Article(id=1304922168031207922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921585991836085, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756569600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-31, revisedDate=1762185600000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047289139, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1787155200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047289139, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047289139, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047289139, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921585991836085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787155200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047150370, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789117776362, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305217812939698326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921585991836085, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305217812939698327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921585991836085, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=132, endPage=141, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304922168521941491, articleId=1304922168031207922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research on electromagnetic characteristics of winding interlayer insulation fault in dry-type transformer, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Dry-type transformer windings are directly exposed to the air, and are highly susceptible to interlayer short-circuit faults due to environmental factors such as temperature and humidity. Moreover, the early insulation degradation is difficult to detect. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the electromagnetic characteristics of winding interlayer insulation faults, providing a theoretical basis for optimal insulation configuration and condition diagnosis. First, an interlayer short-circuit current testing method using dry-type transformer taps was proposed, and a 3D "field-circuit" coupled model consistent with actual transformer dimensions was established for experimental validation. Subsequently, based on the temperature-humidity-resistance correlation characteristics of insulation materials, a parametric model was established for winding interlayer insulation resistance. The evolution laws of fault-layer current and spatial magnetic flux density under different fault locations were simulated and analyzed during the insulation resistance decay process from 106 Ω to 0 Ω. The results show that the fault layer current and magnetic flux density exhibit a non-linear and highly sensitive response to the changes in interlayer insulation resistance. When the insulation resistance drops to 103 Ω and 10 Ω, respectively, the electromagnetic parameters undergo significant abrupt changes, and the change rates of fault layer current and magnetic flux density increase to 12.55 A/Ω, 0.01 mT/Ω, and 66.69 A/Ω, 14.65 mT/Ω, respectively. Furthermore, after the interlayer insulation resistance decreases to 10 Ω, as the fault location moves from the outer to the inner layer, the fault layer current and spatial magnetic field first increase and then decrease, and presenting a spatial distribution pattern of "maximum in the center, minimum at the edges". On the basis of these abrupt change characteristics, 103 Ω and 10 Ω are determined as the critical resistance criteria for interlayer insulation degradation and breakdown of winding layers in dry-type transformers, respectively. According to their spatial distribution characteristics of current and magnetic field under interlayer insulation fault, it is concluded that the middle layer of the winding is the area with weak insulation, while the edge layer is the area where fault detection is unfavorable.

, authors=Yujie Meng1, Richang Xian1, Bochen Liu2, Lei Sun2, Guang Liu2, Hongmin Hao2, authorsList=Yujie Meng, Richang Xian, Bochen Liu, Lei Sun, Guang Liu, Hongmin Hao, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Richang Xian, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304922172380701194, articleId=1304922168031207922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=干式变压器绕组层间绝缘故障的电磁特征研究, columnId=1192878364483531003, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=测试与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

干式变压器绕组直接暴露在空气中,受温湿度等环境因素影响极易发生层间短路,且早期绝缘劣化不易检测。为此,本文旨在研究绕组层间绝缘故障的电磁特征,为绝缘的优化配置和状态诊断提供理论依据。首先,提出一种利用干式变压器分接头检测层间短路电流的试验方法,并建立与实际变压器尺寸一致的三维“场-路”耦合模型进行试验验证。随后,基于绝缘材料的温湿度-电阻关联特性对绕组层间绝缘电阻进行参数化建模,仿真分析绝缘电阻从106 Ω衰减至0 Ω过程中,不同故障位置下故障层电流与空间磁感应强度的演变规律。结果表明:故障层电流与磁感应强度对层间绝缘电阻的变化具有非线性高灵敏响应特征。当绝缘电阻分别降至103 Ω和10 Ω时,电磁参量发生显著突变,故障层电流与磁感应强度变化率分别激增至12.55 A/Ω、0.01 mT/Ω以及66.69 A/Ω、14.65 mT/Ω。此外,层间绝缘电阻下降至10 Ω后,随着故障位置由外层向内层移动,故障层电流和空间磁场先增大后减小,空间分布呈现“中心大,边缘小”的特征。基于上述突变特征,本文将103 Ω和10 Ω分别确定为干式变压器绕组层间绝缘劣化与击穿的临界电阻,并根据层间绝缘故障下电流和磁场的空间分布特征得出绕组中间层为绝缘薄弱的区域,边缘层为故障检测不利的区域。

, authors=孟玉洁1, 咸日常1, 刘泊辰2, 孙磊2, 刘广2, 郝洪民2, authorsList=孟玉洁, 咸日常, 刘泊辰, 孙磊, 刘广, 郝洪民, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=咸日常, authorNote=

孟玉洁(2000-),女(汉族),山东淄博人,硕士生,主要从事高电压技术与绝缘的研究

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咸日常(1966-),男(汉族),山东高密人,教授,主要从事电气设备在线监测与故障诊断的研究。
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ArticleFig(id=1304922265825604555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922168031207922, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Main technical parameters and size parameters of dry-type transformer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术参数数值尺寸参数数值
额定容量/kVA30铁心直径/mm75
额定电压/kV10/0.4铁芯窗高/mm420
额定电流/A1/43.3中心距/mm235
联结组号Dyn11铁轭高度/mm90
高压绕组/匝3 636高压绕组直径/mm167~201
低压绕组/匝80低压绕组直径/mm87~101
频率/Hz50高压绕组高度/mm310
低压绕组高度/mm316
), ArticleFig(id=1304922265896907724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922168031207922, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

干式变压器主要技术参数及尺寸参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术参数数值尺寸参数数值
额定容量/kVA30铁心直径/mm75
额定电压/kV10/0.4铁芯窗高/mm420
额定电流/A1/43.3中心距/mm235
联结组号Dyn11铁轭高度/mm90
高压绕组/匝3 636高压绕组直径/mm167~201
低压绕组/匝80低压绕组直径/mm87~101
频率/Hz50高压绕组高度/mm310
低压绕组高度/mm316
), ArticleFig(id=1304922265980793805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922168031207922, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Evolution path of interlayer insulation states in dry-type transformer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仿真阶段电阻/Ω等效温度/℃相对湿度/%环境说明
阶段1106250.20常温干燥,绝缘良好
阶段2104580.65高温高湿初期
阶段3103670.72高温潮湿
阶段4100730.76严重潮湿导致中度劣化
阶段510770.82绝缘材料降解明显
阶段61820.88临近击穿,失效边界状态
阶段70.1850.91击穿前夕
阶段80.01890.94部分击穿
阶段90900.95层间短路故障
), ArticleFig(id=1304922266077262798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922168031207922, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

干式变压器层间绝缘状态演化路径

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仿真阶段电阻/Ω等效温度/℃相对湿度/%环境说明
阶段1106250.20常温干燥,绝缘良好
阶段2104580.65高温高湿初期
阶段3103670.72高温潮湿
阶段4100730.76严重潮湿导致中度劣化
阶段510770.82绝缘材料降解明显
阶段61820.88临近击穿,失效边界状态
阶段70.1850.91击穿前夕
阶段80.01890.94部分击穿
阶段90900.95层间短路故障
), ArticleFig(id=1304922266148565967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922168031207922, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of measured and simulated values of interlayer short-circuit test in dry-type transformer

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倍率参数A1和A3A3和A5A2和A4A4和A6
0.3绕组电流/A0.570.540.610.59
仿真值/A1.063 11.053 21.093 51.073 5
试验值/A1.053 21.061 81.104 31.080 4
相对误差/%0.940.810.980.64
0.5绕组电流/A0.971.060.961.01
仿真值/A1.763 71.752 81.656 71.812 1
试验值/A1.753 21.761 81.640 91.804 5
相对误差/%0.600.510.960.42
0.7绕组电流/A1.221.131.281.17
仿真值/A2.188 32.199 22.156 32.165 4
试验值/A2.199 52.213 32.175 22.180 9
相对误差/%0.510.640.870.71
), ArticleFig(id=1304922266219869136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922168031207922, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

干式变压器层间短路试验测量值与仿真值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
倍率参数A1和A3A3和A5A2和A4A4和A6
0.3绕组电流/A0.570.540.610.59
仿真值/A1.063 11.053 21.093 51.073 5
试验值/A1.053 21.061 81.104 31.080 4
相对误差/%0.940.810.980.64
0.5绕组电流/A0.971.060.961.01
仿真值/A1.763 71.752 81.656 71.812 1
试验值/A1.753 21.761 81.640 91.804 5
相对误差/%0.600.510.960.42
0.7绕组电流/A1.221.131.281.17
仿真值/A2.188 32.199 22.156 32.165 4
试验值/A2.199 52.213 32.175 22.180 9
相对误差/%0.510.640.870.71
), ArticleFig(id=1304922266307949521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922168031207922, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Change rate of fault layer current with the change of interlayer insulation resistance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绝缘电阻变化电流变化率/(A/Ω)
正常状态至104 Ω0
104 Ω至103 Ω0
103 Ω至100 Ω0.01
100 Ω至10 Ω0.48
10 Ω至1 Ω12.55
1 Ω至0.1 Ω49.83
0.1 Ω至0.01 Ω66.69
0.01 Ω至0 Ω68.42
), ArticleFig(id=1304922266387641298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922168031207922, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

故障层电流随层间绝缘电阻变化的变化率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绝缘电阻变化电流变化率/(A/Ω)
正常状态至104 Ω0
104 Ω至103 Ω0
103 Ω至100 Ω0.01
100 Ω至10 Ω0.48
10 Ω至1 Ω12.55
1 Ω至0.1 Ω49.83
0.1 Ω至0.01 Ω66.69
0.01 Ω至0 Ω68.42
), ArticleFig(id=1304922266463138771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922168031207922, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Change rate of magnetic field strength of fault layer with the change of interlayer insulation resistance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绝缘电阻变化变化率/(mT/Ω)
正常状态至104 Ω0
104 Ω至103 Ω0
103 Ω至100 Ω0.01
100 Ω至10 Ω0.53
10 Ω至1 Ω14.65
1 Ω至0.1 Ω62.44
0.1 Ω至0.01 Ω79.52
0.01 Ω至0 Ω81.72
), ArticleFig(id=1304922266534441940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922168031207922, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

故障层磁感应强度随层间绝缘电阻变化的变化率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绝缘电阻变化变化率/(mT/Ω)
正常状态至104 Ω0
104 Ω至103 Ω0
103 Ω至100 Ω0.01
100 Ω至10 Ω0.53
10 Ω至1 Ω14.65
1 Ω至0.1 Ω62.44
0.1 Ω至0.01 Ω79.52
0.01 Ω至0 Ω81.72
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干式变压器绕组层间绝缘故障的电磁特征研究
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孟玉洁 1 , 咸日常 1 , 刘泊辰 2 , 孙磊 2 , 刘广 2 , 郝洪民 2
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2026,59(8): 132-141
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绝缘材料 |测试与分析 2026 , 59 (8) : 132 -141
干式变压器绕组层间绝缘故障的电磁特征研究
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孟玉洁1, 咸日常1, 刘泊辰2, 孙磊2, 刘广2, 郝洪民2
作者信息
  • 1山东理工大学 电气与电子工程学院,山东 淄博 255000
  • 2国网山东省电力公司淄博供电公司,山东 淄博 255049
通讯作者:
咸日常(1966-),男(汉族),山东高密人,教授,主要从事电气设备在线监测与故障诊断的研究。
作者简介:

孟玉洁(2000-),女(汉族),山东淄博人,硕士生,主要从事高电压技术与绝缘的研究

Research on electromagnetic characteristics of winding interlayer insulation fault in dry-type transformer
Yujie Meng1, Richang Xian1, Bochen Liu2, Lei Sun2, Guang Liu2, Hongmin Hao2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
  • 2State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company Zibo Power Supply Company, Zibo 255049, China
出版时间: 2026-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.015
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干式变压器绕组直接暴露在空气中,受温湿度等环境因素影响极易发生层间短路,且早期绝缘劣化不易检测。为此,本文旨在研究绕组层间绝缘故障的电磁特征,为绝缘的优化配置和状态诊断提供理论依据。首先,提出一种利用干式变压器分接头检测层间短路电流的试验方法,并建立与实际变压器尺寸一致的三维“场-路”耦合模型进行试验验证。随后,基于绝缘材料的温湿度-电阻关联特性对绕组层间绝缘电阻进行参数化建模,仿真分析绝缘电阻从106 Ω衰减至0 Ω过程中,不同故障位置下故障层电流与空间磁感应强度的演变规律。结果表明:故障层电流与磁感应强度对层间绝缘电阻的变化具有非线性高灵敏响应特征。当绝缘电阻分别降至103 Ω和10 Ω时,电磁参量发生显著突变,故障层电流与磁感应强度变化率分别激增至12.55 A/Ω、0.01 mT/Ω以及66.69 A/Ω、14.65 mT/Ω。此外,层间绝缘电阻下降至10 Ω后,随着故障位置由外层向内层移动,故障层电流和空间磁场先增大后减小,空间分布呈现“中心大,边缘小”的特征。基于上述突变特征,本文将103 Ω和10 Ω分别确定为干式变压器绕组层间绝缘劣化与击穿的临界电阻,并根据层间绝缘故障下电流和磁场的空间分布特征得出绕组中间层为绝缘薄弱的区域,边缘层为故障检测不利的区域。

干式变压器  /  绕组层间绝缘  /  劣化  /  击穿  /  测量方法  /  电磁特征

Dry-type transformer windings are directly exposed to the air, and are highly susceptible to interlayer short-circuit faults due to environmental factors such as temperature and humidity. Moreover, the early insulation degradation is difficult to detect. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the electromagnetic characteristics of winding interlayer insulation faults, providing a theoretical basis for optimal insulation configuration and condition diagnosis. First, an interlayer short-circuit current testing method using dry-type transformer taps was proposed, and a 3D "field-circuit" coupled model consistent with actual transformer dimensions was established for experimental validation. Subsequently, based on the temperature-humidity-resistance correlation characteristics of insulation materials, a parametric model was established for winding interlayer insulation resistance. The evolution laws of fault-layer current and spatial magnetic flux density under different fault locations were simulated and analyzed during the insulation resistance decay process from 106 Ω to 0 Ω. The results show that the fault layer current and magnetic flux density exhibit a non-linear and highly sensitive response to the changes in interlayer insulation resistance. When the insulation resistance drops to 103 Ω and 10 Ω, respectively, the electromagnetic parameters undergo significant abrupt changes, and the change rates of fault layer current and magnetic flux density increase to 12.55 A/Ω, 0.01 mT/Ω, and 66.69 A/Ω, 14.65 mT/Ω, respectively. Furthermore, after the interlayer insulation resistance decreases to 10 Ω, as the fault location moves from the outer to the inner layer, the fault layer current and spatial magnetic field first increase and then decrease, and presenting a spatial distribution pattern of "maximum in the center, minimum at the edges". On the basis of these abrupt change characteristics, 103 Ω and 10 Ω are determined as the critical resistance criteria for interlayer insulation degradation and breakdown of winding layers in dry-type transformers, respectively. According to their spatial distribution characteristics of current and magnetic field under interlayer insulation fault, it is concluded that the middle layer of the winding is the area with weak insulation, while the edge layer is the area where fault detection is unfavorable.

dry-type transformer  /  winding interlayer insulation  /  deterioration  /  breakdown  /  measurement method  /  electromagnetic characteristics
孟玉洁, 咸日常, 刘泊辰, 孙磊, 刘广, 郝洪民. 干式变压器绕组层间绝缘故障的电磁特征研究. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (8) : 132 -141 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.015
Yujie Meng, Richang Xian, Bochen Liu, Lei Sun, Guang Liu, Hongmin Hao. Research on electromagnetic characteristics of winding interlayer insulation fault in dry-type transformer[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (8) : 132 -141 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.015
近年来,干式变压器生产技术与应用水平不断提高,凭借其易维护、效率高、节能环保、耐火、防爆等优势,在配电系统中的应用越来越广泛[1-6]。随着干式变压器用量的不断增加,人们对其运行安全性和稳定性的要求也越来越高[7-10]。不同于油浸式绝缘变压器,干式变压器绕组绝缘直接暴露在大气环境中,受脏污、潮湿、温度等环境因素影响大,又因层间电势高于匝间电势,其绕组层间绝缘劣化问题突出,设备烧毁事故频发[11-15]。干式变压器层间绝缘发生故障的概率高于油浸式绝缘变压器,占总绝缘故障的15%~25%,是干式变压器发生事故的重要原因之一。绕组层间绝缘故障属于内部故障,在故障初期不易直接检测,常规的过电流保护缺少动作判据[16-17]。然而,绝缘劣化引发的早期局部短路,会显著改变绕组内部的电磁耦合关系并导致漏磁场分布发生畸变;电磁特征相较于端部电流对微弱故障具有更大的响应。基于此,本文针对干式变压器层间绝缘故障的电磁特征开展研究,为绕组绝缘优化配置、绕组绝缘状态实时检测及层间短路故障保护提供支撑。
由于干式变压器绕组的隐蔽性,目前尚无简便、有效的绕组短路故障电流检测方法[18-20],主要有外加短路绕组法和在绕组制作阶段设置短路故障法两种方法。其中,外加短路绕组法是绕制与绕组相同规格的短路匝,然后安装在故障相上,因改变了变压器固有匝数比,导致试验误差增大;在绕组制作阶段设置层间短路故障法,仅适用于导线截面较小的圆铜线,对于截面较大的扁铜线不适用,且试验成本高,试验过程中不能改变短路位置。为此,多数研究以变压器绕组绝缘良好且正常运行状态下的试验数据(空载损耗、空载电流、负载损耗、短路阻抗)来验证绕组绝缘故障仿真模型的准确性。该方式存在验证方式与研究对象(绕组绝缘故障)不一致的问题,使得模型在真实故障场景中的适用性存疑。文献[21]通过绕制相同规格的低压绕组套在铁心外模拟变压器低压绕组匝间短路故障,但此方法改变了变压器原本的结构,不能精准模拟工程中绕组短路故障。文献[22]建立二维“场-路”耦合模型,分析了干式变压器绕组发生单匝匝间短路故障时电磁参数的分布特征,验证了绝缘良好的干式变压器模型在额定工况下绕组电流处于误差允许范围内,但并没有验证匝间短路故障模型的准确性,存在验证对象与研究对象不一致的问题,且未开展绕组层间短路故障特征研究。
目前对于干式变压器绕组绝缘故障的研究主要集中于出口短路和匝间短路,对绕组层间绝缘劣化以及层间短路故障的研究较少。文献[23]利用变压器温升试验分析了变压器绕组出口短路瞬间热点温度的变化情况,为研究绕组出口短路故障与变压器绝缘热老化的关系提供理论基础。文献[24]建立配电变压器磁场-结构力场耦合模型,分析了变压器匝间短路、不对称短路和三相短路工况时的绕组磁场、应力分布特征。
针对现有研究的不足,本文建立干式变压器绕组层间绝缘故障仿真模型,并提出一种干式变压器层间短路故障电流试验方法。通过设置4组不同短路位置的层间短路故障,实现辐向和轴向不同位置的故障电流检测以验证仿真模型的准确性。以一台型号为SCB10-30的实际干式变压器为研究对象,使用ANSYS Electronics Desktop有限元软件,建立干式变压器绕组层间绝缘故障的“场-路”耦合模型,基于温、湿度参数-绝缘材料电阻率的关联特性对层间绝缘电阻参数化建模,仿真干式变压器高压绕组从层间绝缘正常状态到层间短路故障状态的变化过程,通过分析同一位置、不同绝缘状态和不同故障位置、同一绝缘状态下电磁参数的变化特征,得出绕组层间绝缘劣化状态和击穿状态的临界电阻值,为干式变压器层间绝缘状态评估提供定量判断标准,明确干式变压器绕组层间绝缘薄弱位置,为其精准冗余设计提供理论依据。
本文以某公司生产的一台型号为SC10-30/10的干式变压器为研究对象,在有限元仿真软件中建立与实物一致的高保真三维几何模型,其整体结构、侧视图、俯视图以及绕组分层结构如图1所示,其主要技术参数及尺寸参数如表1所示。其中,干式变压器高压侧绕组分为13层,由内到外编号为T1至T13。
本文利用建模软件绘制了共13层的高压绕组,并模拟某相第n层绕组与第n+1层绕组层间绝缘击穿,发生层间短路故障。图2为干式变压器绕组层间短路故障示意图。从图2可以看出,当层间发生短路故障时,短路点为主回路电流提供了另外一条通路,通路中流过的电流成为短路环电流,短路点电流是主回路电流与短路环电流的差值。
以三相双绕组干式变压器的物理结构为基础,通过等效电感、等效电阻和互感模型,来展现变压器绕组的电气特性。图3为A相高压绕组的第n层与第n+1层层间绝缘劣化的等效电路图。图3中,LALBLCLaLbLcLA1LA3为高、低压绕组及故障相非故障层绕组的电感;RARBRCRaRbRcRA1RA3为高、低压绕组及故障相非故障层绕组的电阻;LA2RA2为故障层电感和电阻;Rd为第n层与第n+1层层间绝缘电阻;UAUBUC分别为高压侧的相电压;IAIBICIaIbIcId为高、低压绕组及故障层电流;ZaZbZc为A、B、C三相负载。
干式变压器绕组层间绝缘材料的极化、吸湿行为及泄漏电流路径的形成,会受环境温度和湿度的显著影响。其微观作用机制主要包括两个方面:一方面,温度升高会增强材料中自由载流子的热激发行为,导致极化增强和导电性提高;另一方面,空气湿度增大将加剧绝缘材料的吸湿行为,形成更多的表面及内部泄漏电流路径。在这两方面的共同作用下,层间绝缘电阻随环境温度和湿度的增大而呈现显着的衰减趋势。
绝缘材料电导率与温度的关系可由式(1)近似描述[25]
σT=σ0e-EakT
式(1)中:σT是绝对温度T下的电导率;σ0是预指数因子(材料常数);Ea为激活能;k为玻尔兹曼常数。
绝缘材料电阻与湿度的关系可由非线性饱和项模型描述,如式(2)所示[26]
RRH=R01+βRHh
式(2)中:RRH为相对湿度h下的绝缘电阻;R0为干燥状态下的绝缘电阻;βRH为湿度敏感因子,对于干式变压器中常见的吸湿性环氧浇注材料可取βRH=3~6。
结合式(1)和式(2),绝缘电阻Rd随绝对温度T与相对湿度h的联合变化模型可描述为式(3)。
Rd(T, h)=R0e-αT(T-T0)11+βRHh
式(3)中:R0表示参考环境下(参考温度T0为200℃、h为0%)的初始绝缘电阻;αT为温度敏感系数,根据IEEE绝缘电阻测试标准中指出,温度每升高10℃绝缘电阻大致减半,可取αT0.069 3/℃。
在工程实践中,常温(20℃)下10 kV干式变压器的绝缘电阻通常大于106 Ω,因此本文绝缘电阻以106 Ω为起始,分9个阶段逐级递减,以反映从正常绝缘状态到层间短路的演化路径,如表2所示。以上各阶段通过对集总电阻设置时间依赖型分段函数实现,仿真总时长设置为380 ms。其中,阶段1:0~40 ms为正常绝缘状态(绝缘电阻为106 Ω);阶段2:40~80 ms层间绝缘电阻为104 Ω;阶段3:80~120 ms层间绝缘电阻为103 Ω;阶段4:120~160 ms层间绝缘电阻为100 Ω;阶段5:160~200 ms层间绝缘电阻为10 Ω;阶段6:200~240 ms层间绝缘电阻为1 Ω;阶段7:240~280 ms层间绝缘电阻为0.1 Ω;阶段8:280~320 ms层间绝缘电阻为0.01 Ω;阶段9:320 ms至仿真结束为层间短路故障。
为保证绕组层间短路故障仿真模型的有效性,搭建实际试验平台,使用与研究对象相同型号的干式变压器进行干式变压器绕组层间短路试验。图4为干式变压器绕组结构示意图。从图4可以看出,干式变压器分接头A1、A3、A5和A2、A4、A6连接的高压绕组分别处于相邻三层且高度一致。利用此结构特点选择处于相邻两层绕组连接的分接头短路,来模拟实际工况下的层间短路故障。每相可选择4组进行层间短路故障试验:A1和A3短路、A3和A5短路、A2和A4短路以及A4和A6短路;以上4组试验可分别实现A相高压绕组第2段第12层与13层、第2段第11层与12层、第3段第12层与13层、第3段第11层与12层绕组之间的层间绝缘故障。
任选其中一组用导线将接头连接,对干式变压器进行高压绕组层间短路试验,试验接线原理如图5所示。高压侧三相绕组连接三相调压器TVA、TVB、TVC,低压侧绕组开路。通过三相调压器对高压绕组逐步升高电压,在高压绕组导线所能承受的最大电流范围内,以步长为1 kV逐步升高电压,利用测量仪表PZ监视流过短路层电流和短路层电压的变化情况,当达到导线所能承受的最大电流时停止升压。
图6为干式变压器高压绕组层间短路实际试验接线图。如图6所示,将A相分接头A3和A5通过导体短接,模拟干式变压器高压绕组第2段的第11层与第12层发生短路故障。为防止试验变压器在短路电流下形成不可逆的绝缘损坏,当高压侧施加到0.7倍额定电压时绕组流过的电流达到导线所能承受的最大值停止升压。
试验取施加0.3倍、0.5倍与0.7倍额定电压时测得的短路环电流与仿真值进行对比,结果如表3所示。由表3可知,在不同励磁电压下,短路环电流实际试验值与仿真值的误差均小于1%。由于绕组空间磁感应强度该电流幅值正相关,所以利用该模型进行绕组层间短路故障电磁特征的仿真分析,能够保证数据正确可信。
通过升高温度和增大湿度使干式变压器层间绝缘电阻逐步减小,流经短路层和短路点的电流逐渐增大。通过仿真得到短路层电流IDLC、短路点电流IDLD以及故障相电流IGZX的变化如图7所示,绝缘电阻两端电压变化如图8所示。
根据等效电路分析,绕组故障层绝缘电阻两端电压UDLD作用在层间绝缘电阻RDLD上,短路点电流可由式(4)表示。
IDLD=UDLDRd
绕组故障层感应电压UC作用在短路层电阻RC以及绝缘电阻两端Rd,因此短路层电流可由式(5)表示。
IDLC=UCRd+RC
故障相电流与短路层电流和短路点电流满足式(6)。
IGZX=IDLD+IDLC
本文用故障层电流的峰值变化与绕组层间绝缘电阻变化之比来直观地反映绕组层间绝缘劣化对故障层电流变化的敏感性,结果如表4所示。从图7图8表4可以看出,随着层间绝缘电阻逐渐减小(从103 Ω下降至100 Ω),流经短路层的电流开始增大且相对稳定。当层间绝缘电阻减小到10 Ω以下时,层间短路电流和短路点电流发生突变,故障层电流随层间绝缘电阻变化率激增至12.55 A/Ω,此后继续攀升至击穿前夕的66.69 A/Ω,并在趋近短路的阶段达到最大值68.42 A/Ω。该变化表明,层间绝缘电阻在低阻阶段对电流分布的影响具有明显的非线性特征,故障层电流对层间绝缘电阻的灵敏性进入“高灵敏响应区”,微小的电阻变化即可引起显著的电流扰动。
根据上述分析可初步将103 Ω判定为绕组层间绝缘劣化的临界电阻值,将10 Ω判定为绕组层间绝缘击穿的临界电阻值。
为了深入探讨层间绝缘劣化过程中不同层(T1~T13)的电流特性,本文对高压绕组A相第二段各层(T1~T13)在3种典型故障状态下的电流进行仿真分析,3种典型故障状态分别为层间绝缘劣化临界状态(层间绝缘电阻为103 Ω)、层间绝缘崩溃临界状态(层间绝缘电阻为10 Ω)和完全短路状态(层间绝缘电阻为0 Ω)。
干式变压器高压绕组不同层发生层间绝缘故障时故障层的电流变化如图9所示。由图9可知,当层间绝缘状态处于劣化临界状态时,不同辐向故障位置的故障层电流变化不大,波动在0.1 A以内。当层间绝缘状态处于崩溃和击穿状态时,故障层电流受故障发生位置的影响较大,且当层间绝缘电阻逐渐减小时,电流分布对位置变化的敏感性显著提升。当层间绝缘到达崩溃临界状态时,随着故障位置随辐向移动,故障电流呈现先增大后减小的趋势;并且内层(T1至T7)故障电流整体要大于外层(T8至T13),总体表现出“中心大,边缘小”的变化趋势。
以干式变压器A相高压绕组第二段T1层间绝缘故障为研究对象,以该层所处位置的轴向为路径,研究不同层间绝缘电阻下流过短路点最大电流时的磁感应强度。具体以23、63、83、133、174、215、255、295、335 ms为取样点,得到空间磁感应强度、辐向磁感应强度以及轴向磁感应强度的变化规律如图10所示。
本文以短路层空间磁感应强度变化与电阻变化之比来衡量绕组层间绝缘故障对故障层空间磁感应强度变化的敏感性,结果如表5所示。
图10表5可知,随着层间绝缘电阻的减小,绕组内部的磁感应强度、轴向磁感应强度和辐向磁感应强度均发生显著变化。层间绝缘电阻从103 Ω减至100 Ω时,故障层两端轴向、辐向磁场开始呈现反向分布,故障层磁感应强度随层间绝缘电阻变化的变化率开始大于零;层间绝缘电阻从10 Ω减至1 Ω时,故障层两端轴向、辐向磁场的反向特性加剧,两端较中部的磁场变化是非故障段的3倍以上,故障层空间磁感应强度随层间绝缘电阻变化的变化率突增至14.65 mT/Ω。
通过上述绕组层间绝缘电阻对故障层空间磁感应强度变化的敏感性分析,可看出其与层间绝缘劣化对故障层电流变化的敏感性基本一致,进一步印证了3.1.1部分“将103 Ω判定为绕组层间绝缘劣化的临界电阻值,将10 Ω判定为绕组层间绝缘击穿的临界电阻值”的结论。因此,在干式变压器设计和运行中,应严格控制层间绝缘电阻值,特别是在高湿、高温环境下,确保层间电阻值保持在103 Ω以上,以防止层间短路故障的发生。
针对其他型号干式变压器,由于均遵循电磁感应与能量转换原理,绕组层间绝缘劣化过程中电阻下降引起的短路电流突变与局部磁场增强的趋势性特征具有普遍性。临界值虽然与干式变压器的具体型号参数(如额定容量、结构尺寸)相关,但其反映的“层间绝缘状态与故障响应之间的临界变化规律”具有一致性与可推广性,本文提出的研究方法及判据可适用于其他型号的干式变压器,临界电阻值需根据变压器结构与运行环境进行适当修正。
在三维电磁场有限元分析中,根据麦克斯韦方程组的安培环路定理微分形式,电流密度与磁场强度的关系由式(7)表示。
×H=J
式(7)中:为哈密顿算子;J为干式变压器高压绕组源电流密度;H为磁场强度。
空间任意载流导线在周围激发的磁场可由毕奥-萨伐尔定律描述,其微分形式如式(8)所示。
dB=μ04πIdl×r^r2
式(8)中:dB为电流元Idl在空间场点产生的磁感应强度微分;I为导体中电流;μ0为真空磁导率;r为电流源到场点的距离;r^为电流源指向场点的单位矢量;dl为导线方向微元。
从式(7)和式(8)可以看出,电流密度决定磁场强度,绕组层间电流越大,局部产生的磁感应强度越强。并且通过等效仿真结果可得,峰值磁感应强度与短路层电流之间呈非线性正相关关系。
干式变压器高压绕组不同层发生层间绝缘故障对故障层的磁感应强度如图11所示。由图11可知,由于绕组两端的电流密度较低,中间层T6和T7的位置磁感应强度明显高于边缘层(T1和T13)。故障层磁感应强度随层间故障绝缘位置的变化与电流随层间故障绝缘位置的变化规律一致,电流与磁感应强度的集中区域均位于绕组的中间层,整体呈现出“中心大,边缘小”的趋势。
干式变压器在相同运行条件下,不同层发生相同程度的层间绝缘劣化,中间层绕组所承受的短路电流与局部磁感应强度均大于外层绕组。因此,干式变压器中间层的层间绝缘为绝缘薄弱位置,应在干式变压器生产制造阶段适当提高高压绕组中间层的绝缘裕度,尤其是加强中间层的绝缘材料和结构设计,确保其在长期运行过程中能有效抵御温湿度的变化。边缘层因电磁响应较弱,属于故障检测灵敏度较低的区域。为避免漏报,干式变压器在线监测的告警阈值应以边缘层的特征响应作为保守基准。
本文建立了与实物一致的干式变压器三维“场-路”耦合分析模型,对绕组层间绝缘电阻随温度和湿度变化的特性进行参数化建模。提出了一种利用干式变压器分接头检测绕组层间短路故障电流的试验方法,试验测得层间短路故障电流与仿真值误差在1%以内,验证了故障模型的准确性;最后,仿真分析同一位置不同层间绝缘状态的电磁变化特征和同一绝缘状态下不同位置的电磁分布特征。主要研究结论如下:
(1)干式变压器绕组层间绝缘劣化会影响故障层电流、空间磁感应强度,层间绝缘电阻在103 Ω及以下时有明显的非线性特征,根据其敏感特征得到绕组层间绝缘劣化的临界电阻值为103 Ω,绕组层间绝缘击穿的临界电阻值为10 Ω。
(2)得出干式变压器绕组不同位置层间绝缘故障的电磁分布特征,随故障位置沿辐向移动,故障层电流和空间磁感应强度显著增大,当层间绝缘电阻在10 Ω及以下时,二者均呈现“中心大,边缘小”的分布特征。
(3)明确了干式变压器绕组空间位置对绝缘耐受与故障检测的差异化影响,为设备的优化设计与状态监测提供了依据。一方面,在同等劣化条件下中间层(T6至T8)绕组承受的短路电流与局部磁感应强度最大,因此,在生产制造阶段应提高中间层的绝缘裕度;另一方面,边缘层(T1和T13)电磁响应较弱,是故障检测的不利区域,其特征响应作为在线监测告警阈值的保守基准,以有效避免早期故障的漏报。

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2026年第59卷第8期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.015
  • 接收时间:2025-08-31
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-31
  • 修回日期:2025-11-04
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    1山东理工大学 电气与电子工程学院,山东 淄博 255000
    2国网山东省电力公司淄博供电公司,山东 淄博 255049

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咸日常(1966-),男(汉族),山东高密人,教授,主要从事电气设备在线监测与故障诊断的研究。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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