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Article(id=1190367008060445292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1190365079976640655, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1731340800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-12, revisedDate=1736438400000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761735210671, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1752940800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761735210671, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761735210671, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761735210671, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190365079976640655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761734750980, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761735924323, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190370001430348320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1190365079976640655, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190370001430348321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1190365079976640655, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=26, endPage=33, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190367008400183918, articleId=1190367008060445292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on effect of hydrophobic coating on surface charge accumulation characteristics of silicone rubber, columnId=1190365080723226768, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on Electrical Equipment Interface Insulation, runingTitle=null, highlight=

To investigate the effects of hydrophobic coatings on charge accumulation characteristics of silicone rubber, this study prepared hydrophobic coatings with hydrophobic fumed silica (SiO2) particles as fillers. The surface charge distribution on silicone rubber surface coated with hydrophobic coatings containing different amounts of SiO2 particles was measured under both positive and negative DC corona using an electrostatic capacitance probe. Additionally, the surface micromorphology, static contact angle, surface resistivity, and DC creepage flashover voltage of silicone rubber surface coated with hydrophobic coatings containing different amounts of SiO2 were characterized. The results show that the static contact angle of silicone rubber surfaces increases with the increase of SiO2 content in the hydrophobic coating. However, applying hydrophobic coatings on silicone rubber will exacerbate the surface charge accumulation. When the mass fractions of SiO2 is 2%, 6%, and 10%, the maximum surface charge density accumulated on silicone rubber surface increases by 5.03%, 20.11%, and 24.06%, respectively, which will also decrease the surface resistivity and DC creepage flashover voltage of silicone rubber. Analysis suggests that the hydrophobic coating surface will generate more gaps and holes, thereby facilitating the capture and adsorption of charges, making it difficult for the charges to dissipate.

, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effects of hydrophobic coatings on charge accumulation characteristics of silicone rubber, this study prepared hydrophobic coatings with hydrophobic fumed silica (SiO2) particles as fillers. The surface charge distribution on silicone rubber surface coated with hydrophobic coatings containing different amounts of SiO2 particles was measured under both positive and negative DC corona using an electrostatic capacitance probe. Additionally, the surface micromorphology, static contact angle, surface resistivity, and DC creepage flashover voltage of silicone rubber surface coated with hydrophobic coatings containing different amounts of SiO2 were characterized. The results show that the static contact angle of silicone rubber surfaces increases with the increase of SiO2 content in the hydrophobic coating. However, applying hydrophobic coatings on silicone rubber will exacerbate the surface charge accumulation. When the mass fractions of SiO2 is 2%, 6%, and 10%, the maximum surface charge density accumulated on silicone rubber surface increases by 5.03%, 20.11%, and 24.06%, respectively, which will also decrease the surface resistivity and DC creepage flashover voltage of silicone rubber. Analysis suggests that the hydrophobic coating surface will generate more gaps and holes, thereby facilitating the capture and adsorption of charges, making it difficult for the charges to dissipate.

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为了研究疏水涂层对硅橡胶表面电荷积聚特性的影响，本文以疏水气相二氧化硅（SiO2）颗粒为填料制备疏水涂层，然后利用静电容探头测量了正极性和负极性电晕下表面涂覆不同含量SiO2颗粒疏水涂层的硅橡胶表面电荷分布情况，并测试了涂覆不同含量SiO2颗粒疏水涂层的硅橡胶表面微观形貌、静态接触角、表面电阻率和直流沿面闪络电压。结果表明：硅橡胶表面的静态接触角随着疏水涂层中SiO2颗粒含量的增加而增大。然而，表面涂覆疏水涂层会加剧硅橡胶表面电荷积聚的严重程度，当疏水涂层中SiO2颗粒的质量分数为2%、6%、10%时，硅橡胶表面积聚的最大表面电荷密度分别增加了5.03%、20.11%、24.06%，并且导致硅橡胶表面电阻率和直流沿面闪络电压下降。分析认为疏水涂层表面会产生更多间隙和孔洞，从而促进对电荷的捕捉和吸附，使得电荷难以消散。

, articleAbstract=

为了研究疏水涂层对硅橡胶表面电荷积聚特性的影响，本文以疏水气相二氧化硅（SiO2）颗粒为填料制备疏水涂层，然后利用静电容探头测量了正极性和负极性电晕下表面涂覆不同含量SiO2颗粒疏水涂层的硅橡胶表面电荷分布情况，并测试了涂覆不同含量SiO2颗粒疏水涂层的硅橡胶表面微观形貌、静态接触角、表面电阻率和直流沿面闪络电压。结果表明：硅橡胶表面的静态接触角随着疏水涂层中SiO2颗粒含量的增加而增大。然而，表面涂覆疏水涂层会加剧硅橡胶表面电荷积聚的严重程度，当疏水涂层中SiO2颗粒的质量分数为2%、6%、10%时，硅橡胶表面积聚的最大表面电荷密度分别增加了5.03%、20.11%、24.06%，并且导致硅橡胶表面电阻率和直流沿面闪络电压下降。分析认为疏水涂层表面会产生更多间隙和孔洞，从而促进对电荷的捕捉和吸附，使得电荷难以消散。

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胡德雄（1995-），男（汉族），福建莆田人，博士生，主要从事绝缘材料的表面电荷积聚和消散特性的研究。
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南天（1987-），男（汉族），甘肃定西人，高级工程师，主要从事绿色数智供应链、物资质量监督管理的研究；

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南天（1987-），男（汉族），甘肃定西人，高级工程师，主要从事绿色数智供应链、物资质量监督管理的研究；

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南天（1987-），男（汉族），甘肃定西人，高级工程师，主要从事绿色数智供应链、物资质量监督管理的研究；

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College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190960216008180648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190367008060445292, companyId=1190960215995597734, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.湖南大学 电气与信息工程学院， 湖南 长沙 410082)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1190960217765594070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190367008060445292, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=silicone rubber), Keyword(id=1190960217815925719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190367008060445292, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=hydrophobic coating), Keyword(id=1190960217866257368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190367008060445292, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=surface charge), Keyword(id=1190960217916589017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190367008060445292, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=accumulation characteristic), Keyword(id=1190960217966920666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190367008060445292, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=surface flashover), Keyword(id=1190960218013058011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190367008060445292, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=硅橡胶), Keyword(id=1190960218063389660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190367008060445292, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=疏水涂层), Keyword(id=1190960218109527005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190367008060445292, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=表面电荷), Keyword(id=1190960218159858654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190367008060445292, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=积聚特性), Keyword(id=1190960218239550431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190367008060445292, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=沿面闪络)], refs=[Reference(id=1190960219598504943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190367008060445292, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=18, pageStart=7412, pageEnd=7426, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=梁曦东, 仵超, 左周, journalName=中国电机工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=梁曦东,仵超,左周,等.高电压有机外绝缘发展综述与展望[J].中国电机工程学报,2024,44(18):7412-7426., articleTitle=高电压有机外绝缘发展综述与展望, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190960221519496176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190367008060445292, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=18, pageStart=7412, pageEnd=7426, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=LIANGXidong, WUChao, ZUOZhou, journalName=Proceedings of the CSEE, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIANGXidong, WUChao, ZUOZhou, et al. 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(a) 正极性 (b) 负极性

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疏水涂层对硅橡胶表面电荷积聚特性的影响研究
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南天 1 , 梁杰 1 , 刘志源 1 , 杨明祥 1 , 王科祖 1 , 胡德雄 2 , 郭陆 3 , 汪沨 2
绝缘材料 | 电气设备界面绝缘专题 2025,58(7): 26-33
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绝缘材料 | 电气设备界面绝缘专题 2025, 58(7): 26-33
疏水涂层对硅橡胶表面电荷积聚特性的影响研究
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南天1, 梁杰1, 刘志源1, 杨明祥1, 王科祖1, 胡德雄2, 郭陆3, 汪沨2
作者信息
  • 1.国网甘肃省电力公司物资事业部，甘肃 兰州 730050
  • 2.湖南大学 电气与信息工程学院， 湖南 长沙 410082
  • 3.国网甘肃省电力公司电力科学研究院，甘肃 兰州 730050

    • 南天（1987-），男（汉族），甘肃定西人，高级工程师，主要从事绿色数智供应链、物资质量监督管理的研究；

通讯作者:

胡德雄（1995-），男（汉族），福建莆田人，博士生，主要从事绝缘材料的表面电荷积聚和消散特性的研究。
Study on effect of hydrophobic coating on surface charge accumulation characteristics of silicone rubber
Tian NAN1, Jie LIANG1, Zhiyuan LIU1, Mingxiang YANG1, Kezu WANG1, Dexiong HU2, Lu GUO3, Feng WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1. Material Business Department, State Grid Gansu Electric Power Company, Lanzhou 730050, China
  • 2. College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
  • 3. State Grid Gansu Electric Power Company Electric Power Science Research Institute, Lanzhou 730050, China
出版时间: 2025-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.003
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摘要
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为了研究疏水涂层对硅橡胶表面电荷积聚特性的影响，本文以疏水气相二氧化硅（SiO2）颗粒为填料制备疏水涂层，然后利用静电容探头测量了正极性和负极性电晕下表面涂覆不同含量SiO2颗粒疏水涂层的硅橡胶表面电荷分布情况，并测试了涂覆不同含量SiO2颗粒疏水涂层的硅橡胶表面微观形貌、静态接触角、表面电阻率和直流沿面闪络电压。结果表明：硅橡胶表面的静态接触角随着疏水涂层中SiO2颗粒含量的增加而增大。然而，表面涂覆疏水涂层会加剧硅橡胶表面电荷积聚的严重程度，当疏水涂层中SiO2颗粒的质量分数为2%、6%、10%时，硅橡胶表面积聚的最大表面电荷密度分别增加了5.03%、20.11%、24.06%，并且导致硅橡胶表面电阻率和直流沿面闪络电压下降。分析认为疏水涂层表面会产生更多间隙和孔洞，从而促进对电荷的捕捉和吸附，使得电荷难以消散。

硅橡胶  /  疏水涂层  /  表面电荷  /  积聚特性  /  沿面闪络

To investigate the effects of hydrophobic coatings on charge accumulation characteristics of silicone rubber, this study prepared hydrophobic coatings with hydrophobic fumed silica (SiO2) particles as fillers. The surface charge distribution on silicone rubber surface coated with hydrophobic coatings containing different amounts of SiO2 particles was measured under both positive and negative DC corona using an electrostatic capacitance probe. Additionally, the surface micromorphology, static contact angle, surface resistivity, and DC creepage flashover voltage of silicone rubber surface coated with hydrophobic coatings containing different amounts of SiO2 were characterized. The results show that the static contact angle of silicone rubber surfaces increases with the increase of SiO2 content in the hydrophobic coating. However, applying hydrophobic coatings on silicone rubber will exacerbate the surface charge accumulation. When the mass fractions of SiO2 is 2%, 6%, and 10%, the maximum surface charge density accumulated on silicone rubber surface increases by 5.03%, 20.11%, and 24.06%, respectively, which will also decrease the surface resistivity and DC creepage flashover voltage of silicone rubber. Analysis suggests that the hydrophobic coating surface will generate more gaps and holes, thereby facilitating the capture and adsorption of charges, making it difficult for the charges to dissipate.

silicone rubber  /  hydrophobic coating  /  surface charge  /  accumulation characteristic  /  surface flashover
南天, 梁杰, 刘志源, 杨明祥, 王科祖, 胡德雄, 郭陆, 汪沨. 疏水涂层对硅橡胶表面电荷积聚特性的影响研究. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (7) : 26 -33 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.003
Tian NAN, Jie LIANG, Zhiyuan LIU, Mingxiang YANG, Kezu WANG, Dexiong HU, Lu GUO, Feng WANG. Study on effect of hydrophobic coating on surface charge accumulation characteristics of silicone rubber[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (7) : 26 -33 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.003
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0 引言
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硅橡胶复合绝缘子已经在有机外绝缘领域得到了广泛应用[1]。在其运行过程中，硅橡胶伞裙表面形成的气-固绝缘界面是外绝缘系统中的薄弱环节之一，极易受到外界环境的影响从而发生污闪，最终导致绝缘失效[2]。由于硅橡胶复合绝缘子长期暴露于复杂恶劣的自然环境之中，空气中充斥着大量灰尘、工业污染物以及各类自然形成的污秽物，这些污秽物质极易附着于硅橡胶表面。随着时间推移，在潮湿环境或降雨天气条件下，这些污秽物吸湿，形成导电通道，极大地增加了发生污闪事故的风险，严重威胁电力系统的安全稳定运行。
目前，用于防止绝缘子发生污闪的方法主要有定期人工清扫、增大爬电距离和涂刷憎水涂料等[2-3]。其中，在绝缘子表面涂刷疏水性涂料具有运行成本低和不用停电清扫等优势，已经成为了抑制绝缘子发生污闪，提高外绝缘运行可靠性的热门措施。在硅橡胶表面涂覆疏水涂料可引入一些纳米或微米级凸起，降低硅橡胶表面能，赋予硅橡胶超疏水特性，使得水分和污秽物难以附着在硅橡胶表面，从而避免水膜的形成。同时疏水涂层可以提升硅橡胶表面在湿润环境下的自清洁能力，因此可以从源头上降低污闪发生的可能性。目前，学者们已针对涂覆疏水性涂料对绝缘子电气和理化性能的影响进行了相关研究。文献[4]在环氧树脂表面涂覆电力设备外绝缘用持久性快速固化防污闪复合涂料（PRTV涂料），并且进行不同温度的加速热老化试验，研究热老化对涂覆PRTV涂料前后环氧树脂介电性能、微观性能和憎水性能的影响。结果表明热老化后，涂覆PRTV涂料的环氧树脂接触角下降幅度较小，内部微观结构缺陷较少，并且介电性能较好。文献[5]研究了负极性电晕下陶瓷和玻璃绝缘子喷涂PRTV涂料前后的表面电位变化情况。结果表明喷涂PRTV涂料容易积聚表面电荷，需要经过2 300 s左右绝缘子表面电位才能完全衰减。文献[6]分别以硅橡胶和聚酰胺作为基底和骨架，然后基于溶解和再凝固的方法，将疏水纳米SiO2颗粒嵌入聚酰胺网中，研究发现硅橡胶疏水性能提升的同时，沿面闪络电压最大可提升约20%。文献[7]提出了一种具有良好耐磨性的甲基硅树脂超疏水涂层，并将其喷涂于玻璃绝缘子表面，研究发现甲基硅树脂超疏水涂层具有优异的超疏水性能（静态接触角可达157.2°）和良好的耐磨性能（硬度为4 H），并且在不同污秽度条件下绝缘子均可以保持较高的工频污闪电压。综上所述，目前的研究主要集中在疏水性涂料对环氧树脂、陶瓷和玻璃绝缘子沿面闪络和憎水性能的影响，而对硅橡胶复合绝缘子的研究较少。据报道，绝缘子表面积聚大量的表面电荷会使得电场分布发生畸变，严重时会引发沿面闪络，最终导致绝缘失效[8]。然而，目前对于疏水涂料对硅橡胶复合绝缘子表面电荷积聚特性的研究还比较缺乏。
本文以硅橡胶为研究对象，以不同含量疏水气相SiO2颗粒作为填料制备疏水涂层，将疏水涂层涂覆在硅橡胶表面，通过测试体积电阻率、表面电阻率和观察表面微观形貌，分析疏水涂层对硅橡胶表面电荷积聚特性及沿面闪络的影响。
1 试验
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1.1 主要原材料
2-(2-乙氧基乙氧基)乙基醋酸酯（纯度≥99%）、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯（纯度≥97%）、N-甲基吡咯烷酮（纯度≥99.9%）、丙烯酰胺（纯度≥99.9%）、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯（纯度≥98%）、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯（纯度≥97%）、疏水气相纳米SiO2颗粒（粒径为7～40 nm）、氢氧化铝（粒径为2～10 μm），上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。
1.2 试样制备
本文使用硅橡胶圆形样片，其直径为100 mm、厚度为2 mm，配方组成和制备工艺与文献[9]一致。首先用无水乙醇清洗硅橡胶以去除表面杂质，在高温烘箱中干燥12 h后，再向硅橡胶表面涂覆疏水涂层。参考文献[10-12]，选用2-(2-乙氧基乙氧基)乙基醋酸酯、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯、N-甲基吡咯烷酮等作为成膜剂，以疏水气相纳米SiO2颗粒作为填料，制备疏水涂层。所述疏水涂层具体包含质量分数分别为1%的氢氧化铝、2%的丙烯酰胺、5%的甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯、5%的乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、15%的2-(2-乙氧基乙氧基)乙基醋酸酯，不同质量分数的疏水气相纳米SiO2颗粒和余量的N-甲基吡咯烷酮。为了研究疏水气相SiO2颗粒含量对涂层各项性能的影响，本文制备SiO2颗粒质量分数分别0%、2%、6%、10%的疏水涂层。将疏水涂层涂覆在硅橡胶表面后，再将硅橡胶放置在高温烘箱中在100℃下固化60 min，即可得到涂覆疏水涂层的硅橡胶材料。
1.3 试验方法
1.3.1 表面电荷测量
本文用到的表面电荷测量平台如图1所示，其组成部分和测量方法与文献[13]中的一致。在实验前，首先使用无水乙醇清洗硅橡胶试样表面并用去离子风机吹干，确保试样表面无电荷。随后，将硅橡胶试样放在接地铝板上，针电极尖端到硅橡胶试样上表面的垂直距离固定为20 mm。对针电极施加±8 kV的直流电压，持续10 min，用于向硅橡胶表面施加表面电荷。随后撤去外施电压，利用三维运动控制系统带动静电容探头测量硅橡胶表面电荷的分布情况。本文使用的静电容探头基于文献[14]的原始结构，静电计运算放大器（ADA4530-1型，亚德诺半导体技术有限公司）的输出范围为-5～+5 V，测量精度为10 mV，空间分辨率约为4 mm2。
1.3.2 微观形貌观测
采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM，Regulus 8100型）观察待测试样表面的微观形貌。
1.3.3 静态接触角测试
采用接触角测量仪（DSA，Kruss JY-82B型）测量待测试样表面5个不同部位的接触角，并求取平均值作为最终的测试结果。
1.3.4 电阻率测试
采用绝缘电阻测试仪（BEST-200A型）测量待测试样的表面电阻率和体积电阻率。为降低测量误差，每个参数重复测量3次并取平均值作为最终的测试结果。
1.3.5 机械稳定性测试
采用砂纸线性磨损法对疏水涂层的机械稳定性进行评估[15]，其中砂纸的目数为1 000目，载荷为100 g，在进行20次循环磨损后测量涂层的静态接触角。
1.3.6 沿面闪络电压测试
本文所用的高压直流电源、闪络电极和参数设置与文献[16]一致。其中闪络电极为指型电极，两个电极前端的间距固定为10 mm。实验前，将待测试样裁剪成尺寸为30 mm×30 mm×2 mm的方形样片，并且用无水乙醇清洗待测样品表面后放入高温烘箱中进行干燥，随后进行沿面闪络测试。在测试过程中，调节直流电压源使其升压至闪络点，对同一表面条件试样重复测试5次，求取平均值作为最终结果。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 静态接触角
为了表征涂覆不同含量疏水气相SiO2颗粒涂层的硅橡胶试样表面憎水性能，本文采用座滴法测定不同硅橡胶待测试样的静态接触角，结果如图2所示。
从图2可以看出，未经砂纸磨损处理时，未涂覆疏水涂层的硅橡胶静态接触角为105°，而涂覆了疏水涂层后硅橡胶的静态接触角随着SiO2颗粒含量的增加而增加。当疏水气相SiO2颗粒的质量分数为2%时，涂覆疏水涂层的硅橡胶静态接触角为122°，而当SiO2颗粒的质量分数增加到10%时，涂覆疏水涂层的硅橡胶静态接触角达到153°，具有了超疏水性[17]。与未涂覆疏水涂层的硅橡胶相比，涂覆不同含量SiO2颗粒疏水涂层的硅橡胶静态接触角增加幅度为16.19%～45.71%。经过砂纸线性磨损后，涂覆不同含量SiO2颗粒疏水涂层的硅橡胶静态接触角下降幅度为1.9%～3.27%，依旧保持良好的疏水性能。
硅橡胶表面呈现出不同憎水性的原因与涂层构筑成的微纳米结构有关[18]。因此本文采用SEM对比观察了涂覆不同含量SiO2颗粒疏水涂层的硅橡胶表面微观形貌，结果如图3所示。从图3(a)可以看出，未涂覆疏水涂层的硅橡胶表面比较平坦，仅出现了一些可能在制备模压过程中引入的颗粒物杂质。从图3(b)～(d)可以看出，在硅橡胶表面涂覆疏水涂层后，其表面出现了大量微尺度的凸起，这些凸起是由于纳米SiO2颗粒团聚构成的微纳米复合结构，使得表面粗糙度增大。该复合结构类似于“荷叶效应”，能够有效减少固体和液体之间的接触，从而提高硅橡胶表面的憎水性能[19]。当疏水涂层中SiO2颗粒的质量分数为2%时，涂层中各凸起之间的间隙较大。随着SiO2颗粒含量的增加，微纳米凸起复合结构的数量增多，并且各凸起之间的间隙减小，表面粗糙度增大，因此硅橡胶的静态接触角随之增大。
2.2 表面电荷积聚特性
考虑到表面电荷测量过程所需的时间以及电荷可能消散的因素，本文首先从待测硅橡胶试样边缘沿顺时针方向向着中心逐步测量一次，然后重新加压，从试样中心沿逆时针方向向外逐步测量一次，最后将两次测量的结果求平均值作为最终的试验结果。采用针-板电极产生电晕放电的方式向硅橡胶表面注入表面电荷，在空气中对涂覆不同含量SiO2颗粒疏水涂层的硅橡胶分别施加±8 kV的直流电压，得到不同极性直流电压下不同待测硅橡胶试样的表面电荷积聚情况，如图4所示。
从图4可以看出，未涂覆疏水涂层的硅橡胶表面积聚的表面电荷极性与所施加电压极性相同，并且表面电荷密度从中心沿边缘逐渐减小，呈现出“同心圆”状发散式分布特点。当硅橡胶表面涂覆疏水涂层时，其表面靠近电极处所积聚的表面电荷极性与所施加电压极性相同，而远离电极处形成了与所施加电压极性相反的异极性电荷带。并且随着疏水涂层中SiO2颗粒含量增大，硅橡胶试样表面积聚的电荷越来越多，其表面积聚的同极性电荷产生的高电位电荷带的面积越大。与未涂覆疏水涂层的硅橡胶相比，当疏水涂层中SiO2颗粒的质量分数为2%、6%、10%时，其表面积聚的最大表面电荷密度分别增加了5.03%、20.11%、24.06%。这是由于与所施加电压同极性的电荷会在硅橡胶表面形成向心的切向电场，当切向电场强度足够大时，电荷会沿电场线迁移至同号电荷分布区域的周围[20]，因此在远离电极处形成了与所施加电压极性相反的异极性电荷带。
2.3 沿面闪络特性
在相同条件下，测试得到涂覆不同含量疏水气相SiO2颗粒涂层的硅橡胶试样正极性和负极性直流沿面闪络电压，如图5所示。从图5可以看出，未涂覆疏水涂层的硅橡胶正极性和负极性直流沿面闪络电压最大，分别为15.76 kV和-15.33 kV。而当硅橡胶表面涂覆疏水涂层后，其正极性和负极性直流沿面闪络电压均随着疏水涂层中SiO2颗粒含量的增大而降低，与未涂覆疏水涂层的硅橡胶相比，下降幅度分别在5.96%～14.14%和7.24%～14.48%。根据文献[21]，若绝缘材料积聚表面电荷的能力较强，则其表面电场容易发生严重畸变，导致沿面闪络电压下降。从2.2节中表面电荷的积聚特性研究结果发现，涂覆疏水涂层会加剧硅橡胶表面电荷积聚的严重程度，并且其表面电荷积聚的严重程度随着疏水涂层中SiO2颗粒含量的增加而增加。因此，涂覆疏水涂层的硅橡胶直流沿面闪络电压随着SiO2颗粒含量的增大而降低。
图6是涂覆不同含量SiO2复合涂层硅橡胶的表面电阻率。从图6可以看出，未涂覆疏水涂层的硅橡胶表面电阻率最大，而涂覆疏水涂层会导致硅橡胶的表面电阻率减小。与未涂覆疏水涂层的硅橡胶相比，当疏水涂层中SiO2颗粒的质量分数为2%、6%、10%时，硅橡胶表面电阻率的下降幅度分别为20.50%、45.21%、55.46%。这是因为虽然纳米SiO₂颗粒本身具有一定的绝缘性，但是它们的团聚会形成更多的接触点和导电路径，导致表面电阻率降低。随着SiO₂颗粒含量的增加，这些接触点和导电路径随之增多，导致硅橡胶表面电阻率的下降幅度增大。根据文献[22]，过高的电导率将会增大涂层表面的泄漏电流，从而容易诱发沿面闪络放电，使得沿面闪络电压下降。因此，涂覆疏水涂层的硅橡胶直流沿面闪络电压随着SiO2颗粒含量的增大而降低。
2.4 表面电荷积聚过程分析
涂覆疏水涂层的硅橡胶表面电荷积聚过程示意图如图7所示。如图7(a)所示，对针电极施加正极性直流电压时，空气中的自由电子和负离子会向针电极的针尖处移动，其中大量的自由电子会与空气中的中性分子发生碰撞电离，从而产生新的电子和正离子。大量的正离子会在电场力的作用下向硅橡胶表面移动并被硅橡胶表面陷阱俘获而成为表面电荷[23]。如图7(b)所示，对针电极施加负极性直流电压时，针电极的针尖处会发射出大量的电子。这些电子与电离区中性分子的碰撞电离会产生新的电子和正离子。正离子沿着针电极移动，而电子在漂移区与中性分子结合，产生负离子。在电场的作用下，大量负离子向硅橡胶表面移动并被表面陷阱捕获，从而产生表面电荷。
由于电晕放电的特点以及硅橡胶表面的物理化学性质差异，电荷并非均匀地分布在整个表面，而是在局部区域可能有较高的电荷密度。从图7可以看出，针电极处于硅橡胶中心位置上方，使得针电极尖端下方的电场线最密集，大部分与外施电压极性相同的电荷会在电场力的作用下积聚在硅橡胶的中心位置。因此，硅橡胶试样的表面电荷密度呈现出“同心圆”状发散式分布特点。与此同时，硅橡胶的表面电荷也会沿3种不同路径进行消散，包括沿硅橡胶表面消散、沿硅橡胶本体内部消散和与空气中的异极性电荷复合而消散[24]。随着时间的推移，当电荷注入和消散的速率达到一定程度时，会形成一种动态平衡状态。只不过在开始阶段，注入的电荷数量远大于消散的电荷数量，因此表面电荷总体上呈现出积聚的趋势。根据图6，未涂覆疏水涂层的普通硅橡胶试样表面电阻率最大，而涂覆疏水涂层会导致硅橡胶的表面电阻率减小，并且其减小幅度随着SiO₂颗粒含量的增加而增大，因此表面电荷在疏水涂层表面的迁移速率更快。硅橡胶试样表面在涂覆疏水涂层后，硅橡胶的静态接触角增大，疏水性能得到提升。根据图3，涂覆疏水涂层后硅橡胶表面的微观形貌发生了变化，疏水涂层表面会产生更多间隙和孔洞。一方面，在高电场下，间隙和孔洞的存在使电场局部畸变严重，气体分子更容易在微观结构处被电离，形成导电通道，导致沿面闪络电压下降；另一方面，间隙和孔洞的存在会在一定程度上捕捉和吸附电荷，使得表面电荷积聚的严重程度增加。而表面电荷积聚又会改变材料表面的电场分布，当电荷大量积聚时，会进一步降低沿面闪络电压。因此，表面微观结构的改变会影响硅橡胶的静态接触角，间接加剧了表面电荷积聚的严重程度，且表面电荷积聚也会对沿面闪络电压产生负面影响。本文所用硅橡胶是直径为100 mm、厚度为2 mm的圆片，硅橡胶的厚度远小于其直径，因此表面电荷沿着硅橡胶本体内部往接地电极处消散的过程相较于沿硅橡胶表面消散的过程更为容易。然而，疏水涂层中的间隙和孔洞使得电荷难以沿硅橡胶本体内部消散。因此，涂覆疏水涂层的硅橡胶试样比未涂覆疏水涂层的硅橡胶积聚的表面电荷更多，导致涂覆疏水涂层的硅橡胶试样中心区域与所施加电压同极性电荷产生的高电位电荷带的面积也更大，表面电荷密度不再呈规则的“同心圆”状的分布特点。
3 结论
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本文利用电晕充电法对硅橡胶表面施加正极性和负极性表面电荷，研究了硅橡胶表面涂覆不同含量SiO2颗粒疏水涂层后的表面电荷积聚特性，并测试了其表面微观形貌、静态接触角、表面电阻率和直流沿面闪络电压，主要结论如下：
（1）硅橡胶表面的静态接触角随着疏水涂层中SiO2颗粒含量的增加而增大，当SiO2颗粒的质量分数为10%时，涂覆疏水涂层的硅橡胶静态接触角达到153°，具有了超疏水性。
（2）未涂覆疏水涂层的硅橡胶，其表面积聚的表面电荷极性与所施加电压极性相同，并且表面电荷密度呈现出“同心圆”状分布特点。当硅橡胶表面涂覆疏水涂层时，其表面靠近电极处所积聚的表面电荷极性与所施加电压极性相同，而远离电极处形成了与所施加电压极性相反的异极性电荷带。
（3）表面涂覆疏水涂层会促进硅橡胶表面电荷积聚，与未涂覆疏水涂层的硅橡胶相比，当疏水涂层中SiO2颗粒的质量分数为2%、6%、10%时，硅橡胶表面积聚的最大表面电荷密度分别增加了5.03%、20.11%、24.06%。
（4）硅橡胶表面涂覆疏水涂层后，其正极性和负极性直流沿面闪络电压均会随着SiO2颗粒含量的增大而降低，与未涂覆疏水涂层硅橡胶相比，下降幅度分别为5.96%～14.14%和7.24%～14.48%。
基金
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  • 国网甘肃省电力公司科技项目(522724240001)
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2025年第58卷第7期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.003
  • 接收时间：2024-11-12
  • 首发时间：2025-10-29
  • 出版时间：2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期：2024-11-12
  • 修回日期：2025-01-10
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国网甘肃省电力公司科技项目(522724240001)
作者信息
    1.国网甘肃省电力公司物资事业部，甘肃 兰州 730050
    2.湖南大学 电气与信息工程学院， 湖南 长沙 410082
    3.国网甘肃省电力公司电力科学研究院，甘肃 兰州 730050

通讯作者:

胡德雄（1995-），男（汉族），福建莆田人，博士生，主要从事绝缘材料的表面电荷积聚和消散特性的研究。
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