Article(id=1304921781769359942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754150400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-03, revisedDate=1758384000000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047197047, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1784476800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047197047, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047197047, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047197047, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921635748864029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047162234, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789117876219, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218231761920521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218231761920522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=141, endPage=151, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921782251704905, articleId=1304921781769359942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Simulation analysis of porcelain insulator defects detection based on microwave, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Porcelain insulators are critical components of transmission lines, and their defects will directly threaten the safe and stable operation of power systems. Taking XP-160 porcelain insulators as the research object, we proposed a numerical simulation method for microwave detection of porcelain insulator defects. The variation patterns of the reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient under crack and metal inclusion defects were analyzed and compared, the optimal detection method and detection frequency were obtained, and the detection mechanism was analyzed. The results show that at a frequency of 20 GHz, the microwave reflection method with the antenna placed horizontally achieves the best detection performance for both types of defects, and defect orientation can be identified through rotational detection. Internal defects cause changes in the nearby electromagnetic field distribution, which in turn leads to variations in the characteristic parameters.

, authors=Yuna Fan1, 2, Wenting Zhang1, *, Peng Li1, 2, Zijin Li3, Boming Zhang4, Tian Wu1, 2, authorsList=Yuna Fan, Wenting Zhang, Peng Li, Zijin Li, Boming Zhang, Tian Wu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenting Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921792250925685, articleId=1304921781769359942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=基于微波的瓷绝缘子缺陷检测仿真分析, columnId=1192878364483531003, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=测试与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

瓷绝缘子是输电线路中的关键部件,其缺陷问题将直接威胁电力系统的安全稳定运行。本文以XP-160型瓷绝缘子为研究对象,提出了瓷绝缘子缺陷微波检测数值模拟方法。对比分析了裂纹与金属夹杂物缺陷下反射系数和透射系数的变化规律,获得了最佳检测方式和检测频率,并对检测机理进行了分析。结果表明:在频率为20 GHz时,使用微波反射法且天线水平放置时对两类缺陷的检测效果最佳,且通过旋转检测可实现缺陷方向的识别。内部缺陷会导致附近电磁场分布发生变化,进而导致特征参量的变化。

, authors=范玉娜1, 2, 张文婷1, *, 黎鹏1, 2, 黎子晋3, 张博明4, 吴田1, 2, authorsList=范玉娜, 张文婷, 黎鹏, 黎子晋, 张博明, 吴田, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张文婷, authorNote=

范玉娜(2002-),女(汉族),湖北十堰人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究

, correspAuthorsNote=
张文婷(1984-),女(汉族),湖北宜昌人,讲师,主要从事高电压技术的研究。
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2三峡大学,电气与新能源学院,湖北 宜昌 443002, bio={"content":"

范玉娜(2002-),女(汉族),湖北十堰人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究

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范玉娜(2002-),女(汉族),湖北十堰人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究

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Electric field strength tested by three probes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置无缺陷裂纹缺陷金属夹杂物缺陷
50.3051.7454.40
55.6859.42
62.0561.7962.53
), ArticleFig(id=1304921806029214428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921781769359942, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3组探针检测到的电场强度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置无缺陷裂纹缺陷金属夹杂物缺陷
50.3051.7454.40
55.6859.42
62.0561.7962.53
), ArticleFig(id=1304921806163432157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921781769359942, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Magnetic field strength tested by three probes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置无缺陷裂纹缺陷金属夹杂物缺陷
14.4413.8512.37
14.0910.90
19.9220.4920.73
), ArticleFig(id=1304921806272484062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921781769359942, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

3组探针检测到的磁场强度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置无缺陷裂纹缺陷金属夹杂物缺陷
14.4413.8512.37
14.0910.90
19.9220.4920.73
), ArticleFig(id=1304921806536725215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921781769359942, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Electromagnetic field strength at different position

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点电场强度/dB(V/m)磁场强度/dB(A/m)
无缺陷裂纹缺陷金属夹杂物缺陷无缺陷裂纹缺陷金属夹杂物缺陷
158.9160.2559.9414.1513.9213.73
255.6859.4214.0910.90
362.2561.3061.6810.529.059.90
450.3652.3352.129.459.138.99
), ArticleFig(id=1304921806624805600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921781769359942, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同位置电磁场强度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点电场强度/dB(V/m)磁场强度/dB(A/m)
无缺陷裂纹缺陷金属夹杂物缺陷无缺陷裂纹缺陷金属夹杂物缺陷
158.9160.2559.9414.1513.9213.73
255.6859.4214.0910.90
362.2561.3061.6810.529.059.90
450.3652.3352.129.459.138.99
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基于微波的瓷绝缘子缺陷检测仿真分析
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范玉娜 1, 2 , 张文婷 1, * , 黎鹏 1, 2 , 黎子晋 3 , 张博明 4 , 吴田 1, 2
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2026,59(7): 141-151
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绝缘材料 |测试与分析 2026 , 59 (7) : 141 -151
基于微波的瓷绝缘子缺陷检测仿真分析
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范玉娜1, 2, 张文婷1, *, 黎鹏1, 2, 黎子晋3, 张博明4, 吴田1, 2
作者信息
  • 1三峡大学,湖北省输电线路工程技术研究中心,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 2三峡大学,电气与新能源学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 3国网咸宁市咸安区供电公司,湖北 咸宁 437000
  • 4国网冀北电力有限公司超高压分公司,北京 102488
通讯作者:
张文婷(1984-),女(汉族),湖北宜昌人,讲师,主要从事高电压技术的研究。
作者简介:

范玉娜(2002-),女(汉族),湖北十堰人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究

Simulation analysis of porcelain insulator defects detection based on microwave
Yuna Fan1, 2, Wenting Zhang1, *, Peng Li1, 2, Zijin Li3, Boming Zhang4, Tian Wu1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Power Transmission Line, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
  • 2College of Electrical Engineering & New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
  • 3State Grid Xianning Xian'an District Power Supply Company, Xianning 437000, China
  • 4Ultra High Voltage Branch, State Grid Jibei Electric Power Co., Ltd., Beijing 102488, China
出版时间: 2026-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.016
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瓷绝缘子是输电线路中的关键部件,其缺陷问题将直接威胁电力系统的安全稳定运行。本文以XP-160型瓷绝缘子为研究对象,提出了瓷绝缘子缺陷微波检测数值模拟方法。对比分析了裂纹与金属夹杂物缺陷下反射系数和透射系数的变化规律,获得了最佳检测方式和检测频率,并对检测机理进行了分析。结果表明:在频率为20 GHz时,使用微波反射法且天线水平放置时对两类缺陷的检测效果最佳,且通过旋转检测可实现缺陷方向的识别。内部缺陷会导致附近电磁场分布发生变化,进而导致特征参量的变化。

微波  /  瓷绝缘子  /  缺陷  /  反射系数  /  透射系数

Porcelain insulators are critical components of transmission lines, and their defects will directly threaten the safe and stable operation of power systems. Taking XP-160 porcelain insulators as the research object, we proposed a numerical simulation method for microwave detection of porcelain insulator defects. The variation patterns of the reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient under crack and metal inclusion defects were analyzed and compared, the optimal detection method and detection frequency were obtained, and the detection mechanism was analyzed. The results show that at a frequency of 20 GHz, the microwave reflection method with the antenna placed horizontally achieves the best detection performance for both types of defects, and defect orientation can be identified through rotational detection. Internal defects cause changes in the nearby electromagnetic field distribution, which in turn leads to variations in the characteristic parameters.

microwave  /  porcelain insulator  /  defect  /  reflection coefficient  /  transmission coefficient
范玉娜, 张文婷, 黎鹏, 黎子晋, 张博明, 吴田. 基于微波的瓷绝缘子缺陷检测仿真分析. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (7) : 141 -151 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.016
Yuna Fan, Wenting Zhang, Peng Li, Zijin Li, Boming Zhang, Tian Wu. Simulation analysis of porcelain insulator defects detection based on microwave[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (7) : 141 -151 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.016
瓷绝缘子具有优异的绝缘性能以及良好的耐热性和机械强度,能够在恶劣的环境条件下保持稳定的绝缘性能[1-4],广泛应用于高压输电线路。然而,由于陶瓷材料是典型的脆性材料,随着挂网年限的增加,其内部易出现裂纹等缺陷,导致绝缘性能下降。当正常运行的绝缘子串存在缺陷时,其发生闪络的概率将急剧增加[5-7]。因此,有必要提出有效的瓷绝缘子缺陷检测方法,提前预防其故障失效,提高电力系统运行的安全性和稳定性。
目前,常用的瓷绝缘子缺陷检测方法主要包括电量检测法和非电量检测法。其中,电量检测法通过测量电流、电压等参数来实现绝缘子的缺陷检测,主要包括绝缘电阻法[8]、脉冲电流法[9]等;非电量检测法则是通过测量光强、声波等非电学参数以达到检测目的,主要包括超声波检测法[10]、红外热像法等[11]
此外,近年来国内外针对瓷绝缘子缺陷检测开展了大量研究,提出了太赫兹检测法、X射线检测法等新型无损检测方法。文献[12]针对绝缘子交界面的缺陷识别问题,提出了基于太赫兹波的无损检测方法,分析了不同情况下太赫兹反射波的传播规律,实现了蚀损缺陷位置的识别;文献[13]针对在役GIS盆式绝缘子缺陷检测问题,设计了一套基于X射线的智能定位装置,成功检出绝缘子划痕以及异物类缺陷。上述方法虽能检测绝缘子缺陷,但均存在一定的局限性:太赫兹检测法虽然能够对缺陷的位置和大小进行成像,但难以区分缺陷类别[14];X射线检测法成像受背景噪声影响较大,且对人体会产生有害辐射。
微波检测技术具有能耗低、穿透性强、无需耦合剂、设备易于小型化等优点,具有广泛的应用前景,近年来得到了国内外诸多学者的关注[15-17]。文献[18]设计了一种便携式金属表面裂纹微波无损检测系统,实现了裂纹缺陷检测的同时降低了总体成本。文献[19]为检测混凝土杆塔钢筋腐蚀状态,提出了基于微波传输特性的钢筋腐蚀检测方法,并结合仿真与试验,验证了该方法的有效性。文献[20]依据介质中均匀平面波传输理论,利用微波透射法对现场取回的瓷绝缘子样品进行试验,初步证明了该方法应用于瓷绝缘子劣化检测的可行性。
本文基于CST Studio Suite电磁仿真软件建立瓷绝缘子微波检测仿真模型,分析裂纹与金属夹杂物缺陷下微波特征量(S11S21)的变化规律,进而提出有效的瓷绝缘子缺陷微波检测方法,并从电磁场层面分析微波检测机理。
由于不同材料的介电特性存在差异,微波在交界面传播时会发生反射与透射等现象。现有的微波无损检测方法主要分为微波反射法与微波透射法,具体原理示意图如图1所示。
以二端口网络为例,如图2所示,端口1发射微波并接收反射信号,端口2接收透射信号。根据入射电压(U1+)与特征阻抗(Z0),可得入射功率(P1+)如式(1)所示。
P1+=U1+2/Z0=a12
则入射波a1可表示为式(2)。
a1=U1+/Z0
同理可得,反射波b1与透射波b2可分别表示为式(3)和式(4)。
b1=U1-/Z0
b2=U2-/Z0
式(3)~(4)中,U1-U2-分别为反射电压与透射电压,则以dB为单位的反射系数S11与透射系数S21分别如式(5)和式(6)所示。
S11=10lg(b1/a1)2=20lgU1-/U1+
S21=10lg(b2/a1)2=20lgU2-/U1+
由以上分析可得,利用微波进行缺陷检测时,入射电压、反射电压与透射电压的变化最终将映射为反射系数S11与透射系数S21的变化。通过分析不同情况下S11S21的差异,即可表征微波反射或透射信号的变化情况,从而体现被测物的几何特征及电磁特性,如缺陷、结构参数变化等。
角锥喇叭天线在矩形波导的基础上向外延伸形成喇叭形状,可使波导中的微波经喇叭口逐渐过渡到自由空间中,有利于提升辐射效率,且具有较宽的频带,相比于微带天线与矩形波导等具有更好的实用性。因此,本文选择使用角锥喇叭天线,具体参数如图3所示,波导段截面尺寸为5.40 mm×10.70 mm,喇叭段截面尺寸为15.68 mm×20.46 mm,扫描频率范围为18~26 GHz。
衡量天线能否满足实际使用,主要看驻波比(VSWR)、增益(Gain)以及方向图等关键参数,当驻波比小于2、增益大于8 dBi时,表明该天线满足设计要求[21];此外,为分析天线在不同空间方向上的辐射效率,需借助方向图,即天线在各个方向上的辐射强度分布,分析天线主瓣、旁瓣和尾瓣的裂化程度。
对本文使用的喇叭天线进行仿真分析,图4为电压驻波比(VSWR)与天线增益(Gain)随频率的变化曲线。
图4可以看出,在18~26 GHz频率范围内,VSWR数值基本在1.0~1.2;随着频率升高,天线增益从10.4 dBi递增到13.6 dBi,满足实际使用要求。
在18~26 GHz内,每间隔1 GHz对天线微波信号进行仿真,截取部分频点处的天线方向图,如图5所示。从图5可以看出,在不同频点下,各方向图的整体形态较相似,主瓣颜色相对集中,随着频率的升高,增益逐渐增大且主瓣变窄,证明天线的辐射特性较稳定且能量主要集中在主瓣方向辐射,信号传输效率较高。旁瓣与尾瓣辐射幅值显著低于其他方向瓣,证明在其他方向上微波能量损耗低。
综上所述,本文所使用的角锥喇叭天线具有良好的辐射特性,满足设计要求,可利用该天线检测瓷绝缘子缺陷。
以XP-160型盘形悬式绝缘子为例,其结构如图6所示,由瓷件、铁帽、钢脚以及水泥胶合剂组成[22]。根据现场经验,瓷绝缘子的主要缺陷类型包括裂纹、金属夹杂物等。裂纹或金属夹杂物的产生原因与绝缘子的加工工艺及工作特性有着直接关系[23]。本文主要针对瓷绝缘子内部裂纹及金属夹杂物缺陷进行仿真,利用微波检测法探究不同缺陷类型的检测效果。
本文采用CST建立无缺陷及含缺陷瓷绝缘子微波检测仿真模型。发射天线和接收天线对称放置于绝缘子两侧,天线端面与绝缘子边缘相距1 mm,仿真模型如图7所示。
设置的缺陷类型为裂纹和金属夹杂物缺陷。实际绝缘子内部缺陷形状较为复杂,无特定尺寸,考虑到本文主要目的在于验证微波法检测瓷绝缘子内部缺陷的可行性与有效性,提出如下缺陷简化模拟方法:将实际情况下形状复杂的缺陷简化为规则的长方体,尺寸为20 mm×2 mm×2 mm。将缺陷处介质设置为空气以模拟裂纹缺陷,设置为无损电导体(PEC)以模拟金属夹杂物缺陷。
微波检测法主要通过发射天线和接收天线的信号传输实现对绝缘子缺陷的无损检测,而缺陷与天线之间的相对位置关系也会影响微波检测的精度,因此有必要研究天线不同放置方式对检测效果的影响。针对天线不同的放置方式进行了三维建模,包括横放与竖放两种类型,如图7所示。将天线旋转90°进行检测,等效于使缺陷相对于固定极化方向旋转90°,即改变了缺陷方向与电场极化方向的相对关系,后续通过对比检测结果即可确定天线的最佳放置方式。
通过分析反射系数S11与透射系数S21的变化规律以探究微波检测瓷绝缘子缺陷的有效性,具体仿真流程如图8所示。首先,开展固定位置的扫频检测以确定最佳检测参数,分析微波反射法与透射法的检测效果,确定每种缺陷更适用的检测方法。在此基础上,分析不同天线放置方式对检测的影响,确定该缺陷类型下的最优天线放置方式,同时确定最佳检测频率。最后,在最佳检测条件下,使绝缘子顺时针旋转进行动态扫描,通过分析不同旋转角度下的特征参量结果,探究该方法在实际工程应用中对缺陷定位的可行性。
分别对存在裂纹缺陷、金属夹杂物缺陷的瓷绝缘子进行检测,并考虑天线横放与竖放两种放置方式,对比微波反射法与透射法的检测效果。
图9是天线水平放置时特征参量S11S21的变化规律。从图9(a)可以看出,无缺陷情况下瓷绝缘子的反射系数S11在频率20 GHz附近显著下降,这是因为在检测过程中,微波信号将由低介电常数介质传播至高介电常数介质,当微波的反射信号与激励信号的相位恰好相反时,会发生半波损耗,导致反射信号被抵消,所以在该频率下反射系数S11减小。此外,含缺陷时的反射系数幅值较无缺陷情况明显增大,这是因为缺陷的存在使该位置的介质连续性被破坏,引发微波反射信号的突变,导致反射信号与激励信号的相位差较无缺陷情况下发生改变,进而使20 GHz频率下含缺陷时的反射系数增大。从图9(b)可以看出,含缺陷和无缺陷情况下透射系数曲线总体上差异较小。可见,当天线水平放置时,反射法对缺陷的检测效果优于透射法。
图10是天线竖直放置时特征参量S11S21的结果对比。从图10(a)可以看出,裂纹缺陷下S11幅值曲线在18.0~20.5 GHz内整体呈下降趋势,而在20.5~26.0 GHz范围内变化趋势与无缺陷情况大致相同,在25.5 GHz附近两者的差值最大。从图10(b)可以看出,S21在有无缺陷时的变化规律类似,相比之下使用反射法检测缺陷具有更高的灵敏度。因此,针对瓷绝缘子裂纹缺陷,使用微波反射法进行检测效果最佳。同理,对于金属夹杂物缺陷,反射法的效果也优于透射法。因此,本文后续采用微波反射法检测瓷绝缘子裂纹或金属夹杂物缺陷。
已有研究表明,含缺陷与无缺陷状态下反射系数幅值曲线的差异可以反映微波信号对缺陷的敏感程度,幅值的差异越大,则该频率下微波信号对缺陷检测的敏感性越好[24-25]。因此,为确定本文瓷绝缘子缺陷检测时天线的放置方式和最佳检测频率,计算了有无缺陷时绝缘子反射系数S11的差值ΔS11,结果如图11所示。从图11可以看出,对于裂纹缺陷,天线水平放置且频率为20 GHz时,ΔS11达到最大值25.6 dB;天线竖直放置且频率为25.6 GHz时,ΔS11达到最大值11.02 dB;对于金属夹杂物缺陷,天线水平放置且频率为20 GHz时,ΔS11达到最大值20.29 dB;天线竖直放置且频率为25.6 GHz时,ΔS11达到最大值14.77 dB。
综上所述,针对裂纹或金属夹杂物缺陷,使用微波反射法且天线水平放置时检测效果更佳,且在20 GHz处,微波信号对绝缘子的两类缺陷最为敏感,由此确定使用反射法、天线水平放置且频率为20 GHz为最佳检测条件。
针对裂纹缺陷,保持其长度和高度不变,将初始宽度2.0 mm分别修改为1.0 mm、0.5 mm,探究缺陷尺寸对检测结果的影响,结果如图12所示。从图12可以看出,不同缺陷宽度对应的S11幅值总体上较为接近,且在20 GHz处各缺陷曲线与无缺陷曲线的差值仍为最大,表明在该特征频率下不同宽度的裂纹缺陷均能被有效检出。此外,在频率为25~26 GHz时,含缺陷与无缺陷模型的S11幅值差异随缺陷宽度的减小而逐渐减小,表明通过该频段识别微裂纹缺陷的精度较低。
在最佳检测条件(使用微波反射法、天线水平放置且检测频率为20 GHz)下,针对宽度为2.0 mm的缺陷开展旋转扫描检测,使瓷绝缘子每间隔15°旋转一次进行定频旋转扫描,得到动态检测结果。图13是绝缘子存在裂纹或金属夹杂物缺陷时反射系数S11与旋转角度的关系。
图13可以看出,存在缺陷时反射系数的数值整体较高,当旋转角度为0°即天线正对缺陷位置时,反射系数的值会出现明显上升,而其他位置曲线呈现平稳波动。为更直观地观察旋转扫描方式的检测效果,计算不同旋转角度下有无缺陷时的ΔS11,结果如图14所示。从图14可以看出,在旋转角度为0°时反射系数差值达到20 dB以上,其他角度下差值均较小,而0°恰好对应缺陷存在的方向。因此,可用微波旋转扫描的检测方式来实现缺陷的定位。
为明晰瓷绝缘子内部缺陷对微波传播的影响机制,在上述研究的基础上,结合微波传播路径以及缺陷处的反射、散射效应,针对性地在缺陷内部及其周围设置3组探针,编号分别为①、②、③,以检测不同位置处的电磁场强度,探究缺陷对探针位置处电磁场强度的影响规律。探针具体布置位置如图15所示。
探针②设置在缺陷内部,用于直接监测缺陷区域的电磁场响应。探针①位于探针②的正左侧,微波在传播的过程中将首先到达该位置,随后再传播至探针②处。同时,微波在缺陷的分界面处将发生反射现象,通过对比存在缺陷与无缺陷时探针①处的电磁场变化,可探究微波经缺陷界面反射后对缺陷左侧区域电磁场的影响。探针③位于探针②的正上方,微波几乎同时传播到探针②和③处,且探针③所在位置未设置缺陷,通过分析探针③位置的电磁场结果,可量化缺陷对无缺陷区域电磁场分布的影响。虽然实际情况下缺陷取向具有随机性,但微波与缺陷的相互作用主要在于微波在介质分界面上的反射、散射和透射,3组探针为基础的正交方向布置,能够较为清晰地量化微波反射、散射等现象。
3组探针检测到的电场强度和磁场强度分别如表1表2所示,其中探针①处电场强度和磁场强度随时间的变化如图16所示。
表1可以看出,探针①处存在缺陷时的电场强度大于无缺陷时的电场强度。从图16(a)~(b)可以看出,含缺陷时探针①处的电场强度主要由入射波和缺陷引起的反射波共同作用形成。无缺陷时的电场强度与缺陷反射波的电场强度相位差小于π/2,因此两者的电场强度相互叠加,导致含缺陷时探针①处电场强度增大。此外,含金属夹杂物缺陷时反射波的电场强度幅值明显大于裂纹缺陷,这是由于模型中使用无损电导体(PEC)模拟金属夹杂物缺陷,导致微波无法穿透金属导体而被完全反射。从表1还可以看出,缺陷内部的探针②处微波穿过裂纹缺陷分界面后电场强度增大,而金属夹杂物缺陷内部场强为0。探针③位于探针②正上方,由发射天线发出的电磁波将同时传播到探针②与③处,而探针③处未设置缺陷,因此该处电场强度仅出现微小波动,受缺陷的影响较小。
表2可以看出,绝缘子内部存在缺陷时,探针①的磁场强度相较于无缺陷时减小。从图16(c)~(d)可以看出,无缺陷时的磁场强度与缺陷反射波的磁场强度相位差略大于π/2,即两者存在相互抵消,导致含缺陷时探针①处的磁场强度略微减小。此外,含金属夹杂物缺陷时反射波的磁场强度明显大于含裂纹缺陷时的磁场强度值。从表2还可以看出,裂纹缺陷下,探针②处的磁场强度同样出现了减小;探针③处磁场强度出现微小的增幅,可能是由于缺陷的存在使微波发生散射。
图17为不同缺陷情况下电磁场的分布情况。从图17可以看出,由于无缺陷情况下绝缘子内部介质均匀连续,微波在绝缘子中相对稳定地传播;含裂纹缺陷时,微波透过裂纹后电场强度明显增大,磁场强度减小,表现出与无缺陷时不同的场强分布状态。而含金属夹杂物缺陷时,由于微波无法直接穿过金属,缺陷内部电场很小,同一位置的磁场亦小于其他两种情况。
在绝缘子与天线附近设计4个测点,如图18所示,测得电磁场强度值如表3所示。从表3可以看出,无缺陷情况下,绝缘子与天线中间区域(测点1)的电场强度约为58.91 dB(V/m),而绝缘子内部(测点2)的电场强度明显降低,这是因为在20 GHz频率下绝缘子内部的入射波与反射波存在相互抵消;微波透过绝缘子后(测点3)电场强度明显增大。当内部存在裂纹或金属夹杂物缺陷时,微波在缺陷界面发生反射,导致测点1处电场强度较无缺陷情况略微增大,而磁场强度略微降低。同时,缺陷的存在影响了反射波与入射波的相位差,导致含裂纹缺陷时测点2处电场强度较无缺陷情况明显升高。同时,测点4位于测点1正下方,靠近喇叭天线端面的边缘区域,因此测点4处电磁场强度明显小于测点1处。
图19为不同缺陷情况下平均电磁场的分布情况。平均电磁场图像是通过对不同激励信号相位下的电场强度、磁场强度数值进行平均计算得到,此过程平滑了由于相位变化带来的电磁场瞬时波动,展现出电磁场相对稳定的空间分布特性。不同缺陷情况下发射天线内部平均电磁场分布不同,是由于发射天线接收到的反射信号对原电磁场分布产生了影响。从图19可以看出,无缺陷时,材料均匀连续,没有因材料不同导致的电磁特性突变,电磁场分布有一定规律性;裂纹缺陷的存在破坏了瓷绝缘子材料的连续性,导致缺陷附近电磁场分布发生变化,电场强度增大,磁场强度降低;存在金属夹杂物缺陷时,缺陷内部平均电磁场均较小,无法透过金属夹杂物缺陷的微波将被反射,导致缺陷左侧电磁场强度大于含裂纹缺陷情况。
上述电磁场仿真结果表明:在微波作用下,存在缺陷时瓷绝缘子内部的电磁场分布将表现出明显差异,而特征参量S11S21与电磁场强度的分布密切相关[26]。因此,利用反射系数能较明显地反映绝缘子的缺陷情况。
本文主要阐述了瓷绝缘子缺陷微波无损检测方法,建立了数值仿真模型,实现了对瓷绝缘子两种常见缺陷的检测,得出以下结论:
(1)当检测频率为20 GHz时,采用微波反射法且天线水平放置时检测效果最佳。
(2)在最佳检测条件下,定频旋转扫描可实现对瓷绝缘子内部缺陷的定位。
(3)在微波作用下,缺陷将导致绝缘子内部电磁场分布发生变化,进而导致特征参量的变化。
目前,本文仅通过仿真从理论层面验证了微波检测瓷绝缘子内部缺陷的可行性和有效性,针对实际工程中绝缘子缺陷情况复杂多变的问题,下一步需搭建模拟试验平台,探究针对实际瓷绝缘子缺陷的检测效果。

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2026年第59卷第7期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.016
  • 接收时间:2025-08-03
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-03
  • 修回日期:2025-09-21
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    1三峡大学,湖北省输电线路工程技术研究中心,湖北 宜昌 443002
    2三峡大学,电气与新能源学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
    3国网咸宁市咸安区供电公司,湖北 咸宁 437000
    4国网冀北电力有限公司超高压分公司,北京 102488

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张文婷(1984-),女(汉族),湖北宜昌人,讲师,主要从事高电压技术的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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