Article(id=1190365080505122959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1190365079976640655, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1737302400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-20, revisedDate=1741795200000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761734751105, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1752940800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761734751105, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761734751104, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761734751104, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190365079976640655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761734750980, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761735924323, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190370001430348320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1190365079976640655, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190370001430348321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1190365079976640655, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=15, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190365080794529937, articleId=1190365080505122959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research progress on failure mechanism and improving method of gas-solid interface insulation for insulator, columnId=1190365080723226768, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on Electrical Equipment Interface Insulation, runingTitle=null, highlight=

In the development of gas insulated switchgear (GIS) and gas insulated transmission lines (GIL) towards higher voltage and larger capacity, the insulation performance at the internal insulator's gas-solid interface is recognized as a critical factor affecting the operational safety of GIS/GIL equipment. To ensure the insulation safety of GIS/GIL equipment in engineering applications, it is imperative to elucidate the insulation failure mechanisms at the gas-solid interface and explore methods to enhance its insulation performance. In this paper, first, the research progress in the field of gas-solid interface insulation was reviewed, the mechanisms of dynamic charge behavior at the gas-solid interface and its influencing factors were analyzed, and methods for charge regulation at the gas-solid interface were introduced. Subsequently, the mechanism of insulation failure influenced by metal particles at the interface was discussed, and the motion characteristics of metal particles and their mitigation measures were summarized. Following this, the insulation characteristics at the gas-solid interface in environmental-friendly insulating gases were described, and the methods for electric field regulation and flashover voltage enhancement at the interface were summarized. Finally, the research directions for gas-solid interface insulation of insulator in GIS/GIL were outlined.

, articleAbstract=

In the development of gas insulated switchgear (GIS) and gas insulated transmission lines (GIL) towards higher voltage and larger capacity, the insulation performance at the internal insulator's gas-solid interface is recognized as a critical factor affecting the operational safety of GIS/GIL equipment. To ensure the insulation safety of GIS/GIL equipment in engineering applications, it is imperative to elucidate the insulation failure mechanisms at the gas-solid interface and explore methods to enhance its insulation performance. In this paper, first, the research progress in the field of gas-solid interface insulation was reviewed, the mechanisms of dynamic charge behavior at the gas-solid interface and its influencing factors were analyzed, and methods for charge regulation at the gas-solid interface were introduced. Subsequently, the mechanism of insulation failure influenced by metal particles at the interface was discussed, and the motion characteristics of metal particles and their mitigation measures were summarized. Following this, the insulation characteristics at the gas-solid interface in environmental-friendly insulating gases were described, and the methods for electric field regulation and flashover voltage enhancement at the interface were summarized. Finally, the research directions for gas-solid interface insulation of insulator in GIS/GIL were outlined.

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在气体绝缘开关设备(GIS)及气体绝缘输电线路(GIL)向高电压、大容量方向发展过程中,其内部绝缘子气-固界面的绝缘性能被认为是影响GIS/GIL设备运行安全的关键因素。为保证GIS/GIL设备在工程应用中的绝缘安全,明确气-固界面绝缘失效机制、探索气-固界面绝缘性能提升方法尤为重要。本文首先梳理气-固界面绝缘领域的研究进展,分析气-固界面电荷动态行为机理及其影响因素,介绍气-固界面电荷调控方法。然后讨论金属微粒影响界面绝缘失效的机理,总结金属微粒运动特性及防控措施。接着介绍环境友好型绝缘气体中的气-固界面绝缘特性,并总结气-固界面电场调控及闪络电压提升方法。最后,展望了GIS/GIL内部绝缘子气-固界面绝缘的研究方向。

, articleAbstract=

在气体绝缘开关设备(GIS)及气体绝缘输电线路(GIL)向高电压、大容量方向发展过程中,其内部绝缘子气-固界面的绝缘性能被认为是影响GIS/GIL设备运行安全的关键因素。为保证GIS/GIL设备在工程应用中的绝缘安全,明确气-固界面绝缘失效机制、探索气-固界面绝缘性能提升方法尤为重要。本文首先梳理气-固界面绝缘领域的研究进展,分析气-固界面电荷动态行为机理及其影响因素,介绍气-固界面电荷调控方法。然后讨论金属微粒影响界面绝缘失效的机理,总结金属微粒运动特性及防控措施。接着介绍环境友好型绝缘气体中的气-固界面绝缘特性,并总结气-固界面电场调控及闪络电压提升方法。最后,展望了GIS/GIL内部绝缘子气-固界面绝缘的研究方向。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
高宇(1981-),男(汉族),辽宁沈阳人,教授,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=1SudNq2CDz/wtC+r5g/Q0A==, magXml=+zvZMwJ2H7XYQYyHeaMwRg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=VV1JdoHwYcwYV2QcRYhYHQ==, pdfFileSize=26157787, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=uyHJ5FZe/e7rWfkrfbfMBQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=s56ITCcP87zYV50BtDG9bg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

卢镝(1998-),男(汉族),辽宁锦州人,博士生,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术;

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卢镝(1998-),男(汉族),辽宁锦州人,博士生,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术;

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Electric field relaxation and surface flashover suppression under AC/DC voltages by functionally graded spacer for HVDC GIS[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE,2024,44(8):3297-3306., articleTitle=Electric field relaxation and surface flashover suppression under AC/DC voltages by functionally graded spacer for HVDC GIS, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190960949222850811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=30, issue=5, pageStart=2043, pageEnd=2050, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[81], rfOrder=106, authorNames=LIUL, HAOY P, ZHANGQ G, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIUL, HAOY P, ZHANGQ G, et al. Discharge randomness and attraction process of epoxy surface on discharge channel in SF6 gas under uniform electric field[J]. 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Insulating Materials,2025,58(1):137-144., articleTitle=A method for reducing partial discharge of GIS basin-type insulator and its application, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1190960942193197199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, awardId=52077151, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(52077151), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1190960942251917456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, awardId=52477152, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(52477152), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190960937696903235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190960937701097540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, companyId=1190960937696903235, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190960937709486149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, companyId=1190960937696903235, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=天津大学 电气自动化与信息工程学院,天津 300072)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1190960939647254633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Electric field distribution in DC GIS/GIL before and after voltage polarity reversal, figureFileSmall=4iRo1LfzOOMGq0fai07HhQ==, figureFileBig=UTvVAtlQdDsG0kCeGTJjVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190960939705974890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, language=CN, label=图1, caption=电压极性反转前后直流GIS/GIL中的电场分布

(a) 电压反转前 (b) 电压过零时 (c) 电压反转后

, figureFileSmall=4iRo1LfzOOMGq0fai07HhQ==, figureFileBig=UTvVAtlQdDsG0kCeGTJjVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190960939794055275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Steady-state temperature and velocity distribution inside vertical GIL, figureFileSmall=tJzXkX+yQpzbhiW2QAAQwA==, figureFileBig=QbJbY0r5Lr2jKOi/mfBSXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190960939848581228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, language=CN, label=图2, caption=垂直GIL内部的稳态温度和速度分布, figureFileSmall=tJzXkX+yQpzbhiW2QAAQwA==, figureFileBig=QbJbY0r5Lr2jKOi/mfBSXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190960939907301485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Steady-state temperature and velocity distribution inside horizontal GIL, figureFileSmall=IJ7d9WmTG0yW1YYavnzRgg==, figureFileBig=PNikrmlwzTXlDHdykZC5Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190960939978604654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, language=CN, label=图3, caption=水平GIL内部的稳态温度和速度分布, figureFileSmall=IJ7d9WmTG0yW1YYavnzRgg==, figureFileBig=PNikrmlwzTXlDHdykZC5Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190960940037324911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The average potential distributions along the radial direction of spacer surface in different gases under +20 kV DC voltage after 120 min, figureFileSmall=aAnABFTc2gEUKMgaDEppkw==, figureFileBig=lxlcSIpujBXbzNe1w07dkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190960940125405296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, language=CN, label=图4, caption=+20 kV DC电压下120 min后不同气体中沿绝缘子表面径向的平均电位分布, figureFileSmall=aAnABFTc2gEUKMgaDEppkw==, figureFileBig=lxlcSIpujBXbzNe1w07dkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190960940184125553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Radial distribution characteristics of surface charge on DC insulators under vibration, figureFileSmall=KqIIuYoFd9T2JY7n9Bo2Ag==, figureFileBig=G2clU6pLHSzE2yGk+y6q6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190960940272205938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, language=CN, label=图5, caption=振动作用下直流绝缘子表面电荷沿径向分布特征, figureFileSmall=KqIIuYoFd9T2JY7n9Bo2Ag==, figureFileBig=G2clU6pLHSzE2yGk+y6q6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190960940335120499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Surface charge accumulation affected by metal particles, figureFileSmall=Ty6wTZANJ8uIcYBFdkBPXw==, figureFileBig=1cHKrCk44Oyou8sRrB1AHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190960940398035060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, language=CN, label=图6, caption=受金属微粒影响的表面电荷积聚情况, figureFileSmall=Ty6wTZANJ8uIcYBFdkBPXw==, figureFileBig=1cHKrCk44Oyou8sRrB1AHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190960940469338229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Optimization results of the basin insulator, figureFileSmall=i4dsp7Hc7F0vyAde3LdkSQ==, figureFileBig=Gbn1E7F5kZ14AMcBTSn4+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190960940536447094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, language=CN, label=图7, caption=盆式绝缘子优化结果

(a) 优化前后形状对比 (b) 优化后电场分布

, figureFileSmall=i4dsp7Hc7F0vyAde3LdkSQ==, figureFileBig=Gbn1E7F5kZ14AMcBTSn4+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190960940607750263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Relationship between discharge path and residual charge distribution after flashover, figureFileSmall=VSsoQniNigv15RPLq2EQjQ==, figureFileBig=JwdVjqbiWEbC7CcDZp3MSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190960940666470520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, language=CN, label=图8, caption=闪络后放电路径与剩余电荷分布的关系, figureFileSmall=VSsoQniNigv15RPLq2EQjQ==, figureFileBig=JwdVjqbiWEbC7CcDZp3MSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190960940725190777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Mechanisms of surface charge dissipation via neutralization considering the influence of X-ray irradiation, figureFileSmall=NnbkjyQF/VNgPXtU6mqVLQ==, figureFileBig=1/8MD/evoDzKwNuCGNtzsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190960940775522426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, language=CN, label=图9, caption=考虑X射线辐照影响的表面电荷中和耗散机制, figureFileSmall=NnbkjyQF/VNgPXtU6mqVLQ==, figureFileBig=1/8MD/evoDzKwNuCGNtzsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190960940825854075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Charge distribution on disk-shaped insulator surface and corresponding truncated phase, figureFileSmall=kbZxOLpr3NoKpJ94kP9myA==, figureFileBig=IYrcTPmD8g+Z02hzJDZtsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190960940880380028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, language=CN, label=图10, caption=盘状绝缘子表面电荷分布及相应截断相位, figureFileSmall=kbZxOLpr3NoKpJ94kP9myA==, figureFileBig=IYrcTPmD8g+Z02hzJDZtsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190960940934905981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Formation of backward discharge, figureFileSmall=E3uER379d+RW1kAb+1hXRg==, figureFileBig=0Q7XQb7Ke6YzCd2wx7/Sxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190960940989431934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, language=CN, label=图11, caption=反向放电形成过程, figureFileSmall=E3uER379d+RW1kAb+1hXRg==, figureFileBig=0Q7XQb7Ke6YzCd2wx7/Sxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190960941052346495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365080505122959, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Motion state of metal particles under impact vibration, figureFileSmall=jzWyC+JM3hW+W6fL+AvWbA==, figureFileBig=PLJmASQdTRekdXOcorMskw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190960941106872448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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绝缘子气-固界面绝缘失效机理与提升方法研究进展
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卢镝 , 高宇 , 黄品皓 , 李双影 , 杜伯学
绝缘材料 | 电气设备界面绝缘专题 2025,58(7): 1-15
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绝缘材料 | 电气设备界面绝缘专题 2025, 58(7): 1-15
绝缘子气-固界面绝缘失效机理与提升方法研究进展
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卢镝, 高宇, 黄品皓, 李双影, 杜伯学
作者信息
  • 天津大学 电气自动化与信息工程学院,天津 300072
  • 卢镝(1998-),男(汉族),辽宁锦州人,博士生,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术;

通讯作者:

高宇(1981-),男(汉族),辽宁沈阳人,教授,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。
Research progress on failure mechanism and improving method of gas-solid interface insulation for insulator
Di LU, Yu GAO, Pinhao HUANG, Shuangying LI, Boxue DU
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
出版时间: 2025-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.001
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在气体绝缘开关设备(GIS)及气体绝缘输电线路(GIL)向高电压、大容量方向发展过程中,其内部绝缘子气-固界面的绝缘性能被认为是影响GIS/GIL设备运行安全的关键因素。为保证GIS/GIL设备在工程应用中的绝缘安全,明确气-固界面绝缘失效机制、探索气-固界面绝缘性能提升方法尤为重要。本文首先梳理气-固界面绝缘领域的研究进展,分析气-固界面电荷动态行为机理及其影响因素,介绍气-固界面电荷调控方法。然后讨论金属微粒影响界面绝缘失效的机理,总结金属微粒运动特性及防控措施。接着介绍环境友好型绝缘气体中的气-固界面绝缘特性,并总结气-固界面电场调控及闪络电压提升方法。最后,展望了GIS/GIL内部绝缘子气-固界面绝缘的研究方向。

GIS/GIL  /  气-固界面绝缘  /  表面电荷  /  金属微粒  /  环境友好型气体

In the development of gas insulated switchgear (GIS) and gas insulated transmission lines (GIL) towards higher voltage and larger capacity, the insulation performance at the internal insulator's gas-solid interface is recognized as a critical factor affecting the operational safety of GIS/GIL equipment. To ensure the insulation safety of GIS/GIL equipment in engineering applications, it is imperative to elucidate the insulation failure mechanisms at the gas-solid interface and explore methods to enhance its insulation performance. In this paper, first, the research progress in the field of gas-solid interface insulation was reviewed, the mechanisms of dynamic charge behavior at the gas-solid interface and its influencing factors were analyzed, and methods for charge regulation at the gas-solid interface were introduced. Subsequently, the mechanism of insulation failure influenced by metal particles at the interface was discussed, and the motion characteristics of metal particles and their mitigation measures were summarized. Following this, the insulation characteristics at the gas-solid interface in environmental-friendly insulating gases were described, and the methods for electric field regulation and flashover voltage enhancement at the interface were summarized. Finally, the research directions for gas-solid interface insulation of insulator in GIS/GIL were outlined.

GIS/GIL  /  gas-solid interface insulation  /  surface charge  /  metal particle  /  environmental-friendly gas
卢镝, 高宇, 黄品皓, 李双影, 杜伯学. 绝缘子气-固界面绝缘失效机理与提升方法研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (7) : 1 -15 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.001
Di LU, Yu GAO, Pinhao HUANG, Shuangying LI, Boxue DU. Research progress on failure mechanism and improving method of gas-solid interface insulation for insulator[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (7) : 1 -15 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.001
随着世界工业化进程的不断加快,用电量逐年提高,对减少电能损耗、提高电压等级、扩大可再生能源发电比例提出新的要求[1]。由于装机容量的逐年攀升,传统的敞开式输变电设备占地面积较大、受环境干扰严重等问题日益凸显[2-3]。而气体绝缘开关设备(gas insulated switchgear,GIS)及气体绝缘输电线路(gas insulated transmission line,GIL)等新型封闭式电气设备,由于具有输送容量大、运行可靠性高、占地面积小、受环境影响小等诸多优点,自20世纪60年代问世以来便受到电力行业从业人员的广泛关注[4-7]
在GIS/GIL研发及工程应用快速推进的同时,设备的运行安全也面临新的考验。人们通常选用具有良好电负性的绝缘气体充入GIS/GIL设备的密闭腔体内,并通过设置特定的气体压力来确保设备内部的绝缘安全[8]。然而,采用环氧树脂(EP)与氧化铝(Al2O3)等材料固化而成的绝缘子由于固体绝缘介质的固有特性,其与绝缘气体的相对介电常数、电导率等参数存在较大差异,使得GIS/GIL设备的气-固界面往往成为绝缘薄弱点。尤其是在绝缘子、绝缘气体和金属电极这3种电气特性差异较大物质的三结合点处,电场的严重畸变会促使局部放电(partial discharge,PD)发生,进而加剧气-固界面绝缘失效的风险[9-10]。因此,提高绝缘子气-固界面绝缘性能被认为是发展大容量、高电压等级GIS/GIL设备的关键。
影响绝缘子气-固界面绝缘性能的因素众多,由于研究手段、研究对象以及侧重点的不同,学者们关注的特征参数趋于多元化,气-固界面绝缘失效的机理以及如何提升其绝缘裕度仍待充分讨论。在目前针对GIS/GIL设备的气-固界面绝缘失效机理及绝缘性能提升方法的研究过程中,研究人员已就表面电荷积聚行为、动静态金属微粒特性、气体特性参数、气-固界面调控等内容开展了大量研究工作并取得了重要研究成果。本文对该领域内的相关研究成果进行综述,为揭示GIS/GIL气-固界面绝缘特征,提高GIS/GIL的运行可靠性提供借鉴。
绝缘子气-固界面积累的大量电荷会导致局部电场严重畸变,进而降低绝缘子的绝缘裕度[6]。由于影响绝缘子表面电荷行为的因素众多,且电荷分布具有一定的随机性,这对探索表面电荷行为机理提出挑战。为揭示表面电荷行为机理,学者们通过粉尘图法、有源探头法及静电探头法等对表面电荷密度、电荷分布等特征进行表征[11],并从表面电荷积聚特征、行为方式以及影响因素等方面开展研究。
在直流系统中,长期恒定的电场促使电荷定向迁移并沉积在绝缘子表面,电荷积聚问题尤为严重[6,12]。在高电场强度的作用下,金属导体与绝缘子接触处的微观缺陷或场强集中会引发场致发射(field emission)或肖特基效应(Schottky emission),使电荷从电极注入到绝缘子表面。受外施电压的幅值及极性等影响,界面电荷展示出复杂的积聚特征。DU Q D等[13]以±200 kV盆式绝缘子为研究对象,发现当施加的直流电压较低时,绝缘子表面主要积聚与施加电压极性相反的异极性电荷;随着电压幅值的升高,与施加电压极性相同的同极性电荷开始积聚。LUO Y等[14]在仿真模型中考虑了沿气体侧、绝缘子本体侧和绝缘子表面传导3种传导方式以及载流子的产生、扩散、漂移和复合等行为,在此基础上研究了极性反转、反转时间对绝缘子表面电荷和电场分布的影响,结果如图1所示。当预载电压等于反转电压时,电压极性反转前后的表面电荷和稳态电场分布均相同,且极性相反,不受反转时间的影响。然而,当反转时间不同时,电荷积聚达到稳态的时间也不同,表面电荷和稳态电场随反转电压的升高而增加。金硕等[15]研究了直流电压下电荷积聚对绝缘子沿面闪络的影响,结果表明,表面电荷的积累可使闪络电压下降10%左右,而在电压极性反转过程中,电荷对电场的畸变作用更强,最高可使闪络电压下降29.4%,电荷积聚在电压反转情况下对绝缘子的绝缘性能危害更大。
在GIS/GIL的工程运行过程中,中心导体温度会因电流热效应而比环境温度高20~50℃。在短时过载或局部接触不良等情况下,导体温度会进一步升高30~60℃[16]。LIANG F W等[17]探索了±320 kV盆式绝缘子表面电荷受温度影响的物理特性,发现在因中心导体电流的热效应而产生的复杂温度环境中,由于接地电极附近的电场明显增强,气体电离产生的异极性自由电荷成为绝缘子表面电荷的主要来源。H SHIMAKAWA等[18]以缩小尺寸的绝缘子模型为实验对象,探究了直流电场下温度对其表面电荷行为的影响,结果表明,同极性电荷积聚占据主导,并随着温度升高展现出分布范围扩大以及加速达到稳定状态的特征。实验结果与仿真计算表明,传统电阻性场计算在计算电荷分布以及温度依赖性等方面存在缺陷,在仿真中引入跳跃传导对于完善电荷积聚仿真模拟方法十分有益。
YIN W等[19]研究了热对流作用对±500 kV绝缘子上、下表面电荷积聚的影响,结果表明,由于热对流的影响,下表面比上表面温度更高,电荷积聚速度更快、电荷密度饱和值更高,这与绝缘子的体电导率和体传导电流有关。ZHANG L等[20]建立了表征绝缘子表面电荷积聚特性的电-热场耦合模型,分析了垂直和水平安装方式下三维GIL模型的温度分布和气体速度分布,结果如图2图3所示。在相同负载电流下,垂直GIL绝缘子两表面温差较大,最大可达5.7℃;水平GIL绝缘子两侧表面温度基本相同,但沿绝缘子径向温度分布差异较大,最大温差可达5.3℃。水平GIL绝缘子的表面电荷密度比垂直GIL的表面电荷密度高20%以上。温度升高将会显著提升肖特基发射电流密度,并导致绝缘子体积/表面电导率提升,这一方面会加速已积聚电荷的耗散,另一方面可能增强泄漏电流驱动的电荷迁移。
气体侧电荷在表面电荷积聚过程中同样起到重要作用。在强电场下,因气体电离而产生的电子、离子吸附并积聚在绝缘子表面,进而对电荷积聚的特征产生复杂影响。ZHANG B Y等[21]对比了直流电压下绝缘子在C4F7N/CO2混合气体及SF6中的表面充电特性,结果如图4所示。随着C4F7N浓度的增加,绝缘子表面电位略有下降,与15%~25% C4F7N/CO2混合气体相比,SF6中低量级的PD较多,而高量级的PD较少。C4F7N/CO2混合气体及SF6这两种气体中不同的PD行为导致了绝缘子表面充电特征的差异,C4F7N/CO2混合气体中绝缘子的表面充电水平显著高于SF6中的表面充电水平。此外,该团队对洁净空气和SF6中的绝缘子表面电荷积聚进行对比[22],发现在洁净空气中容易出现电荷斑,但在这两种气体中观察到的同极性电荷分布非常相似;增加气体压力可以抑制电荷斑的形成,但会促进同极性电荷的增加。GAO Y等[23-24]对比了直流电压作用下多种气体氛围中绝缘子的电荷积聚情况,发现表面电荷积聚存在明显的极性效应。相较于SF6/N2混合气体,C4F7N/CO2混合气体中电荷积聚问题更加严重;随着气压的升高,表面电荷积聚情况得到缓解。相较于空气,SF6、C4F7N等具有较强电子亲和力的高电负性气体可快速捕获自由电子形成负离子,减小自由电子沉积在绝缘子表面,进而抑制电荷积聚。此外,随着气压的升高,气体分子密度增加,电子平均自由程缩短,碰撞电离概率降低,抑制了PD的发生。在工程中,可通过使用具有强电负性的绝缘气体并提高气压的方式来抑制电荷积聚以及PD。
除上述电场、热应力及气体氛围外,机械与环境因素对表面电荷行为的影响同样不可忽视[25-26]。例如,设备振动或机械应力可能导致绝缘子发生微小形变,进而影响电荷的动态行为。GAO Y等[27]发现在电应力、机械应力等作用下,GIS内部的偶发随机性振动会影响绝缘子表面电荷的动态行为,如图5所示。通过设置多种典型振动模式,分别探究了振动加速度、振动次数、振动频率等参数对电荷行为的影响,发现首次振动即会产生与振动加速度密切相关的表面电荷局部逃逸现象,该现象受振动频率的影响较小。振动导致的绝缘子表面微位移是电荷逃逸的关键,由此形成的种子电荷可能是闪络事故发生的重要诱因。同时,绝缘子表面微凸起结构等会导致局部电场畸变,加剧电荷分布的不均匀性。CHEN G等[28]研究了导体局部表面形貌对气体传导电流的影响,发现经过车削或抛光等精细加工后,导体表面的微突起结构会显著诱导局部气体电离,从而通过增大局部气体传导电流来影响表面电荷积聚。
在GIS/GIL敷设、安装、运行过程中,难以避免会引入金属微粒。绝缘子附近的金属微粒对表面电荷积聚的影响与外施电压形式、金属微粒位置、金属微粒尺寸等密切相关[29]。在金属微粒与表面电荷的相互作用下,积聚在气-固界面的电荷会出现复杂的动态特征。赵慧存等[30]总结了绝缘子表面11种典型金属微粒运动模式,发现电荷的积聚模式与金属微粒的运动方式密切相关。与电极碰撞的金属微粒将会导致高密度的正电荷积聚,而非平面区金属微粒滚动轨迹的两侧将形成双极性电荷带。电荷积聚情况随温度的升高而变得严重,并且金属微粒在向地电极垂直面运动时更易导致沿面闪络的发生。附着在绝缘子或金属电极表面的金属微粒会导致气体侧的强烈电离,进而诱导电荷斑等严重电荷积聚现象出现。金属微粒导致局部电场畸变进而诱发气体侧电离,产生大量自由离子。这些离子在电场作用下沉积或远离绝缘子表面,进而形成点状[31]、放射状[32]或随机电荷散斑[33]等电荷斑样式,如图6所示。
在直流电场中,调控绝缘子表面电荷行为主要依赖于抑制界面电荷积累和优化表面电荷耗散路径。通过设计梯度电导率材料和功能性涂层,可有效均化电场分布并实现电荷的动态平衡。这些方法往往涉及绝缘子本体改性[34]以及绝缘子气-固界面调节[35-37]等方面。
DU Q D等[13]结合气体侧法向电场模型及气体传导机制对表面电荷积聚现象做出解释,并提出采用调节表面电导率与体积电导率之比(α)的方式来抑制表面电荷积聚。结果表明,将α控制在1~10,表面电场不均匀度较低,且较大的电导率有助于电荷消散。WANG T Y等[38]将二维纳米材料MXene掺杂到环氧树脂中,提高了复合材料的电阻率以及深陷阱的陷阱能级。其中在环氧树脂中掺杂0.003%的MXene有效抑制了直流电压作用下绝缘子表面电荷的积聚,复合材料中积聚的电荷量仅为纯环氧树脂的1/3左右,并且表面闪络电压也提高了10%。LUO Y等[39]分别构建了基于电容(初始)电场分布和电阻(稳态)电场分布的最小化目标函数,并基于人工蜂群算法的形状优化模型来寻找最优的盆式绝缘子形状,如图7所示。优化后的绝缘子能显著减小表面法向电场,并使切向电场分布更加均匀,进而抑制表面电荷积聚并提升沿面闪络电压。GAO Y等[40]采用分区涂层方法调控了圆盘绝缘子的表面电荷陷阱分布及表面电导率。分区涂层可以在绝缘子表面优化利用涂层电导率对表面电荷注入、电荷消散及电荷复合的作用,从而实现降低表面电荷密度、提升界面电场均匀程度的目标。PAN Z J等[41]采用SiC/环氧树脂涂层来调节表面电荷输运情况,分析了闪络与表面电荷之间的动态关系,如图8所示。提高SiC的含量可以增加浅陷阱密度,促进同极性电荷注入,增加同极性电荷密度以及分布面积,进而抑制高压电极附近的电场畸变并提高沿面闪络电压。
此外,WANG F等[42]提出了一种基于X射线辐照的绝缘子表面电荷无损快速耗散技术,如图9所示。在适当的电压和电流参数下,一定剂量的单次X射线照射对SF6绝缘设备中聚四氟乙烯材料表面电荷的耗散有显著效果,仅需数十秒便足以耗散几乎所有积聚的表面电荷。该技术可使绝缘介质表面的入陷电荷向自由电荷转换,并促进气-固界面的电荷中和,从而实现无接触的表面电荷快速消散。
受周期性电场的影响,在交流及脉冲等外施电压条件下的电荷积聚问题相较直流电压条件下有所缓解。然而,在某些特殊情况下仍会出现电荷积聚问题。例如由于材料/界面的非均匀性,交流电压正、负半周的电荷注入量常不相等,并与相位密切相关。LI D Y等[43]将有源静电探头法与可控交流电压截断相位结合,获得了交流电压下圆盘形和圆锥形盆式绝缘子的表面电荷积聚特性。结果表明,截断相位P会影响表面电荷的极性以及分布范围,交流电压(频率为50 Hz,有效电压值为3.5 kV)下表面电荷呈现出“同心圆”状的分布特征,如图10所示。此外,该团队研究了交流电压下表面电荷对闪络电压影响的主导因素[44]。结果表明,在电荷消散初期,绝缘子表面浅陷阱中电荷脱陷是闪络电压下降的关键;而在电荷消散一段时间后,深陷阱中入陷电荷对电场的畸变作用是影响闪络电压的主要因素。在交流电压下,无论何种分布特征的电荷都会造成闪络电压的降低。S SAINI等[45]设置多种针型电极结构,研究了低压条件下绝缘子表面的交流充电行为。在交流充电条件下,绝缘子表面负电荷积聚相比正电荷更加明显,并且在负电荷的边界周围出现正电荷积聚,交流电压的极性反转会导致积聚电荷的中和。放电强度越大,表面电荷越容易发生中和,平均表面电荷密度越低。CHEN J H等[46]探索了C4F7N/CO2环境中标准负极性全波和截波雷击下绝缘子表面的反向放电模式,如图11所示。全波雷击下,高压电极附近先发生正向放电,延迟一段时间后出现反向放电,且放电后绝缘子表面积聚大量电荷;而在截波负雷击下,反向放电会促进表面电荷积聚,而放电强度会随着电压斩波时刻的延迟而降低。
由于对交流系统中绝缘子表面电荷调控的研究往往与电场分布优化、介电特性改善、闪络电压提升等内容综合讨论,交流电压下的电荷行为调控以及界面绝缘性能提升方法将在后续章节进一步梳理。
在GIS/GIL安装、运行过程中,分布在绝缘子气-固界面附近的毫米、亚毫米级金属微粒会极大地影响绝缘子性能[47-48],并会在机械、电、热等多种应力作用下出现复杂的动态行为,进一步危害界面绝缘安全。因此,明确金属微粒对界面绝缘特性的影响、探索金属微粒动态行为机理可为保障绝缘子气-固界面绝缘安全打下良好的理论基础。
在电场力、机械应力等作用下,金属微粒会出现复杂的运动行为[49-50]。胡智莹等[51]为分析GIS/GIL中线形金属微粒群的飞萤运动机制,观测了线形金属微粒群的运动特性并建立了微粒群荷电运动模型,实现了线形金属微粒群飞萤运动的动态模拟。结果表明,金属微粒的飞萤起始电压与微粒数量、微粒长度呈负相关,而与微粒直径呈正相关。地电极单微粒飞萤的危险程度最低,高压电极单微粒飞萤与静止微粒飞萤的危险程度较高,微粒绕飞时危险程度最高。LI X等[52]研究了金属微粒在冲击振动作用下的运动行为,如图12所示。位于腔体上的金属微粒在受到冲击振动后会不断抬升和跳跃,进而诱发绝缘子沿面闪络。线形金属微粒在冲击振动后比片状微粒更容易引起绝缘子闪络。微粒长度越长,绝缘子发生闪络的概率越高,闪络前微粒的平均跳跃时间越短。相比于线形金属微粒,片状微粒更容易吸附至绝缘子表面,在冲击振动后难以引起绝缘子闪络。上述发现可为分析与开关操作强相关的绝缘事故提供参考。
J WIENER等[53]比较了交流电场作用下不同气体氛围中的金属微粒行为。在C4F7N/CO2和C5F10N/CO2混合气体中,微粒在被捕获之前的平均运动时间比在SF6/N2中短50%左右,而微粒与导体的接触次数比在SF6/N2中少60%以上。相较于SF6/N2混合气体,采用C4F7N/CO2和C5F10N/CO2混合气体可以获得与SF6/N2混合气体相当甚至更高的微粒捕获效率,并且会降低微粒诱导绝缘失效的风险。WU Z H等[54]基于带电机理和动力学方程,采用有限元模拟方法分析了金属微粒在不同位置的运动特性。在交流电压作用下,金属微粒会向绝缘子表面移动,微粒运动形式由微粒的尺寸及密度主导。随着电压幅值升高,金属微粒更易向绝缘子表面移动。电源频率升高会抑制金属微粒运动,增加微粒与地电极的碰撞次数。电极屏蔽结构对微粒运动的影响较小,因此设计金属微粒捕集装置时,屏蔽结构的影响可以作为次要因素。
此外,金属微粒或粉尘还会被绝缘子表面积聚的电荷吸引,进而附着在气-固界面处。LÜ F C等[55]基于改进的边界元算法(boundary element algorithm, BEM)分析了直流电压下表面电荷对粉尘状金属微粒分布特性的影响,结果如图13所示。在负电压下,金属微粒更多地附着在绝缘子凸面,同极性电荷增强了绝缘子附近金属微粒的附着力,但也增强了腔室内绝缘子与金属微粒之间的排斥力;异极性电荷削弱了绝缘子附近金属微粒的附着力,但也减弱了腔室中绝缘子与金属微粒之间的排斥力。
为了降低金属微粒对气-固界面绝缘性能的影响,研究人员基于微粒运动特性及电学特征开展了金属微粒防控工作[56-57]。GAO Y H等[58]研究了对电极涂覆多种涂层时金属微粒的运动特性,发现对接地电极涂覆涂层可以有效提高微粒的启举电压,而对高压电极涂覆涂层对微粒运动的影响并不明显。涂层阻止了微粒和电极之间的电荷交换,进而导致金属微粒吸附在电极表面。DU B X等[59]提出了一种利用具有体介电常数梯度(ε-FGM)的绝缘子抑制放电并主动驱离金属微粒的新方法,如图14所示。ε-FGM绝缘子在降低三结合点电场强度、提升沿面闪络电压的同时,改变了电场线的弯曲方向,产生了与传统绝缘子相反的库仑力,进而将金属微粒从绝缘子表面驱离,相应的闪络电压与无微粒时几乎相同。
在GIS/GIL内部安装金属微粒捕获陷阱也是一种十分有效的抑制微粒运动、防止其影响绝缘子气-固界面绝缘性能的措施。ZHUANG W J等[60]研究了金属微粒捕获陷阱的捕获效果,通过调节微粒陷阱孔隙与微粒临界启举电压之间的关系,确保已入陷的微粒不会重复启举脱陷。增大“GIL绝缘子安全区”可以降低微粒靠近绝缘子的概率,从而减少微粒与绝缘子的碰撞。ZHANG Y T等[61]讨论了金属微粒捕获陷阱的关键结构参数。结果表明,增大陷阱的长度和高度可以提高金属微粒的捕获率。过大或过小的栅格都不利于微粒的捕获,且微粒捕获率会随着微粒的初始提升位置远离微粒捕集装置而逐渐降低,如图15所示。在微粒陷阱表面涂覆涂层可以抑制金属微粒到达捕集装置时的电荷转移,进而提高微粒陷阱的捕获率。ZHAN Z Y等[62]采用铝粉模拟实际工程中出现的粉末状金属微粒,探究了交流电压作用下金属微粒在GIL内部的运动特性。屏蔽结构下方的微粒运动最明显,且粒径为150目左右的微粒运动更为剧烈。分析微粒在GIL中的运动时应考虑范德华力的影响,并且应防止微粒从绝缘子进入屏蔽结构下方。该研究提出了表征金属微粒捕获装置捕集效果的捕集系数,并设计了不同参数的栅格型捕集器和条形捕集器。
获取金属微粒的电学、声学信号特征有助于识别金属微粒位置及运动状态,进而为金属微粒的防控提供帮助。正常工作条件下,传统的检测方法难以检测到较短的金属微粒在绝缘子表面引起的局部缺陷,而检测灵敏度对判断金属微粒引发PD的严重程度有很大的影响。LI X等[63]建立了一种基于交叉参考脉冲电流和超高频方法的高灵敏度测量系统。通过研究较短长度(小于10 mm)的金属微粒在绝缘子表面不同位置诱发PD时产生的脉冲电流和超高频信号,获得了金属微粒在绝缘子表面的PD特性,增强了微小金属微粒的可探测性。LI X A等[64]研究了在工频电压和冲击振动作用下潜在粒子的充电和运动特性,提出了一种利用机械振动激发工频耐压试验中潜在金属微粒的新方法。在较低的电场作用下,冲击振动可使微粒启举电压减小50%以上,引发微粒的连续弹跳,释放出可探测的声信号,如图16所示。
除上文中提及的绝缘子表面电荷、动静态金属微粒、温度梯度及机械运动等影响气-固界面绝缘性能的因素外,多种运行气体氛围中绝缘子的闪络特性对界面绝缘的影响也得到广泛讨论。特别是随着环境问题的日益加剧,在“双碳”政策[65-66]、欧盟关于限制使用含氟气体的相关政策[67]等的推动下,可替代SF6的环境友好型绝缘气体成为研究热点。随着如C4F7N、C5F10O等新型绝缘气体的开发和使用,气-固界面绝缘问题变得更加复杂,在应用新型绝缘气体的同时保障绝缘子气-固界面绝缘性能对设备的运行安全至关重要。LI Y等[68]发现C4F7N/CO2混合气体的PD起始电压和交流击穿电压随C4F7N比例和气体压力的增加呈饱和增大趋势。C4F7N/CO2混合气体对电场的非均匀性敏感,应用该混合气体时需对设备结构进行优化,以避免不均匀电场的形成。MENG Y等[69]对比了交流电压及雷电脉冲电压作用下C4F7N/CO2混合气体与SF6气体中252 kV盆式绝缘子的气-固界面闪络特性,结果如图17所示。结果表明,相较于0.5 MPa下的SF6气体,在0.7 MPa下9%C4F7N/91%CO2混合气体中的盆式绝缘子沿面闪络性能更优,并观察到C4F7N/CO2混合气体存在极性效应。大部分放电痕迹出现在绝缘子凹面,在负极性雷电冲击下闪络更容易发生。随着气压或C4F7N摩尔分数的增加,沿面闪络电压呈饱和增大趋势,该研究获得了盆式绝缘子在不同C4F7N摩尔分数的C4F7N/CO2混合气体中的沿面闪络电压经验公式[70]
由于C5F10O气体在常压下液化温度(26.5℃)较高,配合缓冲气体使用可以有效降低其液化温度以满足工程需求。LI Y等[71]研究了C5F10O/N2混合气体在交流电压下均匀场的击穿特性并得到了混合气体的Paschen曲线。结果表明,当气压为0.5 MPa时,2%C5F10O/98%N2、5%C5F10O/95%N2、8%C5F10O/92%N2混合气体的绝缘强度分别可达到SF6的70%、75%、80%左右。LI Z等[72]研究了环氧复合材料在C5F10O/CO2混合气体的直流沿面闪络特性,如图18所示。20%C5F10O/CO2气体的闪络电压略低于纯SF6气体,但远高于20%SF6/CO2气体。此外,他们还利用密度泛函讨论了C5F10O/CO2中气体和固体性质对表面闪络的影响。经过系统性评估[73],学者们认为C5F10O混合气体有望在中低压侧设备中替代SF6气体。
提升绝缘子气-固界面闪络电压是GIS/GIL设备安全运行的关键挑战。在前文的论述中可以发现,在对气-固界面电荷调控、金属微粒防治、新型绝缘气体开发的过程中,闪络电压的变化趋势通常是研究的核心。鉴于界面闪络电压受多重因素共同影响,包括界面微观结构特征、电场分布状态以及材料固有属性等,相应的优化策略也呈现出多元化发展趋势。
在直流系统中,可通过调节绝缘子体积/表面电导率等指标提升绝缘子的沿面闪络电压,进而提高界面绝缘强度。LI X R等[74]采用改进的遗传算法设计了电导率非均匀分布的绝缘子,并采用3D打印工艺制造了具有空间非均匀介电特性的功能梯度绝缘子。与均匀绝缘子相比,该功能梯度绝缘子的直流闪络电压在SF6和真空中分别提高了23%和20%。詹振宇等[75]基于界面调控的方式,采用低温等离子体技术对环氧树脂绝缘试样进行氟化改性处理,并研究了改性样品在C4F7N/CO2混合气体中的电气性能。结果表明,改性处理10 min后,样品的沿面闪络电压达到最大值。适当的氟化处理通过增加表面粗糙度的方式增大爬电距离,调节正、负表面电荷的消散特性,从而提高闪络电压。杜伯学等[76]基于表层电导梯度材料(surface functionally conductivity graded materials,σ-SFGM)设计了以室温(room temperature,RT)电场均化为目标的RT-SFGM绝缘子与兼顾不同温度梯度(gradient temperature,GT)条件的GT-SFGM绝缘子,如图19所示。结果表明,均质绝缘子在三结合点处出现严重的电场畸变,RT-SFGM绝缘子与GT-SFGM绝缘子相同位置处的电场强度相比均质绝缘子分别下降了53.3%和49.5%。在负荷加载与负荷波动工况下,GT-SFGM绝缘子的电场变化率分别仅为7%与13.1%。该方法可实现时变温差工况下绝缘子直流电场分布的稳定控制。
交流系统中往往更加关注材料的介电特性,通过介电常数梯度设计可提升电场均匀性,抑制局部放电,进而提升界面绝缘裕度[77]。王超等[78]采用数值模拟方法对550 kV交流盆式绝缘子模型开展电场分布的多层次综合优化设计。通过几何形状的轮廓优化和介电分布的拓扑优化,调整绝缘内部的相对介电常数空间分布以实现沿面电场的调控,并基于参数优化寻找最优的介电常数以及连接件高度等局部关键结构最优参数。结果表明,优化后的绝缘子凸面和凹面的最大电场降幅可分别达24.2%和28.6%,大幅改善了绝缘子的整体电场分布。张维凯等[79]考虑绝缘子的电场分布和力学性能,对绝缘子的凹面和凸面形状进行了参数化重构后,基于NSGA-Ⅱ遗传算法得到了绝缘子在不同机械强度指标下的最优电场分布及对应结构。在保证原绝缘子力学性能裕度的同时,凹面和凸面的最大场强相比于原结构分别下降了11.63%和12.87%,改善了盆式绝缘子的表面电场分布。董佳楠等[80]制备了兼具体介电常数梯度(ε-FGM)和表面非线性电导特性的多维功能梯度材料(multi-dimensional functionally-graded material,MFGM)绝缘子。相比均质绝缘子MFGM绝缘子在直流、交流及交-直流混合电压下的沿面电场畸变情况均得到改善,并且沿面闪络电压提高了20%左右。
此外,LIU L等[81]指出提高绝缘性能的一种方法是避免固体表面参与气体放电过程,他们记录了雷击电压作用下SF6气体在环氧树脂表面附近放电过程的高速分幅图像。结果表明,固体表面对放电通道的吸引效果与固体表面形状、气隙高度和放电通道到固体表面的距离有关。为防止固体表面参与气体放电过程,应使固体表面远离可能放电的高电场区域,并减少表面电场的法向分量。
在气-固界面绝缘优化中,交直流电场调控策略存在显著差异。从材料角度看,直流电场主要通过调控电导率参数(如体积/表面电导率),来缓解极化效应和界面电荷积聚问题,改善电场分布特征,从而有效提高闪络电压和界面绝缘强度;而交流电场则更注重材料的介电特性,通过设计介电常数梯度结构和调控介电弛豫行为,实现电荷动态平衡和能量耗散控制,进而抑制局部放电。在结构设计方面,二者存在共性技术路径,如采用梯度介电结构或多层复合结构均能有效改善电场分布的均匀性,或通过设置电极屏蔽结构减少三结合点处的电场畸变[82]。实际应用中,需根据具体工况需求选择合适的调控策略。
在GIS/GIL设备向着高电压、大容量方向发展过程中以及电力系统小型化的驱动下,对电气设备提出运行安全性高、适应能力强、运维智能化、配置灵活化等多项挑战,电气设备气-固界面绝缘问题成为制约其发展的关键环节。
(1)在高电压的长期作用下,大量电荷积聚在绝缘子气-固界面处,并对绝缘性能产生损害。学者们在绝缘子气-固界面电荷溯源、电荷动态行为分析、电荷-闪络相互作用机理等方面取得了进展,通过气-固界面调控、绝缘子本体改性、非接触式耗散等方式可以改善电荷积聚问题。然而,广泛采用的电荷表征方法需要离线操作且直观性差,表面电荷的在线、直观测量手段仍待研发;气-固界面电荷积聚机理及电荷随机性分布特征仍待进一步研究;在特殊工况下,针对交流系统绝缘子表面电荷积聚现象及其控制方法的研究仍存在不足;操作简便、可推广性强的电荷防控及无损消散技术仍待探寻;气-固界面电荷与绝缘失效之间的物理、数学动态模型仍需建立。
(2)绝缘子气-固界面处动、静态金属微粒会诱发电荷积聚、闪络电压下降等问题,进而导致绝缘失效。研究人员通过分析金属微粒形态、多种电压模式以及界面电荷相互作用下的微粒动态特征以及微粒的声电特性,提出了相应的金属微粒检测方法,并采用绝缘子本体改性、设置微粒陷阱等手段防治金属微粒。目前,由于GIS/GIL运行时受到内、外部环境的综合作用,多物理场下气-固界面金属微粒的综合运动行为仍待阐明;针对安装、运输过程中的金属微粒溯源及其分布随机性的理论仿真模型仍待开发;金属粉尘/多微粒之间的相互作用机理及其影响气-固绝缘安全的量化方法仍需探索;非侵入式的无损金属微粒防控方法及其长期运行稳定性仍待研究。
(3)新型氟碳类环境友好型绝缘气体具有优异的绝缘性能及理化特性,有望在GIS/GIL中替代SF6。研究人员讨论了相关混合气体与界面绝缘的动态关系,阐明了混合气体组分、配比关系及气体压力等参数对气-固界面绝缘性能的影响。然而,针对长期运行时电、热应力对新型气体与绝缘介质间的气-固相容性影响仍需进一步探索;气体微观参数与宏观气-固绝缘电气性能之间的数学模型仍待进一步开发;价格低廉、操作简便的电场优化方法仍待开发;综合考虑气体氛围、绝缘子本体电学参数、电极结构等因素的多维优化方法仍需进一步讨论。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52077151)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52477152)
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2025年第58卷第7期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.001
  • 接收时间:2025-01-20
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-20
  • 修回日期:2025-03-13
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(52077151)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52477152)
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    天津大学 电气自动化与信息工程学院,天津 300072

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高宇(1981-),男(汉族),辽宁沈阳人,教授,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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