后的红外光谱测试结果，表3为硅橡胶官能团对应的波数[19-22]。硅橡胶中Si(CH3)2的振动吸收峰波数在780～840 cm-1，主链Si-O-Si的振动吸收峰波数在1 000～1 100 cm-1，侧基Si-CH3的振动吸收峰波数在1 240～1 280 cm-1，Si-CH3中C-H的吸收峰波数在2 960 cm-1。从图7可以看出，硅橡胶与聚异丁烯进行相容性试验前后的红外光谱几乎没有变化。
2.1.5 热稳定性
图8(a)和8(b)分别为硅橡胶在相容性试验前后的热重曲线（TG）和微分热重曲线（DTG），表4为热分解相关数据，其中T5%为失重5%时对应的温度，Tmax为热分解速率最大时对应的温度。
从图8可以看出，硅橡胶在相容性试验前的热分解过程有3个阶段（对应于TG曲线的3个台阶、DTG曲线的3个失重峰）：第一个阶段主要是阻燃剂氢氧化铝（ATH）的分解，对应温度区间为220～380℃；第二个阶段主要是硅橡胶主要成分聚二甲基硅氧烷的分解，对应温度区间为380～607℃；第三个阶段主要为填充剂轻质碳酸钙受热分解后CO2的逸出，对应温度区间为607～787℃。相容性试验后，由于少量聚异丁烯渗透进入硅橡胶内部，硅橡胶分解过程的第一阶段中不仅有无机添加剂氢氧化铝的分解，还有少量聚异丁烯的分解，硅橡胶的初始分解温度由试验前的432.1℃降低到相容性试验后的314.2℃，残留率也由试验前的75.2%降低到试验后的73.3%。可以看出，试验前后硅橡胶的热稳定性基本没有变化。
2.2 绝缘带性能分析
2.2.1 外观变化
绝缘自粘带和防水绝缘带与聚异丁烯进行相容性试验前后的外观分别如图9和图10所示。从图9～10可以看出，相容性试验后绝缘自粘带和防水绝缘带都发生了溶胀、破裂，并开始有大量碎屑溶入绝缘油中。由于乙丙绝缘自粘带和卤化丁基+乙丙防水绝缘带都已软化变形严重，无法测试力学性能，后续利用红外光谱手段开展进一步分析。
2.2.2 红外光谱分析
绝缘自粘带和防水绝缘带与聚异丁烯进行相容性试验前后的红外光谱分别如图11(a)和11(b)所示。从图11可以看出，相容性试验后绝缘带材的红外光谱与聚异丁烯的红外光谱高度一致，说明有大量聚异丁烯分子渗透进入绝缘带材内部。分析其中原因，是聚异丁烯的分子结构式（图1）与乙丙自粘带的分子结构式（图3）相似，分子链骨架以-CH2-CH2-相连接，侧链以CH3-为主，按照相似相溶原理，乙丙自粘带容易吸收聚异丁烯，发生溶胀、分解反应。丁基橡胶（IIR）是异丁烯与二烯烃（异戊二烯、丁二烯等）的共聚橡胶，其分子结构（图4）与聚异丁烯也具有相似性。
2.3 聚异丁烯性能分析
为了全面掌握应力锥硅橡胶和绝缘带材与聚异丁烯绝缘油的相容性，本文测试了聚异丁烯的色度、酸值等理化性能和介质损耗因数、击穿电压等电气性能，样品信息如表5所示。
2.3.1 理化性能
（1）色度
色度是表征油品精制深度和稳定性最为直观的指标，根据目前国内外的精炼水平，油的出厂色度（铂-钴色号）宜不大于20[23]。各聚异丁烯样品的铂-钴色度如图12所示。从图12可以看出，样品3、4、5的色度相较于样品1和2明显增加，但测试结果均小于20，符合DL/T 2412—2021《电力电缆终端用绝缘油选用导则》[12]中色度的限值要求。
（2）酸值
酸值的大小在一定程度上反映了绝缘油的精制深度和氧化程度。IEC 60963:1988《绝缘液体 未使用过的聚异丁烯》[24]中要求聚异丁烯酸值≤0.03 mgKOH/g，DL/T 2412—2021[15]要求聚异丁烯酸值≤0.02 mgKOH/g。相容性试验后，聚异丁烯样品的酸值测试结果如图13所示。从图13可以看出，样品3的酸值与样品1和2相比变化不明显，样品4和5的酸值相较于样品1和2明显增加，尤其是样品5的酸值已经大于0.02 mgKOH/g，超过了DL/T 2412—2021[15]中酸值的限值要求。
2.3.2 介电性能
（1）击穿电压
击穿电压是衡量设备内部耐受电压而不被破坏的尺度，也是检验绝缘油性能好坏的主要指标之一。干燥清洁的绝缘油具有相当高的击穿电压值。当油中含有游离水或固体污染物时，这些杂质在电场作用下会形成导电桥路，从而降低油的击穿电压。DL/T 2412—2021[15]要求聚异丁烯的击穿电压≥40 kV。由于聚异丁烯黏度大，如果两次击穿间隔时间过短，则不足以使上一次的击穿通道完全被油填满、恢复绝缘性能，再次加压后会在相对薄弱的位置再次击穿。建议两次击穿的间隔时间不少于10 min，且在测试前，将绝缘油在真空烘箱脱气2 h。本试验采用球盖形电极，电极直径为36 mm，电极间距为2.5 mm。由于绝缘油的击穿是一个统计现象，本研究参考文献[25]，测试60次击穿电压值，去掉前10个值，取后50个值做威布尔分布，并记录击穿概率为63.2%时的击穿电压。聚异丁烯样品的击穿电压测试结果如图14所示。从图14可以看出，样品3、4、5的击穿电压相较于样品1和2有所降低，但所有样品的击穿电压都大于40 kV，依然满足DL/T 2412—2021要求。
（2）介质损耗因数
介质损耗因数与绝缘油的劣化与污染程度密切相关。DL/T 2412—2021[15]要求聚异丁烯的介质损耗因数≤0.002。随着油的老化，极性杂质和充电胶体物质含量增加，介质损耗因数也会随之增大，因此，可将介质损耗因数作为绝缘系统老化诊断的主要特征量之一。由于聚异丁烯黏度大，在测试介质损耗因数时应使用易于取放样品的油杯。本试验最初使用西林电桥测试聚异丁烯的介质损耗因数，由于油杯在装样过程中上电极与聚异丁烯粘连而不能正常复位，导致测试失败，最后采用宽带介电谱测试系统进行测试。聚异丁烯样品的介质损耗因数测试结果如图15所示。从图15可以看出，样品3的90℃介质损耗因数与样品1、2相比变化不明显，而样品4、5的90℃介质损耗因数相较于样品1、2则明显增加，且均大于0.002，超过了DL/T 2412—2021[15]中介质损耗因数的限值要求。
3 结论
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（1）本研究所用应力锥材料硅橡胶与聚异丁烯的相容性良好，乙丙绝缘自粘带和卤化丁基+乙丙防水绝缘带与聚异丁烯的相容性不佳。
（2）硅橡胶和聚异丁烯的理化性能、力学性能和介电性能在相容性试验前后均没有明显变化。而绝缘带材与聚异丁烯进行相容性试验后力学性能严重劣化，并发生溶胀、破裂。同时浸渍绝缘带材的聚异丁烯在相容性试验后理化性能和介电性能劣化，铂-钴色度、酸值和介质损耗因数都明显增加，击穿电压降低。
基金
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  • 南方电网公司重点科技项目(GZHKJXM20200085)
文献
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2025年第58卷第7期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.013
  • 接收时间：2024-07-11
  • 首发时间：2025-10-29
  • 出版时间：2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期：2024-07-11
  • 修回日期：2024-08-28
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南方电网公司重点科技项目(GZHKJXM20200085)
作者信息
    1.西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室，陕西 西安 710049
    2.广东吉熙安电缆附件有限公司，广东 佛山 528200
    3.广东电网有限责任公司广州供电局，广东 广州 510620

通讯作者:

张晓晶（1980-），女（汉族），江苏镇江人，副研究员，博士，研究方向为合成纤维、高温绝缘材料、改性特种材料的开发、评价技术。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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