Article(id=1304921714551451683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751558400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-04, revisedDate=1754236800000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047181022, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1784476800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047181022, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047181022, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047181022, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921635748864029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047162234, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789117876219, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218231761920521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218231761920522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=131, endPage=140, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921714966687780, articleId=1304921714551451683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Ultrasonic detection of epoxy/silicone rubber interface stress under extreme cold conditions, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Insulation interface defects are a major cause of cable terminal failure in extreme cold environments, and the stress state at the epoxy resin/silicone rubber interface directly determines the mechanical integrity and the stability of thermal and electrical properties of the cable terminal interface. In this study, a simplified model of the epoxy resin/silicone rubber interface in cable terminals was first designed based on the actual assembly process. The interface stress of this simplified model under extreme cold conditions was calculated using finite element analysis. Then, a quantitative relationship model between the interface stress and the reflection coefficient of epoxy/silicone rubber composite samples was established using an ultrasonic pulse detection system. Finally, a simplified terminal model was fabricated, and ultrasonic pulse detection experiments were carried out under extreme cold environments ranging from 20℃ to -40℃. The interface stresses at different temperatures were inverted using the quantitative model and compared with the simulation results. The results show that the ultrasonic velocity in epoxy resin increases linearly with the decrease of temperature, and the increase rate is 3.446 7 m/(s·℃). During the process of cooling from 20℃ to -40℃, the interface stress of epoxy/silicone rubber decreases significantly due to the loss of interference caused by the temperature drop.The error between the simulation and experimental results remains around 5%, confirming the reliability of the proposed interface stress back-calculation method under extreme cold environments.

, authors=Yan Li1, Yan Li1, Yuyao Zhong1, Xiaobin Hu1, Lingyuan Lan1, Chunbo Liu2, authorsList=Yan Li, Yan Li, Yuyao Zhong, Xiaobin Hu, Lingyuan Lan, Chunbo Liu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921721014874184, articleId=1304921714551451683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=极寒条件下环氧树脂/硅橡胶界面应力的超声检测, columnId=1192878364483531003, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=测试与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

绝缘界面缺陷是极寒环境下电缆终端发生故障的重要诱因,而环氧树脂/硅橡胶界面的应力状态直接决定了电缆终端界面的机械完整性及热、电性能的稳定性。本研究首先基于实际套装工艺,设计了电缆终端中环氧树脂/硅橡胶界面的简化模型,利用有限元分析仿真计算了极寒条件下该简化模型的界面应力;然后通过超声脉冲检测系统建立了环氧树脂/硅橡胶复合样片的界面应力-反射系数定量模型;最后制备了简化终端模型,在20℃~-40℃的极寒环境下开展超声脉冲检测实验,并利用前述的定量模型反推出不同温度下的界面应力,与仿真结果进行对比。结果表明:环氧树脂中的超声声速随温度降低而线性上升,上升速率为3.446 7 m/(s·℃)。在从20℃降至-40℃的过程中,环氧树脂/硅橡胶界面应力因温度下降导致的过盈量损失而显著降低。仿真结果与试验结果的误差保持在5%左右,验证了本文界面应力反推方法在极寒环境下的可靠性。

, authors=李岩1, 李岩1, 钟昱尧1, 胡晓斌1, 蓝翎源1, 刘春博2, authorsList=李岩, 李岩, 钟昱尧, 胡晓斌, 蓝翎源, 刘春博, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李岩, authorNote=

李岩(1985-),男(汉族),河北保定人,副教授,主要从事高压绝缘材料的研究

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李岩(2001-),男(汉族),河北保定人,硕士生,主要从事高压电缆及其附件的研究。
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李岩(1985-),男(汉族),河北保定人,副教授,主要从事高压绝缘材料的研究

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journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921714551451683, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Comparison of experimental and simulation results, figureFileSmall=s7I1lGQpGeF8aWAnYJyU6w==, figureFileBig=/MueCFNADvG9B/r7jgrndg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921727172112534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921714551451683, language=CN, label=图16, caption=实验与仿真结果对比图, figureFileSmall=s7I1lGQpGeF8aWAnYJyU6w==, figureFileBig=/MueCFNADvG9B/r7jgrndg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304921727255998615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921714551451683, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Simulate material parameters

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材料密度/(kg/m³)恒压热容/(J/(kg·K))导热系数/(W/(m·K))热膨胀系数/(K-1)杨氏模量/MPa泊松比
铜芯8 9403854001.7×10-51.1×1050.35
交联聚乙烯87021900.39.5×10-51200.38
硅橡胶1 5068700.272.3×10-40.760.48
环氧树脂2 14013600.92.7×10-52 8700.30
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仿真材料参数

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材料密度/(kg/m³)恒压热容/(J/(kg·K))导热系数/(W/(m·K))热膨胀系数/(K-1)杨氏模量/MPa泊松比
铜芯8 9403854001.7×10-51.1×1050.35
交联聚乙烯87021900.39.5×10-51200.38
硅橡胶1 5068700.272.3×10-40.760.48
环氧树脂2 14013600.92.7×10-52 8700.30
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Stability test results of reflection coefficient

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耦合剂第一组第二组第三组第四组第五组
超声探伤耦合试剂0.914 30.885 70.902 40.909 10.883 3
0.918 90.925 40.926 10.882 00.892 4
超声耦合油0.909 10.914 00.902 40.903 00.894 0
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反射系数稳定性测试实验结果

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耦合剂第一组第二组第三组第四组第五组
超声探伤耦合试剂0.914 30.885 70.902 40.909 10.883 3
0.918 90.925 40.926 10.882 00.892 4
超声耦合油0.909 10.914 00.902 40.903 00.894 0
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极寒条件下环氧树脂/硅橡胶界面应力的超声检测
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李岩 1 , 李岩 1 , 钟昱尧 1 , 胡晓斌 1 , 蓝翎源 1 , 刘春博 2
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2026,59(7): 131-140
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绝缘材料 |测试与分析 2026 , 59 (7) : 131 -140
极寒条件下环氧树脂/硅橡胶界面应力的超声检测
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李岩1, 李岩1, 钟昱尧1, 胡晓斌1, 蓝翎源1, 刘春博2
作者信息
  • 1华北电力大学,河北 保定 071000
  • 2吉林省电力科学研究院有限公司,吉林 长春 130000
通讯作者:
李岩(2001-),男(汉族),河北保定人,硕士生,主要从事高压电缆及其附件的研究。
作者简介:

李岩(1985-),男(汉族),河北保定人,副教授,主要从事高压绝缘材料的研究

Ultrasonic detection of epoxy/silicone rubber interface stress under extreme cold conditions
Yan Li1, Yan Li1, Yuyao Zhong1, Xiaobin Hu1, Lingyuan Lan1, Chunbo Liu2
Affiliations
  • 1North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China
  • 2Jilin Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Changchun 130000, China
出版时间: 2026-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.015
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绝缘界面缺陷是极寒环境下电缆终端发生故障的重要诱因,而环氧树脂/硅橡胶界面的应力状态直接决定了电缆终端界面的机械完整性及热、电性能的稳定性。本研究首先基于实际套装工艺,设计了电缆终端中环氧树脂/硅橡胶界面的简化模型,利用有限元分析仿真计算了极寒条件下该简化模型的界面应力;然后通过超声脉冲检测系统建立了环氧树脂/硅橡胶复合样片的界面应力-反射系数定量模型;最后制备了简化终端模型,在20℃~-40℃的极寒环境下开展超声脉冲检测实验,并利用前述的定量模型反推出不同温度下的界面应力,与仿真结果进行对比。结果表明:环氧树脂中的超声声速随温度降低而线性上升,上升速率为3.446 7 m/(s·℃)。在从20℃降至-40℃的过程中,环氧树脂/硅橡胶界面应力因温度下降导致的过盈量损失而显著降低。仿真结果与试验结果的误差保持在5%左右,验证了本文界面应力反推方法在极寒环境下的可靠性。

超声脉冲法  /  界面应力  /  极寒环境  /  高压电缆终端  /  无损检测

Insulation interface defects are a major cause of cable terminal failure in extreme cold environments, and the stress state at the epoxy resin/silicone rubber interface directly determines the mechanical integrity and the stability of thermal and electrical properties of the cable terminal interface. In this study, a simplified model of the epoxy resin/silicone rubber interface in cable terminals was first designed based on the actual assembly process. The interface stress of this simplified model under extreme cold conditions was calculated using finite element analysis. Then, a quantitative relationship model between the interface stress and the reflection coefficient of epoxy/silicone rubber composite samples was established using an ultrasonic pulse detection system. Finally, a simplified terminal model was fabricated, and ultrasonic pulse detection experiments were carried out under extreme cold environments ranging from 20℃ to -40℃. The interface stresses at different temperatures were inverted using the quantitative model and compared with the simulation results. The results show that the ultrasonic velocity in epoxy resin increases linearly with the decrease of temperature, and the increase rate is 3.446 7 m/(s·℃). During the process of cooling from 20℃ to -40℃, the interface stress of epoxy/silicone rubber decreases significantly due to the loss of interference caused by the temperature drop.The error between the simulation and experimental results remains around 5%, confirming the reliability of the proposed interface stress back-calculation method under extreme cold environments.

ultrasonic pulse method  /  interface stress  /  extreme cold environment  /  high-voltage cable terminal  /  non-destructive testing
李岩, 李岩, 钟昱尧, 胡晓斌, 蓝翎源, 刘春博. 极寒条件下环氧树脂/硅橡胶界面应力的超声检测. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (7) : 131 -140 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.015
Yan Li, Yan Li, Yuyao Zhong, Xiaobin Hu, Lingyuan Lan, Chunbo Liu. Ultrasonic detection of epoxy/silicone rubber interface stress under extreme cold conditions[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (7) : 131 -140 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.015
近年来电缆终端故障频繁发生,尤其是在冬季气温急剧变化或处于高寒等极端环境下,其故障主要发源于电缆终端的内部界面处[1-3]。由于预制式电缆终端的各绝缘层之间通过过盈配合产生界面应力,而该应力过小会造成气隙缺陷从而引发放电,应力过大则会导致安装困难甚至开裂[3]。因此,维持适当的界面应力水平是保证其绝缘水平的前提。
环氧树脂/硅橡胶界面是电缆附件中的典型复合绝缘界面,两者在不同温度下的性能差异会导致界面应力波动,其中低温会加剧材料层的热收缩系数差异,改变过盈量,同时引起弹性体硬化,削弱其维持应力的能力,这些效应可能引发密封失效、脱层或放电,威胁寒冷地区电缆的可靠性[4-7]。因此,极寒条件下电缆终端中的绝缘界面应力变化规律及其检测方法值得深入研究。为探究极寒温变条件下电缆附件界面压力的变化规律,王子康等[8]开展了长期冷热循环实验,设定了冷负荷温度,研究了电缆附件界面压力在冷热循环过程中的变化情况;张世泽等[9]根据实际安装工艺,模拟金属嵌入环氧树脂套管的过程制作了实验样品,然后对样品进行低温冲击实验,研究了极寒条件下环氧套管开裂的原因,并通过仿真研究了低温下橡胶/聚乙烯界面故障的原因;崔江静等[10]则重点研究了极端环境温度(高温、低温及高低温循环)对硅橡胶应力松弛特性的影响,揭示了温度对界面压力变化的作用机制。然而,针对极寒环境下电缆终端界面应力的直接、有效检测方法仍显不足。
目前,常用的界面应力检测方法主要包括内置传感器法、光弹性分析法和电阻应变测量法。然而,这些方法在进行电缆终端界面压力检测时,均存在显著局限性:内置传感器会破坏界面完整性[11];光弹性法克服了传感器植入的缺点,但该方法还处于理论研究阶段,缺乏实验验证[12];电阻应变测量法仅适用于实验室内电气设备界面应力的研究,无法进行实际电缆附件安装后的界面应力测量[13]
近年来,超声无损检测在金属材料界面应力表征中取得了实验性进展:Wang Shen等[14]、Ke Yuchao等[15]基于超声波反射法的测量原理,对橡胶与铝合金、铜的接触界面应力进行了实验和计算研究。王兴远等[16]以超声波脉冲反射法原理为基础,建立了超声测量系统及装置,实现了钢平板材料之间界面过盈配合应力分布的测量和连接力预测,研究表明耦合剂、粗糙度及纹理方向是影响测量精度的关键因素。T W Jerome等[17]使用超声脉冲反射法测量了铝板之间的应力分布,并通过内置传感器法测量接触应力,与超声反射法的结果进行了对比,证明了这种方法的准确性。然而,上述研究集中于常规材料与室温环境,尚未解决电力电缆设备特有的复合绝缘材料(环氧树脂/硅橡胶)在极寒条件下的应力检测难题。因此,亟需开发一种面向在役电缆终端、适应极寒工况的超声界面应力无损检测新方法。
本文提出一种基于超声脉冲反射原理的界面应力无损检测方法。首先,利用有限元分析计算得出极寒条件下终端模型的界面应力,然后通过制备环氧树脂/硅橡胶复合样片并搭建超声检测系统,建立界面应力与超声反射系数之间的定量关联模型。进一步,模拟终端套装工艺构建简化终端模型,开展极寒条件下的界面应力变化规律测量,利用上述关联模型反演20~-40℃下的界面应力。最后,将有限元计算结果与实验结果进行比较,验证该应力检测方法的有效性。
复合材料界面在微观尺度上并非理想的光滑平面,而是呈现出一定的粗糙度,这种表面形貌导致界面两侧材料无法实现完全接触[18]图1是超声波经过粗糙接触界面的传播机制图,当到达粗糙接触界面时,一部分超声波会穿过微观接触区域形成透射波,另一部分则在未接触间隙发生反射形成反射波[19]。而界面处的接触应力会显著影响超声波在界面处的传播。具体而言,接触应力增大会压缩接触气隙,提升界面的实际接触面积,从而增强透射超声信号并减弱反射回波信号的幅值[20]。超声反射系数的测量值可有效反映材料的界面特性及接触应力水平,这是基于超声脉冲反射法检测界面应力的核心原理。
在超声反射法评估接触应力的研究中,通常采用等效弹簧模型[21]来描述接触界面的声学响应。当接触面间的间隙尺度远小于入射超声波长时,该粗糙接触界面可近似处理为准静态弹簧进行反射特性分析[22]。为简化计算,通常引入二维模型假设,将界面接触刚度等效为弹簧刚度,如图2所示,进而通过值量化表征接触应力水平。
界面刚度系数K的计算公式为式(1)。
K=-dpdu
式(1)中:p为界面应力;u为界面间距。
计算时将接触界面刚度视为弹簧刚度,弹簧的刚度与界面接触应力成正比,在引入界面刚度系数后,可通过式(2)计算得到反射系数。
R=Z1-Z2+iωZ1Z2KZ1+Z2+iωZ1Z2K
式(2)中:R为反射系数,即反射信号幅值与入射信号(参考信号)幅值的比值;i为虚部单位;ω为超声波的角频率;Z1为超声波入射材料的声阻抗;Z2为透射材料的声阻抗。
然而在实际检测应用中,很难获得实际界面刚度以及界面处的入射波峰值。本文使用界面每次加载后产生的反射峰值与无接触时的反射峰值的比值来计算反射系数。在界面完全分离且间隙充满空气的情况下,认为超声波仅由反射波组成,没有透射波。此时将反射波的峰值表示为A0,将每次加载得到的反射波峰值表示为Ai [23],反射系数R表示为式(3)。
R=AiA0
由于实际高压电缆终端结构复杂、成本高,本研究构建了简化的电缆终端模型,基于有限元仿真计算极寒条件下环氧树脂/硅橡胶界面的应力值。该简化模型同样应用于后续超声检测实验,确保仿真与检测的一致性。
图3展示了简化后的高压电缆终端环氧树脂/硅橡胶/交联聚乙烯/铜芯复合界面三维模型结构,由内而外依次为铜导体芯、交联聚乙烯绝缘层、硅橡胶层以及环氧树脂基体外壳。
为确保仿真与后续实验条件的一致性,模型中的过盈量设定始终为0.75 mm,与实际试验保持一致。基于此,本文对不同温度下环氧树脂/硅橡胶接触界面的应力进行仿真研究,各层材料的具体参数[24]详见表1
在COMSOL Multiphysics软件中建立环氧树脂/硅橡胶/交联聚乙烯/铜芯的装配体模型,考虑到后续试验采用恒温箱控制环境温度,将外表面设置为恒温边界条件,以模拟恒定的环境温度。通过热膨胀效应耦合温度场与固体力学场,以模拟材料因温度变化导致热胀冷缩而产生的应力和形变。采用参数化扫描,以20℃为梯度,在20~-40℃温度区间计算不同温度下的界面接触应力。
在常温下忽略热膨胀效应,此时界面接触应力仅由过盈量产生,通过计算得到简化终端的表面应力场分布如图4所示。从图4可以看出,应力最大值位于环氧树脂/硅橡胶界面处,且此处的应力呈非均匀环向分布。
图5是不同温度下环氧树脂/硅橡胶界面位移量。从图5可以看出,由于环氧树脂热膨胀系数远小于硅橡胶的热膨胀系数,当温度下降时,硅橡胶的收缩程度远大于环氧树脂,导致环氧树脂/硅橡胶接触界面变形,界面发生位移即过盈量变小,且温度下降,幅度越大。
图6是不同温度下环氧树脂/硅橡胶界面接触应力的仿真结果。从图6可以看出,环氧树脂/硅橡胶界面的应力随温度降低而减小。其机理在于:环氧树脂与硅橡胶的热膨胀系数存在显著差异,当温度下降时,由材料热膨胀系数差异引发的界面非均匀收缩,致使界面过盈量减小,最终导致界面接触应力下降。这一结果与实际电缆终端的结果一致[24],证明了本文所提简化模型的适用性。
图7为本研究所搭建的超声检测系统,该系统主要由超声探头、脉冲发生接收器、数字示波器、环氧树脂/硅橡胶样片、砝码等搭建而成。本实验采用超声脉冲发射接收仪,发射频率为2.5 MHz的负方波脉冲信号,采用中心频率为2.5 MHz的T型超声换能器发射和接收信号。由于硅橡胶材料的高衰减特性,将脉冲信号输出幅值设为400 V。示波器采样频率为100 MHz/s,用于接触界面时域回波的显示和截取。
为便于施加载荷,保证接触界面间应力的均匀分布,本实验采用平板试样作为对象。在测量前,首先调整实验对象使探头与被检测面垂直。随后调整升降平台使声束聚焦在接触界面上。最后通过在环氧样片上表面放置不同质量的砝码,以施加不同的载荷,该载荷值即等效于硅橡胶与环氧之间的界面应力值,本研究采用尺寸为2 cm×2 cm的硅橡胶样片与尺寸为12 cm×12 cm的环氧样片接触,实际接触面尺寸为2 cm×2 cm。调整砝码的质量,使界面应力分别为0、 0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20、0.25 MPa,采用超声探头在环氧试样下表面发射超声信号,并接收接触界面的一次回波信号,通过数字示波器获得不同载荷时界面的反射信号时域波形图,据此计算得到反射系数。
文献[25]指出耦合剂数量、耦合剂种类、耦合层厚度、换能器预紧力大小和换能器位置等因素会影响实验检测的结果,因此需要排除这些外界因素干扰对超声脉冲反射系数的影响,验证实验平台的稳定性。本研究采用控制变量法,保持界面压强始终为0.05 MPa不变,分别对不同种类的耦合剂进行试验,并改变探头的耦合状态及耦合剂含量等因素,每种耦合剂进行5次采样,记录每次实验的反射系数,结果如表2所示。从表2可以看出,反射系数基本保持在0.9左右,说明搭建的实验平台稳定性较好,且超声耦合油做耦合剂时的试验稳定性最好,故选择超声耦合油作为耦合剂用于后续实验。
基于搭建的超声检测平台,在适当调节检测系统的增益、滤波后,分别对不同界面压强下的环氧树脂/硅橡胶试样进行检测,并记录一次回波时域图像,结果如图8所示。为保证实验结果的准确性,本研究采用多次实验取平均值的实验方法,每组实 验包含5个样本,得到的反射系数实验结果如图9所示。
图9可以看出,随着界面压强的增加,反射系数逐渐减小,这是由于初始状态下,材料表面粗糙导致不完全接触,而随着界面应力的增大,接触面积增加,导致透射波信号幅值更高,而反射回波信号幅值更低。图中反射系数与界面应力间呈现规律性变化,由此可以认为界面应力与超声响应之间存在明显联系。
对不同界面应力下反射系数的测量结果取5次测量的平均值,并采用不同的拟合方法对最终结果进行拟合,结果如图10所示。
图10可以看出,不同方法的拟合优度均在0.9以上,其中拟合效果最好的是对数拟合方法,拟合公式如式(4)所示。
y=e0.5281-x0.2033-0.1001
式(4)中:y为反射系数;x为界面压强,MPa。
对数拟合结果的拟合优度R2=0.995 3,证明了接触界面应力与超声反射系数间存在良好的相关性,且具有明显的映射关系,利用超声反射系数可以准确表征界面的接触状态。
图11为本研究搭建的变温超声检测系统。该系统主要由示波器、超声脉冲发射/接收仪、高精度变温试验箱以及简化模拟终端界面装置构成。其中,简化模拟终端界面装置采用与前述样片试验相同的环氧树脂与硅橡胶材料。环氧树脂基体为边长为50 mm的立方体,中心加工有直径为21 mm的圆孔;硅橡胶壁厚为2 mm;电缆经剥除处理,仅保留交联聚乙烯主绝缘层,其外径为18.5 mm,内部铜导体直径为5 mm。为模拟实际终端安装过程,操作步骤如下:首先,将硅橡胶与交联聚乙烯电缆主绝缘层连接为一体;随后,在硅橡胶外表面均匀涂抹硅脂;最后,以一定过盈量将上述组件整体压入环氧树脂基体的中心圆孔内。
在将实验对象(环氧外壳中心圆孔处于空腔状态时)放进变温箱中进行降温的过程中,回波时域图像如图12所示。从图12可以看出,回波峰值时间在不同温度下发生变化,而样品中的声速等于超声波在样品中传播的单程距离(即样品厚度)除以单程传播时间,其中单程传播时间为始波峰值与回波峰值之间的时间差的一半。因此可以得出,超声波声速会随着温度的变化而变化。
通过计算得到20、0、-20、-40℃下环氧树脂中的声速分别为3 360.84、3 425.48、3 509.85、3 562.5 m/s。对不同温度下的声速进行拟合分析,拟合结果如图13所示,拟合函数为式(5),拟合结果的拟合优度R2=0.993 0。
y=-3.4467x+3430.2000
式(5)中:y为声速,m/s;x为温度,℃。
图13可以看出,声速随温度的升高呈线性降低。从分子的角度分析其原理,超声波通过定向排列的粒子振动传播。温度的升高使材料中粒子的不规则热运动更加强烈,使得由电生成的超声波难以在介质中传播,因此声速变慢[26]
基于声速的温度依赖性,根据不同温度下的峰值时间进行极寒条件下的超声应力检测,具体步骤如下:
首先,将无应力的实验对象(环氧外壳中心圆孔处于空腔状态时)放进变温箱中进行降温,通过变温箱内置测温计观测内部环境温度的变化。因为物体温度较环境温度变化慢很多,而对实验对象添加温度传感器会严重破坏界面的接触情况,所以将实验对象在每个温度点(20、0、-20、-40℃)下都放置足够长的时间,使物体温度达到稳态值。在各温度点下测量无应力状态时的超声一次回波幅值A0(如图12所示)。
随后,取出实验对象,塞进电缆施加应力后,重新放回变温箱进行降温,测量不同温度点下的反射峰值A1,检测结果如图14所示。实验过程中,通过观测两次实验中各温度点的超声波峰值时间是否一致,判断此时物体的温度是否已达到所需的稳态温度。例如,第一次检测时0℃的特征峰值出现时间为8.32 µs,在第二次降温过程中实时监测波形,当峰值时间正好与第一次检测中的峰值时间8.32 µs相吻合时,立即记录此时的波形。
最后,整合不同温度下空腔与装配体的波形数据,结果如图15所示,并根据处理后的结果计算反射系数。
基于上述实验结果计算出超声反射系数测量值,并应用前文建立的反射系数-界面应力定量关联模型反演出不同温度下的界面应力值,与仿真结果进行对比,结果如图16所示。从图16可以看出,仿真与试验结果呈现出相同的变化趋势,界面应力均随温度下降而减小。-40、-20、0、20℃下的压强差异分别为4.33%、4.94%、3.20%、7.81%,且误差 均保持在5%左右。该差异的产生是以下因素综合 作用的结果:如过盈量的实际测量精度有限(误差>0.01 mm)、环境温度的波动、探头耦合状态的变化等。
(1)基于实际套装工艺,设计了电缆终端中环氧树脂/硅橡胶界面的简化模型,利用有限元分析仿真计算得出极寒条件下该简化模型的界面应力。仿真结果与文献数据相互印证,证明了本文所提简化模型的适用性。
(2)基于超声脉冲检测系统,建立了环氧/硅橡胶复合样片的界面应力-反射系数定量模型,其拟合优度R2=0.995 3,该模型证明了接触界面应力与超声反射系数间存在良好的相关性和明显的映射关系,利用超声反射系数可以准确表征界面的接触状态。
(3)制备了简化终端模型,利用前述的定量模型反推了不同温度下的界面应力。从20℃降至-40℃过程中,环氧树脂/硅橡胶界面应力显著减小,降幅达21%。仿真结果与试验结果的误差保持在5%左右,验证了本文界面应力反推方法在极寒环境下的可靠性。

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2026年第59卷第7期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.015
  • 接收时间:2025-07-04
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-04
  • 修回日期:2025-08-04
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作者信息
    1华北电力大学,河北 保定 071000
    2吉林省电力科学研究院有限公司,吉林 长春 130000

通讯作者:

李岩(2001-),男(汉族),河北保定人,硕士生,主要从事高压电缆及其附件的研究。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.015
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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