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Article(id=1304922242220061425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921585991836085, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755014400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-13, revisedDate=1764086400000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047306828, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1787155200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047306828, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047306828, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047306828, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921585991836085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787155200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047150370, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789117776362, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305217812939698326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921585991836085, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305217812939698327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921585991836085, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=153, endPage=160, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304922242626908914, articleId=1304922242220061425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=A method for dielectric loss testing of high-capacitance equipment based on damped AC voltage, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Dielectric loss factor measurement is an effective means for detecting defects in capacitive electrical equipment. However, due to the limitation of the instrument power supply capacity, there are many difficulties in the application of high-capacitance equipment. The damped AC voltage method requires low power supply capacity, and the oscillation frequency can be adjusted to be close to the power frequency. However, the current dielectric loss factor measurement using this method is based on the waveform attenuation parameters of damped AC voltage, which is far less accurate than digital bridges and can only reflect particularly severe defects. Therefore, a method to measure the dielectric loss factor of high-capacitance equipment by using damped AC voltage combined with digital bridge was proposed in this paper. Firstly, a dielectric loss factor measurement system based on damped AC voltage was established. The dielectric loss factor was extracted by full-phase Fourier calculation. The dielectric loss factor measurement results of sinusoidal waves and damped AC voltage with different frequencies were compared, the difference between the two method were analyzed, and the correction method was proposed. Then, comparative tests were conducted on the cable samples aged in the laboratory and those exposed to water and moisture, as well as on-site 220 kV CVT, and the feasibility of dielectric loss factor measurement based on the damped AC voltage combined with digital bridges was verified. The results show that the absolute deviation between The absolute deviation between the measurement results of the measurement system established in this article under 50 Hz damping oscillation voltage and the measurement results of the standard dielectric loss measuring instrument is less than 0.1%, which can meet the requirements of engineering applications.

, authors=Guocheng Li, Guangmao Li, Hongling Zhou, Lu Chen, Gang Du, Fuli Zheng, Shengya Qiao, authorsList=Guocheng Li, Guangmao Li, Hongling Zhou, Lu Chen, Gang Du, Fuli Zheng, Shengya Qiao, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304922244346573567, articleId=1304922242220061425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=基于阻尼振荡电压的大电容量电力设备介质损耗测量方法, columnId=1192878364483531003, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=测试与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

介质损耗因数测量是检测容性电力设备缺陷的有效手段，但受仪器电源容量限制，在大电容值电力设备中应用时存在诸多困难。阻尼振荡电压方法要求电源容量低，振荡频率可调节至接近工频，但当前采用该方法进行介质损耗因数测量是基于阻尼振荡电压的波形衰减参数，准确率远低于数字电桥，仅能反映特别严重的缺陷。为此，本文提出阻尼振荡电压配合数字电桥实现大电容量电力设备介质损耗因数测量的方法。首先，建立基于阻尼振荡电压的介质损耗因数测量系统，采用全相位傅里叶运算提取介质损耗因数，对比不同频率正弦波和阻尼振荡电压两种方法的介质损耗因数测量结果，分析两者间的差异，并提出修正方法。然后，分别在实验室老化和进水受潮电缆试样及现场220 kV CVT上进行对比测试，验证基于阻尼振荡电压配合数字电桥的介质损耗因数测量方法的可行性。结果表明：本文建立的测量系统在50 Hz阻尼振荡电压下的测量结果与标准介质损耗测量仪的测量结果绝对偏差小于0.1%，可以满足工程应用需求。

, authors=李国城, 李光茂, 周鸿铃, 陈璐, 杜钢, 郑服利, 乔胜亚, authorsList=李国城, 李光茂, 周鸿铃, 陈璐, 杜钢, 郑服利, 乔胜亚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

李国城（1996-），男（汉族），广东汕头人，工程师，主要从事输变电设备状态监测的研究工作

李光茂（1987-），男（汉族），安徽安庆人，教授级高级工程师，主要从事输变电设备状态监测的研究工作。

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李国城（1996-），男（汉族），广东汕头人，工程师，主要从事输变电设备状态监测的研究工作

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李国城（1996-），男（汉族），广东汕头人，工程师，主要从事输变电设备状态监测的研究工作

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李光茂（1987-），男（汉族），安徽安庆人，教授级高级工程师，主要从事输变电设备状态监测的研究工作。

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李光茂（1987-），男（汉族），安徽安庆人，教授级高级工程师，主要从事输变电设备状态监测的研究工作。

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High Voltage Engineering,2018,44(9):2881-2888., articleTitle=Influence of DC charging rate on space charge accumulation in XLPE during oscillation wave testing of cables, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1304922275363450897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304922275371839506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, companyId=1304922275363450897, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Electric Power Research Institute, Guangzhou Power Supply Bureau, Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510030, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304922275384422419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, companyId=1304922275363450897, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=广东电网有限公司广州供电局电力科学研究院，广东　广州　510030)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1304922277850673215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Dielectric loss factor measurement system based on damped AC voltage, figureFileSmall=jxuylGeNQuz2CPUDWkKrfQ==, figureFileBig=/gSNYw6qEA8SiOqLndX9CQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922277913587776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=CN, label=图1, caption=基于阻尼振荡电压的介质损耗因数测量系统, figureFileSmall=jxuylGeNQuz2CPUDWkKrfQ==, figureFileBig=/gSNYw6qEA8SiOqLndX9CQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922277993279553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Phasor diagram of digital bridge voltage, figureFileSmall=BzBsuIqZYTfbv5Vg9wCvAA==, figureFileBig=5gOI6k0tnTHbYJp2WnZfGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922278056194114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=CN, label=图2, caption=数字电桥电压相量图, figureFileSmall=BzBsuIqZYTfbv5Vg9wCvAA==, figureFileBig=5gOI6k0tnTHbYJp2WnZfGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922278123302979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Dielectric loss factor measurement system, figureFileSmall=TcWpY/upX58kuNK7UmN7Ig==, figureFileBig=BcrlJbIEXdyMDQaolTRpFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922278190411844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=CN, label=图3, caption=介质损耗因数测量系统, figureFileSmall=TcWpY/upX58kuNK7UmN7Ig==, figureFileBig=BcrlJbIEXdyMDQaolTRpFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922278249132101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The measurement waveform of 50 Hz damped AC voltage, figureFileSmall=WB0lAJtDLzbgYo/Ulh80pw==, figureFileBig=h5X7aS/TEkm2Zx4mutUNOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922278307852358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=CN, label=图4, caption=50 Hz阻尼振荡电压的测量波形, figureFileSmall=WB0lAJtDLzbgYo/Ulh80pw==, figureFileBig=h5X7aS/TEkm2Zx4mutUNOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922278366572615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Cable samples with different ageing times, figureFileSmall=3eqd0k8cnbemvsqBF6+veA==, figureFileBig=L7kYmOPditMvK//xuAaRRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922278425292872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同老化时间的电缆试样, figureFileSmall=3eqd0k8cnbemvsqBF6+veA==, figureFileBig=L7kYmOPditMvK//xuAaRRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922278492401737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Cable samples with water ingress and moisture, figureFileSmall=QlHnTos6AtwsXBgDaGmhuQ==, figureFileBig=zXaBn7wpBRzsZQ4Ofq0N+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922278563704906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=CN, label=图6, caption=电缆进水受潮试样, figureFileSmall=QlHnTos6AtwsXBgDaGmhuQ==, figureFileBig=zXaBn7wpBRzsZQ4Ofq0N+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922278639202379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of phase accuracy obtained by FFT and full-phase Fourier decomposition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/Hz相位/(°)
FFT全相位傅里叶分解
109.920.0
2047.830.0
3085.750.0
40123.670.0
50161.490.0
), ArticleFig(id=1304922278710505548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

FFT和全相位傅里叶分解求取的相位精度对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/Hz相位/(°)
FFT全相位傅里叶分解
109.920.0
2047.830.0
3085.750.0
40123.670.0
50161.490.0
), ArticleFig(id=1304922278811168845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The change laws of α and β values with power supply frequency

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电源频率/Hzα/(°)β/(°)
500.090.000 9
2000.360.003 6
2500.450.004 5
3000.540.005 4
3500.630.006 3
), ArticleFig(id=1304922278899249230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

α和β值随电源频率的变化规律

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电源频率/Hzα/(°)β/(°)
500.090.000 9
2000.360.003 6
2500.450.004 5
3000.540.005 4
3500.630.006 3
), ArticleFig(id=1304922278987329615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Tanδ calculated by the two methods at different frequencies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试品频率/Hz介质损耗因数/%
阻尼振荡电压正弦波
1 nF//500 MΩ3510.0910.091
5 nF//100 MΩ3470.0920.092
10 nF//50 MΩ3420.0940.094
50 nF//10 MΩ3060.1050.105
100 nF//5 MΩ2740.1170.117
), ArticleFig(id=1304922279050244176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同频率下的两种方法计算出的tanδ

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试品频率/Hz介质损耗因数/%
阻尼振荡电压正弦波
1 nF//500 MΩ3510.0910.091
5 nF//100 MΩ3470.0920.092
10 nF//50 MΩ3420.0940.094
50 nF//10 MΩ3060.1050.105
100 nF//5 MΩ2740.1170.117
), ArticleFig(id=1304922279117353041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of dielectric loss factor measurement results for different test samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试品介质损耗因数/%绝对偏差/%
标准介损仪实测值
1 nF//100 MΩ3.4502.0361.414
2 nF//500 MΩ0.433-0.9801.413
5 nF//500 MΩ0.154-1.2591.413
10 nF//200 MΩ0.255-1.1601.415
), ArticleFig(id=1304922279184461906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同试品的介质损耗因数测量结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试品介质损耗因数/%绝对偏差/%
标准介损仪实测值
1 nF//100 MΩ3.4502.0361.414
2 nF//500 MΩ0.433-0.9801.413
5 nF//500 MΩ0.154-1.2591.413
10 nF//200 MΩ0.255-1.1601.415
), ArticleFig(id=1304922279247376467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of measurement results of dielectric loss factor under 50 Hz damped oscillatory voltage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试品介质损耗因数/%绝对偏差/%
标准介损仪阻尼振荡电压
1 nF//100 MΩ3.4503.4430.007
1 nF//200 MΩ1.7761.7580.018
1 nF//500 MΩ0.7360.7290.007
10 nF//100 MΩ0.4280.4110.017
10 nF//200 MΩ0.2550.2520.003
10 nF//500 MΩ0.1570.1440.013
), ArticleFig(id=1304922279318679636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

50 Hz阻尼振荡电压下的介质损耗因数测量结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试品介质损耗因数/%绝对偏差/%
标准介损仪阻尼振荡电压
1 nF//100 MΩ3.4503.4430.007
1 nF//200 MΩ1.7761.7580.018
1 nF//500 MΩ0.7360.7290.007
10 nF//100 MΩ0.4280.4110.017
10 nF//200 MΩ0.2550.2520.003
10 nF//500 MΩ0.1570.1440.013
), ArticleFig(id=1304922279389982805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Comparison of measurement results of dielectric loss factor under different damped oscillatory voltage frequency

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/Hz试品介质损耗因数/%
标准介损仪阻尼振荡电压
881 nF//100 MΩ3.4503.428
2 nF//500 MΩ0.4330.414
2611 nF//100 MΩ3.4503.341
1 nF//200 MΩ1.7761.723
1 nF//500 MΩ0.7360.757
3211nF//100 MΩ3.4503.560
1 nF//200 MΩ1.7761.716
40047 nF//20 MΩ0.5800.549
47 nF//50 MΩ0.3730.387
), ArticleFig(id=1304922279482257494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同频率阻尼振荡电压下的介质损耗因数测量结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/Hz试品介质损耗因数/%
标准介损仪阻尼振荡电压
881 nF//100 MΩ3.4503.428
2 nF//500 MΩ0.4330.414
2611 nF//100 MΩ3.4503.341
1 nF//200 MΩ1.7761.723
1 nF//500 MΩ0.7360.757
3211nF//100 MΩ3.4503.560
1 nF//200 MΩ1.7761.716
40047 nF//20 MΩ0.5800.549
47 nF//50 MΩ0.3730.387
), ArticleFig(id=1304922279566143575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Comparison of dielectric loss factor results for different cable samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试品介质损耗因数/%绝对偏差/%
标准介损仪振荡频率50 Hz
未老化电缆2.3212.3280.007
老化16 d7.9077.9740.067
老化64 d8.6008.5260.074
未进水受潮0.0620.0690.007
进水受潮后1.4351.3730.062
), ArticleFig(id=1304922279637446744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同电缆试样的介质损耗因数结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试品介质损耗因数/%绝对偏差/%
标准介损仪振荡频率50 Hz
未老化电缆2.3212.3280.007
老化16 d7.9077.9740.067
老化64 d8.6008.5260.074
未进水受潮0.0620.0690.007
进水受潮后1.4351.3730.062
), ArticleFig(id=1304922279704555609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Comparison of dielectric loss factor measurement results for 220 kV CVT

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试品介质损耗因数/%绝对偏差/%
标准介损仪振荡频率50 Hz
A相0.1130.1090.004
B相0.0900.0950.005
C相0.1290.1260.003
), ArticleFig(id=1304922279771664474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922242220061425, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

220 kV CVT的介质损耗因数测量结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试品介质损耗因数/%绝对偏差/%
标准介损仪振荡频率50 Hz
A相0.1130.1090.004
B相0.0900.0950.005
C相0.1290.1260.003
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基于阻尼振荡电压的大电容量电力设备介质损耗测量方法
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李国城 , 李光茂 , 周鸿铃 , 陈璐 , 杜钢 , 郑服利 , 乔胜亚
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2026,59(8): 153-160
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绝缘材料 |测试与分析 2026 , 59 (8) : 153 -160
基于阻尼振荡电压的大电容量电力设备介质损耗测量方法
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李国城（1996-），男（汉族），广东汕头人，工程师，主要从事输变电设备状态监测的研究工作

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李国城, 李光茂, 周鸿铃, 陈璐, 杜钢, 郑服利, 乔胜亚
作者信息
  • 广东电网有限公司广州供电局电力科学研究院，广东　广州　510030
作者简介:

李国城（1996-），男（汉族），广东汕头人，工程师，主要从事输变电设备状态监测的研究工作

李光茂（1987-），男（汉族），安徽安庆人，教授级高级工程师，主要从事输变电设备状态监测的研究工作。

A method for dielectric loss testing of high-capacitance equipment based on damped AC voltage
Guocheng Li, Guangmao Li, Hongling Zhou, Lu Chen, Gang Du, Fuli Zheng, Shengya Qiao
Affiliations
  • Electric Power Research Institute, Guangzhou Power Supply Bureau, Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510030, China
出版时间: 2026-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.017
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摘要
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介质损耗因数测量是检测容性电力设备缺陷的有效手段，但受仪器电源容量限制，在大电容值电力设备中应用时存在诸多困难。阻尼振荡电压方法要求电源容量低，振荡频率可调节至接近工频，但当前采用该方法进行介质损耗因数测量是基于阻尼振荡电压的波形衰减参数，准确率远低于数字电桥，仅能反映特别严重的缺陷。为此，本文提出阻尼振荡电压配合数字电桥实现大电容量电力设备介质损耗因数测量的方法。首先，建立基于阻尼振荡电压的介质损耗因数测量系统，采用全相位傅里叶运算提取介质损耗因数，对比不同频率正弦波和阻尼振荡电压两种方法的介质损耗因数测量结果，分析两者间的差异，并提出修正方法。然后，分别在实验室老化和进水受潮电缆试样及现场220 kV CVT上进行对比测试，验证基于阻尼振荡电压配合数字电桥的介质损耗因数测量方法的可行性。结果表明：本文建立的测量系统在50 Hz阻尼振荡电压下的测量结果与标准介质损耗测量仪的测量结果绝对偏差小于0.1%，可以满足工程应用需求。

阻尼振荡电压  /  介质损耗因数  /  电容性电力设备  /  数字电桥

Dielectric loss factor measurement is an effective means for detecting defects in capacitive electrical equipment. However, due to the limitation of the instrument power supply capacity, there are many difficulties in the application of high-capacitance equipment. The damped AC voltage method requires low power supply capacity, and the oscillation frequency can be adjusted to be close to the power frequency. However, the current dielectric loss factor measurement using this method is based on the waveform attenuation parameters of damped AC voltage, which is far less accurate than digital bridges and can only reflect particularly severe defects. Therefore, a method to measure the dielectric loss factor of high-capacitance equipment by using damped AC voltage combined with digital bridge was proposed in this paper. Firstly, a dielectric loss factor measurement system based on damped AC voltage was established. The dielectric loss factor was extracted by full-phase Fourier calculation. The dielectric loss factor measurement results of sinusoidal waves and damped AC voltage with different frequencies were compared, the difference between the two method were analyzed, and the correction method was proposed. Then, comparative tests were conducted on the cable samples aged in the laboratory and those exposed to water and moisture, as well as on-site 220 kV CVT, and the feasibility of dielectric loss factor measurement based on the damped AC voltage combined with digital bridges was verified. The results show that the absolute deviation between The absolute deviation between the measurement results of the measurement system established in this article under 50 Hz damping oscillation voltage and the measurement results of the standard dielectric loss measuring instrument is less than 0.1%, which can meet the requirements of engineering applications.

damped AC voltage  /  dielectric loss factor  /  capacitive electrical equipment  /  digital bridge
李国城, 李光茂, 周鸿铃, 陈璐, 杜钢, 郑服利, 乔胜亚. 基于阻尼振荡电压的大电容量电力设备介质损耗测量方法. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (8) : 153 -160 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.017
Guocheng Li, Guangmao Li, Hongling Zhou, Lu Chen, Gang Du, Fuli Zheng, Shengya Qiao. A method for dielectric loss testing of high-capacitance equipment based on damped AC voltage[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (8) : 153 -160 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.017
正文
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0　引言
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电力系统中的电容性设备数量占比巨大，及时发现其绝缘缺陷，对保证设备安全稳定运行具有重要意义。介质损耗因数（tanδ）是指绝缘介质在电场作用下由于电导和极化滞后效应等引起的能量损耗，是表征设备绝缘性能的基本指标之一[1-2]，也是反映设备运行状态的重要参数[3]。
测量介质损耗因数通常采用电桥测量法，其典型代表为QS1型西林电桥。随着电子技术的发展，各类高精度数字式电桥相继问世[4-5]。但有一些电容量较大的电力设备，如发电机、电力电缆等，电容电流和电压等级均较高，超过QS1型电桥或其他自动电桥测量桥臂的允许值，现场应用困难[6-10]。虽然国家和行业标准中未规定必须测量电力电缆的介质损耗因数，但随着城市化进程的加快，越来越多的电缆应用于配网，许多城市的电缆已运行十年以上，急需通过实验手段来判断电缆的绝缘状况，测量介质损耗因数无疑是优选之一[11]。发电机定子绕组介质损耗因数的测量是发电机定子绕组绝缘老化鉴定中的必作项目。
20世纪90年代起，基于振荡波电压的局部放电检测技术开始在国内外电缆的绝缘状态检测中逐步被推广应用，大量的现场试验验证了该技术在绝缘状态检测中的有效性[12-13]。实验室与现场应用表明，振荡波电压能有效激发电缆中绝缘缺陷的局部放电，通过振荡波局部放电检测可实现电缆绝缘状态的有效诊断。相比其他电缆绝缘状态诊断方法，该方法具有设备体积小、质量轻、测量干扰小、缺陷定位精确的优势[14-16]。振荡波发生装置是振荡波局部放电检测的关键[17]，其工作原理是通过直流高压电源经充电电阻与电抗对待测电缆进行充电，当电压达到设定值时，高压固态开关闭合，电缆与电抗形成电容-电感二阶欠阻尼回路，从而在电缆上产生阻尼衰减的振荡波电压[18]。
目前介质损耗因数的测量是通过工频电压配合数字电桥来实现的，但由于测量现场工频干扰过多，所以工程上测量介质损耗因数时都是通过异频测量法来完成，这样可以避免现场的工频干扰，使测量结果更加准确，该方法受到普遍认可。但异频测量法容易受到电源容量的限制，当被测设备电容量较大时，电路中电容电流较大，变频电源容量不足，会引起输出电压波形改变，导致介质损耗因数测量结果不准确。
阻尼振荡电压法要求电源容量低，振荡频率可调节至工频接近，但当前基于阻尼振荡电压获得介质损耗因数是基于其波形衰减系数[19-20]，计算式如式（1）所示。
tanδ=2λω-RωL
式（1）中：λ为波形衰减系数；ω为振荡波的角频率；L和R分别为振荡回路中的电感和等效电阻。
由于波形衰减系数和角频率的测量均会引入较大误差，实践中其误差大于1%，故采用阻尼振荡电压法对电力设备介质损耗因数进行测量时准确率远低于数字电桥，仅能反映特别严重的缺陷。
为此，本文对基于阻尼振荡电压配合数字电桥实现介质损耗因数测量进行研究。首先建立基于阻尼振荡电压的介质损耗因数测量系统，接着对比不同频率正弦波和阻尼振荡电压的介质损耗因数测量结果，最后分析两者间的差异，并提出修正方法，研究结果为基于阻尼振荡电压配合数字电桥对介质损耗因数测量提供理论基础。
1　基于阻尼振荡电压的介质损耗因数测量系统
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1.1　介质损耗因数测量系统工作原理
介质损耗因数测量系统主要包括阻尼振荡电压发生器和数字电桥两部分，如图1所示。
阻尼振荡电压发生器工作时，初始状态电力电子开关K闭合至节点2，使用程控高压直流电源通过电感L1对电容C1进行充电，当达到实验电压时，电力电子开关K断开节点2，闭合至节点1，电容C1将通过电感L1对地放电，形成阻尼振荡电压作用在试品上。需要指出的是电桥中电容会对充电过程产生影响，从而导致阻尼振荡电压的频率发生变化，因此有必要研究不同阻尼振荡电压频率对介质损耗因数测量的影响。
数字电桥在对被测元件施加特定频率的正弦交流信号下，测量其电压与电流的幅值和相位差，利用矢量欧姆定律计算出被测元件的阻抗特性，无需传统西林电桥中的调节电阻或电容参数过程，简单快捷。图1中，通过采集取样电阻R1和标准电阻Rn上的电压相量，获得相位差后，即可通过计算获得被测试品的介质损耗因数。
相位差的准确测量是整个系统的关键步骤之一。如果直接在时域对信号进行过零比较，由于信号中高频噪声的影响，测量过程会引入较大的偏差，严重影响测量结果的准确性。由于介质损耗因数本身的数值为千分之一量级，为获得准确数值，在频域里进行相位差的计算。快速傅里叶变换（FFT）是相位差计算的常用手段，但其只能分析最小分辨率以及最小分辨率整数倍的频率信号，而且分析信号的频率不连续，两个相邻的频率像两个栅栏，而栅栏之间的信号频率无法被分析，导致栅栏效应和频谱的泄漏同样会产生严重的测量误差。提高采样率虽然可以降低栅栏效应，但会引入更多的高频干扰，实测表明其对相位差测量准确度的提升效果不明显。全相位傅里叶分解是一种改进的频谱分析方法，其通过全相位预处理来抑制FFT的频谱泄漏和栅栏效应，同时保留相位信息的完整性。因此，本研究采用全相位傅里叶分解在频域里进行相位差的计算。首先将原始信号分成多个相同长度的段，然后对每段信号进行快速傅里叶变换（FFT），得到每段信号的复数频谱序列，再分别计算每段信号的振幅谱和相位谱，最后将每段信号的振幅谱和相位谱进行叠加，得到最终的全相位FFT频谱结果。这样不仅有效地保留了信号的相位信息，还提高了介质损耗因数测量的准确度。
设定信号由频率和初相角分布为（10 Hz，20°）、（20 Hz，30°）、（30 Hz，50°）、（40 Hz、70°）、（50 Hz，90°）的正弦信号组成，采样点数n=256个，数据分为128段（N=128），采样时间T=2 s，采样频率为128 Hz，满足奈奎斯特采样定理。采用FFT和全相位傅里叶分解获得信号测量精度对比如表1所示。从表1可以看出，FFT得到的相位值精度不高，并且误差随着频率的增大而增大，而全相位傅里叶分解相位值测量精度明显优于FFT。
1.2　介质损耗因数的计算
数字电桥的基本原理是将被测元件与基准元件组合成电桥电路，然后对电桥不平衡电压进行测量，从而确定被测元件的介质损耗因数。数字电桥的电压相量图如图2所示。
图2中，θ是所测得的UR1与URn之间的夹角，δ是介质损耗角，β为电源U与URX之间的夹角，α为电源U和URn之间夹角的余角。
介质损耗角的表达式如式（2）所示。
δ=θ+α-β
2　典型试品介质损耗因数的仿真计算
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2.1　 α和β与电源频率的关系
根据阻尼振荡电压的产生原理可知，当试品电容改变时，阻尼振荡电压的频率也会随之改变。为此，首先研究阻尼振荡电压频率的改变对介质损耗因数测量结果的影响。
基于图1中的回路，分别采用阻尼振荡电压和同频率的正弦波作为电压源，其中阻尼振荡电路中L1为0.8 H，C1为150 nF，试品选用不同的Rx和Cx并联进行等效，基于式（1）计算了试品的介质损耗因数。
当试品电容Cx和电阻Rx分别为1 nF和500 MΩ时，在仿真模型中改变电源频率，仿真得到的α和β值如表2所示。从表2可以看出，当频率增大时，α和β值随频率成倍数增大。这将导致介质损耗因数的测量结果也随频率的变化而变化。
2.2　正弦波和阻尼振荡电压的仿真计算结果
不同频率正弦波和阻尼振荡电压下仿真计算的tanδ结果如表3所示。从表3可以看出，在同样频率下，无论是正弦波电路还是阻尼振荡电压电路计算出的tanδ是相同的，即在理想条件下，只要实验频率一样，两种电压计算出的介质损耗因数是相同的。
3　典型试品介质损耗因数的校准与修正
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3.1　介质损耗因数的校准
建立了正弦波和基于阻尼振荡电压的介质损耗因数测量系统，基于阻尼振荡电压的测量系统外观如图3所示。
为进一步保证测量结果的准确性，通过与标准介损仪的对比，对建立的介质损耗因数测量系统进行了校准。测量了不同试品的介质损耗因数，并与标准介质损耗测量仪测得的介质损耗因数进行对比，结果如表4所示。从表4可以看出，本文建立的系统测量结果与标准介损仪测量结果存在差值，约为1.414%，且差值稳定。这个差值导致了一些实测结果出现了负值。这可能是由于对原始的电压信号进行全相位傅里叶分解相位比较时需要进行低通滤波，相位发生了偏移。该滤波使用的是二阶Butterworth滤波，在调节滤波频带时，发现上述差值也发生了改变，验证了上述分析。由于这种偏移非常稳定，固定滤波参数及采用标准介损测量仪校准后，不会影响测量结果。后续的测量数据也支持这一结论。
3.2　50 Hz阻尼振荡电压下的介质损耗因数测量
通过调整电路中的电感和电容将频率调整到50 Hz。由于阻尼振荡电压波形会随时间不断衰减，为保证测量精度，在振荡频率为50 Hz时，取阻尼振荡电压波形的前3个波形进行介质损耗因数计算，此时电压衰减较少，波形特性较强。典型的50 Hz阻尼振荡电压测量波形如图4所示。
50 Hz阻尼振荡电压下的介质损耗因数测量结果与标准介损仪测量结果如表5所示。从表5可以看出，两种测量方法的测量结果基本一致，绝对差值小于0.01%，满足工程应用需求。
3.3　不同频率阻尼振荡电压下的介质损耗因数测量
当试品电容改变时，阻尼振荡电压的频率也对应改变，为此对试品在不同频率阻尼振荡电压下的介质损耗因数进行测量，并使用对应频率的正弦波电压配合标准介损仪进行了对比测量，结果如表6所示。
从表6可以看出，不同频率下阻尼振荡电压系统的测量结果与标准介损仪的测量结果十分接近，但整体偏差较50 Hz阻尼振荡电压下略大。
本文1.1节中的仿真发现，全相位傅里叶分解获得的相位精度不随信号频率的增大而降低，因此可以排除全相位傅里叶分解过程的影响。推测导致上述现象的原因可能在于两个方面：①频率增大，阻尼振荡波形发生改变，导致测量系统采集原始信号时的偏差增大，进而导致后续相位提取的误差增大；②介质损耗包括电导损耗和极化损耗，其中极化损耗受到频率和作用时间的影响[21]，可能导致损耗本身在持续电压和暂态电压下的数值有差异，从而引入偏差。主流绝缘材料中极化损耗以极性分子的转向极化为主，由于暂态振荡电压持续时间短，且峰值电压下降，其在暂态振荡电压下的转向程度低于持续电压作用，导致暂态振荡电压下测得的介质损耗因数低于持续电压下的值。表6中试品的损耗主要是电导损耗，偏差增大可能主要受第一方面原因影响，而实际设备中可能两种因素均有或以极化损耗为主。因此，推荐选择50 Hz作为实际测量的频率，以降低测量偏差。
4　测量结果的对比分析
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4.1　实验室电缆试样的测量结果对比
在实验室中，对电缆试样开展了测量对比。由于实际设备介质损耗的增加主要为老化和进水受潮导致，本文制备了老化和受潮的电缆试样。其中，老化电缆试样为10 kV XLPE电缆，长度为30 cm，共3段，根据GB/T 12706.2—2020相关要求，在135℃条件下对其中两段电缆试样分别进行16 d和64 d加速老化，剩余1段电缆作为对比样，3段电缆试样的外观形貌如图5所示。
进水受潮电缆试样长度为4 m，注水方式如图6所示。电缆中间去除长度为45 cm的外护套及绕包纸，去掉尺寸为40 cm×0.5 cm的铜屏蔽，由于铜屏蔽是螺旋紧密缠绕在外半导电层上，使用绝缘胶布缠绕在铜屏蔽上防止其脱落。将处理过的电缆穿入自制的水柱容器中，两端用热缩管将其固定住，确保两端密封完好防止水分渗出。水柱容器分为存水区和观察区，存水区为外径为9 cm、长度为40 cm的圆柱形PC管，观察区为长度为120 cm、外径为2 cm的2根固定在存水区上的圆柱形PC管，存水区和观察区内部连通。向水柱容器注入自来水，水柱高度为1 m，压力约为0.01 MPa，水会在压力的作用下进入整根电缆，通过观察水柱的下降，即可观察电缆进水情况。电缆外护套破损进水可分为动态过程和静态过程，动态过程是水从外护套破损处进入电缆护套，直到电缆外护套内水分充满；静态过程则是电缆外护套内部全部充满水分。当缺陷电缆外护套充满水后，电缆外护套与外半导电层之间的水分应是饱和的，同时地线处渗出点也没有水分渗出。整个过程持续约60 d，由于水分蒸发的影响，无法确定准确的进水量，但可以确定，水分已充满外护套。对照组设置长度为4 m的电缆试样，不做进水受潮处理。
不同电缆试样的介质损耗因数测量结果对比如表7所示。从表7可以看出，本文建立的阻尼振荡电压测量系统在50 Hz频率下与标准介损仪测量结果具有很好的一致性，最大绝对偏差为0.074%，小于0.1%。
4.2　现场220 kV电容式电压互感器（CVT）的测量结果对比
为进一步验证本文提出方法的有效性，在某变电站220 kV CVT上开展了进一步的对比测量。试验中，标准介损仪和阻尼振荡波均采用反接法并在高压侧进行屏蔽，所施加电压均为10 kV，测量结果如表8所示。从表8可以看出，标准介损仪的测量结果显示所测CVT符合各相介质损耗均小于0.5%的规程规定，表明其运行状态正常。而50 Hz频率下阻尼振荡电压测量系统的测量结果与标准介损仪的测量结果偏差也均小于0.01%，证明了所提出方法在现场设备测量中的有效性。
5　讨论
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从本文的测量及对比结果来看，基于阻尼振荡电压配合数字电桥的介质损耗因数测量系统在振荡频率为50 Hz时的测量结果与标准介损仪的测量结果绝对偏差小于0.1%，满足工程应用需求。而在测量频率为88～400 Hz范围内，整体偏差较50 Hz阻尼振荡电压下略大。因此，实际测量中建议控制阻尼振荡发生回路中的谐振电容，使其远大于被测试品的电容，此时，接入试品对振荡频率的影响可以忽略。配合阻尼振荡发生回路中的谐振电感，振荡频率可保持在50 Hz左右，从而使测量的绝对偏差小于0.1%，满足工程应用。
所建立的阻尼振荡测量系统的充电电流为12 mA。对于微法（μF）量级的试样，通过自动计算机控制，测量过程可在5 min内完成。这一时间比传统介质损耗测试仪的测量时间长。然而，如果考虑现场测试的接线时间等，与传统介质损耗测试仪的测量时间相比，该系统整体测量时间并无显著的差异。
在振荡波测试过程中，存在一个直流充电过程。研究表明，在这一过程中发生空间电荷注入，通常需要20 kV/mm及以上的电场强度和超过15 min的作用时间[22]。然而，介质损耗测试中所使用的电压通常为10 kV，单次充电时间一般少于1 s。对于大型高压电气设备而言，这两个值都远低于空间电荷注入所需的条件。因此，不存在空间电荷注入的风险。
6　结论
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本文对基于阻尼振荡电压配合数字电桥实现介质损耗因数测量进行了研究，建立了基于阻尼振荡电压的介质损耗因数测量系统，对比了不同频率正弦波和阻尼振荡电压的介质损耗因数测量结果，分析了两者间的差异性，并提出修正方法。主要结论如下：
（1）提出的基于阻尼振荡电压配合数字电桥的介质损耗测量方法可以实现大电容量电力设备介质损耗的测量。针对文中所测量的试样及设备，所建立的基于阻尼振荡电压的介质损耗因数测量系统在50 Hz振荡频率下与标准介损仪的绝对偏差小于0.1%，满足工程应用需求。
（2）在测量频率为88～400 Hz范围内，整体偏差较50 Hz阻尼振荡电压下略大。可能的原因在于阻尼振荡波形的改变和试品极化损耗在持续电压和暂态电压作用下存在差异。
（3）实际测量中建议控制阻尼振荡发生回路中谐振电容，使其远大于被测试品的电容，从而避免接入试品对振荡频率的影响。配合阻尼振荡发生回路中的谐振电感，可将振荡频率保持在50 Hz左右，从而降低测量的绝对偏差。

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2026年第59卷第8期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.017
  • 接收时间：2025-08-13
  • 首发时间：2026-09-10
  • 出版时间：2026-08-20
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  • 收稿日期：2025-08-13
  • 修回日期：2025-11-26
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    广东电网有限公司广州供电局电力科学研究院，广东　广州　510030
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
species		 占总种数比例
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total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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