Article(id=1304921750089785649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921686403474081, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761235200000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-24, revisedDate=1769270400000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047189495, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1781884800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047189495, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047189495, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047189495, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921686403474081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781884800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047174311, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118019323, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218831971021057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921686403474081, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218831971021058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921686403474081, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=177, endPage=188, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921750257557810, articleId=1304921750089785649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Polarization and breakdown characteristics of Nomex paper-fluorocarbon low-dielectric composite insulation, columnId=null, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming to address the challenges in composite insulation, low dielectric constant and loss in high-voltage, high-frequency transformers, this paper aims to investigate the dielectric and breakdown characteristics of a novel composite insulation material composed of fluorocarbon (FC-40) and insulation paper. Firstly, the basic physico-chemical properties of the fluorocarbon were studied, and a Nomex paper-fluorocarbon composite insulation sample was prepared by fully vacuum impregnating Nomex paper with the fluorocarbon. The dielectric and breakdown properties of the composite insulation were investigated using a broadband dielectric spectroscopy system under high-temperature and high-pressure and an AC/DC breakdown testing platform, combined with the Havriliak-Negami (H-N) relaxation distribution model. The results indicate that the Nomex paper-fluorocarbon composite insulation exhibits weak interfacial polarization, leading to a negligible increase in the imaginary part of the dielectric constant in the low-frequency range. The high-frequency relaxation peak shifts to higher frequencies as the temperature increases. Both the permittivity and dielectric loss of the Nomex paper-fluorocarbon composite insulation are significantly lower than those of conventional oil-paper insulation. The AC and DC breakdown strengths of the Nomex pa-per-fluorocarbon composite insulation are substantially higher than those of pure fluorocarbon, and are comparable to those of conventional oil-paper composite insulation. Overall, the Nomex paper-fluorocarbon composite insulation exhibits low permittivity, low dielectric loss, excellent breakdown performance, and high stability, making it a promising candidate for applications in the insulation system of high-frequency power electronic devices.

, authors=Changshen LI1, Weiwang WANG1, *, Zhaopeng WANG1, Shihao FAN1, Peishi YANG1, Chi ZHANG1, Yongsheng XU2, Mingli FU2, authorsList=Changshen LI, Weiwang WANG, Zhaopeng WANG, Shihao FAN, Peishi YANG, Chi ZHANG, Yongsheng XU, Mingli FU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weiwang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921753218736465, articleId=1304921750089785649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=Nomex纸-氟碳化合物低介电复合绝缘介质极化与击穿特性, columnId=null, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对高压高频变压器在复合绝缘、低介电与损耗等方面的挑战,本文旨在研究一种基于氟碳化合物(FC-40)-绝缘纸的新型复合绝缘材料的介电与击穿特性。首先研究了氟碳化合物的基本理化特性,并通过与Nomex绝缘纸真空充分浸渍,制备Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘试样。采用高温高压宽带介电谱系统和交直流击穿测试平台,结合Havriliak-Negami(H-N)松弛分布介电响应模型研究复合绝缘的介电特性和击穿特性。结果表明:Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘中引入的界面极化较弱,低频段介电常数虚部增加不明显,高频段松弛峰随温度升高向高频移动。Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘的介电常数和介电损耗显著低于传统油纸绝缘。Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘的交直流电气强度显著高于纯氟碳化合物,与油纸复合绝缘的交直流电气强度相近。综上,Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘具有低介电常数、低介电损耗、优异的击穿性能和稳定性,有望应用于高压高频变压器绝缘系统。

, authors=李长深1, 王威望1, *, 王钊鹏1, 范仕豪1, 杨佩诗1, 张弛1, 徐永生2, 傅明利2, authorsList=李长深, 王威望, 王钊鹏, 范仕豪, 杨佩诗, 张弛, 徐永生, 傅明利, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王威望, authorNote=

李长深(2001-),男(汉族),安徽芜湖人,硕士生,主要从事高频变压器硅橡胶绝缘性能提升与机理方面的工作

, correspAuthorsNote=
王威望(1987-),男(汉族),陕西咸阳人,副教授,博士,主要从事绝缘介质理论与应用、高频磁件设计与绝缘可靠性的研究。
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李长深(2001-),男(汉族),安徽芜湖人,硕士生,主要从事高频变压器硅橡胶绝缘性能提升与机理方面的工作

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李长深(2001-),男(汉族),安徽芜湖人,硕士生,主要从事高频变压器硅橡胶绝缘性能提升与机理方面的工作

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(a) 放大100倍 (b) 放大300倍

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Test results for the fluidity of different liquids

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种类液体流动时间/s
11.06
氟碳化合物12.11
矿物油59.91
天然酯60.28
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不同液体流动性测试结果

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种类液体流动时间/s
11.06
氟碳化合物12.11
矿物油59.91
天然酯60.28
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H-N Fitting results of Nomex paper-fluorocarbon composite insulation

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温度/℃电导率/(S/m)ε介电弛豫A介电弛豫B介电弛豫C
极化强度松弛时间/s极化强度松弛时间/s极化强度松弛时间/s
01.05×10-132.430.051.59×1020.1203.98×10-30.1686.37×10-5
202.10×10-132.440.193.98×1010.1272.65×10-30.1691.14×10-5
403.01×10-132.450.301.59×1010.1351.59×10-30.1692.89×10-6
606.20×10-132.450.355.310.1407.96×10-40.1691.06×10-6
801.21×10-122.450.432.270.1607.96×10-40.1693.98×10-7
1001.22×10-122.450.431.990.1605.31×10-40.2001.98×10-7
1202.45×10-122.420.412.120.2005.31×10-40.2701.32×10-7
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Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘H-N模型拟合结果

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温度/℃电导率/(S/m)ε介电弛豫A介电弛豫B介电弛豫C
极化强度松弛时间/s极化强度松弛时间/s极化强度松弛时间/s
01.05×10-132.430.051.59×1020.1203.98×10-30.1686.37×10-5
202.10×10-132.440.193.98×1010.1272.65×10-30.1691.14×10-5
403.01×10-132.450.301.59×1010.1351.59×10-30.1692.89×10-6
606.20×10-132.450.355.310.1407.96×10-40.1691.06×10-6
801.21×10-122.450.432.270.1607.96×10-40.1693.98×10-7
1001.22×10-122.450.431.990.1605.31×10-40.2001.98×10-7
1202.45×10-122.420.412.120.2005.31×10-40.2701.32×10-7
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Nomex纸-氟碳化合物低介电复合绝缘介质极化与击穿特性
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李长深 1 , 王威望 1, * , 王钊鹏 1 , 范仕豪 1 , 杨佩诗 1 , 张弛 1 , 徐永生 2 , 傅明利 2
绝缘材料 | 2026,59(6): 177-188
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绝缘材料 | 2026 , 59 (6) : 177 -188
Nomex纸-氟碳化合物低介电复合绝缘介质极化与击穿特性
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李长深1, 王威望1, *, 王钊鹏1, 范仕豪1, 杨佩诗1, 张弛1, 徐永生2, 傅明利2
作者信息
  • 1西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 2南方电网科学研究院有限责任公司,广东 广州 510080
通讯作者:
王威望(1987-),男(汉族),陕西咸阳人,副教授,博士,主要从事绝缘介质理论与应用、高频磁件设计与绝缘可靠性的研究。
作者简介:

李长深(2001-),男(汉族),安徽芜湖人,硕士生,主要从事高频变压器硅橡胶绝缘性能提升与机理方面的工作

Polarization and breakdown characteristics of Nomex paper-fluorocarbon low-dielectric composite insulation
Changshen LI1, Weiwang WANG1, *, Zhaopeng WANG1, Shihao FAN1, Peishi YANG1, Chi ZHANG1, Yongsheng XU2, Mingli FU2
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
  • 2CSG Electric Power Research Institute, Guangzhou 510080, China
出版时间: 2026-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.018
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针对高压高频变压器在复合绝缘、低介电与损耗等方面的挑战,本文旨在研究一种基于氟碳化合物(FC-40)-绝缘纸的新型复合绝缘材料的介电与击穿特性。首先研究了氟碳化合物的基本理化特性,并通过与Nomex绝缘纸真空充分浸渍,制备Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘试样。采用高温高压宽带介电谱系统和交直流击穿测试平台,结合Havriliak-Negami(H-N)松弛分布介电响应模型研究复合绝缘的介电特性和击穿特性。结果表明:Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘中引入的界面极化较弱,低频段介电常数虚部增加不明显,高频段松弛峰随温度升高向高频移动。Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘的介电常数和介电损耗显著低于传统油纸绝缘。Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘的交直流电气强度显著高于纯氟碳化合物,与油纸复合绝缘的交直流电气强度相近。综上,Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘具有低介电常数、低介电损耗、优异的击穿性能和稳定性,有望应用于高压高频变压器绝缘系统。

氟碳化合物  /  Nomex纸  /  介电  /  击穿  /  界面极化  /  损耗

Aiming to address the challenges in composite insulation, low dielectric constant and loss in high-voltage, high-frequency transformers, this paper aims to investigate the dielectric and breakdown characteristics of a novel composite insulation material composed of fluorocarbon (FC-40) and insulation paper. Firstly, the basic physico-chemical properties of the fluorocarbon were studied, and a Nomex paper-fluorocarbon composite insulation sample was prepared by fully vacuum impregnating Nomex paper with the fluorocarbon. The dielectric and breakdown properties of the composite insulation were investigated using a broadband dielectric spectroscopy system under high-temperature and high-pressure and an AC/DC breakdown testing platform, combined with the Havriliak-Negami (H-N) relaxation distribution model. The results indicate that the Nomex paper-fluorocarbon composite insulation exhibits weak interfacial polarization, leading to a negligible increase in the imaginary part of the dielectric constant in the low-frequency range. The high-frequency relaxation peak shifts to higher frequencies as the temperature increases. Both the permittivity and dielectric loss of the Nomex paper-fluorocarbon composite insulation are significantly lower than those of conventional oil-paper insulation. The AC and DC breakdown strengths of the Nomex pa-per-fluorocarbon composite insulation are substantially higher than those of pure fluorocarbon, and are comparable to those of conventional oil-paper composite insulation. Overall, the Nomex paper-fluorocarbon composite insulation exhibits low permittivity, low dielectric loss, excellent breakdown performance, and high stability, making it a promising candidate for applications in the insulation system of high-frequency power electronic devices.

fluorocarbon  /  Nomex paper  /  dielectric  /  breakdown  /  interfacial polarization  /  loss
李长深, 王威望, 王钊鹏, 范仕豪, 杨佩诗, 张弛, 徐永生, 傅明利. Nomex纸-氟碳化合物低介电复合绝缘介质极化与击穿特性. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (6) : 177 -188 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.018
Changshen LI, Weiwang WANG, Zhaopeng WANG, Shihao FAN, Peishi YANG, Chi ZHANG, Yongsheng XU, Mingli FU. Polarization and breakdown characteristics of Nomex paper-fluorocarbon low-dielectric composite insulation[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (6) : 177 -188 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.018
新型电力系统的不断发展,对供电可靠性与稳定性提出了日益严格的要求[1-2]。高压大容量电力电子变压器(PET)是未来配电网电能传输、电压变换与电能灵活调节的关键设备,其可靠运行直接决定了电能转换与传输的稳定性[3-4]。隔离性高压高频变压器是PET的关键部件,需要承受高频陡脉冲、高温等复杂工况,给其绝缘和散热带来严峻挑战[5]。传统工频电力变压器的油纸复合绝缘体系具有较高的绝缘性能,并可进行有效散热。然而,高压高频变压器损耗大、温升高(可达100℃),传统的纤维素纸耐温低,需要研究耐高温绝缘纸以替代传统纤维素化,如具有高频绝缘性能的Nomex纸。另外,传统变压器绝缘油低频损耗大、介电常数高,不适用于高频变压器低介电、低损耗的要求[6]。此外,传统变压器绝缘油存在老化产气、不环保等问题。因此,面向未来大容量高压高频变压器的设计与应用需求,需要研究兼顾绝缘与散热、低介电、低损耗的新型固-液复合绝缘材料体系。
在传统油纸绝缘介电特性研究方面,多数研究指出油纸绝缘介电特性呈现出显著的频率和温度依赖性[7-8]。Nomex绝缘纸在高温下能保持各项性能稳定,被广泛应用于各类对温度要求较高的变压器中[9]。有学者研究发现温度对低频下Nomex绝缘纸的介电谱存在较大影响,在老化温度高于160℃时其介电常数显著增大[10]。在油浸Nomex绝缘纸介电性能方面,包艳艳等[11]发现变压器油浸Nomex绝缘纸试样在全频段的介质损耗随热老化程度的增加明显增大,试样内部浅陷阱密度也增大,多层油浸纸绝缘的介质损耗明显大于单层油浸纸。但由于电介质理论体系尚不完善和缺乏完整的解释方法,目前对油纸绝缘频域介电谱(FDS)曲线的构成、微观机制和频谱特征参数的认识仍显不足。特别是在新型环保型Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合材料中,仍缺乏介电频谱特征与微观机制的研究和分析。
在油纸绝缘击穿特性方面,国内外学者多聚焦于交流、直流和交直流叠加电压形式下的放电行为。其中,J S RAJAN等[12-13]研究指出,油纸绝缘的交流击穿电压<直流叠加交流击穿电压<直流击穿电压。李盛涛等[14]则发现油纸绝缘击穿电压在交流1 kHz频率以下会随频率升高而下降。R S S TULASI等[15]则发现,交直流复合电场中直流分量比例的增加,会导致油纸绝缘击穿电压下降。尽管现有研究对典型电压形式下油纸绝缘的击穿特性研究较为深入,但固-液复合绝缘的电场分布特性与绝缘失效机理仍不明确。此外,电-热应力耦合条件下固-液复合绝缘的击穿损伤机理仍需进一步研究。
氟碳化合物绝缘液体是一种氟原子取代碳氢化合物中氢原子得到的高性能合成液体,其具有良好的绝缘性能与散热性能、低介电特性、优异的化学和热稳定性,且不易燃爆、绿色环保,被广泛应用于数据中心服务器浸没式冷却、电子元器件浸没冷却与中高压电气设备中[16]。在电气绝缘领域,氟碳化合物制冷剂(FC-72)沸腾会降低绝缘局部放电的起始电压,而非均匀电场会驱使FC-72蒸汽气泡远离强电场区域,从而抑制绝缘材料的放电劣化进程[17]。牛文豪等[18]发现氟碳介质击穿电压突变的热流密度阈值与表面过热度T的极值点,可作为表征击穿电压突变的特征值。另有研究指出氟碳化合物可同时承担绝缘和冷却的双重功能[19]。上述研究表明氟碳化合物具有较大的应用潜力,然而目前国内外对氟碳化合物,尤其是与纸形成的复合绝缘的特性研究仍相对缺乏。
基于此,本文选择低介电、高沸点的氟碳化合物液体(FC-40),与具备耐高温和优异电气性能的Nomex绝缘纸进行真空浸渍处理,构成Nomex纸-氟碳化合物固-液复合绝缘体系,研究复合绝缘在宽频条件下的介电特性与击穿性能,进一步揭示其介电与击穿规律。研究将有助于推动氟碳化合物在高性能复合绝缘系统中的应用,对高压高频变压器绝缘设计和长期运行可靠性具有重要意义。
采用较高工作温度的氟碳化合物液体Fluorinert FC-40,美国3M公司生产。选用间位芳纶纤维Nomex T410型绝缘纸,厚度为0.13 mm,美国杜邦(DuPont)公司生产。
选取两片滤纸置于漏斗中,并将漏斗放于抽滤瓶上端,抽滤瓶另一端连接真空泵并打开。将绝缘液体通过漏斗缓慢倒入抽滤瓶中,以滤除直径大于2.5 μm的颗粒状杂质。倾倒完后,选取磁子放入抽滤瓶中,堵上抽滤瓶并打开加热磁力搅拌器,设定转速为500 r/min,在50 Pa、80℃条件下对绝缘液体预处理12 h,得到含水量不超过20 μL/L的绝缘液体。将Nomex纸裁剪成尺寸为5 cm×5 cm的正方形,并置于鼓风式高温干燥箱内,在50 Pa、105℃的环境下干燥48 h,随后将绝缘纸在室温环境继续静置24 h,得到水分含量不超过0.2%的Nomex绝缘纸。
完成绝缘液体和绝缘纸的预处理工作后,选取适量绝缘纸放入真空浸渍容器内,随后注入绝缘液体并抽真空至50 Pa,将温度升至100℃,在此环境下放置24 h,随后在室温环境下继续放置48 h,制得Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘试样,制备流程如图1所示。
采用VE-9800S型扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和bx51型偏光显微镜(PLM)对纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘试样的微观结构进行表征。采用IN10+IZ10型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)对纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘试样的分子结构和官能团情况进行表征。采用ATR全反射模式,扫描波数为400~8 000 cm-1,扫描分辨率≤0.4 cm-1,空间分辨率≤10 cm-1。采用831型简易黏度计对不同液体黏度进行测试。
采用电导测试仪对纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘试样的电导特性进行测试,采用球板电极,测试面积为78.5 mm2,测试温度范围为20~100℃,测试电压设置为1 kV。
采用NovoControl Concept 80型宽频介电谱仪对纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘试样的介电性能进行测试,测试温度设置为0~120℃,测试频率设置为10-1~106 Hz,测试温度间隔20℃,施加有效值为1 V的交流电压,测试前对复合绝缘试样两端分别喷镀直径为30 mm和40 mm的金电极。
采用HJC-100kV型击穿试验仪对纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘试样开展交、直流击穿测试,测试系统由电源、电极和数据采集系统三部分构成。电源输入220 kV工频交流电,经变压或整流可输出0~100 kV的交、直流电。电极采用直径为25 mm的球球电极,升压速率设置为1 kV/s。测试系统浸没在变压器油中防止表面闪络,每种试样至少测试15个击穿点。
氟碳化合物是一类由碳和氟构成的全氟化物,其分子中氢原子被氟原子完全取代,不同类型的氟碳化合物具有不同的工作温度范围,图2展示了不同氟碳化合物的工作温度范围。变压器正常运行的最低工作温度限定为-25℃。具有较高工作温度的FC-40、FC-43氟碳化合物更为契合应用需求。
FC-40氟碳化合物因其独特的化学分子结构而具备独特性质与显著优势,其结构如图3所示。该分子中含有大量碳-氟键和氟原子,碳-氟键的高键能、氟原子的屏蔽保护效应和低极化率,赋予其优异的化学稳定性、热稳定性、电绝缘性和低挥发性。表1列出了不同液体流动性测试结果,可以看到氟碳化合物的滴落时间与水的差异较小,具有高流动性。
对Nomex纸与氟碳化合物的浸渍性进行测试,选取5个试样进行平行测试。将Nomex纸试样剪裁为10 cm×10 cm的规格,干燥后称重,随后进行浸渍处理。浸渍完成后,擦除表面多余液体,再次对试样进行称重。定义两次称重的质量差值与干燥绝缘纸的比值为吸油率。图4为Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘与传统油纸绝缘吸油率对比,计算得到Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘的吸油率平均值为63.0%,而传统油纸绝缘的吸油率平均值为50.8%,表明Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘浸渍性优于传统油纸绝缘。
Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘扫描电镜结果如图5所示。从图5可以看出,Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘中存在较多不同直径大小的纤维,纤维整体分布均匀,无大面积团聚或稀疏区域,彼此之间相互连接密切,较多细小纤维弯曲交错连接,单根纤维表面光滑且直径均匀,氟碳化合物均匀填充于纤维网络间,形成无明显孔隙、裂纹的平整表面。
采用bx51型偏光显微镜(PLM)对Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘的微观结构进行观察,结果如图6所示。由图6可知,Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘呈现连续且致密的纤维结构,纤维交叉点之间的孔隙被氟碳化合物填充,单根芳纶纤维表面覆盖一层均匀的氟碳化合物油膜,形成大量固-液复合绝缘界面,材料整体浸渍充分。
Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘的傅里叶红外光谱测试结果如图7所示。
图7可知,波数为3 300 cm-1附近对应羟基(-OH)的吸收峰,波数为2 900 cm-1附近对应醛基(-CHO)的吸收峰,波数为1 730 cm-1附近对应羰基(-C=O)的吸收峰,波数为1 420 cm-1附近对应羧酸基(-COO)的特征吸收区域,以及波数为1 170 cm-1附近对应醚基(C-O-C)的吸收峰。此外,由于氟碳化合物中广泛存在C-F键,在1 200~1 300 cm-1的波数范围内呈现出较为复杂的吸收峰。
图8为Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘电导率与温度的关系。从图8可以看出,在40℃后,Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘的电导率随着温度升高急剧上升。由于Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘的电导服从跳跃电导模型[20],其电导率(γ)可表示为式(1)。
γ=nμqe=nqe2a2vATE6kBTe-ETkBT
式(1)中:n为单位体积载流子数;μ为载流子迁移率,m/(V·s);qe为载流子电荷量,C;a为电荷跳跃距离,m;νATE为载流子迁移速率;ET为载流子跳跃所需克服的势垒高度,eV;kB为玻尔兹曼常数,其值为1.38×10-23 J/K;T为绝对温度,K。
在温度上升至40℃后,温度升高会减弱氟碳化合物和Nomex纸分子之间的相互作用,单位体积载流子数增多,且纸内的孔隙结构发生变化,为载流子迁移提供更畅通的通道,载流子迁移受到的阻力减小,载流子迁移率增大。同时,温度升高会增加载流子迁移速率和促进载流子跳跃。因此结合式(1)可知,温度升高后Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘的电导率快速上升。
不同温度下Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘的交流电导率如图9所示。从图9可以看出,随着频率的增大,Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘的交流电导率不断增大。复合绝缘的交流电导率在低频范围与高频范围存在明显的温度依赖关系,在低频段,交流电导率随着温度的升高不断升高;而在高频段,交流电导率随着温度的升高呈现先增后减的趋势,且在60℃具有最大交流电导率。
图10为氟碳化合物介电响应测试结果。由图10(a)可知,在温度恒定的条件下,氟碳化合物的相对介电常数随频率的变化并不显著。而随着温度的升高,氟碳化合物的相对介电常数逐渐减小,呈现出负的温度依赖性。这一现象可归因于氟碳化合物分子固有偶极矩较小,极化机制主要依赖于电子位移极化和原子位移极化,而偶极极化等极化机制的贡献相对较小[21]。温度较低时,电子位移极化占主导;当温度升高时,分子热运动加剧,导致分子中电子和原子核的相对位置分布更加无序,对上述极化机制产生一定的抑制作用,且氟碳化合物体积发生膨胀,单位体积内的极化基团数量减少,共同作用导致极化程度降低,表现为相对介电常数不断减小。尽管如此,氟碳化合物的相对介电常数变化幅度较小,在120℃高温下,其相对介电常数相较0℃时的1.95稍降低至1.80附近,表现出优异的温度稳定性。
图10(b)可知,氟碳化合物在较宽的温度与频率范围内,尤其是在高频范围内,展现出极低的介电损耗特性,其介电损耗因子(tanδ)低至10-4数量级以下。在频率为10-1~103 Hz范围内,tanδ快速下降;在频率103~106 Hz范围内,tanδ缓慢下降。进一步地,随着温度的逐步上升,分子热运动因获得更高能量而加剧,从而导致tanδ呈现递增趋势,且tanδ曲线近似整体向高频方向移动。然而,实验室设备可靠测量精度限制了测试,导致此区间内的数据可能存在一定的不确定性。
氟碳化合物的介电损耗主要由电导损耗和松弛极化损耗构成,由两种损耗贡献的介电损耗与频率和温度的关系服从式(2)。
tanδω,T=σ'ω,T+gω,T/ωε0εr
式(2)中:ω为角频率;σ'(ω,T)为交流电导率;g(ω,T)为介质松弛极化损耗的等效电导率;ε0为真空介电常数;εr为相对介电常数。
在一定频率下,当温度较低时,松弛极化损耗占主导地位,因此氟碳化合物的介电损耗较小。随着温度升高,氟碳化合物分子热运动加剧,载流子迁移率上升,致使电导损耗增大并逐渐占主导地位,导致介电损耗迅速增大。在同一温度下,低频范围内的介电损耗由电导损耗引起。随着频率增加,氟碳化合物中的松弛极化逐渐跟不上外加电场的响应,引起极化损耗增大,并逐渐占据介电损耗的主导地位。而在高频段,电导损耗与松弛损耗均随频率升高而减小。与传统矿物油相比,氟碳化合物介电损耗较低,这是由于氟碳化合物的黏度低于传统矿物油,电场力矩驱使极性分子发生转动时因摩擦发热产生的能量损耗较低,松弛损耗较小。而传统矿物油在中等黏度范围内松弛损耗显著,容易在特定频率下出现介电损耗峰。
Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘的介电响应测试结果如图11所示。由图11(a)可知,在相同温度下,随着频率的增加,Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘的相对介电常数略有减小。这是由于在低频处,Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘电导与所有极化机制开始作用,导致介电常数较高;Nomex绝缘纸属于多孔性稀疏结构,浸渍后与氟碳化合物存在多种界面关系,且Nomex纸纤维的高比表面积与氟碳化合物浸渍创造了较多的固-液界面。在外电场作用下,油浸绝缘纸的损耗主要来源于界面极化的贡献[22]。而随着频率的升高,界面极化和偶极子转向极化逐渐无法响应电场的变化,导致相对介电常数逐渐减小。在相同频率条件下,随着温度的升高,其相对介电常数略有增大。表明随着温度升高,分子热运动加剧,使得弛豫过程变快,极化程度加深,导致相对介电常数增大。
图11(b)可知,温度一定时,tanδ随着频率升高先减小后增大再减小;随着温度的升高,tanδ频谱整体向高频方向移动。这是因为温度升高会加剧复合绝缘内部载流子的热运动,使其迁移率增大,导致电导率增大(如图8所示),使得电导损耗增加。此外界面极化与偶极转向极化均得到加强,这是因为复合绝缘中极少量水分及极性分子等运动更活跃,离开平衡位置所需的活化能降低,在电场作用下更易聚集于Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘界面处,导致界面极化增强。
在低频段,Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘介电损耗频谱随温度上升展现出明显的“上翘”趋势,这一现象可归因于低频区电导损耗随温度升高呈指数关系增大。由图9可知,当温度超过40℃时,电导率显著增大,结合式(2)可知,电导损耗在低频段贡献显著,导致绝缘介质的tanδ曲线在低频区出现“上翘”趋势,即低频弥散现象。随着测试温度的升高,复合绝缘内的载流子平均动能减小,松弛极化时间减小,弥散区域频率增加,导致低频弥散区向高频方向移动。
图12为油纸复合绝缘的介电特性测试结果。由图12(a)可知,油纸复合绝缘较Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘呈现更高的相对介电常数。并且随着温度的升高,油纸复合绝缘的相对介电常数在低频段出现显著增长。这是由于矿物油分子在高温下更容易在低频下发生极化,极化程度的增强,导致相对介电常数在低频段显著增大。由图12(b)可知,油纸复合绝缘的tanδ同样高于Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘。这主要因为氟碳化合物结构高度对称,使得氟碳化合物分子的极化程度较低,不易发生能量损耗。相比之下,矿物油分子在电场作用下更容易发生分子间的相互作用和摩擦,导致更多的能量以热能的形式散失,从而产生较高的介电损耗。
采用能够有效描述电介质在交变电场中复杂介电弛豫行为的Havriliak-Negami(H-N)模型对全频域的复介电常数进行拟合表征。该模型通过引入多个参数拟合不同类型电介质在宽频范围内的复介电常数变化规律,其表达式如式(3)所示23
εHN*ω=ε+εs-ε1+jωτHNαβ
式(3)中:εHN*为复介电常数;εs为静态介电常数;ε为光频介电常数;j为虚数单位;τHN为弛豫时间常数;αβ是与材料结构和性质相关的形状参数,其中0≤α≤1,0≤β≤1。
不同极化过程的极化强度、极化时间以及极化原理存在显著差异。在Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘中,存在微量的杂质离子或自由电荷,在电场作用下向电极移动,导致界面电荷不平衡产生电极极化(介电弛豫A)。且Nomex纸和氟碳化合物液体之间形成大量界面,交变电场下电荷会在两相界面处积累形成中低频段界面极化(介电弛豫B)。Nomex纸与氟碳化合物中固有极性分子和基团在外电场作用下会发生转向排列,形成偶极子转向极化(介电弛豫C)[24]。这些极化机制在不同频率下对复介电常数的贡献各不相同。对于含有多种极化形式的电介质,其复介电常数随频率变化的数学表达式可以归纳为式(4)。
εHN*ω=n=1a[ε,n+εs,n-ε,n1+jωτHN,nαnβn]+γ0jωε0   
式(4)中:a表示目标频带内各种极化的类型总数,n为目标频带内第n种极化类型;εs,n为第n种极化类型的静态介电常数;ε∞,n为第n种极化类型的光频介电常数;τHN,n为第n种极化类型的弛豫时间常数;αnβn是第n种极化类型的形状参数,与材料结构和性质相关,其中0≤αn≤1,0≤βn≤1;γ0为直流电导率;ε0为真空介电常数。
采用三弛豫过程的H-N模型对Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘介电响应进行拟合,图13为20℃下全频域范围内Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘H-N拟合结果。由图13(a)可知,介电常数实部主要贡献仍来源于光频介电常数,而介电弛豫A、B和C对介电常数实部的贡献相对较小。由图13(b)可知,介电常数虚部、电导损耗和介电弛豫A的贡献随着频率的升高而急剧下降,而介电弛豫B在较宽的频率范围内保持较高的数值,并在频率为102 Hz附近达到峰值。最终,介电常数虚部在低频段呈现出轻微的“上翘”趋势,而在高频段则表现出明显的弛豫峰,表明复合绝缘中引入了更多的极化机制。
对0~120℃温度范围内Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘复介电常数进行H-N拟合,结果如表2所示。由表2可知,Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘电导率和介电弛豫极化强度均随着温度升高而不断增加,介电松弛时间随着温度的升高而持续减小。这是因为温度升高,一方面使得复合绝缘中的杂质离子、残留解离分子以及缺陷捕获的电荷等载流子提供了更高的活化能,使得更多载流子脱离束缚成为自由电荷,参与导电载流子数目增多;另一方面,Nomex纸非晶区分子链段运动随温度升高而加剧,且氟碳化合物黏度显著下降,分子间阻力减小,共同促进了离子或电子载流子在电场中的迁移速率,使得载流子迁移能力增强。而松弛极化主要来源于界面极化和偶极子转向极化过程,温度升高时,氟碳化合物黏滞性降低,使得偶极子转向和界面电荷积累-消散过程所受的阻力减弱;同时,Nomex纸纤维表面及内部微孔中的吸附离子和偶极子获得更高热动能,能够更快地跟随交变电场方向变化,最终导致复合绝缘电导率增加和松弛时间减小。
由于Nomex纸和氟碳化合物在电导率、介电常数等电学性质上存在显著差异,导致界面两侧介质在电荷迁移率和极化响应上存在差异,阻碍电荷的跨界面迁移,复合体系的介电弛豫谱呈现出显著拓宽的弛豫峰,这表明界面极化并非单一过程,而是由孔径分布、纤维取向、局部电导率不均一等因素导致的多种弛豫过程的共同作用,使其弛豫行为明显不同于单一组分材料。
采用双参数Weibull分布能够较好地对交直流电气强度进行拟合,双参数Weibull分布如式(5)所示[17]
P(E)=1-exp(-(Eα)β)
式(5)中:P为材料发生击穿的累计概率,%;E为电气强度,kV;α为累计击穿概率为63%时对应的电气强度,kV;β为电气强度的形状参数。
图14为Nomex纸、油纸绝缘和Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘的直流电气强度。从图14可以看出,Nomex纸与矿物油或氟碳化合物复合后,直流电气强度均显著提高。其中,纯Nomex纸的电气强度为70.1 kV/mm,油纸复合绝缘的电气强度提高至126.9 kV/mm,而Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘的电气强度则达到137.2 kV/mm。这主要归因于液体介质填充Nomex纸的孔隙与纤维间隙,减少了空气等弱绝缘区域,从而抑制电场集中与气体电离。并且固-液复合结构可能在界面处引入深能级陷阱,对电荷的捕获能力增强,减少了界面处电荷的积聚,进一步均匀化电场分布[25]。同时,液体介质还可吸收局部放电能量,提升绝缘耐受能力。而Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘更高的直流电气强度得益于其优异的化学稳定性和更高的电气强度。氟碳化合物具有极低的介电损耗和极高的化学惰性,能够在高温和高电场条件下保持稳定的性能。与矿物油相比,氟碳化合物中的氟原子有着很强的电负性,在电场作用下,氟原子能够吸引电子,抑制电子的迁移,减少电子在绝缘材料内部形成导电通路的可能性,因此分子结构更加稳定,不易发生氧化或分解,在长期运行中能够维持较高的绝缘性能。
图15为Nomex纸、油纸绝缘和Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘的交流电气强度。从图15可以看出,在交流击穿测试中,固-液复合绝缘同样能够有效提高绝缘材料的交流击穿性能。Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘与油纸绝缘的交流电气强度均明显高于单一的Nomex纸,其中Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘的交流电气强度为80.5 kV/mm,略高于油纸绝缘的77.8 kV/mm。在直流电场中,由于电场方向恒定,电荷有充足的时间在介质内部移动并重新分布。对于聚合物等电介质材料而言,在理想情况下,如果介质较为均匀,电场在介质内部的分布相对较为稳定,发生击穿时更多地表现为体击穿[26]。而体击穿过程中,材料的本征绝缘性能起到关键作用。材料内部的电子需要克服晶格的束缚,在电场作用下发生碰撞电离等过程才会导致击穿。此时,击穿需要较高的电场强度来激发这些过程,电荷积累和电场畸变的影响相对较小,因此直流电气强度相对较高。
在交流电场中,电场方向周期性变化,电荷难以在介质内部充分迁移,主要积聚于电极-试样界面附近区域,导致该处电荷密度较高,引起显著电场畸变,从而更易诱发击穿,使得交流电气强度普遍低于直流情况。
(1)本文通过将Nomex纸与氟碳化合物(FC-40)浸渍制备得到复合绝缘试样,氟碳化合物与Nomex纸浸渍性良好,含水量符合相关标准,复合绝缘微观形貌良好。且氟碳化合物的黏度远小于矿物油与植物油,具有更好的散热性能。
(2)氟碳化合物介电常数较低(1.8~2.0),且在宽频率范围内保持稳定。Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘的介电响应表现出优异的温度和频率稳定性,其介电损耗低于油纸绝缘。
(3)Havriliak-Negami(H-N)模型拟合结果表明,随着温度的升高,Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘分子热运动加剧,导致光频介电常数和电导率随之提高,弛豫的松弛时间不断减小。Nomex纸和氟碳化合物复合过程中引入界面极化,展现出三弛豫过程。
(4)电荷在交流电场下易在电极-试样界面附近区域积聚,导致该处电场畸变,Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘的交流电气强度低于直流电气强度;无论是在直流还是交流电压下,氟碳化合物或矿物油与Nomex纸组成的复合绝缘均能有效提高绝缘材料的电气强度。单一的Nomex纸直流电气强度仅为70.1 kV/mm,与之相比,油纸绝缘的电气强度达到126.9 kV/mm,而Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘的直流电气强度高达137.2 kV/mm。
综上,Nomex纸-氟碳化合物复合绝缘具有低介电常数、低损耗、高电气强度等特性,并且可利用氟碳化合物液体进行有效散热,对高压高频大容量变压器的绝缘设计与应用具有重要意义。

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2026年第59卷第6期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.018
  • 接收时间:2025-10-24
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-24
  • 修回日期:2026-01-25
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    1西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
    2南方电网科学研究院有限责任公司,广东 广州 510080

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王威望(1987-),男(汉族),陕西咸阳人,副教授,博士,主要从事绝缘介质理论与应用、高频磁件设计与绝缘可靠性的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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