Article(id=1304922064905855063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921585991836085, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752422400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-14, revisedDate=1757001600000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047264553, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1787155200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047264553, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047264553, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047264553, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921585991836085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787155200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047150370, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789117776362, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305217812939698326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921585991836085, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305217812939698327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921585991836085, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=142, endPage=152, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304922065094598744, articleId=1304922064905855063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on determination methods of residual mineral oil content in transformers after retrofilling with ester insulating liquid, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ester insulating liquids feature a fire point above 300℃ and are biodegradability. It is often used as a substitute for mineral oil in transformer retrofilling engineering. Nevertheless, the old oil is difficult to be completely removed, and the residual mineral oil will deteriorate the physicochemical and dielectric properties of mixed system. Detecting the mineral oil content in the mixture is an important method for performance evaluation, but the existing detection methods are difficult to simultaneously balance accuracy and efficiency. In this paper, the applicability, accuracy, and economy of six detection methods including thermal conductivity method, kinematic viscosity method, fire point method, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) method, dielectric properties method, and iodine value method in the detection of mineral oil content in mixed insulating liquids of natural esters (FR3, RAPO) and synthetic esters (KI50EX, TFO 100) systems were systematically compared. By constructing linear regression models between detection parameters and mineral oil mass fractions, the prediction accuracy of each method was evaluated based on the coefficient of determination (R2). The results show that for natural ester-based mixed systems, the 60℃ kinematic viscosity prediction method has the highest priority, followed by the 40℃ thermal conductivity method, iodine value method, and FTIR method. For synthetic ester-based mixed systems, the 60℃ kinematic viscosity prediction method is the most cost-effective, with the thermal conductivity and FTIR method following closely behind. The iodine value method is inapplicable to synthetic ester systems due to the saturated chemical structure of synthetic esters. Fire point tests cannot provide a clear indication of the residual mineral oil content but can help quickly determine whether mixed insulating liquids meet the K-level flame-retardant requirements. Dielectric parameters are significantly affected by environmental factors such as moisture and are not suitable as quantitative detection indicators for mineral oil residues.

, authors=Yuting Cai1, Ting Deng1, Yihua Qian2, Zhenfu Tang1, Yang Xu1, authorsList=Yuting Cai, Ting Deng, Yihua Qian, Zhenfu Tang, Yang Xu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yang Xu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304922068076748923, articleId=1304922064905855063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=矿物油变压器再填充酯类绝缘液后残留矿物油含量检测方法研究, columnId=1192878364483531003, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=测试与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

天然酯绝缘液燃点高于300℃、可生物降解,常替代矿物油用于变压器再填充工程,但旧油难以完全清除,残余矿物油会劣化混合体系理化及介电特性。检测混合液中矿物油含量是性能评估重要方法,但现有检测手段难以同步兼顾精度与效率。本文系统比较了热导率法、运动黏度法、燃点法、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)法、介电特性法及碘值法在内的6种检测方法在天然酯(FR3、RAPO)与合成酯(KI50EX、TFO 100)体系混合绝缘液中矿物油含量检测的适用性、准确性及经济性。通过构建检测参数与矿物油质量分数的线性回归模型,基于决定系数(R2)评估各方法的预测精度。结果表明:对于天然酯基混合体系使用60℃运动黏度预测方法优先级最高,40℃热导率、碘值法和FITR法次之。对于合成酯基混合体系,60℃运动黏度预测方法最经济有效,热导率法和FITR法次之,碘值法因合成酯化学结构饱和而不适用该体系。燃点测试无法明确给出矿物油残留含量,但可帮助快速判断混合绝缘液是否满足K级难燃要求。介电参数受水分等环境因素干扰显著,不适宜作为矿物油残留的定量检测指标。

, authors=蔡玉婷1, 邓婷1, 钱艺华2, 唐桢馥1, 徐阳1, authorsList=蔡玉婷, 邓婷, 钱艺华, 唐桢馥, 徐阳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=徐阳, authorNote=

蔡玉婷(2002-),女(汉族),河南驻马店人,硕士生,主要从事变压器绿色环保绝缘液的研究

, correspAuthorsNote=
徐阳(1969-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,教授,主要从事电气绝缘测试技术、电力变压器替代绝缘液体等方面的研究。
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蔡玉婷(2002-),女(汉族),河南驻马店人,硕士生,主要从事变压器绿色环保绝缘液的研究

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蔡玉婷(2002-),女(汉族),河南驻马店人,硕士生,主要从事变压器绿色环保绝缘液的研究

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Main performance parameters of 5 kinds of insulating oils

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能指标KI25矿物油FR3天然酯RAPO天然酯KI50EX合成酯TFO 100合成酯
外观清澈透明、无沉淀物和悬浮物
运动黏度(40℃)/(mm2/s)9.8636.0033.3228.7328.33
含水量/(mg/kg)1155366498
倾点/℃<-35-21-18-57<-58
密度(20℃)/(kg/m3)890.0920.0920.2967.5963.0
击穿电压(2.5 mm)/kV58.056.079.163.069.9
介质损耗因数(90℃)0.0050.0070.0070.0090.019
酸值/(mg·KOH/g)0.0080.0050.0150.0100.010
燃点/℃172360362314309
闪点/℃153330334268262
), ArticleFig(id=1304922073676144844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922064905855063, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

5种绝缘液的主要性能参数

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性能指标KI25矿物油FR3天然酯RAPO天然酯KI50EX合成酯TFO 100合成酯
外观清澈透明、无沉淀物和悬浮物
运动黏度(40℃)/(mm2/s)9.8636.0033.3228.7328.33
含水量/(mg/kg)1155366498
倾点/℃<-35-21-18-57<-58
密度(20℃)/(kg/m3)890.0920.0920.2967.5963.0
击穿电压(2.5 mm)/kV58.056.079.163.069.9
介质损耗因数(90℃)0.0050.0070.0070.0090.019
酸值/(mg·KOH/g)0.0080.0050.0150.0100.010
燃点/℃172360362314309
闪点/℃153330334268262
), ArticleFig(id=1304922073739059405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922064905855063, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Iodine value for different insulating liquids

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液体类型碘值/(gI2/100g)
FR3天然酯130.1
RAPO天然酯132.6
25#矿物油<1.0
KI50EX合成酯<1.0
TFO 100合成酯<1.0
), ArticleFig(id=1304922073806168270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922064905855063, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同类型绝缘液的碘值

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液体类型碘值/(gI2/100g)
FR3天然酯130.1
RAPO天然酯132.6
25#矿物油<1.0
KI50EX合成酯<1.0
TFO 100合成酯<1.0
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矿物油变压器再填充酯类绝缘液后残留矿物油含量检测方法研究
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蔡玉婷 1 , 邓婷 1 , 钱艺华 2 , 唐桢馥 1 , 徐阳 1
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2026,59(8): 142-152
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绝缘材料 |测试与分析 2026 , 59 (8) : 142 -152
矿物油变压器再填充酯类绝缘液后残留矿物油含量检测方法研究
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蔡玉婷(2002-),女(汉族),河南驻马店人,硕士生,主要从事变压器绿色环保绝缘液的研究

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蔡玉婷1, 邓婷1, 钱艺华2, 唐桢馥1, 徐阳1
作者信息
  • 1西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 2广东电网公司电力科学研究院,广东 广州 510080
通讯作者:
徐阳(1969-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,教授,主要从事电气绝缘测试技术、电力变压器替代绝缘液体等方面的研究。
作者简介:

蔡玉婷(2002-),女(汉族),河南驻马店人,硕士生,主要从事变压器绿色环保绝缘液的研究

Study on determination methods of residual mineral oil content in transformers after retrofilling with ester insulating liquid
Yuting Cai1, Ting Deng1, Yihua Qian2, Zhenfu Tang1, Yang Xu1
Affiliations
  • 1State key library of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
  • 2Electric Power Research Institute of Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510080, China
出版时间: 2026-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.016
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天然酯绝缘液燃点高于300℃、可生物降解,常替代矿物油用于变压器再填充工程,但旧油难以完全清除,残余矿物油会劣化混合体系理化及介电特性。检测混合液中矿物油含量是性能评估重要方法,但现有检测手段难以同步兼顾精度与效率。本文系统比较了热导率法、运动黏度法、燃点法、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)法、介电特性法及碘值法在内的6种检测方法在天然酯(FR3、RAPO)与合成酯(KI50EX、TFO 100)体系混合绝缘液中矿物油含量检测的适用性、准确性及经济性。通过构建检测参数与矿物油质量分数的线性回归模型,基于决定系数(R2)评估各方法的预测精度。结果表明:对于天然酯基混合体系使用60℃运动黏度预测方法优先级最高,40℃热导率、碘值法和FITR法次之。对于合成酯基混合体系,60℃运动黏度预测方法最经济有效,热导率法和FITR法次之,碘值法因合成酯化学结构饱和而不适用该体系。燃点测试无法明确给出矿物油残留含量,但可帮助快速判断混合绝缘液是否满足K级难燃要求。介电参数受水分等环境因素干扰显著,不适宜作为矿物油残留的定量检测指标。

再填充  /  残留矿物油  /  热导率  /  运动黏度  /  燃点  /  FTIR  /  碘值

Ester insulating liquids feature a fire point above 300℃ and are biodegradability. It is often used as a substitute for mineral oil in transformer retrofilling engineering. Nevertheless, the old oil is difficult to be completely removed, and the residual mineral oil will deteriorate the physicochemical and dielectric properties of mixed system. Detecting the mineral oil content in the mixture is an important method for performance evaluation, but the existing detection methods are difficult to simultaneously balance accuracy and efficiency. In this paper, the applicability, accuracy, and economy of six detection methods including thermal conductivity method, kinematic viscosity method, fire point method, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) method, dielectric properties method, and iodine value method in the detection of mineral oil content in mixed insulating liquids of natural esters (FR3, RAPO) and synthetic esters (KI50EX, TFO 100) systems were systematically compared. By constructing linear regression models between detection parameters and mineral oil mass fractions, the prediction accuracy of each method was evaluated based on the coefficient of determination (R2). The results show that for natural ester-based mixed systems, the 60℃ kinematic viscosity prediction method has the highest priority, followed by the 40℃ thermal conductivity method, iodine value method, and FTIR method. For synthetic ester-based mixed systems, the 60℃ kinematic viscosity prediction method is the most cost-effective, with the thermal conductivity and FTIR method following closely behind. The iodine value method is inapplicable to synthetic ester systems due to the saturated chemical structure of synthetic esters. Fire point tests cannot provide a clear indication of the residual mineral oil content but can help quickly determine whether mixed insulating liquids meet the K-level flame-retardant requirements. Dielectric parameters are significantly affected by environmental factors such as moisture and are not suitable as quantitative detection indicators for mineral oil residues.

retrofill  /  residual mineral oil  /  thermal conductivity  /  kinematic viscosity  /  fire point  /  FTIR  /  iodine value
蔡玉婷, 邓婷, 钱艺华, 唐桢馥, 徐阳. 矿物油变压器再填充酯类绝缘液后残留矿物油含量检测方法研究. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (8) : 142 -152 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.016
Yuting Cai, Ting Deng, Yihua Qian, Zhenfu Tang, Yang Xu. Study on determination methods of residual mineral oil content in transformers after retrofilling with ester insulating liquid[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (8) : 142 -152 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.016
油浸式电力变压器是电力系统中重要的电气设备之一,其稳定运行对电力系统的安全可靠性有重要的影响[1]。其中绝缘液体承担着绝缘、冷却散热以及灭弧等作用,目前矿物绝缘油在变压器中的应用仍占据重要地位。在大力推动绿色低碳发展的背景下,人们持续关注绝缘油的防火安全性和环境友好性[2],而矿物油越来越难以满足防火和环保的需求。因此,人们开始寻找高燃点且可生物降解的绝缘替代液体,使得合成酯、天然酯等酯类绝缘油在21世纪以后得到了快速发展和实际应用[3]。天然酯来源于天然植物油,其结构基于甘油骨架,骨架上连接着3个天然存在的脂肪酸基团[4]。合成酯来源于化学物质,通常为多元醇与合成或天然羧酸反应形成的结构中多个酸基团连接到中心多元醇结构上的化合产物,典型结构为季戊四醇(C5H12O4)与各类脂肪酸酯酯化生成的季戊四醇酯,例如由季戊四醇C5H12O4制成的化合物[5]。天然酯、合成酯的结构式如图1所示。酯类绝缘液体种类繁多,其中最具代表性的包括大豆基天然酯FR3[6]以及合成酯MIDEL 7131。近年来,我国也逐步开展了安全、环保的绝缘液体的研究和开发工作。广东卓原新材料科技有限公司建成了国内最大菜籽基天然酯绝缘油RAPO的生产线;重庆大学研制出山茶籽基的天然酯绝缘油RDB[7];中国石化与青岛中科润美也相继自主研发出4306合成酯与TFO 100合成酯高燃点变压器油。
IEC 61099:2010[8]及IEC 62770:2013[9]中规定未使用的合成酯、天然酯应具有高于300℃的燃点及高于250℃的闪点,能够满足IEC 61039:2025[10]中K级难燃类液体的要求。使用酯类绝缘液再填充矿物油变压器可降低起火、爆炸的风险。目前世界上已进行了诸多酯类绝缘液再填充矿物油变压器试验,其中最高电压等级的再填充变压器为420 kV/200 MVA变压器在西班牙挂网运行[7]。为改善位于美国东海岸的一台138 kV/84 MVA变压器的防火性能和环境友好性,相关人员在对变压器状态展开详细的评估后对其进行了合成酯再填充[11]。2025年,在江门供电局的110 kV马坦变电站,广东电科院成功开展了国内首例110 kV在运矿物油变压器现场再填充工程应用,在再填充技术领域取得重大突破。由广东电网牵头制定的IEC TR 63646:2026国际标准以及CIGRE A2/D1.72“Retrofill of Mineral Oil in Transformers-Motivations, Considerations and Guidance”工作组也在推动酯类再填充工程的应用。然而,再填充过程中无法完全清除原矿物油变压器内部所有矿物油[12]。残留的矿物油会显著降低绝缘液的燃点和闪点,严重影响变压器的防火安全性,同时也会影响绝缘液的生物降解性,并对变压器的介电性能产生不利影响。研究表明[13],在与合成酯的混合物中,残留矿物油质量分数高于10%时混合绝缘液的燃点大幅降低。课题组前期研究表明矿物油质量分数为3.5%的合成酯混合绝缘液的生物降解性降至85%,即矿物油含量增加会影响绝缘液的生物降解性。然而定期从在运变压器中取样开展燃点及生物降解性测试经济成本较高,因此有必要采取一种经济有效的方式来测定再填充后混合绝缘液中残余矿物油的含量。目前已有研究者针对酯类绝缘液再填充后残余矿物油含量的检测进行了研究。Wang Y等[14]使用FR3天然酯对变压器进行再填充,提出了利用60℃时混合绝缘液的运动黏度预测残余矿物油含量的方法。F Scatiggio等[15]研究了天然酯再填充后混合绝缘液的运动黏度与矿物油含量之间的相关性,并建议使用40℃时混合绝缘液的运动黏度来预测再填充后的矿物油残余量。此外,Chen J L等[16]提出了一种使用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱来评估和量化合成酯绝缘液中矿物油含量的方法,证明了酯类绝缘液C=O键在波数为1 737 cm-1处的校准峰值吸光度与矿物油浓度呈线性相关,该方法对于预测残留矿物油含量具有较高的准确性。P Przybylek[17]提出了一种以吸收带波段2 126 nm为中心的近红外光谱法测定合成酯混合绝缘液中矿物油含量的方法,该方法也具有较高的准确性。除此之外,有部分学者提出一些化学分析的方法。天然酯通常为甘油三酸酯,其分子多含具有特征性碘值的不饱和基团,而矿物油属烃类化合物,碘值可忽略不计。由于二者化学结构差异显著,当两种材料混合时,其碘值参数会呈现明显区分。为此,A Montero等[18]提出了基于碘值(IV)的表征分析来确定残留矿物油含量的方法。A Dixit等[19]则提出根据混合绝缘液的燃点和闪点判断再填充后残留矿物油含量的方法。H Moranda等[20]分别基于合成酯混合绝缘液的密度以及浸入液体中电容器的电容评估了残余矿物油的含量,结果表明密度法和电容法均有较好的评估精确度。
尽管目前学者已提出多种测试合成酯和天然酯绝缘液中矿物油含量的方法,但仍缺乏统一的数据支撑,无法针对不同酯类绝缘液给出明确使用的检测方法。酯类绝缘液再填充时应尽可能多地除去变压器内残留的矿物油,以减少残油对再填充变压器性能的影响,因此,其精准量化评估已成为变压器再填充工艺优化的关键环节。此外,再填充后变压器内残留的矿物油会逐渐从固体绝缘向酯类绝缘液中迁移致使绝缘液中矿物油含量持续升高,因此需要一种经济有效的检测方法持续跟踪检测矿物油含量的变化。本文以市面常用的4种酯类绝缘液为例,比较6种预测再填充后混合绝缘液中残留矿物油含量的方法在天然酯和合成酯中的适用性、准确性与经济性,为实际变压器再填充工程应用提供参考依据。
本文选取KI25矿物油、FR3、RAPO天然酯和KI50EX、Lubemater TFO 100合成酯作为研究对象。5种绝缘液的主要性能参数如表1所示。
在制备不同矿物油质量分数的混合绝缘液之前,需要对天然酯(NE)、合成酯(SE)和矿物油(MO)进行预处理。预处理过程主要包括通过布氏漏斗与滤纸除去绝缘液中的固体杂质,并通过搅拌加热对绝缘液进行脱水和脱气处理。预处理后酯类绝缘液的水分含量不超过IEC 62770:2013和IEC 61099:2010中要求的限值(200 mg/kg)。同样,IEC 60296:2020[21]中也规定了电气设备用矿物油的水分含量不超过30 mg/kg的限值。
已有大量研究表明,天然酯混合绝缘液中矿物油的质量分数达到7%左右将会导致混合绝缘液的燃点降至300℃以下[22-23],经前期实验验证在矿物油质量分数达到10%左右时,天然酯混合绝缘液的燃点降至250℃左右。因此在本实验中,制备矿物油质量分数分别为0%、2%、4%、6%、7%、8%、10%的7种天然酯混合绝缘液;同样地,有研究表明合成酯混合绝缘液中矿物油的质量分数不低于3.5%时能使混合绝缘液的燃点保持在300℃以上[24],以确保混合绝缘液的防火安全性,因此本文制备了矿物油质量分数分别为0%、1.5%、2.5%、3.5%、4.5%、5.5%、7.5%、10%的合成酯混合绝缘液。混合溶液进行充分搅拌后才可开展后续实验。如果未搅拌充分,测试时取样位置会严重影响后续水分、燃点以及运动黏度等核心指标检测结果的准确性,可能导致对设备绝缘状态的误判。例如,酯类绝缘液密度普遍高于矿物油,若测试时从混合绝缘液底部取样,结果会更偏向于酯类绝缘液,其燃点超过300℃也不能表明再填充后绝缘液满足K级难燃要求,严重时会影响变压器的防火安全性。
基于分子动力学理论,热导率(λ)作为介质本征物性参数,它反映了液体分子通过热运动传递热能的效率,其数值受分子链构象和氢键网络密度共同调控。本研究采用Thermtest公司生产的THW-L1型瞬态热线液体导热仪(铂金探头Φ为50 μm,加热电流为0.8 A(±0.1%),温度分辨率为±0.03 K),依据ASTM D7896-2019相关要求[25]测定混合绝缘液的λ值,测试温域(20~100℃)覆盖变压器的典型工况,且在此温度范围内电阻-温度系数稳定。实验采用阶梯式温控模式(ΔT=10℃,恒温时间≥30 min)。
运动黏度是变压器绝缘液的另外一个重要的理化参数,它是流体的动力黏度与同温度下该流体的密度之比,微观上它体现流体分子内部相互阻碍的作用,宏观上它体现流体在外部作用下流动速度的快慢。流体所处的温度环境以及流体本身的性质(包括分子极性的强弱、分子量的大小)均会对运动黏度产生影响。本研究采用上海神开石油仪器有限公司生产的SYP1003-IXA型石油产品运动黏度测定仪,根据GB/T 265—1988相关要求[26]对不同混合绝缘液的运动黏度进行测试,测试温度分别为20、40、60℃。
变压器绝缘液的燃点是评估其防火安全性的关键指标,其测试对预防变压器火灾、保障电力系统稳定具有重要意义。混合绝缘液中的矿物油会对其燃点和闪点造成较大影响。本研究采用上海神开石油仪器有限公司生产的SYP1001-V-J型石油产品闪点和燃点试验器,根据ASTM D92:2018相关要求[27]对不同矿物油质量分数的混合绝缘液的燃点进行测试,直观判断其是否满足K级难燃要求,并分析合成酯混合绝缘液、天然酯混合绝缘液的燃点与矿物油质量分数的关联性。
不同绝缘液分子中的化学键具有特定的振动频率。当红外光照射样品时,若光的能量与化学键振动能量匹配,分子会吸收特定波长的红外光,并产生特征吸收峰。吸光度与样品中官能团的浓度相关。值得注意的是,酯类绝缘液中含有COOR官能团,该官能团含有C=O双键,而矿物油中不含有C=O双键。因此,本文使用Thermo型红外光谱仪根据ASTM E2412:2010相关要求[28],通过衰减全反射(ATR)技术检测不同矿物油质量分数下混合绝缘液中酯类绝缘液特征官能团C=O键的吸光度,根据得到的线性关系定量分析混合绝缘液中矿物油的残留比例。测试波数为4 000~500 cm-1
绝缘液的介质损耗因数和相对介电常数是评估其电气性能的关键参数。混合绝缘液中矿物油含量升高可能会导致其介质损耗因数增加。在90℃时,酯类绝缘液的相对介电常数为3.0~3.3,矿物油的相对介电常数约为2.2,因此矿物油的质量分数变化会影响混合绝缘液的相对介电常数数值。本文采用瑞士哈弗来公司生产的高精度固液绝缘材料介电性质分析电桥,根据GB/T 5654—2007相关要求[29],测试混合绝缘液的介质损耗因数和相对介电常数。测试使用Tettex2930型绝缘油介损测量电极,该测试电极为间距2 mm的圆柱形空气电容器,该结构能有效压抑和消除杂散电容的影响,提高测量精度。
碘值用于量化分子中双键等不饱和结构的含量。矿物油主要由饱和烃组成,无双键,碘值极低,接近0,而天然酯含有大量不饱和脂肪酸,碘值较高,与矿物油具有明显差异。合成酯化学结构稳定,所用的酸链中通常是饱和的(没有C-C双键),碘值可能与矿物油接近,而且合成酯体系中碘值的测量可能受添加剂影响。本文根据GB/T 5532—2008相关要求[30]采用韦氏试剂滴定法测试不同矿物油质量分数的酯类混合溶液的碘值,分析其变化规律。
基于热线法测试了不同矿物油含量的4种酯类混合绝缘液的热导率。图2图3分别为20~100℃下FR3天然酯和KI50EX合成酯混合绝缘液的热导率随矿物油质量分数变化的数据点和拟合曲线。从图2图3可以看出,酯类混合绝缘液的热导率均随温度的升高而降低。出现上述现象的原因可能是矿物油中C12~C16烷烃的插层效应可削弱酯分子间氢键网络,导致λ与矿物油质量分数(w)呈线性负相关。且由图中拟合结果可知,FR3体系各温度点下拟合曲线的决定系数R2均在0.99以上,在30℃和60℃双温度区均展现超强相关性(R2为0.997)。在合成酯体系中,KI50EX在40℃时模型预测误差最小,决定系数R2为0.992。
RAPO天然酯体系和TFO 100合成酯体系下混合绝缘液的热导率与矿物油质量分数的关系与上述结果类似。本文提出基于40℃导热法预测再填充变压器矿物油残留含量的方法。此温度下,RAPO天然酯混合绝缘液的线性拟合方程为y=0.160 9-3.74×10-4x,决定系数R2为0.995。而TFO 100合成酯混合绝缘液的线性拟合方程为y=0.142 5-7.13×10-4x,决定系数R2为0.994。
图4图5分别为不同矿物油质量分数的FR3天然酯混合绝缘液、KI50EX合成酯混合绝缘液的运动黏度测试结果和线性拟合曲线。
图4图5可以看出,由于分子热运动加剧,分子间运动更容易克服相互作用力,降低流动阻力,混合绝缘液的运动黏度随着温度的下降而升高。在20~60℃范围内不同类型酯类混合绝缘液的运动黏度与矿物油的质量分数均呈现显著负线性关联,其中60℃时模型预测精度最优:FR3天然酯混合绝缘液的决定系数R2为0.985,KI50EX合成酯混合绝缘液的R2为0.990。RAPO天然酯和TFO 100合成酯体系下测试结果与上述结果呈现相同趋势,在60℃下,RAPO天然酯混合绝缘液的线性拟合方程为y=18.045-0.038x,决定系数R2为0.996;TFO 100合成酯混合绝缘液的线性拟合方程为y=14.024-0.201x,决定系数为0.990。
图6为不同矿物油质量分数的天然酯混合绝缘液、合成酯混合绝缘液的燃点测试结果。
图6可以看出,随着矿物油质量分数的增加,天然酯混合绝缘液和合成酯混合绝缘液的燃点均呈现下降趋势。这是因为矿物油主要是由小分子碳氢化合物(如烷烃、环烷烃)组成,分子量较小,分子间作用力较弱,挥发性高;而酯类绝缘液含极性酯基,分子量较大,分子间存在较强的相互作用和氢键,挥发性显著低于矿物油。RAPO天然酯混合绝缘液的燃点在矿物油质量分数为7%左右时突破K级安全阈值,而FR3天然酯混合绝缘液的燃点在相同矿物油质量分数时其燃点同样低于300℃。对于TFO 100和KI50EX合成酯混合绝缘液,其燃点分别在矿物油质量分数为2.5%~3.5%和3.5%~4.5%范围内降至300℃。前期KI50EX合成酯性能较优,燃点降低的速率较慢,而后期TFO 100合成酯混合绝缘液的燃点受矿物油质量分数增加的影响小于KI50EX合成酯混合绝缘液。
在测试每个样品前,获取背景光谱以消除环境因素对测试结果的影响。测试结束后进行自动基线校准处理,保存并分析每个样品中C=O基团对应的吸光度光谱。C=O的红外吸收峰波长一般在1 700~1 750 cm-1之间,基于谱峰分辨率最大化准则,选定C=O特征吸收峰(波数为1 742 cm-1)作为天然酯的定量分析特征峰。矿物油质量分数为0~10%的两种天然酯混合绝缘液的FTIR光谱特征演变规律如图7图8所示。
图7图8可以看出,混合绝缘液在不同波数下的吸光度存在明显差异。随着矿物油质量分数的增加,两种天然酯混合绝缘液在波数为1 742 cm-1特征峰处的吸光度均下降。
图9为校准峰位置(波数为1 742 cm-1)处混合绝缘液吸光度与矿物油质量分数之间的关系。从图9可以看出,对于不同类型天然酯混合绝缘液,校准峰的吸光度与矿物油质量分数变化呈负线性相关。RAPO和FR3天然酯体系的线性回归决定系数R2分别达到了0.997和0.992,表明线性相关性强。
矿物油质量分数为0~10%的不同合成酯混合绝缘液的FTIR光谱特征演变规律如图10图11所示。从图10图11可以看出,不同波数下混合绝缘液的吸光度存在明显差异,进一步分析合成酯混合体系发现,其最佳定量特征峰位置移至1 737 cm-1。且从波数1 737 cm-1处特征峰可以看出,随着绝缘液中矿物油质量分数的增加,绝缘液的吸光度逐渐下降。
图12为校准峰位置(波数为1 738 cm-1)处合成酯混合绝缘液吸光度与矿物油质量分数之间的关系。从图12可以看出,合成酯混合绝缘液校准峰的吸光度与矿物油质量分数呈现显著负线性相关。KI50EX与TFO 100合成酯体系的线性决定系数R2分别达到了0.994和0.996。
值得注意的是,天然酯体系校准峰的吸光度普遍较合成酯低1.2~1.5倍,此差异源于分子构型特性:天然酯中甘油三酯的长链不饱和脂肪酸因顺式双键导致的分子扭曲,削弱了C=O基团的共轭效应,使羰基振动受限;而合成酯(如季戊四醇酯)的刚性支化结构通过σ-π超共轭作用强化了电子离域,显著提升振动跃迁偶极矩,致使吸光度增强。
不同质量分数矿物油的酯类混合绝缘液的介质损耗因数和相对介电常数测试结果如图13图14所示。
图13图14可以看出,随着矿物油质量分数的增加,不同类型酯类混合绝缘液的介质损耗因数和相对介电常数整体均呈现下降趋势。值得注意的是,FR3体系混合绝缘液在矿物油质量分数为0%和10%时出现介电参数异常,水分含量测试结果表明,矿物油质量分数为0%的FR3体系混合绝缘液的水分含量(78 mg/kg)显著低于其他试样(92~105 mg/kg),水分含量的变化规律与介电参数测试结果基本一致。表明水分含量成为决定性的介电性能调控因子。无论是合成酯还是天然酯基混合体系,其介电参数与矿物油质量分数均未呈现显著线性相关性(R2<0.85)。进一步分析表明,混合绝缘液的介电性能对水分敏感度较高,当水分含量超过临界阈值(饱和溶解度)时,游离水的形成会引发局部电场畸变,导致介质损耗因数急剧升高(增幅可达到300%以上)[31-32]
天然酯和合成酯以及矿物油的碘值(IV)测试数据如表3所示。从表3可以看出,天然酯的IV远高于矿物油和合成酯,PAPO和FR3天然酯均为大豆基油,其中的多不饱和亚油酸衍生脂肪酸酯(C18∶2和C18∶3)含量通常较高,因此其碘值较高,分别为132.6和130.1(gI2/100 g)。而矿物油和两种合成酯的碘值均较低且相近。合成酯化学结构稳定,结构中通常没有C=C双键,因此碘值法不适用于合成酯混合绝缘液体系的测定。
图15为两种天然酯混合绝缘液的碘值随矿物油质量分数变化情况及线性拟合结果。
图15可以看出,随着矿物油质量分数的增加,天然酯混合绝缘液的IV呈线性下降趋势。RAPO天然酯体系混合绝缘液的碘值与矿物油质量分数相关性好,其决定系数R2为0.996,对于FR3天然酯体系混合绝缘液,决定系数R2为0.993。
根据上述6种方法的实验结果可知,混合绝缘液的燃点与矿物油质量分数没有明显的线性关系,但可以快速判断混合绝缘液的燃点是否满足K级难燃标准要求,为变压器防火安全提供量化的矿物油残留比限值。将本文测试的两种天然酯和两种合成酯绝缘液的燃点随矿物油质量分数的变化,分别与嘉吉投资(中国)有限公司[33]公开发表的FR3天然酯和M&I[24]公开发表的MIDEL合成酯的测试结果进行对比分析,结果如图16图17所示。
图16图17可以看出,FR3天然酯混合绝缘液的燃点在矿物油质量分数达到6.4%时降至300℃,低于嘉吉公开数据中7.3%的质量分数。RAPO天然酯混合绝缘液的测试结果也显示矿物油残留的质量分数应控制在7%及以下。对于合成酯体系,KI50EX合成酯混合绝缘液的燃点在矿物油质量分数达到2.5%时降至300℃,低于MIDEL测试数据给出的3.5%的数值。而TFO 100合成酯混合绝缘液的实验结果与文献[24]数据较为接近,矿物油质量分数约为3.7%时其燃点降至300℃。根据实验结果可推测,国内变压器在进行再填充时需要更加严格控制矿物油的残留量,以保证变压器满足防火安全要求。必要时,可对变压器返厂进行煤油气相干燥,尽可能多地排除原有矿物油。
以FR3和KI50EX为例,为使混合绝缘液燃点高于300℃,其40℃时的热导率应分别大于0.155 W/(m·K)和0.140 W/(m·K),60℃时的运动黏度应分别大于16.016 mm2/s和13.534 mm2/s。其C=O吸光度应分别大于0.376和0.574。另外,在再填充变压器服役期间,酯类绝缘液经历老化对其分子结构中的羰基键吸光度可能产生变化,进而可能干扰基于傅里叶红外光谱法的矿物油含量数据拟合准确性,该潜在影响机制尚需后续实验进一步验证。
从检测方法的适用性分析,热导率法、运动黏度法、燃点法、介电参数法以及FITR法均适用于天然酯或合成酯体系混合绝缘液中矿物油残留含量的估算。但合成酯化学结构稳定,结构中通常没有C=C双键,而天然酯中多不饱和键,因此碘值法仅适用于天然酯体系混合绝缘液,而不适用于合成酯体系混合绝缘液的测定。
从检测方法的精确性分析,采用40℃热导率法对FR3天然酯和KI50EX合成酯混合绝缘液的矿物油残留含量进行预测,其决定系数(R2)分别为0.995和0.991;采用60℃运动黏度法时,FR3天然酯和KI50EX合成酯混合绝缘液的决定系数(R2)分别为0.985和0.990;傅里叶红外光谱分析结果表明,C=O基团特征峰的吸光度与矿物油质量分数均呈现较好的相关性,矿物油质量分数与C=O特征吸光度拟合曲线的线性回归决定系数分别为0.992和0.994;而在FR3和RAPO两种不同天然酯混合绝缘液的碘值随矿物油质量分数变化曲线的决定系数分别为0.993和0.996。上述线性拟合结果显示,4种检测方法对天然酯基及合成酯基混合绝缘液的矿物油残留含量均具有较高预测精度(R2>0.985),满足工程应用中定量检测的需求。而介电参数的测试结果未表现出较好的拟合效果,考虑到上述非线性响应特征及水分干扰效应,不建议采用介电参数作为矿物油残留含量的定量表征指标。
从检测方法的经济、时间成本分析,在预测精度均满足要求的前提下,实际工程应用中使用运动黏度测试矿物油残留量的优先级最高。运动黏度检测仅需毛细管黏度计与恒温水浴槽,设备投入较低,维护简单,且试验操作流程基本成熟,单次检测耗时约30~40 min,可用于试样的快速筛查。其次是热导率法,热导率测试仪成本较高,但一般具备较高自动化程度,检测时间成本较低,且受干扰影响较小,可与黏度测试同步进行,实现双参数快速精准检测。红外光谱仪成本高,且须专业操作培训,但其测试精度高,测试时间短且可同时获取多组分信息而成为实验室高精度检测的备选方案。碘值法检测仅需常规滴定装置与滴定试剂,成本低,可操作性强,然而测试需严格控制反应时间和指示剂滴定终点,人工操作误差大,在天然酯再填充工程中,可作为候补方案。
本文针对FR3、RAPO、KI50EX、TFO 100 4种酯类绝缘液混合体系对比分析了包括热导率法、运动黏度法、燃点法、傅里叶红外光谱(FITR)法、介电参数法和碘值法在内的6种检测混合绝缘液中矿物油残留比例的方法,得出结论如下;
(1)以FR3天然酯和KI50EX合成酯为例,为保证再填充后绝缘液的燃点高于300℃,满足K级难燃要求,天然酯再填充时矿物油残留质量分数应不高于6.4%,合成酯再填充时矿物油残留质量分数应不高于2.5%,合成酯绝缘液再填充时需要更严格的矿物油残留含量控制,必要时可返厂进行煤油气相干燥。
(2)综合考虑检测方法的适用性、预测精度、经济与时间成本,在实际再填充工程应用中,对于天然酯基混合体系检测方法优先级依次为60℃运动黏度法、40℃导热率法、碘值法、FITR法。
(3)对于合成酯基混合体系检测方法优先级依次为60℃运动黏度法、40℃导热率法、FITR法。碘值法不适用于化学结构稳定没有C=C双键的合成酯体系。

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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.016
  • 接收时间:2025-07-14
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-14
  • 修回日期:2025-09-05
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    1西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
    2广东电网公司电力科学研究院,广东 广州 510080

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徐阳(1969-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,教授,主要从事电气绝缘测试技术、电力变压器替代绝缘液体等方面的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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