Article(id=1190367371828236926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1190365079976640655, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734364800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-17, revisedDate=1739808000000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761735297400, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1752940800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761735297400, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761735297400, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761735297400, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190365079976640655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761734750980, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761735924323, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190370001430348320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1190365079976640655, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190370001430348321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1190365079976640655, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=44, endPage=54, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190367372042146432, articleId=1190367371828236926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on insulation enhancement mechanism of moisture-affected XLPE/SiR interfaces using voltage stabilizer-containing rejuvenation fluid, columnId=1190365080723226768, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on Electrical Equipment Interface Insulation, runingTitle=null, highlight=

To investigate the rejuvenation effect and enhancement mechanism of the voltage stabilizer-containing rejuvenation fluid on moisture-affected XLPE/SiR interface, XLPE was sanded by sandpapers with different granularities to prepare XLPE/SiR interface samples. At first, the surface roughness of the samples was measured using a profilometer, and interfacial breakdown tests were conducted. Then, the samples were subjected to moisture tests. After that, the antioxidant 300 and ferrocene were selected as voltage stabilizers, and five rejuvenation fluids with different stabilizer content were prepared to rejuvenate the moisture-affected interfaces. The interface samples before and after rejuvenation were further analyzed by surface profilometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), polarization-depolarization current (PDC), and interface breakdown tests. The results show that the interfacial breakdown voltage decreases with the increase of surface roughness, while the moisture exposure elevates the interfacial DC conductivity and dielectric loss factor and decreases the interfacial breakdown voltage. After the rejuvenation, the interface roughness, DC conductivity, and dielectric loss factor of the samples decrease, and the rejuvenated product can homogenize the electric field distribution between the cavity and the solid dielectrics, and significantly increase the interfacial breakdown voltage. Moreover, the addition of antioxidant 300 and ferrocene can enhance the interfacial breakdown voltage, and ferrocene has a better improvement effect on the insulation performance of the moisture-exposed interface.

, articleAbstract=

To investigate the rejuvenation effect and enhancement mechanism of the voltage stabilizer-containing rejuvenation fluid on moisture-affected XLPE/SiR interface, XLPE was sanded by sandpapers with different granularities to prepare XLPE/SiR interface samples. At first, the surface roughness of the samples was measured using a profilometer, and interfacial breakdown tests were conducted. Then, the samples were subjected to moisture tests. After that, the antioxidant 300 and ferrocene were selected as voltage stabilizers, and five rejuvenation fluids with different stabilizer content were prepared to rejuvenate the moisture-affected interfaces. The interface samples before and after rejuvenation were further analyzed by surface profilometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), polarization-depolarization current (PDC), and interface breakdown tests. The results show that the interfacial breakdown voltage decreases with the increase of surface roughness, while the moisture exposure elevates the interfacial DC conductivity and dielectric loss factor and decreases the interfacial breakdown voltage. After the rejuvenation, the interface roughness, DC conductivity, and dielectric loss factor of the samples decrease, and the rejuvenated product can homogenize the electric field distribution between the cavity and the solid dielectrics, and significantly increase the interfacial breakdown voltage. Moreover, the addition of antioxidant 300 and ferrocene can enhance the interfacial breakdown voltage, and ferrocene has a better improvement effect on the insulation performance of the moisture-exposed interface.

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为了研究含电压稳定剂修复液对受潮XLPE/SiR界面的修复效果及其增强作用机制,选用不同粒度砂纸打磨XLPE并制备XLPE/SiR界面试样。首先,通过表面轮廓仪测量界面粗糙度,并进行界面击穿实验。接着,对XLPE/SiR界面试样进行受潮实验。随后,选取抗氧剂300和二茂铁两种电压稳定剂,配置了5组不同含量修复液并对受潮界面样本进行修复。对修复前后界面样本进行表面轮廓测量、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)分析、极化-去极化电流(PDC)测试和击穿电压测试。结果表明:界面击穿电压随着表面粗糙度的增大而降低,而受潮会增大界面直流电导率和介质损耗因数,并导致界面击穿电压降低。修复后,界面粗糙度、直流电导率和介质损耗因数减小,修复产物能均匀空腔与固体介质间的电场,显著提升界面击穿电压。此外,添加抗氧剂300和二茂铁的修复液均能提高界面击穿电压,其中二茂铁对受潮界面绝缘性能的提升效果更好。

, articleAbstract=

为了研究含电压稳定剂修复液对受潮XLPE/SiR界面的修复效果及其增强作用机制,选用不同粒度砂纸打磨XLPE并制备XLPE/SiR界面试样。首先,通过表面轮廓仪测量界面粗糙度,并进行界面击穿实验。接着,对XLPE/SiR界面试样进行受潮实验。随后,选取抗氧剂300和二茂铁两种电压稳定剂,配置了5组不同含量修复液并对受潮界面样本进行修复。对修复前后界面样本进行表面轮廓测量、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)分析、极化-去极化电流(PDC)测试和击穿电压测试。结果表明:界面击穿电压随着表面粗糙度的增大而降低,而受潮会增大界面直流电导率和介质损耗因数,并导致界面击穿电压降低。修复后,界面粗糙度、直流电导率和介质损耗因数减小,修复产物能均匀空腔与固体介质间的电场,显著提升界面击穿电压。此外,添加抗氧剂300和二茂铁的修复液均能提高界面击穿电压,其中二茂铁对受潮界面绝缘性能的提升效果更好。

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陶霰韬(1989-),女(汉族),湖南衡阳人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压绝缘技术、电力电缆绝缘老化机理、绝缘状态监测与故障诊断方面的研究。

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陶霰韬(1989-),女(汉族),湖南衡阳人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压绝缘技术、电力电缆绝缘老化机理、绝缘状态监测与故障诊断方面的研究。

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陶霰韬(1989-),女(汉族),湖南衡阳人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压绝缘技术、电力电缆绝缘老化机理、绝缘状态监测与故障诊断方面的研究。

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New Carbon Materials,2023,38(5):989-996., articleTitle=Reversible surface modification of PAN-based carbon fibers by a ferrocene-based surfactant, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1190960971930812800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190367371828236926, awardId=5108-202218280A-2-22-XG, language=CN, fundingSource=国家电网公司总部科技项目(5108-202218280A-2-22-XG), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190960966906036516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190367371828236926, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190960966914425125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190367371828236926, companyId=1190960966906036516, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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(a) 修复前 (b) 修复后

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编号修复液配方
0#PMDMS+ 0.1% TITP
1#0# + 0.5% 抗氧剂300
2#0# + 1.0% 抗氧剂300
3#0# + 0.5% 二茂铁
4#0# + 1.0% 二茂铁
), ArticleFig(id=1190960971796595071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190367371828236926, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同类型修复液成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号修复液配方
0#PMDMS+ 0.1% TITP
1#0# + 0.5% 抗氧剂300
2#0# + 1.0% 抗氧剂300
3#0# + 0.5% 二茂铁
4#0# + 1.0% 二茂铁
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含电压稳定剂修复液对受潮XLPE/SiR界面的绝缘增强机制研究
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陶霰韬 1 , 龚慧 1 , 张世泽 1 , 刘晓 2 , 任昂 2 , 彭超 1 , 侯俊平 1
绝缘材料 | 电气设备界面绝缘专题 2025,58(7): 44-54
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绝缘材料 | 电气设备界面绝缘专题 2025, 58(7): 44-54
含电压稳定剂修复液对受潮XLPE/SiR界面的绝缘增强机制研究
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陶霰韬1, 龚慧1, 张世泽1, 刘晓2, 任昂2, 彭超1, 侯俊平1
作者信息
  • 1.中国电力科学研究院有限公司,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 2.国网山东省电力公司济南供电公司,山东 济南 250012
  • 陶霰韬(1989-),女(汉族),湖南衡阳人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压绝缘技术、电力电缆绝缘老化机理、绝缘状态监测与故障诊断方面的研究。

Study on insulation enhancement mechanism of moisture-affected XLPE/SiR interfaces using voltage stabilizer-containing rejuvenation fluid
Xiantao TAO1, Hui GONG1, Shize ZHANG1, Xiao LIU2, Ang REN2, Chao PENG1, Junping HOU1
Affiliations
  • 1. China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2. Jinan Power Supply Company, State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company, Jinan 250012, China
出版时间: 2025-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.005
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为了研究含电压稳定剂修复液对受潮XLPE/SiR界面的修复效果及其增强作用机制,选用不同粒度砂纸打磨XLPE并制备XLPE/SiR界面试样。首先,通过表面轮廓仪测量界面粗糙度,并进行界面击穿实验。接着,对XLPE/SiR界面试样进行受潮实验。随后,选取抗氧剂300和二茂铁两种电压稳定剂,配置了5组不同含量修复液并对受潮界面样本进行修复。对修复前后界面样本进行表面轮廓测量、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)分析、极化-去极化电流(PDC)测试和击穿电压测试。结果表明:界面击穿电压随着表面粗糙度的增大而降低,而受潮会增大界面直流电导率和介质损耗因数,并导致界面击穿电压降低。修复后,界面粗糙度、直流电导率和介质损耗因数减小,修复产物能均匀空腔与固体介质间的电场,显著提升界面击穿电压。此外,添加抗氧剂300和二茂铁的修复液均能提高界面击穿电压,其中二茂铁对受潮界面绝缘性能的提升效果更好。

XLPE/SiR界面  /  粗糙度  /  受潮  /  绝缘修复  /  电压稳定剂  /  绝缘增强机制

To investigate the rejuvenation effect and enhancement mechanism of the voltage stabilizer-containing rejuvenation fluid on moisture-affected XLPE/SiR interface, XLPE was sanded by sandpapers with different granularities to prepare XLPE/SiR interface samples. At first, the surface roughness of the samples was measured using a profilometer, and interfacial breakdown tests were conducted. Then, the samples were subjected to moisture tests. After that, the antioxidant 300 and ferrocene were selected as voltage stabilizers, and five rejuvenation fluids with different stabilizer content were prepared to rejuvenate the moisture-affected interfaces. The interface samples before and after rejuvenation were further analyzed by surface profilometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), polarization-depolarization current (PDC), and interface breakdown tests. The results show that the interfacial breakdown voltage decreases with the increase of surface roughness, while the moisture exposure elevates the interfacial DC conductivity and dielectric loss factor and decreases the interfacial breakdown voltage. After the rejuvenation, the interface roughness, DC conductivity, and dielectric loss factor of the samples decrease, and the rejuvenated product can homogenize the electric field distribution between the cavity and the solid dielectrics, and significantly increase the interfacial breakdown voltage. Moreover, the addition of antioxidant 300 and ferrocene can enhance the interfacial breakdown voltage, and ferrocene has a better improvement effect on the insulation performance of the moisture-exposed interface.

XLPE/SiR interface  /  roughness  /  moisture  /  insulation rejuvenation  /  voltage stabilizer  /  insulation enhancement mechanism
陶霰韬, 龚慧, 张世泽, 刘晓, 任昂, 彭超, 侯俊平. 含电压稳定剂修复液对受潮XLPE/SiR界面的绝缘增强机制研究. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (7) : 44 -54 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.005
Xiantao TAO, Hui GONG, Shize ZHANG, Xiao LIU, Ang REN, Chao PENG, Junping HOU. Study on insulation enhancement mechanism of moisture-affected XLPE/SiR interfaces using voltage stabilizer-containing rejuvenation fluid[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (7) : 44 -54 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.005
随着电力系统的快速发展,电力电缆的敷设和运行长度快速增长,其中交联聚乙烯(cross-linked polyethylene,XLPE)因其优异的电气与力学性能,成为当前电力电缆中用量最大的主绝缘材料[1]。而在电力电缆的附件中,硅橡胶(silicone rubber,SiR)由于其良好的憎水性和耐候性,常被用作冷缩式电缆附件的主绝缘材料[2]。在安装电缆附件时,需要使用刀具和砂纸对电缆末端包含XLPE层在内的主绝缘结构进行削切和打磨加工,再与附件中SiR安装贴合形成XLPE/SiR界面。这些加工过程会影响材料表面的粗糙程度,进而影响界面中介质之间的接触状态,造成XLPE/SiR界面中存在非完全接触的微小空腔。材料表面越粗糙,形成的界面间的空腔尺寸越大,则界面越容易发生放电且危害越大[3-4]。材料表面的粗糙程度通常使用表面粗糙度这一参数来表征[5]。随着磨砂砂纸粒度的增加,XLPE/SiR界面的表面粗糙度明显降低,材料界面直流击穿电压增大[6]。此外,表面粗糙度对材料界面的真空沿面闪络特性也有明显的影响[7]。因此,表面粗糙度是影响界面绝缘强度的重要因素之一。
附件安装需要通过附件硅橡胶SiR与电缆主绝缘XLPE之间的过盈配合,形成具有一定压力的复合界面[8]。然而,实际运行过程中电缆及附件面临在复杂环境条件作用下,附件材料发生老化,界面产生应力松弛,密封结构遭到破坏。此时,电缆沟道环境中的水分会迁移进入附件,并伴随不同材料之间的“呼吸效应”逐渐渗入复合界面,造成界面电阻减小,绝缘性能下降,甚至导致界面击穿[9-10]。因此,寻找适当的技术手段消除界面水分并阻止界面受潮,对于提升附件绝缘性能十分必要。
目前针对电缆附件界面受潮的抑制手段主要包括优化安装工艺、在界面处涂覆硅脂以及采用绝缘修复技术[11-13]。其中,优化安装工艺受加工过程和人为因素影响较大[14]。在界面涂覆硅脂虽能抑制受潮且大幅提升其绝缘强度,但硅脂在长期运行中会发生溶胀并变干,逐渐失去填补界面空腔和阻止界面受潮的能力[15]
绝缘修复技术则是通过将含有硅氧烷和酞酸酯类催化剂的修复液用压力注入缆芯,在压力的作用下使修复液逐渐扩散至本体绝缘及其他需要修复的部位,修复液遇水可以发生水解缩合反应,进而消除绝缘中的水并填充修复缺陷[16]。该技术对于电缆进水及本体绝缘中的水树缺陷具有良好的修复效果[17]。此外,绝缘修复技术还可将修复液注入老化后的电缆附件中,起到消除水分、提升绝缘的作用[13]。前期研究表明,通过在修复液中添加适当的电压稳定剂,可以在绝缘修复的基础上,提升电缆本体的绝缘强度[18-19]。但电压稳定剂的添加对电缆附件中的XLPE/SiR界面是否有同样的效果,目前尚缺乏相关的研究。
本文首先对不同目数砂纸打磨后的XLPE材料表面进行表面粗糙度表征,分析界面粗糙度对XLPE/SiR界面绝缘性能的影响。接着,对XLPE/SiR界面样本进行受潮实验,分析受潮时间与界面电气性能之间的关系。最后,利用含电压稳定剂的修复液对受潮后XLPE/SiR界面样本进行修复实验,通过理化性能、介电性能以及击穿性能测试,研究含电压稳定剂修复液对受潮XLPE/SiR界面绝缘性能的修复效果与增强机制。
本文使用的XLPE原料为某电缆厂提供的未交联10 kV电缆粒料,纯度为99.99%。交联剂为上海高桥化工生产的过氧化二异丙苯(DCP),纯度为99%。SiR粒料为东爵有机硅公司生产的NE-7130型绝缘料,纯度为99.99%。硫化剂为宝芊塑化生产的双二五硫化剂(阿克苏107),纯度为98%。硅氧烷(PMDMS)、酞酸酯类化合物(TITP)、4,4′-硫代双(6-叔丁基-3-甲基苯酚)(抗氧剂300)、双环戊二烯合铁(二茂铁),纯度均为98%,上海麦克林公司。
参考JB/T 10437—2004[20],将含DCP质量分数为2.0%的聚乙烯粒料55 g均匀铺于模具中。将模具在120℃、4.5 MPa下抽真空预热10 min后,升高温度至180℃同时增大压力至15 MPa交联15 min。随后自然冷却至室温,脱模得到XLPE薄片。最后将薄片置于70℃的真空干燥箱脱气处理48 h,得到XLPE试样。
使用转速为28 000 r/min的打磨机分别用目数为80、360、500、1 000目的砂纸打磨XLPE试样表面,然后用酒精和去离子水清洗试样表面,之后将其放入真空干燥箱中在60℃下静置8 h。
参考GB/T 20779.2—2007对电缆附件用SiR的要求[21],将含硫化剂质量分数为0.5%的SiR生胶经双辊开炼机混炼后,置于模具中。然后将模具在170℃、15 MPa下抽真空硫化处理10 min,去除真空环境及压力,将温度升高至200℃硫化1 h。最后自然冷却脱模得到SiR试样。
将尺寸为5 cm×6 cm×0.5 cm的XLPE和SiR试样重叠后置于如图1所示界面施压装置中。为了控制并确定界面压力,将校准后厚度为0.203 mm、测量范围为0~445 N的压力传感器(Flexiforce HT201型,Tekscan Technology公司)内置于XLPE/SiR界面,旋转螺母压缩弹簧经上、下两个透明亚克力板对试样施加压力,确保每组界面样本间的压强为0.1 MPa,以此模拟实际XLPE/SiR界面间的握紧力[22]
先将SiR薄片和不同粗糙度的XLPE薄片放置在温湿度控制箱(RGDJS-500型,苏瑞电子设备(天津)有限公司)中,在温度为60℃和相对湿度为70%的条件下进行24 h的加速受潮。接着,将受潮后的SiR及XLPE薄片利用图1所示界面施压装置制备各组界面样本,并在同样的温湿度条件下继续受潮3、6、9、12 d。
修复液的基础配方为硅氧烷(PMDMS)溶剂+质量分数为1%的酞酸酯类化合物(TITP),命名为0#修复液并作为对照组[16]。按表1配方,分别向0#修复液中添加不同质量分数的抗氧剂300或二茂铁,在室温下搅拌20 min使其充分溶解,制备得到1#~4#修复液。
为了研究各组修复液配方水解前后的介电性能,选取各组修复液各20 mL,与5%的去离子水混合搅拌20 min后,置于真空箱中在50℃下进行水解反应120 h。随后在室温下对水解前后不同配方修复液进行频域介电阻抗谱(FDS)测试,使用Novocontrol Concept 50型测试仪及其配套液体电极,测试频率为1~10 000 Hz,测试电压为1 V。
将受潮后界面样本置于盛有不同配方修复液的玻璃容器内,保证界面施压装置上层亚克力板完全浸没在修复液中,在真空箱中室温静置48 h。
图2为界面击穿实验平台。将针-板电极置于施压装置内XLPE/SiR界面中央,以厚度为0.1 mm的铜箔作为板电极且接地,针电极(尖端曲率为30°)作为高压端与分压器连接,针、板电极的间距为5 mm。试验时以0.5 kV/s的速率匀速升压直至界面击穿,每组样本至少重复测试8次。
利用极化-去极化电流(PDC)法可计算样本直流电导率及介质损耗因数,用于分析样本的绝缘性能[23-24]。本文中PDC测试平台的配置如图3所示,用厚度为0.1 mm的铜箔制成板-板电极置于施压装置内XLPE/SiR界面中央,板电极之间的距离为 4 cm,板电极一端与皮安表测试端连接,另一端接地,测试在屏蔽室内进行。PDC测试电压为1 kV,极化电流采样时间为180 s。
使用红外光谱仪(Nicolet 6700型)对修复前后的界面样本进行傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)测试,采用全反射模式,测试波数为400~4 000 cm-1,分辨率为0.09 cm-1
为了研究修复液对打磨前后XLPE界面样本的修复效果,采用激光共聚焦显微镜(Leica-SP8型)观测XLPE界面样本的表面形貌及粗糙度。物镜放大倍数为20倍,扫描速度为400 Hz,分辨率为0.2 μm。
不同目数砂纸打磨后的XLPE表面轮廓如图4所示。从图4可以看出,随着砂纸目数的增大,打磨后的样本表面轮廓起伏程度减小,粗糙度逐渐减小。
将不同粗糙度XLPE样本与SiR样本按1.4节所述贴合压制为XLPE/SiR界面样本后,测得界面样本击穿电压的Weibull分布如图5所示。从图5可以看出,取失效概率为63.2%对应的击穿电压值作为界面样本击穿电压(Uk),得到未打磨以及80目、360目、500目、1 000目砂纸打磨的界面样本Uk分别为10.19、7.73、8.44、8.74、9.15 kV。由此可见,界面样本的击穿电压随着砂纸目数增大而提高,且未被打磨的界面样本击穿电压最高。结合各组样品击穿电压测量结果,同时考虑到电缆施工时选用的砂纸目数通常不低于1 000目,本文选择1 000目砂纸打磨的XLPE/SiR界面样本组进行后续的受潮和修复研究。
为了研究受潮时间对界面样本介电性能的影响,选取用1 000目砂纸打磨过的XLPE制备XLPE/SiR界面样本,对界面样本分别受潮3、6、9、12 d后进行界面击穿实验和PDC测试。
各组界面样本的界面击穿电压Weibull分布如图6所示。从图6可以看出,取失效概率为63.2%对应的击穿电压作为界面样本的击穿电压(Uk),可得干燥、受潮3、6、9、12 d界面样本的Uk分别为12.28、11.45、9.15、7.08、5.37 kV。由此可见,随着受潮时间的增加,界面样本的击穿电压显著降低,界面绝缘性能下降。
各组界面样本的PDC测试结果如图7所示。从图7可以看出,随着受潮时间增加,极化电流逐渐增大,受潮12 d的界面样本极化电流显著增大,同时极化过程的极化电流也随着受潮时间的增加明显增大。进一步根据PDC测试结果计算各组受潮界面样本的直流电导率和0.1 Hz介质损耗因数(tanδ),结果如图8所示。从图8可以看出,干燥界面样本的直流电导率(σ)为2.55×10-10 S/m。随着受潮时间的增加,界面样本的σ逐渐增大,受潮12 d的界面样本σ为7.74×10-9 S/m。这是因为随着受潮时间增加,界面样本中水分含量逐渐增加,导致样本的电子位移极化和界面极化增强,界面极化的响应速度增加,使得直流电导率增大。
图8还可以看出,随着受潮时间增加,0.1 Hz下的tanδ呈现先增大后减小的趋势。干燥界面样本0.1 Hz下的tanδ为0.126%,受潮9 d的界面样本0.1 Hz下的tanδ增大到1.048%,这主要由于受潮时间的增加使得界面中水分增多,极性物质增加,导致直流电导率和0.1 Hz下的tanδ增加。而受潮12 d的界面样本,0.1 Hz下的tanδ大幅下降到0.112%。tanδ出现先增大后减小的现象可能是由于样品表面导电机制发生了改变。当受潮非常严重(如受潮12 d)时,进入界面中的水分可能会在界面接触区域形成水膜,水膜与电极连接进而缩短了电极间的距离,从而在测试过程中出现较大的沿面电流,进而导致界面样本0.1 Hz下的tanδ下降。
结合3.2.1节中受潮9 d和12 d界面样本的击穿电压值接近的规律,可知在受潮9~12 d后,界面样本的水分累积逐渐达到饱和,介电性能明显下降。为了保证受潮样本制备过程中受潮效果的稳定性和可控性,在后文的修复研究中,选择受潮6 d的界面样本进行进一步的修复液对比研究。
不同成分修复液及其水解产物的相对介电常数如图9所示。
图9可以看出,0#修复液及其水解产物的相对介电常数基本上不随频率变化而变化,而添加了电压稳定剂的2#和4#修复液及其水解产物的相对介电常数随着频率的增加呈现逐渐减小的趋势。50 Hz下,0#、2#、4#修复液的相对介电常数分别为3.43、3.72、3.88,这是因为抗氧剂300和二茂铁属于极性物质,增加了修复液极性,所以2#、4#修复液的相对介质常数较大。而随着频率的增加,抗氧剂300和二茂铁分子的偶极子转向极化不能及时跟上外加电场的变化,转向极化无法完全建立或者建立变得困难,从而使得2#和4#修复液的相对介电常数随频率增大而减小。0#、2#、4#修复液与水发生反应后,反应物在50 Hz下的相对介电常数分别为2.61、2.72、2.78,与XLPE和SiR的相对介电常数(分别为2.3和2.8)接近[2]。因此,可以认为修复液及其水解产物的相对介电常数均在工程可以接受的范围,满足修复填充XLPE/SiR复合界面的要求。
在修复前后界面样本的中心位置取样进行FTIR测试,结果如图10所示。
图10可以看出,在修复前后的XLPE和SiR样本中,水分子的H-O-H弯曲振动峰(1 600~1 670 cm-1)和-OH吸收峰(3 000~3 600 cm-1)均未发生明显的变化[18]。这主要是由于受潮过程中,XLPE和SiR均没有发生明显老化,界面处未新增结晶水,而在样本脆断、清洁和干燥过程中,观测面处液态的水容易蒸发,因此在红外测试过程中较难检测到样品中水分含量的变化。
分析图10可知,修复后的XLPE和SiR样本中均出现了修复液的苯环C-H键面外弯曲振动峰(720~800 cm-1),说明修复液已成功渗透到界面样本中。与修复前的样本相比,修复后样本中修复液的Si-O-Si特征峰(1 000~1 100 cm-1)明显增大,这是因为修复液与H2O反应生成的二聚体、三聚体或多聚体中均含有Si-O-Si键,进一步证明了修复液与界面空腔中的水发生了反应。
此外,1#和2#修复液修复过的SiR样本中,在1 100~1 260 cm-1区间出现了抗氧剂300的C-O键伸缩振动峰;而3#和4#修复液修复过的SiR样本中,在3 091 cm-1处出现了二茂铁茂环上C-H键的伸缩振动峰,且在480 cm-1处出现了微弱的茂环与Fe的伸缩振动峰[25],说明修复液中添加的电压稳定剂也成功进入界面。
考虑到电压稳定剂质量分数为0.5%~1.0%时,对修复液反应物的形态影响非常微小,在表面形貌观测实验中选用了0#修复液。选取1000目砂纸打磨并受潮6 d的界面样本,以及使用0#修复液修复后的界面样本,对两组样本中的XLPE表面形貌进行了观测,结果如图11所示。
图11可以看出,修复前样本表面起伏明显,且粗糙度较大,同时测得其表面粗糙度为22.35 μm。修复后样本表面起伏程度减小,测得其表面粗糙度为13.59 μm。这主要是由于修复液与界面中的水发生反应生成的凝胶状物质可填充界面微孔,从而减小了样本表面粗糙度。
修复前后界面样本的PDC测试结果如图12所示。从图12可以看出,与受潮6 d的界面样本相比,5组修复后的界面样本极化电流初始段部分的幅值和极化电流末端电流值均显著减小。进一步根据PDC测试结果计算各组界面样本的直流电导率和0.1 Hz下的tanδ,结果如图13所示。从图13可以看出,受潮界面样本修复后,其直流电导率和0.1 Hz下的tanδ均有所下降,说明修复后界面样本的绝缘性能有所恢复。其中,对于含同种电压稳定剂的修复液,电压稳定剂含量较高的样本直流电导率和0.1 Hz下的tanδ更大。这是因为电压稳定剂含量越高,修复液及其水解产物中的极性分子越多,它们转向极化产生的损耗越大。此外,添加二茂铁的修复液样本直流电导率和0.1 Hz下的tanδ均略小于添加抗氧剂300的修复液样本。
修复前后XLPE/SiR界面样本的击穿电压Weibull分布如图14所示。从图14可以看出,干燥界面样本的击穿电压(Uk)为12.28 kV,受潮6 d后,界面样本的Uk降低到9.15 kV。使用0#~4#修复液修复后的界面样本Uk分别为10.73、11.07、11.27、11.51、12.31 kV,可见各组修复液修复后的XLPE/SiR界面Uk上升,并且含更多电压稳定剂的修复液对界面样本Uk的提升效果更明显。与添加相同含量抗氧剂300的修复液相比,添加二茂铁的修复液对界面样本击穿电压的提升更显著,甚至添加1.0%二茂铁的4#修复液界面样本的击穿电压略高于干燥样本。由此可见,含电压稳定剂的修复液可增强XLPE/SiR界面的绝缘性能,其中添加二茂铁的修复液对界面样本击穿电压的提升效果更优。
受XLPE和SiR材料表面粗糙度的影响,XLPE/SiR界面可以等效为两个表面粗糙的介质之间的接触,即许多错落起伏的微凸体之间的接触。这些微凸体在接触面上形成许多局部接触斑点,微凸体之间则形成了空腔。参考3.1.1节粗糙度结果及3.3.3节中激光共聚焦观测结果,建立如图15所示的XLPE/SiR界面有限元计算模型,其中XLPE/SiR界面尺寸为5 mm×5 mm,空腔等效为直径为100 μm、间距为200 μm的珍珠串。计算模型边界条件为:左侧高压端施加频率为50 Hz、有效值为10 kV的电压,右侧接地。
分别对干燥样本、受潮样本和修复后样本的XLPE/SiR界面处电场进行计算,3种样本的空腔填充物为空气、水、修复液,其相对介电常数分别设为1、81、2.6,得到3种样本界面切向电场分布如图16所示。从图16可以看出,在3种样本中,界面切向电场分布均在空腔边界附近发生畸变。结合表面粗糙度观测结果,3种样本的XLPE/SiR界面形态及放电示意图如图17所示。
样本中空腔内填充物为空气时,原理如图17(a)所示,XLPE/SiR接触面最大场强约为1.6 kV/mm,而电场畸变最严重的部位为空腔与固体介质的交界面处(空腔侧),界面最大场强约为3.3 kV/mm。即当界面处存在外施电压时,空腔边界处由于承受更高的畸变场强而优先发生局部放电,当界面中空腔放电连通并进展到固体界面时,局部放电路径增大,最终放电贯穿整个界面造成样本击穿。结合3.1节中不同粗糙度界面样本的击穿电压测试结果,随着界面粗糙度的增加,界面实际接触面积减少,空腔的等效直径增加,空腔边界电场畸变更严重的同时,空腔内发生局部放电的阻碍减少,有利于形成放电通道直至击穿。因此,界面粗糙度越大,击穿电压越低。
界面受潮后,其表面可等效被含离子水连通,原理如图17(b)所示。此时空腔内部场强几乎为0,大部分场强集中在XLPE/SiR接触面上,最大场强出现在XLPE/SiR接触面靠近空腔处,约为5.6 kV/mm,明显高于干燥样本中的最大场强值。由于电场分布规律的改变,界面受潮后的击穿机制与干燥样本也有明显的不同。结合3.2节中的实验结果,受潮样品的击穿电压随受潮时间的增加而降低,界面受潮后,电场作用下的放电优先发生在XLPE/SiR接触面靠近空腔的边缘,固体交界面的放电可能会在界面留下烧蚀痕迹,进而加速样品的击穿,使得界面击穿电压降低。
当界面空腔被修复液填充后,原理示意如图17(c)所示。空腔内部的平均场强为2.4 kV/mm,XLPE/SiR接触面的场强为2.2 kV/mm,整体界面电场分布较均匀。结合3.3.5节中的实验结果,修复后的XLPE/SiR界面样本击穿电压显著高于受潮样本。这主要由于修复液进入界面后,遇水发生缩聚反应,一方面反应可以消除水分,另一方面反应生成物能够填充空腔,使得界面粗糙度减小。同时,修复液遇水反应的生成物相对介电常数与XLPE/SiR相近,它能较好地均匀界面电场,从而提升界面的绝缘强度。此外,修复液中适当的电压稳定剂如抗氧化剂300和二茂铁的添加,可以进一步提升修复后界面耐受放电损伤的能力。
从SiR和XLPE材料老化与降解的角度分析界面的击穿过程,界面局部严重的电场畸变可能引发放电进而释放高能电子轰击聚合物分子链,同时,在强电场高湿度的条件下聚合物材料会逐渐老化,当老化积累到一定程度,聚合物的分子链和端基遭到断链和氧化破坏,产生游离自由基。这些游离自由基极易与聚合物材料中的氢原子结合,形成加速链式反应,促进样本的击穿进程。
依据3.3.5节中的实验结果,修复后的XLPE/SiR界面样本击穿电压显著高于受潮样本,并且随着电压稳定剂含量的提升,修复样本的界面击穿电压明显增大,部分配方的修复样本击穿电压甚至高于干燥样本,结果证明了添加适当含量电压稳定剂的修复液对XLPE/SiR界面具有绝缘增强的效果。本文的电压稳定剂选用了抗氧剂300和二茂铁作为单方添加剂。分析结果可知,在质量分数分别为0.5%和1.0%时,添加二茂铁的样本界面击穿电压比添加抗氧剂300的样本分别提升了4.0%和9.2%,即在相同的添加比例下,添加二茂铁样本的界面击穿电压更高。
从两种电压稳定剂的作用机制分析,抗氧剂300是一种酚类抗氧剂,也是一种典型的自由基捕获剂,其分子结构中包含键能更低的氢原子[26-27]。当聚合物材料老化产生游离自由基时,这些氢原子会优先反应形成氢过氧化物,进而阻断材料的加速链式反应,延缓样本的击穿进程。
二茂铁是一种具有芳香族类性质的有机过渡金属化合物,具有较大的电子亲和能,可以通过吸收高能电子能量使自身激发或电离。因而与聚合物基体相比,其捕获电子的能力更强[28-29]。在高电场环境下二茂铁的作用机理如图18所示,由于二茂铁激发或电离的能量低于聚合物分子链的键能,放电产生的高能电子会优先与二茂铁发生作用,将能量以发光或振动等危害更小的形式释放,从而降低了高能电子撞击分子链的概率,进而提升了样本的击穿性能。
与抗氧剂300相比,二茂铁可以在放电初始阶段就起到消除高能电子的效果,在尚未形成游离自由基的阶段就已经开始阻断击穿过程,并在整个放电进程中持续发挥稳定电压的效果。因此,二茂铁的电压稳定作用时机更早,有效阶段更长,最终表现出二茂铁的绝缘增强效果更明显。
(1)XLPE/SiR界面材料的表面粗糙度越大,则接触面上存在的空腔越多,实际接触面积减少,空腔内发生局部放电的阻碍减少,有利于放电通道连通,导致界面击穿电压降低。同时,随着受潮时间的增加,界面极化电流幅值增大,直流电导率和介质损耗因数增大,界面的击穿电压显著降低。
(2)修复液进入XLPE/SiR界面后,可消除空腔水分,同时其反应生成物可以填充界面的空腔,在减小表面粗糙度同时均匀界面的电场分布,显著提高了界面的绝缘性能。
(3)添加抗氧剂300和二茂铁作为电压稳定剂,可以提升修复后界面的绝缘强度,使修复液获得绝缘增强的效果。同时与抗氧剂300相比,二茂铁的电压稳定作用时机更早,有效阶段更长,表现出的绝缘增强效果更明显。
  • 国家电网公司总部科技项目(5108-202218280A-2-22-XG)
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2025年第58卷第7期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.005
  • 接收时间:2024-12-17
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-17
  • 修回日期:2025-02-18
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国家电网公司总部科技项目(5108-202218280A-2-22-XG)
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    1.中国电力科学研究院有限公司,湖北 武汉 430074
    2.国网山东省电力公司济南供电公司,山东 济南 250012
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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