Article(id=1304921669789839840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751990400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-09, revisedDate=1755792000000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047170350, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1784476800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047170350, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047170350, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047170350, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921635748864029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784476800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047162234, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789117876219, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218231761920521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218231761920522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921635748864029, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=56, endPage=66, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921669991166433, articleId=1304921669789839840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on performance of insulating paper modified by DBD plasma with hexamethyldisilazane, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the dielectric matching problem in the oil-paper insulation system composed of cellulose insulating paper and low-permittivity insulating oil, this study employed low-temperature plasma for the surface treatment of insulating paper to improve the oil-paper insulation performance. A nanosecond pulse power supply was used to drive dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) to generate Ar/HMDSN plasma, and the effects of operating parameters such as precursor flow rate and treatment time on the properties of insulating paper and oil-paper insulation were investigated. The changes in surface physicochemical characteristics were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to explore the mechanism of property changes of the insulating paper. The results show that the insulation and mechanical properties of the insulating paper first increase and then decrease with the increase of precursor flow rate and treatment time, with the most significant improvement achieved after treated for 6 min under the flow rate of 15 mL/min. Compared with the untreated insulating paper, the relative permittivity of the insulating paper treated under these conditions decreases by 35.7%, the tensile strength increases by 23.1%, the flashover voltage and breakdown strength increase by 34.2% and 25.0%, respectively, and the flashover voltage and breakdown voltage of oil-paper insulation is correspondingly improved by 24.4% and 17.2%. During the plasma treatment process, low-polarity molecular fragments generated from the reaction precursor can penetrate the insulating paper and undergo deposition polymerization on the fiber surface, reducing molecular polarity, thereby comprehensively improving the both the surface and the bulk insulation properties of insulating paper.

, authors=Lei Zhu, Honghua Xu, Rui Chen, Yong Li, Ziqiang Xu, Zhipeng Yu, authorsList=Lei Zhu, Honghua Xu, Rui Chen, Yong Li, Ziqiang Xu, Zhipeng Yu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921672415474174, articleId=1304921669789839840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=六甲基二硅氮烷添加DBD等离子体改性绝缘纸的性能研究, columnId=1190369066813591720, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=材料研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对纤维素绝缘纸与低介电常数的绝缘油组成油-纸复合绝缘系统时存在的介电匹配问题,本研究利用低温等离子体对绝缘纸进行表面处理,以改善油-纸绝缘性能。利用纳秒脉冲电源驱动介质阻挡放电(DBD)产生Ar/HMDSN等离子体,研究媒质流速和处理时间等运行条件参数对绝缘纸以及油-纸绝缘性能的影响。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能量色散光谱仪(EDS)分析表面物理化学特性变化,从而探究绝缘纸性能变化机理。结果表明:绝缘纸的绝缘性能和力学性能随媒质流速和处理时间增加呈先增加后减小的变化规律,在15 mL/min的流速下处理6 min时性能提升最为显著。与未经等离子体处理的绝缘纸相比,该条件下处理后的绝缘纸相对介电常数降低了35.7%,抗拉强度提高了23.1%,闪络电压和击穿强度分别提高了34.2%和25.0%,油-纸绝缘的闪络电压和击穿强度也相应提升了24.4%和17.2%。在等离子体处理过程中,反应媒质产生的低极性分子碎片可穿透绝缘纸并在纤维表面发生沉积聚合,降低分子极性,从而全面提高了绝缘纸表面和本体的绝缘性能。

, authors=朱雷, 许洪华, 陈锐, 李勇, 许自强, 俞智鹏, authorsList=朱雷, 许洪华, 陈锐, 李勇, 许自强, 俞智鹏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

朱雷(1986-),男(汉族),江苏徐州人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压与绝缘的研究。

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朱雷(1986-),男(汉族),江苏徐州人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压与绝缘的研究。

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朱雷(1986-),男(汉族),江苏徐州人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压与绝缘的研究。

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Química Nova,2002,25:766-771., articleTitle=Gas-phase ion chemistry of silyl cations obtained from hexamethyldisilazane, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1304921672629383679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921669789839840, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304921672637772288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921669789839840, companyId=1304921672629383679, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Nanjing Power Supply Branch of State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304921672646160897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921669789839840, companyId=1304921672629383679, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=国网江苏省电力有限公司南京供电分公司,江苏 南京 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PD characteristic parameters of insulating paper surface under different modification conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目放电次数N1最大电荷量Qmax/pC平均电荷量Qave/pC
未处理974794.716.5
等离子体处理27120.310.2
), ArticleFig(id=1304921677004042821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921669789839840, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同改性条件下绝缘纸表面的局部放电特征参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目放电次数N1最大电荷量Qmax/pC平均电荷量Qave/pC
未处理974794.716.5
等离子体处理27120.310.2
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六甲基二硅氮烷添加DBD等离子体改性绝缘纸的性能研究
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朱雷 , 许洪华 , 陈锐 , 李勇 , 许自强 , 俞智鹏
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2026,59(7): 56-66
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绝缘材料 |材料研究 2026 , 59 (7) : 56 -66
六甲基二硅氮烷添加DBD等离子体改性绝缘纸的性能研究
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朱雷, 许洪华, 陈锐, 李勇, 许自强, 俞智鹏
作者信息
  • 国网江苏省电力有限公司南京供电分公司,江苏 南京 210000
作者简介:

朱雷(1986-),男(汉族),江苏徐州人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压与绝缘的研究。

Study on performance of insulating paper modified by DBD plasma with hexamethyldisilazane
Lei Zhu, Honghua Xu, Rui Chen, Yong Li, Ziqiang Xu, Zhipeng Yu
Affiliations
  • Nanjing Power Supply Branch of State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210000, China
出版时间: 2026-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.007
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针对纤维素绝缘纸与低介电常数的绝缘油组成油-纸复合绝缘系统时存在的介电匹配问题,本研究利用低温等离子体对绝缘纸进行表面处理,以改善油-纸绝缘性能。利用纳秒脉冲电源驱动介质阻挡放电(DBD)产生Ar/HMDSN等离子体,研究媒质流速和处理时间等运行条件参数对绝缘纸以及油-纸绝缘性能的影响。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能量色散光谱仪(EDS)分析表面物理化学特性变化,从而探究绝缘纸性能变化机理。结果表明:绝缘纸的绝缘性能和力学性能随媒质流速和处理时间增加呈先增加后减小的变化规律,在15 mL/min的流速下处理6 min时性能提升最为显著。与未经等离子体处理的绝缘纸相比,该条件下处理后的绝缘纸相对介电常数降低了35.7%,抗拉强度提高了23.1%,闪络电压和击穿强度分别提高了34.2%和25.0%,油-纸绝缘的闪络电压和击穿强度也相应提升了24.4%和17.2%。在等离子体处理过程中,反应媒质产生的低极性分子碎片可穿透绝缘纸并在纤维表面发生沉积聚合,降低分子极性,从而全面提高了绝缘纸表面和本体的绝缘性能。

油-纸绝缘  /  薄膜沉积  /  等离子体改性  /  介质阻挡放电

To address the dielectric matching problem in the oil-paper insulation system composed of cellulose insulating paper and low-permittivity insulating oil, this study employed low-temperature plasma for the surface treatment of insulating paper to improve the oil-paper insulation performance. A nanosecond pulse power supply was used to drive dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) to generate Ar/HMDSN plasma, and the effects of operating parameters such as precursor flow rate and treatment time on the properties of insulating paper and oil-paper insulation were investigated. The changes in surface physicochemical characteristics were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to explore the mechanism of property changes of the insulating paper. The results show that the insulation and mechanical properties of the insulating paper first increase and then decrease with the increase of precursor flow rate and treatment time, with the most significant improvement achieved after treated for 6 min under the flow rate of 15 mL/min. Compared with the untreated insulating paper, the relative permittivity of the insulating paper treated under these conditions decreases by 35.7%, the tensile strength increases by 23.1%, the flashover voltage and breakdown strength increase by 34.2% and 25.0%, respectively, and the flashover voltage and breakdown voltage of oil-paper insulation is correspondingly improved by 24.4% and 17.2%. During the plasma treatment process, low-polarity molecular fragments generated from the reaction precursor can penetrate the insulating paper and undergo deposition polymerization on the fiber surface, reducing molecular polarity, thereby comprehensively improving the both the surface and the bulk insulation properties of insulating paper.

oil-paper insulation  /  film deposition  /  plasma modification  /  dielectric barrier discharge
朱雷, 许洪华, 陈锐, 李勇, 许自强, 俞智鹏. 六甲基二硅氮烷添加DBD等离子体改性绝缘纸的性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (7) : 56 -66 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.007
Lei Zhu, Honghua Xu, Rui Chen, Yong Li, Ziqiang Xu, Zhipeng Yu. Study on performance of insulating paper modified by DBD plasma with hexamethyldisilazane[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (7) : 56 -66 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.007
油浸式变压器的稳定运行是高压输电系统发展的重要保障。油-纸绝缘系统作为一种典型的绝缘结构,被广泛用作变压器主绝缘,其稳定性直接影响着电力系统的安全运行[1]。目前,油-纸绝缘通常由纤维素绝缘纸和矿物油组成,由于绝缘纸的相对介电常数明显高于绝缘油,电场在油浸绝缘纸界面发生畸变,导致电荷在纸表面和内部积聚[2-5],油中的杂质会被极化并聚集在固-液界面处,可能引发闪络和击穿,从而造成绝缘故障。因此,提升油-纸绝缘系统的绝缘性能,对于降低灾难性故障风险,确保变压器可靠运行至关重要[6]
提高绝缘纸的性能是延缓油-纸系统绝缘性能下降的关键,因为绝缘油可以在变压器运行过程中循环使用,而绕组上缠绕的绝缘纸则难以更换[7-9]。研究者围绕绝缘纸的改性开展研究,通过多种技术提高其绝缘性能[10-15]。Mo Yang等[10]通过在纤维素分子上接枝八-(氨基苯基)-硅倍半氧烷和环氧氯丙烷,将绝缘纸在50 Hz频率下的相对介电常数从5.27降至4.28,但绝缘性能并未得到改善。Hou Wei等[11]使用柠檬酸(CA)和纤维素进行酯化交联,制备出一种新型绝缘纸,但这种方法产生的交联层不均匀,导致绝缘纸的机械强度降低。Huang Jianwen等[12]在纤维素浆中掺入了3种纳米纤维素,使交流和直流击穿强度分别提高了27.4%和21%,但纸的相对介电常数几乎没有变化。李彦青等[13]通过磁控溅射技术在绝缘纸板表面构筑了微纳结构Al2O3/PTFE的复合功能层,引入了大量深陷阱,使材料的击穿强度提高了15%。目前,通过烷基化、酯化、掺杂、磁控溅射等手段改性绝缘纸已取得显著成果,但由于绝缘纸应用场景复杂,协同提升其多种性能仍具有一定的挑战。
在材料改性领域,大气压低温等离子体表面处理技术因其可控性强、节能环保、工艺简单等优势受到越来越多的关注。低温等离子体能在材料表面引发物理和化学反应,改变材料的理化特性,提高表面性能。研究者在利用等离子体处理绝缘材料以提高表面性能方面已取得一定进展。Chen Sile等[16]用He/CF4等离子体处理环氧树脂表面,提高了表面粗糙度,并在表面接枝了含氟基团,从而使环氧树脂的闪络电压提高了30%~50%。Shao Tao等[17]通过NH3等离子处理将-NH2引入PMTA纤维,与纤维素形成氢键,从而提高了掺杂纸张的力学性能。近年来研究表明,利用低温等离子体薄膜沉积技术可通过添加反应媒质和控制运行条件,实现多种性能提升。Wang Ruixue等[18]在Ar放电等离子体中加入四乙氧基硅烷(TEOS),通过控制处理时间在环氧树脂表面沉积低极性无机硅氧薄膜,引入浅陷阱,加速电荷消散,提升了环氧树脂的表面电导和沿面耐压性能。Song Yijia等[19]使用射频电源与脉冲电源协同驱动Ar/六甲基二硅氮烷(HMDSN)等离子体处理玻璃,在样品表面沉积了高粗糙度的含硅薄膜并引入了Si-O-C和Si-CH3等憎水基团,使材料表面达到超憎水状态。综上所述,含硅媒质因其无毒无害的特点适用于绝缘材料表面改性,但目前等离子体改性多应用于致密绝缘材料,针对绝缘纸这类多孔结构材料的研究尚未见报道,处理条件、效果及相关机制仍不清晰。
本文提出利用低温等离子体薄膜沉积技术处理纤维素绝缘纸,研究处理条件与效果之间的关系,探究其绝缘性能提升的方法和机制。分别采用氩气和HMDSN作为放电工作气体和反应媒质,以纳秒脉冲电源驱动介质阻挡放电(DBD)用于薄膜沉积。在不同的媒质流速和处理时间下进行改性,评价绝缘纸及油-纸绝缘性能提升效果,并结合放电发射光谱诊断和表面物化特性分析,讨论绝缘纸多种性能增强的机制。
利用等离子体对绝缘纸进行表面处理,实验平台如图1所示。考虑到绝缘纸轻薄和平整的特征,采用平板DBD结构。实验在25℃下进行,高压电极和接地电极均为铜金属电极,放电间隙为7 mm,选用石英玻璃作为介质阻挡材料,上、下介质厚度均为1 mm。根据前期实验结果,为了实现均匀稳定的薄膜沉积,纳秒脉冲电源参数设置如下:脉冲电压为12 kV,重复频率为5 kHz,上升沿和下降沿均为100 ns,脉冲宽度为800 ns[20]。工作气体采用氩气,反应媒质采用HMDSN,其与薄膜沉积最常用的反应媒质六甲基二硅氧烷(HMDSO)结构相近,且支链上的含氮基团有利于提升薄膜的力学性能[21]。通过鼓泡法将HMDSN载入放电区域,采用质量流量计(D08-4F型)控制总气体(包括工作气体和反应媒质载气)流速为1.0 L/min[22]。放电电压和电流分别由高压探头(Tektronix P6139A型)和电流线圈(Pearson 4100型)测得,通过示波器(Tektronix TDS-3054c型)进行数据采集,在反应媒质载气流速为15 mL/min条件下得到的典型放电电压及电流波形和发光图像如图2所示。采用光谱仪(Ocean Optics HR4000CG型)测量发射光谱,光纤探头与放电区域距离为20 mm,曝光时间设置为1 s[23]
将厚度为0.12 mm的纤维素绝缘纸裁剪成直径为80 mm的圆形样片进行改性处理。采用克拉玛依25#矿物油浸渍绝缘纸,其介电常数为2.2。为了表征处理后的绝缘纸在油-纸绝缘中的性能,按以下流程对绝缘纸进行浸油处理:将绝缘油和绝缘纸在80℃、5 Pa的真空干燥器中脱水和脱气48 h,然后在相同条件下将绝缘纸在绝缘油中浸渍48 h,确保绝缘纸充分浸泡,最后将样品保存在真空环境中。
通过测量闪络电压对绝缘纸表面绝缘强度进行表征,实验在25℃环境下进行。测试电路由电压可调的交流电源供电,将两个半径为20 mm的指形电极分别压接于样品的高压电极和地电极侧,将电极间距调整为5 mm。以0.5 kV/s的速度升高电压,直至发生闪络,升压过程观察示波器判断闪络的发生。为了分析绝缘纸处理后表面绝缘性能变化的原因,搭建表面电位衰减测试平台,并根据实验结果计算表面陷阱电荷密度分布[24]。将样品放在作为接地电极的不锈钢平面上,使用直流电压为3 kV、针尖曲率半径为100 μm的针电极充电3 min,充电后将样品置于与静电电压表相连的探针下方2 mm处。通过测试相对介电常数、电气强度和局部放电,评价绝缘纸本体电气性能。在温度为25℃、相对湿度为45%的条件下,使用数字电桥(常州同惠电子TH2826型)测试相对介电常数。使用一对直径为25 mm的球形电极测量样品的交流击穿强度,升压幅值为0.5 kV/s。使用局部放电检测仪(武汉合众电气HZJF-124型)采集耦合电容产生的电信号,并记录局放数据。
使用电子拉伸试验机(深圳泰欣荣科技CMT6103型),参考GB/T 12914—2018测试绝缘纸的抗拉强度。样品尺寸为50 mm×10 mm×0.12 mm,在拉伸试验过程中,记录应力-应变曲线。
使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,ZEISS Ultra55型)观察样品表面和横截面的微观形貌。使用附带的能量色散光谱仪(EDS)进行点扫描,检测样品横截面不同位置的元素占比,从而分析纤维素绝缘纸内等离子活化产生的含硅沉积物的渗透深度。使用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR,PerkinElmer型)检测并分析绝缘处理前后的化学成分变化。
图3是不同处理条件下绝缘纸的表面形貌测试结果。从图3(a)可以看出,未处理绝缘纸表面的纤维交叠处会出现空隙,且呈现皱褶结构。从图3(b)可以看出,在添加少量媒质的情况下,可以观察到纳米级颗粒和微米级团块分散在纤维表面,但仍有部分基底裸露。从图3(c)可以看出,在过量添加媒质时,由于交联不充分而产生了孔隙和空洞。处理时间是另一个影响薄膜沉积效果的关键因素。从图3(d)~(f)可以看出,当处理时间从6 min缩短到4 min时,由于处理时间短,媒质碎片交联不充分,薄膜没有完全覆盖表面;当处理时间为8 min时,薄膜结构完整性会损坏,产生裂缝。综上,在媒质流速为15 mL/min、处理时间为6 min的条件下,表面纤维完全被致密薄膜覆盖,薄膜沉积效果最佳。
图4是绝缘纸的横截面形貌和EDS测试结果。从图4可以看出,在未处理的样品中检测到了0.6%的微量硅元素,这可能是生产工艺的原因[25-26]。由于绝缘纸呈疏松多孔结构,气体阻隔能力差,媒质碎片易渗透进入绝缘纸内部。等离子体处理后,在横截面I~V位置观察到的硅元素含量均超过了1%,这说明含硅基团已渗透到纸张内部。硅浓度从区域I的22.7%降至区域V的1.2%,表明渗透深度超过100 µm,这有助于提升纸张的本体性能。
图5对比了未处理与15 mL/min处理6 min后绝缘纸表面的红外光谱。从图5可以看出,经等离子体处理后,绝缘纸表面在波数为1 051 cm-1和851 cm-1处出现新的特征吸收峰,分别对应于Si-O-Si伸缩振动和Si-CHx弯曲振动。同时,在1 200~1 500 cm-1处观察到强度较弱的Si-CH3对称弯曲振动峰。而未处理绝缘纸表面极性基团(如-OH、C=O)的红外特征峰强度显著降低。上述结果表明等离子体处理过程中在绝缘纸表面沉积了类聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)薄膜,该薄膜覆盖了原有极性基团并成功引入含硅官能团(如Si-O-Si、Si-CHx)。这种化学结构的转变可有效提升绝缘纸的电气性能[27]
等离子体处理改变了绝缘纸物理形貌和化学成分,进而影响力学性能,因此对改性前后绝缘纸的应力-应变特性进行测试,结果如图6所示。从图6可以看出,经等离子体处理后的绝缘纸可承受的最大应力达到146.0 MPa,比未处理的118.6 MPa提高了23.1%,处理后的绝缘纸最大应变可达到7.7%,比未处理的5.8%提高了32.7%,说明等离子体处理能够显著增强绝缘纸的力学性能。这是由于媒质活化产生的碎片进入绝缘纸内部,并在纤维素之间发生交联聚合,增加了纤维素之间的连接点,填补了纸张内部的孔隙,应力被有效分散,从而使得绝缘纸所能承受的应力提升。此外,沉积的含硅薄膜在纤维素分子链之间或表面形成新的交联结构,填平了绝缘纸表面孔隙,消除了易引发断裂的缺陷。当受到拉力时,更多的分子链共同承担形变,并且在断裂前经历更长时间的拉伸变形,因此绝缘纸应变提高。
薄膜沉积会改变绝缘纸表面物理形貌和化学成分,从而影响绝缘性能。媒质流速和处理时间对绝缘纸沿面耐压性能的影响规律如图7所示。从图7(a)可以看出,未处理绝缘纸的闪络电压为7.6 kV,随着媒质流速的增加,闪络电压呈现先升高后降低的趋势。当媒质流速为15 mL/min时,闪络电压提升效果最显著,达到10.2 kV,比未处理高34.2%。从图7(b)可以看出,当媒质流速为15 mL/min、处理时间为6 min时,闪络电压最高。
为进一步探究沿面耐压性能变化的原因,测量不同条件改性后绝缘纸的表面电位衰减曲线,得到陷阱能级的变化如图8所示。从图8(a)可以看出,随着媒质流速的增加,陷阱能级呈现先升高后降低的趋势。当媒质流速为15 mL/min时,陷阱能级提升效果最显著,超过0.92 eV,此时陷阱电荷的密度由1.8 C/m2上升到3.3 C/m2,上升了83.3%。从图8(b)可以看出,随着处理时间增加,样品的陷阱能级先升高后降低,在处理6 min时达到最高。
结合表面陷阱能级及物化特性变化分析表面绝缘性能提升的原因。在媒质流速为15 mL/min、处理时间为6 min的条件下,表面绝缘性能的提升最为显著。这是由于等离子体处理后,绝缘纸表面覆盖了一层致密的薄膜(图3(e)),抑制原有的间隙和褶皱结构引起的局部电场畸变和电荷积聚[28]。与此同时,等离子体处理后样品表面引入深陷阱,可以有效减少电子迁移,进一步抑制沿面闪络。此外,适当的媒质流速和处理时间对绝缘性能的提升起着关键作用。如果媒质添加不足,媒质碎片化产生的活性分子不能完全覆盖绝缘纸的表面,从而存在裸露的纤维素绝缘纸基底。媒质过量添加则会导致HMDSN活化不充分,从而形成孔隙和空洞结构,如图3(c)所示。处理时间较短时的情况与媒质添加不足时的结果相似,而处理时间过长会在绝缘纸表面产生裂缝,引发局部电场畸变,降低表面绝缘性能。
图9给出了不同处理条件对绝缘纸体绝缘性能的影响。从图9可以看出,与闪络电压的变化类似,随着媒质流速和处理时间的增加,击穿强度呈先增大后减小的趋势,在媒质流速为15 mL/min、处理时间为6 min时,击穿强度达到最大值25 kV/mm,比未处理时的20 kV/mm高25.0%。结合EDS测试结果(图4)可知,击穿强度的提高是由于碎裂的HMDSN分子在纸张内部沉积,增强了界面区域的结合强度和交联程度。
在长期运行过程中,局部放电可能会导致绝缘失效。绝缘纸处理前后的局部放电特征如图10表1所示。从表1可以看出,未处理绝缘纸的局部放电总次数为9 747次,平均放电量为16.5 pC。在媒质流速为15 mL/min下处理6 min后,总放电次数减少到271次,平均放电量减少到10.2 pC,表明局部放电抑制效果显著。对于未处理绝缘纸,一方面因具有大量孔隙结构,其在高压下击穿导致局部放电;另一方面,纤维素结构存在-OH,导致绝缘纸内部具有大量氢键,其在强电场的作用下易发生极化,增强材料对电场的响应,产生局部放电。等离子体处理后,表面-OH消失,界面区域的氢键减少,抑制强电场下的转向运动。与此同时,穿透绝缘纸的低极性含硅基团使得结构更加密集,减少内部的空隙。在上述物理形貌和化学成分两方面的共同作用下,绝缘纸局部放电得到显著抑制。
利用最优条件(媒质流速为15 mL/min,处理时间为6 min)处理后的绝缘纸制备油-纸绝缘,其性能测试结果如图11所示。从图11可以看出,未处理的绝缘纸经绝缘油浸渍后的闪络电压和击穿强度分别为9.3 kV和26.5 kV/mm,与未浸油的绝缘纸(闪络电压和击穿强度分别为7.6 kV和20.0 kV/mm)相比,分别提高了18.3%和24.5%。表明浸渍绝缘油可以提高纸张的绝缘性能,这是因为油可以填充纸张内部的孔隙,排出多余的空气、杂质和水分[29]。对于先经等离子体处理、再浸油处理后的绝缘纸,随着媒质流速和处理时间的增加,其闪络电压和击穿强度都呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,这与未浸油绝缘纸的改性效果相似。经最优条件等离子体处理且浸油后,绝缘纸的闪络电压和击穿强度分别达到12.3 kV和32.0 kV/mm,相较于未经等离子体处理且未浸油的绝缘纸分别提高了38.2%和37.5%。值得注意的是,对于未浸油的绝缘纸,经最优条件等离子处理后的闪络电压(10.2 kV)和击穿强度(25.5 kV/mm)相较于等离子体处理前(闪络电压分和击穿强度分别为7.6 kV和20.0 kV/mm)分别提高了25.5%和20.0%;而对于油浸绝缘纸,经最优条件等离子体处理后绝缘纸的闪络电压(12.3kV)和击穿强度(32.0 kV/mm)相较于未经等离子体处理的绝缘纸(闪络电压和击穿强度分别为9.3 kV和26.5 kV/mm)分别提高了24.4%和17.2%。这说明浸油后绝缘纸的绝缘性能提升幅度相对于等离子体处理提升的幅度有所下降,这与油-纸绝缘匹配直接相关,其机制将在下文进一步探讨。
本文研究结果表明,Ar/HMDSN等离子体能够改变纤维素绝缘纸表面物理形貌和化学成分,在不影响纸张整体性能的情况下实现多种性能的提升。本节结合发射光谱、物化特性和改性效果的关系讨论绝缘纸性能提升的原因。
由上文研究结果可知,反应媒质流速对改性效果有直接影响,这与放电过程中产生的活性粒子强度密切相关。图12是不同媒质流速下的主要活性粒子强度。
图12可以看出,以Ar为例,当媒质流速由5 mL/min增加到15 mL/min时,活性粒子Ar(772.04 nm)的光谱强度由4.8×104 a.u.增加到5.8×104 a.u.,增加了20.8%,这表明少量的媒质添加可以促进放电,而随着媒质流速继续增加,光谱强度下降,这说明过量的添加会抑制放电。这是由于在媒质流速较低时,HMDSN分子会与高能电子及亚稳态粒子作用发生彭宁电离,导致等离子体中电子数增加,粒子活性增强。但由于低流速下放电空间媒质含量较低,媒质碎裂产生的活性分子无法完全覆盖绝缘纸的表面,导致出现裸露的绝缘纸基底。反之,当媒质流速较高时,产生的HMDSN分子碎片过多,大量高能电子被分子碎片吸附,对放电产生抑制作用,粒子活性降低,媒质分子活化不充分,导致形成孔隙和空洞结构[30]。值得注意的是,尽管反应媒质中并不包含-OH,但光谱中检测到了-OH,并且其强度受媒质流速显著影响。这主要源于两方面:其一,空气中存在的微量H2O在强电场作用下发生解离,产生-OH自由基;其二,绝缘纸本体纤维素分子结构中富含大量的-OH基团,其在等离子体高能粒子作用下发生化学键断裂,形成自由基团进入到放电空间[31]。这些活性-OH基团参与放电等离子体引发的复杂物理化学过程,并且当放电强度增强时,等离子体内部及绝缘纸表面反应越剧烈,-OH光谱强度越高。当媒质流速为15 mL/min时,其光谱强度达到最大值。
油-纸绝缘系统的内部电场分布及其绝缘性能取决于绝缘纸和油的介电常数匹配效果。未经等离子体处理和经15 mL/min媒质流速处理6 min的绝缘纸浸油后在不同频率下的介电性能测试结果如图13所示。
图13(a)可以看出,在工频下,未处理绝缘纸浸油后的相对介电常数为4.2,比绝缘油的相对介电常数2.2高约90%,这表明二者之间的介电性能不匹配。经过等离子体处理的绝缘纸浸油后的相对介电常数降低至2.7,比未处理降低了35.7%,提升了油、纸介电性能的匹配效果。未处理绝缘纸含有-OH等高极性基团,使得分子在外部电场作用下容易移动,从而导致相对介电常数较高[32];经过等离子体处理后,绝缘纸表面会沉积一层致密的类PDMS薄膜,这层薄膜由低极性的Si-O键高度交联而成。硅碎片穿透绝缘纸表面进入内部,与纤维素分子结合,降低了分子极性,使得绝缘纸介电常数减小。介质损耗因数是评价材料绝缘性能的重要指标,从图13(b)可以看出,在工频下,未处理绝缘纸浸油后的介质损耗因数为0.21,而等离子体处理绝缘纸浸油后的介质损耗因数降至0.16。
在油-纸绝缘系统中,一方面,在油穿过图3(e)所示薄膜填充纸张内部孔隙的过程中,由于改性薄膜分子极性较低,与绝缘油相容性更好,润湿更充分,加之油、纸介电常数匹配效果的提升,使固-液界面的电场畸变程度减弱,抑制了电荷积累,阻碍了界面分子的运动,降低了界面极化和介质损耗因数。图14为等离子体处理前后绝缘纸浸油后的电场分布仿真结果。
图14可以看出,绝缘纸经等离子体处理后,油-纸绝缘系统的电场分布均匀性增强,局部电场畸变得到有效缓解,从而提高了击穿强度与闪络电压。这说明等离子体处理后的绝缘纸与绝缘油介电常数匹配性更佳。
另一方面,含硅媒质因其无毒无害的特点适用于材料表面改性,在添加HMDSN媒质后,放电产生的自由电子、激发态Ar原子等高能粒子与HMDSN分子碰撞使其发生解离及电离反应,形成 (CH3)3SiNH+、Si(CH3)3和Si(OSi)4等大分子碎片,这些分子碎片进一步发生聚合反应,并在到达绝缘纸后沉积形成薄膜,部分反应如式(1)~(5)所示[33]
2CH33SiNH+OHNH2SiCH32OSiCH32+2CH3+NH
CH33SiNHSiCH32++OHCH33SiOSiCH32NH2+
    SiNSi+3SiO+H2O    SiOSi4+NH2
(CH3)3SiNHSi(CH3)3+e(CH3)3SiNHSi(CH3)2++CH3+2e
Ar++CH33SiNHSiCH33CH33SiNH++SiCH33
与一般含硅反应媒质不同的是,HMDSN支链上提供的氨基基团可形成大量氢键,从而提升绝缘纸及其表面薄膜的力学性能[21]。上述两方面共同作用使得油-纸绝缘性能提升效果较之单纯绝缘纸更为显著。
本文通过Ar/HMDSN等离子体对纤维素绝缘纸进行表面处理,通过改变媒质流速和处理时间等运行条件参数,实现绝缘纸多种性能提升,主要结论如下:
(1)采用Ar/HMDSN等离子体处理绝缘纸时,绝缘纸的绝缘性能和力学性能随媒质流速和处理时间均呈先升高后下降的变化规律,当媒质流速为15 mL/min、处理时间为6 min时,达到最优改性效果,绝缘纸的闪络电压提高了34.2%,击穿强度提高了25.0%,力学性能提高了23.1%。
(2)HMDSN媒质分子在等离子体中碎片化过程中形成Si-O-Si和Si-CHx等低极性分子碎片,可在绝缘纸表面形成致密薄膜的同时,穿透绝缘纸孔隙并在内部纤维结构上沉积聚合,实现绝缘纸表面和本体性能的提升。
(3)在最优处理条件下,绝缘纸工频相对介电常数比未处理降低了35.7%,提升了绝缘纸与绝缘油介电性能的匹配程度,所制备的油-纸绝缘系统闪络电压和击穿强度相较于绝缘纸未处理时的油-纸绝缘分别提高了24.4%和17.2%。

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2026年第59卷第7期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.07.007
  • 接收时间:2025-07-09
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-09
  • 修回日期:2025-08-22
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    国网江苏省电力有限公司南京供电分公司,江苏 南京 210000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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