Article(id=1304922090155565418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921585991836085, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753718400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-29, revisedDate=1761235200000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047270572, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1787155200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047270572, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047270572, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047270572, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921585991836085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787155200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047150370, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789117776362, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305217812939698326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921585991836085, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305217812939698327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921585991836085, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=124, endPage=131, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304922090361086315, articleId=1304922090155565418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Simulation analysis of insulation failure of 110 kV cable terminal considering lightning over-voltage, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Malfunctions in the insulation system of high-voltage cable terminations can directly trigger breakdown faults, which severely undermines the normal operation of high-voltage transmission lines. In this paper, after analyzing a 110 kV cable terminal breakdown accident, it is found that the lead seal at the terminal tail pipe had partially fallen off, meaning that the metal sheath of the cable had failed to ground at this location. Using the PSCAD/EMTDC electromagnetic transient simulation software for calculation, it was revealed that when only the lead seal detachment (metal sheath grounding resistance) was considered, the voltage rise inside the terminal was relatively weak, and it would be difficult to cause insulation failure of the terminal in a short period of time. Based on this, this paper considered the situation where the cable was invaded by lightning overvoltage. In this case, due to the complex internal structure of the cable terminal, it was more prone to electric field distortion, which eventually led to terminal insulation deterioration, failure or even breakdown. For this scenario, the finite element method was employed to simulate and calculate the electric field distortion inside the terminal when lightning over-voltage intrusion occurred under different degrees of lead seal detachment. The simulation results show that the degree of lead seal detachment has a significant influence on the induced voltage of sheath. With the increase of grounding resistance, the induced voltage on the cable metal sheath first rises and then tends to stabilize, and the equivalent resistance reaches approximately 105 Ω at the stabilization stage. Under the same conditions, the internal electric field distortion of the the cross-interconnected grounding mode is more serious than that of the head-end grounding mode. Additionally, after fitting the results with the least squares method, it is found that the field strength distortion of the terminal main insulation is linearly affected by the cable core voltage and the sheath induced voltage, while the field strength distortion of the sheath surface is only linearly related to the sheath induced voltage.

, authors=Lei Niu1, Shiming Xu2, Dongbo Song1, Yang Cheng1, Yiyang Ding1, Peilin Gong1, Shihang Wang2, *, authorsList=Lei Niu, Shiming Xu, Dongbo Song, Yang Cheng, Yiyang Ding, Peilin Gong, Shihang Wang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shihang Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304922092793782661, articleId=1304922090155565418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=考虑雷电过电压的110 kV电缆终端绝缘失效仿真分析, columnId=1192878364483531003, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=测试与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

高压电缆终端绝缘系统状态出现问题将诱发击穿故障,严重影响高压电缆线路正常运行。本文对一起110 kV电缆终端击穿事故进行分析后,发现终端尾管处铅封已经部分脱落,即电缆金属护套在此处接地失效。使用PSCAD/EMTDC电磁暂态仿真软件计算发现,仅考虑铅封脱落(金属护套接地电阻)时,终端内部电压抬升情况较弱,短时内难以使终端绝缘失效。基于此,本文考虑了线路受雷电过电压侵入的情况,该情况下电缆终端因具有较复杂的内部结构,其内部更易产生电场畸变,最终发展为终端绝缘劣化失效甚至击穿。针对该情况,使用有限元法仿真计算得到了不同铅封脱落程度下雷电过电压侵入时终端内部电场的畸变情况。仿真结果表明,铅封脱落程度对护套感应电压的影响显著,随着接地电阻增大,电缆金属护套上的感应电压先增大后趋于稳定,稳定时等效电阻约为105 Ω。相同条件下,交叉互联接地方式比首端接地终端内部电场畸变更严重。此外,对结果进行最小二乘法拟合后,发现终端主绝缘场强畸变受缆芯电压、护套感应电压共同线性作用,而护套表面场强畸变仅与护套感应电压呈线性关系。

, authors=牛雷1, 徐诗鸣2, 宋东波1, 程洋1, 丁一阳1, 龚培林1, 王诗航2, *, authorsList=牛雷, 徐诗鸣, 宋东波, 程洋, 丁一阳, 龚培林, 王诗航, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王诗航, authorNote=

牛雷(1989-),男(汉族),河北邯郸人,工程师,博士,主要从事输电线路外绝缘和高压电缆的相关研究

, correspAuthorsNote=
王诗航(1990-),男(汉族),陕西商洛人,副教授,博士,主要从事高压电缆绝缘材料与技术、固体绝缘介质劣化特性与机理的研究。
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牛雷(1989-),男(汉族),河北邯郸人,工程师,博士,主要从事输电线路外绝缘和高压电缆的相关研究

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牛雷(1989-),男(汉族),河北邯郸人,工程师,博士,主要从事输电线路外绝缘和高压电缆的相关研究

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Insulator and Surge Arresters,2024(2):27-35., articleTitle=Simulation of study lightning impulse voltage of metal sheath of high voltage single core cable considering power frequency operation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1304922099886350829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922090155565418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GB/T 11017—2024.额定电压66 kV(Um=72.5 kV)和110 kV(Um=126 kV)交联聚乙烯绝缘电力电缆及其附件 第1部分:试验方法和要求[S]., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1304922099949265390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922090155565418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GB/T 11017—2024. Power cables with cross-linked polyethylene insulation and their accessories for rated voltage of 66 kV(Um=72.5 kV) and 110 kV(Um=126 kV)—Part 1:Test methods and requirements[S]., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1304922093167075718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922090155565418, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304922093175464327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922090155565418, companyId=1304922093167075718, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Grid Anhui Electric Power Research Institute, Hefei 230601, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304922093183852936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922090155565418, companyId=1304922093167075718, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, 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figureFileSmall=TDd3Lf39TZEN99+kGMoTyA==, figureFileBig=9VTP3lZX3ltpXAsIc9kkKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922097503986126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922090155565418, language=CN, label=图12, caption=电缆终端内部场强最大值与缆芯及护套电压的关系, figureFileSmall=TDd3Lf39TZEN99+kGMoTyA==, figureFileBig=9VTP3lZX3ltpXAsIc9kkKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922097562706383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922090155565418, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Cable structure parameters

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电缆结构厚度/mm
导体屏蔽0.5
XLPE绝缘18
绝缘屏蔽0.5
金属护套2
外护套6
), ArticleFig(id=1304922097621426640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304922090155565418, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

电缆结构参数

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电缆结构厚度/mm
导体屏蔽0.5
XLPE绝缘18
绝缘屏蔽0.5
金属护套2
外护套6
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Materials parameters

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材料相对介电常数电导率/(S/m)
XLPE2.31×10-13
5.998×107
4×107
EPDM2.81×10-13
半导电层70020
缓冲层1001×10-3
硅油2.631×10-13
环氧41×10-13
空气11×10-13
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材料的参数

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材料相对介电常数电导率/(S/m)
XLPE2.31×10-13
5.998×107
4×107
EPDM2.81×10-13
半导电层70020
缓冲层1001×10-3
硅油2.631×10-13
环氧41×10-13
空气11×10-13
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Fitting result

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序号abcd
1-9.072×10-29.072×10-29.36×10-30.966 6
29.047×10-29.014×10-24.327×10-2
31.228 34×10-178.278×10-2-8.511 64×10-14
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曲面拟合结果

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序号abcd
1-9.072×10-29.072×10-29.36×10-30.966 6
29.047×10-29.014×10-24.327×10-2
31.228 34×10-178.278×10-2-8.511 64×10-14
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考虑雷电过电压的110 kV电缆终端绝缘失效仿真分析
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牛雷 1 , 徐诗鸣 2 , 宋东波 1 , 程洋 1 , 丁一阳 1 , 龚培林 1 , 王诗航 2, *
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2026,59(8): 124-131
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绝缘材料 |测试与分析 2026 , 59 (8) : 124 -131
考虑雷电过电压的110 kV电缆终端绝缘失效仿真分析
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牛雷(1989-),男(汉族),河北邯郸人,工程师,博士,主要从事输电线路外绝缘和高压电缆的相关研究

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牛雷(1989-),男(汉族),河北邯郸人,工程师,博士,主要从事输电线路外绝缘和高压电缆的相关研究

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牛雷1, 徐诗鸣2, 宋东波1, 程洋1, 丁一阳1, 龚培林1, 王诗航2, *
作者信息
  • 1国网安徽省电力公司电力科学研究院,安徽 合肥 230601
  • 2西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
通讯作者:
王诗航(1990-),男(汉族),陕西商洛人,副教授,博士,主要从事高压电缆绝缘材料与技术、固体绝缘介质劣化特性与机理的研究。
作者简介:

牛雷(1989-),男(汉族),河北邯郸人,工程师,博士,主要从事输电线路外绝缘和高压电缆的相关研究

Simulation analysis of insulation failure of 110 kV cable terminal considering lightning over-voltage
Lei Niu1, Shiming Xu2, Dongbo Song1, Yang Cheng1, Yiyang Ding1, Peilin Gong1, Shihang Wang2, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Grid Anhui Electric Power Research Institute, Hefei 230601, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
出版时间: 2026-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.014
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高压电缆终端绝缘系统状态出现问题将诱发击穿故障,严重影响高压电缆线路正常运行。本文对一起110 kV电缆终端击穿事故进行分析后,发现终端尾管处铅封已经部分脱落,即电缆金属护套在此处接地失效。使用PSCAD/EMTDC电磁暂态仿真软件计算发现,仅考虑铅封脱落(金属护套接地电阻)时,终端内部电压抬升情况较弱,短时内难以使终端绝缘失效。基于此,本文考虑了线路受雷电过电压侵入的情况,该情况下电缆终端因具有较复杂的内部结构,其内部更易产生电场畸变,最终发展为终端绝缘劣化失效甚至击穿。针对该情况,使用有限元法仿真计算得到了不同铅封脱落程度下雷电过电压侵入时终端内部电场的畸变情况。仿真结果表明,铅封脱落程度对护套感应电压的影响显著,随着接地电阻增大,电缆金属护套上的感应电压先增大后趋于稳定,稳定时等效电阻约为105 Ω。相同条件下,交叉互联接地方式比首端接地终端内部电场畸变更严重。此外,对结果进行最小二乘法拟合后,发现终端主绝缘场强畸变受缆芯电压、护套感应电压共同线性作用,而护套表面场强畸变仅与护套感应电压呈线性关系。

雷电过电压  /  电缆终端  /  护套电压  /  暂态仿真

Malfunctions in the insulation system of high-voltage cable terminations can directly trigger breakdown faults, which severely undermines the normal operation of high-voltage transmission lines. In this paper, after analyzing a 110 kV cable terminal breakdown accident, it is found that the lead seal at the terminal tail pipe had partially fallen off, meaning that the metal sheath of the cable had failed to ground at this location. Using the PSCAD/EMTDC electromagnetic transient simulation software for calculation, it was revealed that when only the lead seal detachment (metal sheath grounding resistance) was considered, the voltage rise inside the terminal was relatively weak, and it would be difficult to cause insulation failure of the terminal in a short period of time. Based on this, this paper considered the situation where the cable was invaded by lightning overvoltage. In this case, due to the complex internal structure of the cable terminal, it was more prone to electric field distortion, which eventually led to terminal insulation deterioration, failure or even breakdown. For this scenario, the finite element method was employed to simulate and calculate the electric field distortion inside the terminal when lightning over-voltage intrusion occurred under different degrees of lead seal detachment. The simulation results show that the degree of lead seal detachment has a significant influence on the induced voltage of sheath. With the increase of grounding resistance, the induced voltage on the cable metal sheath first rises and then tends to stabilize, and the equivalent resistance reaches approximately 105 Ω at the stabilization stage. Under the same conditions, the internal electric field distortion of the the cross-interconnected grounding mode is more serious than that of the head-end grounding mode. Additionally, after fitting the results with the least squares method, it is found that the field strength distortion of the terminal main insulation is linearly affected by the cable core voltage and the sheath induced voltage, while the field strength distortion of the sheath surface is only linearly related to the sheath induced voltage.

lightning over-voltage  /  cable terminal  /  sheath voltage  /  transient simulation
牛雷, 徐诗鸣, 宋东波, 程洋, 丁一阳, 龚培林, 王诗航. 考虑雷电过电压的110 kV电缆终端绝缘失效仿真分析. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (8) : 124 -131 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.014
Lei Niu, Shiming Xu, Dongbo Song, Yang Cheng, Yiyang Ding, Peilin Gong, Shihang Wang. Simulation analysis of insulation failure of 110 kV cable terminal considering lightning over-voltage[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (8) : 124 -131 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.014
交联聚乙烯绝缘高压电缆因其良好的绝缘性能、简单的内部结构、简易的附件安装过程在高压输电线路中得到广泛应用[1-2]。电缆终端是附件的一种,起到连接电力电缆线路两端和其他电力设备的作用,与结构简单且高度对称的电缆本体不同,电缆终端内部的结构更为复杂[3],是高压输电线路中极易发生故障的薄弱环节。对故障相电缆终端拆解后,在电缆本体上的击穿点附近发现明显的放电通道。对其余两相未发生事故的电缆终端拆解后,从铅封部位可以看出,终端铅封处均有明显的间隙,表明铅封已经松动且有部分脱落,由此推测,故障相终端在故障前铅封状况已劣化,导致电缆金属护套接地失效。
已有多篇文献报道了类似的故障情况[4-6],研究普遍认为发生故障的根本原因如下:金属护套与尾管及绝缘部分形成了电容,由于电缆金属护套上存在感应电压,从而在形成的电容中不断地充放电,即对绝缘和电缆终端尾管放电,长此以往,造成本体绝缘的严重损伤,导致电缆在绝缘薄弱点被击穿从而引发故障。
然而,对发生击穿事故后终端的现象进行定性分析难以得出其故障的确切原因,终端内部复杂的结构导致难以提出一个通用的经验公式以评估其内部的电场分布。本文计算雷电流侵入时终端处的缆芯与护套的电流电压波形,对雷电过电压入侵后的110 kV电缆进行建模,并结合多物理场仿真软件对电缆终端内部的电场畸变进行有限元仿真计算,解释雷电过电压与接地电阻大小对电缆终端内部电场分布情况的影响机理。
雷电流模型由可控电流源接入架空导线生成,使用式(1)所示的双指数模型表示[7]
It=I0ηe-αt-e-βt
式(1)中:η=e-αtp-e-βtp为峰值电流的修正因子,其中tp为峰值时间;t为仿真时间;I0αβ分别为峰值电流、波前时间和半峰值时间。
图1为本文所使用的幅值为30 kA的2.5/50 μs雷电流波形。
建立包含架空导线与电缆的线路模型,其中雷电流在0.2 s于架空线路距离电缆首端5 km处侵入。电缆采取直埋敷设方式,当采取首端接地时电缆长度为1.5 km,采取交叉互联接地时电缆每段长度为0.5 km,共3段(1.5 km)。三相电缆水平排列,间距为0.4 m,导体半径为10 mm,其他结构参数如表1所示。在接地端设置金属护套接地电阻(Re)为0.1 Ω,非接地端设置接地电阻为1012 Ω,不失一般性,本文所提到的更改接地电阻均指更改A相接地电阻。土壤电阻率设为恒定值100 Ω·m,大地相对磁导率为1。在模型搭建阶段,已通过PSCAD内置的线路参数计算模块将输入的物理参数转化为波阻抗等传播参数,其计算逻辑与经典传输线理论一致,确保了仿真参数与理论推导的内在一致性。从误差控制角度,由于模型参数直接映射电缆实际物理特性,且未引入额外简化假设,理论计算值与仿真输出的波阻抗误差处于较低水平(远小于5%),可认为使用本模型计算所得结果可靠[8-9]
本文用于仿真计算的110 kV电缆终端结构如图2所示。其中,主绝缘材料为交联聚乙烯(XLPE),应力锥材料为三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)。为简化计算过程,忽略了支撑绝缘、螺栓等部分。
根据麦克斯韦方程组,电缆终端内外的电场可由式(2)计算。
1μA=-J+jωσA
式(2)中,σJAμω分别是材料的电导率、电流密度、磁矢量势、磁导率和角频率。
仿真中所用材料的相对介电常数与电导率参数如表2所示[10]。为简化运算,材料的电导率均使用固定值代替。
本文使用了PSCAD电磁暂态仿真软件与多物理场仿真软件进行联合仿真,图3为仿真计算流程示意图。首先,需同步向PSCAD与多物理场仿真软件输入电缆的结构参数。随后,将雷电流模型、线路模型以及诸如接地电阻等相关参数输入至PSCAD中。借助PSCAD计算得出电缆缆芯与金属护套的电压波形,这些波形反映了电缆不同部位在暂态过程中的电压变化情况。得到上述电压波形后,再将其输入到多物理场仿真软件中。首先输入电缆终端的几何模型,以精准构建终端的空间结构;然后定义物理场,明确电场分析的物理范畴;接着设置瞬态求解器,用于处理暂态过程的电场计算;最后输入各类材料的相关参数。完成以上前期设置后,基于有限元方法开展电场计算,通过对终端内部电场的数值模拟,最终得到在该线路参数条件下终端内部的电场分布情况,以此来分析终端在雷电过电压下的电场应力状况。
电缆金属护套的接地方式将影响电缆运行过程中的电压分布情况,现有的接地方式有单端接地和交叉互联接地,其中单端接地以接地位置不同分为首端接地与末端接地。有文献指出,首端接地时,该线路另一端的护套感应电压显著小于末端接地的情况[11-12],实际应用中一般不采用末端接地方式,故本文仅讨论电缆首端接地和交叉互联接地的情况。
首先对不考虑雷电过电压的情况进行模拟,计算结果如图4所示。
图4可以看出,三相电缆均在开始运行后的0.05 s左右达到稳态运行。受终端铅封松动及脱落程度直接影响的参数为电缆线路在终端处的接地电阻,设A相为铅封脱落相,改变A相终端的接地电阻进行电压幅值计算,结果如图5所示。从图5可以看出,在首端接地情况下,接地电阻在10 Ω以内时金属护套感应电压抬升不明显,低于0.1 kV,直至接地电阻达到100 Ω附近电压幅值才有小幅上升情况,当接地电阻达到105 Ω后护套电压幅值稳定在32 kV;在交叉互联接地情况下,即使接地电阻大于106 Ω,护套电压幅值仍在0.01 kV以内,三相都处于正常状态。
图5结果表明,在首端接地情况下,铅封还未完全脱落,即接地电阻较小时,护套电压幅值的抬升还不足以导致电缆内部出现大量的放电情况,且局部放电发展为主绝缘击穿所需的时间较长,故电缆终端内部出现缺陷的概率较小;而在交叉互联接地情况下,即使某一侧铅封出现脱落导致接地完全失效,该端护套电压也将因三相护套感应电压的相位差而几乎完全抵消,仍处于安全值,此情况下电缆终端内部不会出现放电现象。
结合对以上两种情况的分析,认为在电缆终端发生主绝缘击穿前,在缆芯或金属护套上应该有短时的过电压产生,使半导电层或绝缘层遭受较严重的损伤,最终发展成为击穿事故。因此,为了探究终端发生故障的可能因素,本文考虑电缆线路遭遇雷电过电压的情形。
当电缆线路采用首端接地时,电缆在雷电流下产生的过电压波形如图6所示,其中首端缆芯波形、首端护套波形指改变首端接地电阻时首端缆芯电压与首端护套电压的波形,末端波形则对应改变末端接地电阻。图7汇总了首端接地情况下,金属护套接地电阻从10-1 Ω增大至107 Ω过程中,电缆缆芯与金属护套在雷电过电压下产生的冲击电压幅值的变化情况。
图7可以看出,首端缆芯冲击电压幅值在接地电阻为10-1~10 Ω区间内略有下降,继续增大接地电阻,首段缆芯冲击电压幅值稳定在327.1 kV;首端护套冲击电压幅值在接地电阻为10-1~102 Ω区间内线性上升,并在接地电阻为3 162.3 Ω处达到最大值(386.2 kV),此后缓慢下降并稳定在369.3 kV。末端缆芯冲击电压幅值则显著大于首端,在接地电阻为10-1 Ω时已达到635.8 kV,随着接地低电阻的增大,末端缆芯冲击电压幅值呈上升趋势,上升速度在接地电阻为10~102 Ω区间达到峰值,而后电压幅值趋于稳定;末端护套冲击电压幅值变化趋势与首端类似,区别在于接地电阻低于103 Ω时末端护套冲击电压的幅值高于首端,差值为15~30 kV。
当电缆线路采用交叉互联接地时,电缆在雷电流下产生的过电压波形如图8所示。图9为接地电阻为10-1~107 Ω时,电缆缆芯与金属护套在雷电过电压下产生的冲击电压幅值的变化情况。
图9可以看出,随着接地电阻增大,因首端缆芯直接承受来自架空线路的雷电冲击电压而不经电缆本体,首端缆芯冲击电压幅值几乎不受影响。而首端护套冲击电压幅值在接地电阻为10-1~104 Ω区间内呈上升趋势,从1.16 kV升至463.95 kV后保持稳定,可以认为此时接地已经完全失效。末端缆芯的冲击电压幅值随着接地电阻的增大呈现先上升后小幅下降的趋势,电压幅值最终稳定在819.73 kV,在接地电阻为102 Ω处出现最大值,为856.25 kV。末端护套冲击电压幅值与首端的变化趋势类似,区别在于末端护套冲击电压幅值最终稳定在599.99 kV,高于首端,表明电缆在交叉互联接地情况下,末端处终端发生故障的概率比首端处大。
值得注意的是,根据GB/T 11017—2024对110 kV电缆及附件的规定,护套的雷电冲击电压应小于37.5 kV[13],在首端接地和交叉互联接地两种情况下,接地电阻分别在大于101/2 Ω与10 Ω后超出标准的限制。
分别针对首端接地、交叉互联接地两种接地方式,求解电缆前端、末端两个位置处电缆终端内部电场分布。图10为在首端接地情况下的首端电缆终端内部场强分布云图,未经特别说明,本文中所计算的场强均为空间峰值。
图10可以看出,电缆终端在正常运行情况下,主绝缘上的场强随半径增大而减小,场强最大值出现在靠近电缆线路侧的主绝缘内侧,值为8.13 kV/mm,应力锥和金属护套外侧场强均正常。加入雷电过电压后,除主绝缘层内场强增大之外,分析发现金属护套外表面场强畸变显著,尤其是纹波护套波峰处,可等效为一个曲率半径稍大的尖峰,其表面场强比周围场强高2~3倍。
图11为4种情况下主绝缘场强最大值E1max与护套表面场强最大值E2max随接地电阻变化趋势。
图11可以看出,在首端接地情况下,随着Re增大,首端与末端E1max均呈先下降后上升的趋势,这种效应在末端处尤其明显,而首端则相对稳定,首端主绝缘和末端主绝缘分别在接地电阻为10 Ω和0.1 Ω处出现幅值,其分别为32.88 kV/mm和55.87 kV/mm。在交叉互联接地情况下,首端主绝缘的E1max在接地电阻为1~103 Ω区间内有微弱上升,末端主绝缘的情况则相反,在接地电阻区间内出现小幅下降,首端主绝缘和末端主绝缘的场强最大值分别在接地电阻为105 Ω和0.1 Ω处出现,分别为38.14 kV/mm与67.45 kV/mm。在首端接地和交叉互联接地情况下,首端和末端护套表面的场强最大值的变化趋势与护套电压的变化规律均基本一致,幅值均出现在接地电阻足够大时。以接地电阻为0.1 Ω的良好接地工况为参照,在首端接地模式下,电缆首端、末端护套表面最大场强分别为29.16 kV/mm、29.31 kV/mm,对应为良好接地工况下的228倍、25倍;在交叉互联接地模式下,电缆首端、末端护套表面最大场强分别为36.68 kV/mm、40.34 kV/mm,对应为良好接地工况下的398倍、481倍。由以上分析知,交叉互联接地情况下电缆终端内的场强将大于首端接地情况,可见同等条件下,使用交叉互联接地的线路其终端更容易发生故障。
金属护套表面场强与终端铅封的失效程度表现出明显的正相关,完全失效后扩大至少25倍,最大值可达29~41 kV/mm,足够引起护套表面气体放电,进而损伤与其相邻的半导电层甚至主绝缘层。该结果表明,引起终端发生击穿事故的原因为铅封脱落导致A相金属护套接地不良后,线路遭受过电压使金属护套电压抬升,其表面放电导致半导电层损伤,进而逐步发展为主绝缘击穿。
对于首端主绝缘,其电场主要由电缆芯线与首端接地结构的电位差决定。接地电阻变化时,首端接地系统对芯线电位的钳位作用相对稳定,且主绝缘自身介电特性(如介电常数)主导电场分布,因此首端主绝缘的最大电场强度随接地电阻变化相对平缓。首端护套表面的电场与护套感应电压密切相关。接地电阻增大时,护套与大地间的电位差(感应电压)上升,护套表面与周围结构(如应力锥、屏蔽层)的电位差随之改变,导致电场强度逐渐升高;当接地电阻达到一定值后,感应电压趋于稳定,电场强度变化也逐渐平缓。
末端主绝缘的电场受末端接地方式和雷电冲击电压行波过程影响显著。在雷电冲击等暂态过程下,末端波的反射、折射与接地电阻关联紧密。接地电阻较小时,波的泄放路径顺畅,末端主绝缘电场相对稳定;随着接地电阻增大,波的反射增强,末端主绝缘承受的电场峰值先有波动,之后因波过程达到动态平衡,电场强度逐渐稳定在较高水平。末端护套表面电场同样依赖护套感应电压。接地电阻增大,末端护套感应电压上升,其与周边结构的电位差改变,使得电场强度逐步增大;当接地电阻足够大时,感应电压不再明显变化,电场强度也趋于稳定。不同位置电场变化趋势的差异,本质是各部位电场主导因素(如电位差、波过程)随接地电阻改变的综合体现。
电缆终端内部的场强分布改变的本质为缆芯与金属护套电压的变化,为获取普遍规律,从仿真结果中提取了场强最大值以及该时刻缆芯与金属护套的电压值,作出三维曲面图如图12所示,其中图12(a)图12(b)分别为E1maxE2max与缆芯电压Uc及金属护套电压Us的对应关系。从图12初步观察到,E1maxE2max与出现最大场强时刻对应的UcUs呈现线性关系,由两者耦合决定。其中,图12(a)中图像由两个近似对称的曲面组成,图12(b)中则为一个完整的曲面,分别选取了如式(3)和式(4)所示线性模型对仿真数据进行最小二乘拟合,结果如表3所示,3个曲面拟合所得的决定系数R2分别为0.999 99、0.999 66和1,说明拟合可靠。其中a3=1.228 34×10-17,趋于0,即E2max只与护套感应电压Us有线性关系。
E1max=a1Uc+b1Us+c1, UcdUsa2Uc+b2Us+c2, Uc>dUs
E2max=a3Uc+b3Us+c3
本文为探究高压电缆终端出现铅封失效后发生击穿事故的原因,以接地电阻阻值大小表示铅封失效程度,并结合PSCAD电磁暂态仿真软件与多物理场仿真软件,对承受雷电过电压的110 kV电缆终端护套冲击电压抬升情况与内部场强畸变情况进行联合仿真,并对其影响因素进行研究,主要得到如下结论:
(1)出现短时过电压且终端出现铅封脱落导致接地不良的情况下,电缆护套电压抬升现象更明显(特别是电缆采用交叉互联接地的情况),容易在短时间内造成半导电层或主绝缘的损伤。
(2)接地电阻主要影响电缆金属护套上的冲击电压幅值大小。末端缆芯的雷电冲击电压幅值大幅高于首端,末端护套的冲击电压幅值略微高于首端,也即在电缆线路中,末端处终端比首端处终端更易发生故障。
(3)雷电过电压下,电缆终端内部电场的畸变现象主要发生在主绝缘内侧与金属护套外侧;主绝缘最大场强值均在29 kV/mm以上,超过正常值的3.5倍。金属护套表面场强与终端铅封的失效程度表现出明显的正相关,完全失效后扩大至少25倍,最大值可达29~41 kV/mm。此外,通过最小二乘法拟合得到,终端主绝缘场强畸变受缆芯电压和护套电压共同线性作用,而护套表面场强畸变仅与护套感应电压呈线性关系。

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2026年第59卷第8期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.08.014
  • 接收时间:2025-07-29
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-29
  • 修回日期:2025-10-24
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    1国网安徽省电力公司电力科学研究院,安徽 合肥 230601
    2西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

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王诗航(1990-),男(汉族),陕西商洛人,副教授,博士,主要从事高压电缆绝缘材料与技术、固体绝缘介质劣化特性与机理的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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