Article(id=1304921680711807603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755705600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-21, revisedDate=1759161600000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047172953, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1784476800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047172953, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047172953, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047172953, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921635748864029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047162234, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789117876219, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218231761920521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218231761920522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=94, endPage=103, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921680955077236, articleId=1304921680711807603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on compression modulus characteristics and mechanical life assessment of PVC sheath materials under multi-factor ageing, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the challenge of on-site, non-destructive, and live assessment of the mechanical life of distribution cable outer sheaths, a thermal ageing platform and a hygrothermal accelerated ageing platform were established in this paper, and the evolution law of the compression modulus of PVC sheaths with ageing time and multi-stress coupling effects was systematically investigated. Based on the changing law of compression modulus, an Arrhenius single-stress ageing model and a Peck hygrothermal coupled ageing model were constructed, and the prediction errors of the two models were compared; meanwhile, an on-site sampling scheme with radial and axial multi-point sampling was proposed. The results show that the compression modulus increases exponentially with ageing time, while the elongation at break decreases rapidly. At 120℃, the degradation rate at 60% relative humidity is significantly higher than that at 40% relative humidity, and the humid environment can further accelerate the rigid-to-flexible transition process of the material. Under hygrothermal environments, the Peck hygrothermal coupled model can significantly reduce the prediction errors compared with the Arrhenius model. The error of radial and axial multi-point sampling on the cable can be reduced to 4.1% compared with the traditional specimen testing.

, authors=Jiahui He, Guoqiang Su, Hejin Liu, Linli Zhang, Pengping Zhang, authorsList=Jiahui He, Guoqiang Su, Hejin Liu, Linli Zhang, Pengping Zhang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921683727512209, articleId=1304921680711807603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=多因子老化作用下PVC护套材料压缩模量特性与机械寿命评估研究, columnId=1190369198724452531, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=绝缘技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决配网电缆外护套机械寿命现场无损、带电评估的难题,本文搭建热老化与湿-热加速老化平台,系统研究了PVC护套压缩模量随老化时间及多应力耦合作用的演变规律。依据压缩模量的变化规律,构建了Arrhenius单应力老化模型与Peck湿热耦合老化模型,并对比了两种模型的预测误差;同时提出了径向与轴向多点采样的现场取点方案。结果表明:压缩模量随老化时间呈指数上升,断裂伸长率则快速下降;在120℃条件下,相对湿度为60%时的劣化速率较相对湿度为40%时显著提高,湿度环境可进一步加速材料的刚柔转变过程;在湿热环境下,Peck湿热耦合模型相较Arrhenius模型可显著降低预测误差。电缆径向与轴向多点采样相比于传统样片测试误差可降至4.1%。

, authors=和家慧, 苏国强, 刘合金, 张林利, 张鹏平, authorsList=和家慧, 苏国强, 刘合金, 张林利, 张鹏平, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

和家慧(1997-),女(汉族),河南许昌人,工程师,主要从事配网运检、配电设备状态评估的研究工作。

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和家慧(1997-),女(汉族),河南许昌人,工程师,主要从事配网运检、配电设备状态评估的研究工作。

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和家慧(1997-),女(汉族),河南许昌人,工程师,主要从事配网运检、配电设备状态评估的研究工作。

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Comprehensive model for humidity testing correlation[C]//24th International Reliability Physics Symposium,1986:44-50., articleTitle=Comprehensive model for humidity testing correlation, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1304921683924644498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921680711807603, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304921683928838803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921680711807603, companyId=1304921683924644498, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Shandong Electric Power Co., Ltd., Jinan 250003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304921683937227412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921680711807603, companyId=1304921683924644498, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, 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Parameter identification results of the Peck model

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老化条件湿度加速指数n反应速率系数λ/(×10-3 h-1)拟合优度R2
120℃、40%相对湿度2.41.00.95
120℃、60%相对湿度2.42.20.97
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Peck模型参数辨识结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
老化条件湿度加速指数n反应速率系数λ/(×10-3 h-1)拟合优度R2
120℃、40%相对湿度2.41.00.95
120℃、60%相对湿度2.42.20.97
), ArticleFig(id=1304921688148308694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921680711807603, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of errors between Arrhenius and Peck models

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组别模型PMSN
AArrhenius6.2%8.5%
Peck5.7%6.9%
BArrhenius13.6%14.6%
Peck7.3%8.7%
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Arrhenius与Peck模型的误差对比

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组别模型PMSN
AArrhenius6.2%8.5%
Peck5.7%6.9%
BArrhenius13.6%14.6%
Peck7.3%8.7%
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Error comparison of indenter modulus tests between single-point measurement and multi-point sampling

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测试方式测试点布置相对PVC样片的误差相对单点测量的误差降幅
单点测量单一测试点6.7%
多点采样(径向/轴向)沿圆周或沿轴向均匀布置10个测试点4.1%约40%
), ArticleFig(id=1304921688571933401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921680711807603, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

单点测量与多点采样的压缩模量测试误差对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试方式测试点布置相对PVC样片的误差相对单点测量的误差降幅
单点测量单一测试点6.7%
多点采样(径向/轴向)沿圆周或沿轴向均匀布置10个测试点4.1%约40%
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多因子老化作用下PVC护套材料压缩模量特性与机械寿命评估研究
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和家慧 , 苏国强 , 刘合金 , 张林利 , 张鹏平
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2026,59(7): 94-103
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绝缘材料 |绝缘技术 2026 , 59 (7) : 94 -103
多因子老化作用下PVC护套材料压缩模量特性与机械寿命评估研究
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和家慧, 苏国强, 刘合金, 张林利, 张鹏平
作者信息
  • 国网山东省电力公司电力科学研究院,山东 济南 250003
作者简介:

和家慧(1997-),女(汉族),河南许昌人,工程师,主要从事配网运检、配电设备状态评估的研究工作。

Study on compression modulus characteristics and mechanical life assessment of PVC sheath materials under multi-factor ageing
Jiahui He, Guoqiang Su, Hejin Liu, Linli Zhang, Pengping Zhang
Affiliations
  • Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Shandong Electric Power Co., Ltd., Jinan 250003, China
出版时间: 2026-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.011
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为解决配网电缆外护套机械寿命现场无损、带电评估的难题,本文搭建热老化与湿-热加速老化平台,系统研究了PVC护套压缩模量随老化时间及多应力耦合作用的演变规律。依据压缩模量的变化规律,构建了Arrhenius单应力老化模型与Peck湿热耦合老化模型,并对比了两种模型的预测误差;同时提出了径向与轴向多点采样的现场取点方案。结果表明:压缩模量随老化时间呈指数上升,断裂伸长率则快速下降;在120℃条件下,相对湿度为60%时的劣化速率较相对湿度为40%时显著提高,湿度环境可进一步加速材料的刚柔转变过程;在湿热环境下,Peck湿热耦合模型相较Arrhenius模型可显著降低预测误差。电缆径向与轴向多点采样相比于传统样片测试误差可降至4.1%。

电缆外护套  /  湿热老化  /  压缩模量  /  机械寿命  /  带电测试

To address the challenge of on-site, non-destructive, and live assessment of the mechanical life of distribution cable outer sheaths, a thermal ageing platform and a hygrothermal accelerated ageing platform were established in this paper, and the evolution law of the compression modulus of PVC sheaths with ageing time and multi-stress coupling effects was systematically investigated. Based on the changing law of compression modulus, an Arrhenius single-stress ageing model and a Peck hygrothermal coupled ageing model were constructed, and the prediction errors of the two models were compared; meanwhile, an on-site sampling scheme with radial and axial multi-point sampling was proposed. The results show that the compression modulus increases exponentially with ageing time, while the elongation at break decreases rapidly. At 120℃, the degradation rate at 60% relative humidity is significantly higher than that at 40% relative humidity, and the humid environment can further accelerate the rigid-to-flexible transition process of the material. Under hygrothermal environments, the Peck hygrothermal coupled model can significantly reduce the prediction errors compared with the Arrhenius model. The error of radial and axial multi-point sampling on the cable can be reduced to 4.1% compared with the traditional specimen testing.

cable sheath  /  hygrothermal ageing  /  compression modulus  /  mechanical life  /  live testing
和家慧, 苏国强, 刘合金, 张林利, 张鹏平. 多因子老化作用下PVC护套材料压缩模量特性与机械寿命评估研究. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (7) : 94 -103 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.011
Jiahui He, Guoqiang Su, Hejin Liu, Linli Zhang, Pengping Zhang. Study on compression modulus characteristics and mechanical life assessment of PVC sheath materials under multi-factor ageing[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (7) : 94 -103 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.011
电缆护套是保护电缆内芯的重要材料,能使内芯免受外部的机械损害和化学腐蚀[1]。此外,电缆护套还承受紫外线和臭氧的侵蚀。然而,配网电缆规模庞大且运行环境恶劣。近年来,国内外发生了多起电缆护套失效并发本体受潮的故障,其起因及特征均不同于以往的电缆故障。统计表明,电缆的绝缘故障通常发生在电缆绝缘或护套的理化性能变化之后。因此,电缆护套材料的劣化状态检测具有重要的工程意义,可避免电缆主绝缘引入水分、腐蚀性液体等潜在劣化诱因,如图1所示[1-3]
电缆的劣化从宏观上来看表现为绝缘层电气性能的改变(如介质损耗增加、绝缘电阻降低等)以及绝缘护套材料理化性能的改变(如硬度变大、密度增加)导致的脆裂等[3-4]。而电缆护套的检测手段存在有效性差、具有破坏性等弊端,往往依靠现场经验进行粗略判断[5-6]。因此,有必要开展现场配网电缆护套劣化状态无损、高灵敏带电检测的研究。
随着服役时间的增加,电缆绝缘和护套材料在长期的受热、受潮及辐射状态下会发生老化降解,造成电缆护套开裂、绝缘性能降低。现有研究表明,热老化和辐照老化会造成电缆力学性能(例如压缩模量和密度)发生巨大变化[7]。对于配网电缆而言力学性能变化会发生在电气绝缘性能变化之前,当观察到较大的电气性能变化时,电缆的脆化和开裂必然已经发生[8]。基于配网电缆这一劣化规律,其老化状态监测技术与中高压电缆有所区别[9-11]。研究表明,电缆的电气参数并不能敏感地反映电缆绝缘材料的早期状态变化,同时电气参数一般不作为配网电缆老化程度评估的代表性参数。目前的国际惯例是通过对电缆材料的物理和化学性能的监测来进行老化状态评估[7]。此外,在电缆性能劣化的早期阶段,某些性能参数在评价电缆老化状态时尤其有用,如压缩模量、氧化诱导时间等[12-19]
传统的电缆外护套力学性能检测方法通常具有一定的破坏性,典型测试手段包括断裂伸长率测量、氧化诱导时间分析以及热老化性能评估。这些方法虽然能够直接表征材料的力学性能和老化状态,但在实际操作中需要取样或破坏电缆护套,难以应用于在运设备的带电监测。此外,传统测试手段的周期较长,测试结果容易受到试样均匀性和操作条件的影响,难以全面反映外护套材料的实际服役状态[20-23]。与之相比,基于压缩模量的检测方法无需取样和破坏电缆,可在电缆带电状态下实施测试,真正实现无损、在线评估。同时,压缩模量在老化全周期内均能保持良好的敏感性,尤其在因材料脆化而失效的老化末期,仍可提供有效表征,从而更适合用于在役电缆护套的长期监测与寿命评估。
针对传统电缆护套力学性能检测依赖破坏性测试、难以实现带电无损评估的不足,本文将基于材料力学特性测试理论,从多因子加速老化试验与现场带电无损检测两个角度开展研究:通过搭建热老化与湿-热加速老化平台,研究聚氯乙烯(PVC)护套压缩模量与断裂伸长率随老化时间及温、湿度的演变规律;在此基础上,构建基于压缩模量的Arrhenius单应力寿命预测模型,并引入Peck湿热耦合模型,以实现湿热环境中电缆护套机械寿命的精准评估;进一步提出基于恒速探头的压缩模量带电无损检测方法,采用径向/轴向多点采样策略与Savitzky-Golay滤波抑制现场测试误差,以期为配网电缆护套在役状态评估与预防性检修提供参考。
使用热鼓风烘箱(DZF-1B型,上海博泰公司)进行热老化实验,该烘箱通过微电脑智能控温(温度范围为50~250℃,温度波动为±1℃),其内部空间为长方体,能完全容纳老化试样。为实现护套材料在湿热环境中的劣化过程,通过湿热老化实验机(KSD-TH-80型,东莞市科赛德检测仪器公司)的高效喷嘴精确控制喷雾强度以实现温度控制和湿度调控功能,避免局部湿度过高或过低对实验结果的影响,确保实验环境的稳定性和可重复性。
实验电缆型号为YJV62—8.7/15,电缆导体的对地额定电压U0为8.7 kV,导体间的额定电压U为15 kV,标称截面积为120 mm2。该电缆主要结构为交联聚乙烯绝缘、铜带屏蔽、非磁性金属带铠装、聚氯乙烯(PVC)外护套,使用游标卡尺测量得到该电缆的直径约为40 mm。
在热老化实验开始之前,需要使用热鼓风老化箱进行预热操作。首先,在老化箱内放置试样架,确保试样架安装稳固并处于水平位置,以避免后续放置试样时出现倾斜或滑落。随后,将多个老化箱的温度分别设置为110、120、130℃,逐步加热到目标温度。单一热老化过程中湿度控制在30%以下。在湿热老化实验开始之前,需使用恒温恒湿试验箱进行预热和加湿处理。在试验箱内放入两个配套的试样架,确保试样架摆放稳固且处于水平,以便后续试样布置时保持稳定。随后,将两台试验箱的温度均设置为120℃,相对湿度分别设置为40%与60%,开展两组平行的湿热老化实验。老化过程中,按预定时间间隔将试样从老化箱/试验箱中取出,在室温下冷却平衡后,分别进行压缩模量、断裂伸长率及理化特性测试。
压缩模量是压缩应力与应变之比,是聚合物绝缘材料的一种物理特性。电缆绝缘随着热老化的累积效应会逐渐变硬,其压缩模量会逐渐增大,因此可以用来检测电缆的老化状态。图2为压缩模量测试原理图,探针以一个恒定速度压向电缆表层,当探针接触到电缆时记录应力和位移,当位移或应力到达设定标准值后,探针停止前进并复位,测试结束。测试得到的数据包含探针的压力以及电缆测量点的形变量,在特定范围内压缩模量IM可由式(1)求得。
IM=F1-F2d1-d2
式(1)中:F1F2为应力值,取应力-形变曲线(如图3所示)的线性部分;d1d2为应变值。
电缆外护套压缩模量测试采用压缩模量测试仪(IM7.1型,美国AMS公司),测试探头直径为5 mm,速度设置为5.08 mm/min,可调误差小于5%,位移范围为3.26~50.8 mm,夹具开口尺寸大于20 cm,力传感器满刻度为44.49 N,精度为±2%。
为降低材料初始不均匀性及局部缺陷对测试结果的影响,压缩模量测试采用径向和轴向两种多点采样方法,如图4所示。径向多点采样法适用于圆柱形或环状材料(如电缆护套),通过测试沿材料外表面圆周均匀分布的多个测量点,减少局部材料性能差异带来的影响,具体操作时在电缆护套表面沿圆周选取10个均匀分布的测试点,分别施加压缩载荷并测量其变形情况;轴向多点采样法适用于条状、片状或柱状材料(如聚合物板材、橡胶垫等),测试时在材料长度方向上选取若干测试点,确保材料各部位性能得到充分评估。
断裂伸长率测试在(23±5)℃下进行:将哑铃型试样的两端安装在试验机的夹持装置上,设置夹头之间的总间距为34 mm,调整哑铃型试样的位置及方向,使试样在拉伸过程中受到均匀的拉伸载荷,拉伸速度为250 mm/min。根据测试数据,计算得到电缆老化试样的断裂伸长率。
此外,采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)、热重分析法(TGA)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对老化前后的PVC护套试样进行理化特性表征,从微观角度分析材料的老化机理。其中,DSC测试采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC250型,陕西朗润公司),温度范围为20~250℃,升温速率为10℃/min;TGA测试采用同步热分析仪(TGA/DSC3+至尊型,METTLER TOLEDO),测试温度范围为35~800℃,升温速率为10℃/min,测试气氛为氮气气氛,气体流量为100 mL/min;FTIR测试采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Nicolet iS10 型,Thermo Fisher公司),测试波数范围为4 000~400 cm-1,分辨率为4 cm-1,扫描次数为32 次。
图5是不同温度(110、120、130℃,相对湿度均控制在30%以下)下老化不同时间PVC的断裂伸长率测试结果。从图5可以看出,随着老化时间的增加,PVC的断裂伸长率逐渐减小,由311%减小到72%左右。老化1 136 h时,材料的晶区被破坏,局部缺陷增多,断裂伸长率整体曲线变化接近指数下降;老化温度越高,断裂伸长率下降越快,130℃下试样最先进入脆化阶段,110℃下劣化进程相对缓慢。此外,在老化末期断裂伸长率变化幅值较小,极易因测试干扰导致结果出现较大差异。
图6是不同温度(110、120、130℃,相对湿度均控制在30%以下)下老化不同时间PVC的压缩模量测试结果。从图6可以看出,在热老化初期,各试样的压缩模量数据表现出较小的波动性,说明在老化初期材料的性能变化较为均匀。压缩模量随老化时间的增加呈现出逐渐增大的趋势,表明随着老化进程的推进,材料内部的化学键逐渐断裂、分子链的交联密度逐步增加,导致材料变硬,压缩模量相应升高。不同热老化温度下压缩模量曲线具有较高的趋势一致性,且老化温度越高,压缩模量上升速率越快,130℃下材料硬化最为明显。
综合图5图6可知,断裂伸长率与压缩模量均随老化时间增加呈现规律性变化,且二者变化趋势相反、可相互印证。考虑到老化末期断裂伸长率变化幅值小、易受测试干扰,而压缩模量在老化全周期内保持良好的单调性与灵敏度,因此对于高温环境下电缆护套劣化程度的判定,采用压缩模量进行分析效果更好。
图7是湿热老化条件下PVC断裂伸长率与压缩模量的对应关系,图中各数据点对应不同老化时间的取样测试结果。
图7可以看出,压缩模量与断裂伸长率呈现明显的负相关:随着老化的进行,断裂伸长率持续下降,材料逐渐脆化;压缩模量持续上升,材料刚性增强。在老化初期,断裂伸长率下降较快而压缩模量增长较缓;老化中后期,材料进入脆化阶段,刚性迅速增强,表现出明显的柔-刚转换特征;老化末期数据波动性增加,反映不同试样的降解速率开始分化。
图8是120℃、相对湿度分别为40%和60%条件下,PVC压缩模量随老化时间的变化。
图8可以看出,不同湿度下老化试样的压缩模量均随老化时间增加逐步上升,表明PVC材料在高温老化环境下的机械刚性逐步增强,主要是由于增塑剂迁移、交联反应增强以及分子链段运动能力降低。随着老化时间增加,PVC材料柔性下降,脆化程度增加,导致压缩模量上升。
图8还可以看出,60%相对湿度下的压缩模量更高且上升速率更快,尤其是在老化初期(0~400 h),说明高湿度环境加速了PVC材料的劣化进程。在较高的湿度条件下,PVC分子链的水解作用增强,增塑剂迁移速率加快,导致材料的柔韧性下降更快,从而导致压缩模量上升更快。
图9是老化不同时间PVC电缆外护套的DSC曲线。从图9可以看出,PVC的热学性能随老化时间延长而逐步劣化。老化0~8天的曲线较为平缓,热流信号下降幅度小,说明材料结构仍较稳定。老化12天的曲线开始出现明显拐点,反映出增塑剂迁移及分子链的初步断裂。老化16~20天的曲线随测试温度升高急剧下降,表现为显著的吸热信号,说明材料发生了严重的热降解和结构破坏。整体趋势显示,PVC外护套的热稳定性在老化过程中逐渐减弱,并在老化16~20天时进入快速劣化阶段。老化0~8天试样的DSC曲线在整个测试温度范围内基本重合且保持平缓,未出现明显的吸热信号,表明材料尚未发生增塑剂大量迁移和热降解等结构变化;与之相比,老化16~20天试样在高温段出现显著的吸热信号下降。
图10是老化不同时间PVC电缆外护套的TGA测试结果。从图10可以看出,试样在老化后分解提前,热稳定性下降,反映了分子链断裂和降解反应的发生。未老化试样起始分解温度较高,残留率较低,显示出较好的热稳定性。老化4~12天的试样起始分解温度逐渐降低,失重速率加快,热稳定性下降。老化16~20天的试样起始分解温度更低,说明老化加速了脱氯与交联过程,生成了较多稳定的老化产物。总体上,PVC材料的热稳定性在老化过程中逐步减弱。
图11是老化不同时间PVC材料的FTIR光谱。从图11可以看出,试样在老化过程中发生了明显的化学结构变化。老化4天的PVC试样光谱基本保持稳定,仅表现出PVC典型的C-H(2 800~3 000 cm-1)和C-Cl(600~700 cm-1)吸收峰。随老化时间延长,老化8天的试样光谱中3 400 cm-1处的-OH吸收峰和1 720 cm-1处的羰基吸收峰逐渐增强,反映出氧化反应与脱氯过程开始发生。老化20天的试样羰基峰显著增强,C-Cl吸收峰明显减弱,表明PVC主链脱氯严重并伴随氧化产物的大量生成。整体上,FTIR光谱揭示了PVC外护套在老化过程中经历了从结构轻度变化到氧化与脱氯至严重降解的演变规律。
上述结果从微观角度解释了PVC护套在老化过程中表现出压缩模量上升、断裂伸长率下降的原因,如增塑剂迁移、分子链交联与断裂并存,导致材料脆化加剧。这些微观机制与宏观力学特性相互呼应,同时发现压缩模量作为老化表征指标更具敏感性和可靠性。
基于不同热老化温度下PVC材料的断裂伸长率和压缩模量实验结果,研究了PVC材料特性随着老化时间和温度的变化规律。针对不同热老化温度下PVC的机械特性开展基于均值拟合的Arrhenius加速老化机械寿命模型计算,结果如图12所示。从图12可以看出,预测寿命和老化温度在对数坐标下近似成线性关系。Arrhenius模型仅考虑单一应力因素(如温度、湿度或机械应力),但在实际应用中,材料通常受到多种应力的协同作用,包括热应力、湿度、化学腐蚀(酸碱)、机械载荷、电场和辐射等。多因子老化模型则更适用于描述材料在复杂环境条件下的老化劣化行为。近年来,D S Peck[24]提出了一种新的基于温度和湿度应力的加速模型(简称Peck模型),该模型假设寿命L与温度应力和湿度应力的作用可分离,并通过Arrhenius温度加速项和湿度幂指数项进行综合表征。Peck模型虽然最初应用于环氧封装和金属化器件的加速老化研究,但其湿热耦合加速原理同样适用于PVC护套这类受湿热环境影响显著的聚合物材料。
Peck模型以85℃、85%相对湿度作为基准条件,任意给定环境条件下的寿命与基准条件下的寿命的比值(计算寿命比,记为Rc)可表示为温度相关因子与湿度相关因子的乘积。Peck模型还定义其他应力条件下观测到的中值寿命与基准条件下的寿命比值为实际观测寿命比(Ro)。将RcRo进行回归分析,优化模型参数,使得Rc尽可能接近Ro[24]。Peck模型针对PVC材料的应用如式(2)所示。
L=AH-neEakT
式(2)中:L为材料寿命,年;A为寿命尺度系数或前因子;H为相对湿度,%;n为湿度加速指数;Ea为失效反应的活化能,eV;k为Boltzmann常数,其值为8.62×10-5 eV/K;T为绝对温度,K。
基于回归参数以及85℃、85%相对湿度下Ro/Rc分布的评估标准,参数n为1.0~4.0,Ea为0.77~0.81 eV,说明加速计算结果具有低敏感性[24]。Peck模型外推具有一定限制,仅适用于相对湿度较高(相对湿度>30%)的环境条件。这是因为相对湿度低于30%时模型预测寿命已接近工程极限,实测寿命将显著大于模型外推值。在工程应用中,常采用Peck模型的加速因子形式,将高温高湿应力下的加速老化寿命外推至正常应力条件下的寿命TAF,如式(3)所示。
TAF=LnLs=expEak1Tn-1TsHnHs-n
式(3)中:Ln为正常应力下的寿命;TAF为寿命加速因子;Ls为高温高湿应力下的寿命;Tn为室温下的绝对温度;Ts为高温下的绝对温度;Hn为正常(低湿)条件下的相对湿度,本文取10%;Hs为高湿条件下的相对湿度。
采用建模方法对第2节数据进行分析,利用式(3)对试样的性能曲线进行回归计算,得到湿度加速指数、反应速率系数及各老化条件下的拟合优度如表1所示。从表1可以看出,各试样点的拟合优度均大于0.95,说明拟合数据与原始信息一致性较好,验证了参数辨识的准确性。根据不同湿度情况下材料压缩模量测试结果提取了湿度加速指数n,得到其值均为2.4。n值反映湿度对PVC劣化速率的敏感程度,n值越大表明湿度对老化加速作用越明显[11]。本文所得n值处于文献[24]给出的1.0~4.0范围的中上水平,表明湿度对PVC护套劣化具有较强的加速作用,在寿命评估中不可忽略湿度的影响。图13为基于Peck模型计算得到的PVC材料机械寿命随温度与相对湿度变化的三维曲面图。从图13可以看出,机械寿命随温度升高与相对湿度增大而显著缩短,且温度越高,湿度对寿命的影响越突出。
图13还可以看出,湿热耦合老化条件下的寿命下降速率远大于单一热老化条件,尤其是在较高温度条件下,湿度对材料劣化的催化作用尤为突出。Peck模型能够更精确地描述湿热环境下电缆护套的寿命衰减情况,可为湿热环境中的电缆选材、防护措施制定及长期服役性能评估提供科学依据。
为定量比较仅含温度因子的Arrhenius模型与湿热耦合的Peck模型在不同环境应力下的预测能力,本文采用某一分组结果做交叉验证并计算误差统计,真实寿命按实际老化时间作为标记。统计的平均相对误差百分比(mean absolute percentage error,MAPE,记为PM)、归一化均方根误差(normalized root mean square error,NRMSE,记为SN)计算公式分别如式(4)和式(5)所示。
PM=100%Ni=1Ny^i-yiyi
SN=1Ni=1Ny^i-yi2y¯i
式(4)~(5)中:yi为第i个试样的实际寿命(按实际老化时间标记);ŷi为模型预测寿命;y¯i为所有样本实际寿命的平均值;N为样本数量。
数据按老化条件划分为2组:A组(130℃单一热老化,相对湿度控制在30%以下)、B组(湿热老化,温度为120℃、相对湿度为40%),两种模型的误差如表2所示。
表2可以看出,在单一温度应力下,两种模型表现都较好,误差均控制在10%以内,Peck模型的误差相较Arrhenius模型略有降低。说明在纯热老化情景下,Arrhenius模型已能较好反映老化速率,而Peck模型的优势不显著,但仍能在整体拟合精度上提供小幅改进。当引入湿度应力后,两种模型之间的差异显著。Arrhenius模型未考虑湿度因素,预测出现系统性高误差,PMSN接近或超过14%。而Peck模型显著改善了湿热条件下的寿命预测精度,PMSN均下降约一半。这说明Peck模型中的湿度幂指数项有效补偿了湿度加速老化效应,避免了Arrhenius模型在湿热条件下对寿命的系统性高估。
在聚合物材料(如PVC、XLPE)及复合材料的生产过程中,受配方设计、加工工艺和外部环境等因素的影响,材料不同测试区域的微观结构和机械特性可能存在初始差异。除此之外,实验误差和设备误差是不可避免的。因此,针对电缆护套压缩模量测试的误差抑制是十分必要的。
在电缆护套实验过程中,分别使用单点测量和多点采样方法对同一批次的试样进行压缩模量测试,并对误差变化情况进行对比分析,结果如表3所示。在单点测量方式下,电缆护套测试数据的标准偏差相对PVC样片较大,误差率约为6.7%。这主要是由于单个测量点可能位于局部硬度较高或较低的区域,导致测量值偏离材料的真实整体性能。而采用1.3节所述的径向或轴向多点采样方法(沿圆周均匀布置10个测试点或沿轴向线性分布多个测试点)后,实验数据的离散性显著降低、稳定性明显提高,相对PVC样片的误差降低至4.1%,误差降低了约40%。
在电缆护套压缩模量测试过程中,外界机械振动会对测试结果产生显著影响,其主要表现为初段增刚(即加载初期表观刚度增大的现象)、加载过程中的周期性波动以及屈服提前与疲劳软化等特征。首先,在加载初期,由于外护套与测试平台的接触状态尚未完全稳定,外界振动通过夹具和加载机构传递至试样,在瞬时产生附加冲击力。该冲击力与静态加载力叠加,使得低应变区的应力上升速率增大,表现为表观刚度的增加。其次,在中后段加载过程中,外界振动会引起加载力的周期性扰动,该扰动在应力-应变曲线上表现为稳定频率的波动起伏,其频率特征与振动源(如设备运转或环境机械振动等)相对应。该现象实质上是振动载荷与压缩载荷的叠加效应,导致曲线产生规则性波峰与波谷。最后,持续的振动作用会促使材料内部的分子链和微观结构在达到屈服应变之前提前发生松弛与局部破坏,从而导致屈服点提前出现。同时,振动会加速微裂纹及空隙的扩展,导致材料在高应变阶段承载能力下降,表现为疲劳软化趋势。
为确保测试数据的准确性,应在压缩模量测试过程中采取减振措施,例如使用隔振平台、优化夹具刚度及夹持方式,并在振动干扰不可避免时对测试数据进行频域滤波与去噪处理,以降低外界振动对结果的影响。
外界环境振动及测试系统本身的机械噪声会在应力-应变曲线中引入高频干扰,导致曲线出现周期性波动和局部失真。为抑制外界噪声,本文采用Savitzky-Golay滤波方法对实验数据进行平滑处理,该方法的基本思路是利用局部多项式拟合来替代传统的移动平均[16]。具体而言,在长度为(2m+1)的滑动窗口内,采用最小二乘法拟合一个阶数为p的多项式,并以该多项式在窗口中心点的取值作为平滑后的结果。设原始数据为yi,则滤波后的数据可表示为式(6)。
yi^=j=-mmcjyi+j
式(6)中:cj为根据多项式拟合计算得到的滤波系数,取决于窗口长度(2m+1)和拟合阶数p。其中,m为滑动窗口的半宽,即窗口中心点两侧各取m个数据点。
图14是护套应力-应变曲线噪声抑制对比图。从图14可以看出,Savitzky-Golay滤波方法不仅能有效抑制高频噪声,还能较好保持信号的一阶与二阶导数特征,从而避免因滤波过度而导致力学响应细节丢失。
本文针对配网电缆外护套在役状态下机械寿命无损评估的技术难题,构建了热老化、湿热加速老化试验平台,系统研究了压缩模量随老化时间及多应力耦合作用的演变规律,并建立了适用于不同环境应力的机械寿命预测模型,主要结论如下:
(1)PVC护套材料的压缩模量随老化时间呈指数增长,断裂伸长率则快速下降,二者具有明显的负相关变化趋势。在高温、高湿条件下,压缩模量增长速率显著加快;湿度环境进一步加速了护套由柔变刚的转变过程,其劣化速率明显高于单一热环境。
(2)基于压缩模量-老化时间曲线,建立了多应力湿热耦合机械寿命Peck模型,模型拟合优度R2>0.95,能够准确反映不同环境应力条件下的护套寿命衰减规律。在热老化条件下,Arrhenius与Peck模型精度相近;而在湿热老化条件下,Arrhenius模型的PMSN分别高达13.6%与14.6%,寿命明显高估,而Peck模型的误差控制在8%左右,显著降低了系统偏差,显示出湿热耦合模型的优势。
(3)提出了基于恒速探头的压缩模量带电检测误差抑制方法,实现了外护套机械特性的带电测量,克服了传统断裂伸长率、氧化诱导时间等破坏性测试手段周期长、需取样的局限性,可在不影响电缆运行的情况下开展早期劣化识别与寿命评估。
综上,压缩模量带电检测技术为配电电缆外护套机械寿命状态评估提供了有效的无损检测手段,可为在运电缆护套的早期劣化识别、预防性检修及运维策略优化提供重要技术支撑。后续,将结合在役电缆运行情况开展现场试验,以进一步验证方法在实际工况下的适用性与可靠性。

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2026年第59卷第7期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.011
  • 接收时间:2025-08-21
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-21
  • 修回日期:2025-09-30
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    国网山东省电力公司电力科学研究院,山东 济南 250003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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