Article(id=1304921701234533138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921686403474081, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758211200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-19, revisedDate=1761926400000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047177846, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1781884800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047177846, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047177846, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047177846, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921686403474081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781884800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047174311, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118019323, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218831971021057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921686403474081, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218831971021058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921686403474081, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=113, endPage=122, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921701456831251, articleId=1304921701234533138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Preparation and properties of terphenyl-bridged and solution-processable polyimide films with reduced fluorine contents and low dielectric features, columnId=null, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Two fluorine-containing polyimide (PI) resins, including PI-1(6FDA-BATFB) and PI-2(6HDA-BATFB) were prepared from two aromiatic dianhydrides 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) and 4,4′-(isopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6HDA) and an aromatic diamine 1,4-bis[(4-amino-2-trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzene (BATFB), respectively via two-step chemical imidization procedure. For comparison, two referenced PI resins, including PI-ref1 (6FDA-DMBZ) and PI-ref2 (6HDA-TFMB) were prepared using the dianhydrides 6FDA and 6HDA and the diamines 2,2′-dimethylbenzidine (DMBZ) and 2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine (TFMB) as the monomers, respectively. The corresponding PI films were prepared by the solution processing procedure. The testing results show that all the PI resins have good solubility not only in the polar aprotic solvents of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), but in the common solvents of cyclopentanone (CPA) and tetrahydrofuran (THF). The incorporation of trifluoromethyls endow the PI-1 and PI-2 films good dielectric features. The dielectric constants (Dk) of PI-1 and PI-2 at 10 GHz are 2.97 and 3.01, respectively, and the dielectric dissipation factors (Df) of PI-1 and PI-2 are 0.007 7 and 0.006 3 for PI-2, respectively, which are superior to those of the referenced PI films. As for the thermal properties, the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the terphenyl-bridged PI-1 and PI-2 films is over 309℃, and the linear coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) value is lower than 50.0×10-6 K-1, which are a bit inferior to those of the referenced PI films. Meanwhile, the PI-1 and PI-2 films exhibit good optical transparency with the optical transmittance higher than 75% at the wavelength of 450 nm.

, authors=Ruixuan WANG1, Lei XU2, Jijia LANG1, Xiaohan WANG3, Duanyi LI1, Zhenzhong WANG1, Xi REN1, Jingang LIU1, 4, *, authorsList=Ruixuan WANG, Lei XU, Jijia LANG, Xiaohan WANG, Duanyi LI, Zhenzhong WANG, Xi REN, Jingang LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jingang LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921703734338344, articleId=1304921701234533138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=三联苯桥联的溶液可加工型低氟含量低介电聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与性能, columnId=null, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用三联苯桥联的含氟二胺单体1,4-双[(4-氨基-2-三氟甲基)苯基]苯(BATFB)分别与芳香族二酐单体4,4′-(六氟异亚丙基)双邻苯二甲酸酐(6FDA)和4,4′-(异亚丙基)双邻苯二甲酸酐(6HDA)通过两步化学亚胺化工艺制备了两种含氟型聚酰亚胺(PI)树脂,即PI-1(6FDA-BATFB)和PI-2(6HDA-BATFB)。作为参比,采用同样的工艺,以6FDA和6HDA为二酐单体,2,2′-双甲基联苯二胺(DMBZ)和2,2′-双三氟甲基联苯二胺(TFMB)为二胺单体,分别制备了具有同分异构特征的PI-ref1(6FDA-DMBZ)以及PI-ref2(6HDA-TFMB)两种参比树脂。采用上述树脂的N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)溶液加工成相应的PI薄膜。结果表明:以上树脂在极性非质子性溶剂,包括N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、DMAc等以及常规溶剂,包括环戊酮(CPA)和四氢呋喃(THF)中均具有良好的溶解性。含氟基团的引入赋予PI-1和PI-2薄膜良好的介电特性,PI-1与PI-2薄膜在10 GHz测试频率下的介电常数(Dk)分别为2.97和3.01,而介电损耗因子(Df)分别为0.007 7和0.006 3,上述数值均优于参比PI薄膜。热性能方面,三联苯桥联的PI-1和PI-2薄膜的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)超过309℃,而线性热膨胀系数(CTE)低于50.0×10-6 K-1,较参比PI薄膜稍有劣化。同时,PI-1和PI-2薄膜在可见光区域还具有较好的透明性,450 nm波长处的透光率(T450)超过75%。

, authors=王睿轩1, 许磊2, 郎继甲1, 王晓涵3, 李端怡1, 王振中1, 任茜1, 刘金刚1, 4, *, authorsList=王睿轩, 许磊, 郎继甲, 王晓涵, 李端怡, 王振中, 任茜, 刘金刚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘金刚, authorNote=

王睿轩(2003-),男(汉族),甘肃白银人,硕士生,主要从事高性能聚酰亚胺薄膜的研究

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刘金刚(1973-),男(汉族),内蒙古赤峰人,教授,博士,主要从事高性能高分子材料的基础与应用研究。
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王睿轩(2003-),男(汉族),甘肃白银人,硕士生,主要从事高性能聚酰亚胺薄膜的研究

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Formulas for the preparation of PI resins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品6FDA/g, mmol6HDA/g, mmolBATFB/g, mmolDMBZ/g, mmolTFMB/g, mmol
PI-122.212 0,5019.817 0,50
PI-216.815 0,5019.817 0,50
PI-ref122.212 0,5010.615 0,50
PI-ref216.815 0,5016.012 0,50
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制备PI树脂的配方

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样品6FDA/g, mmol6HDA/g, mmolBATFB/g, mmolDMBZ/g, mmolTFMB/g, mmol
PI-122.212 0,5019.817 0,50
PI-216.815 0,5019.817 0,50
PI-ref122.212 0,5010.615 0,50
PI-ref216.815 0,5016.012 0,50
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Molecular weights and solubility of PI resins

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样品重复单元氟含量/%分子量溶解性
Mn/(×104 g/mol)Mw/(×104 g/mol)PDI(Mn/Mw)NMPDMAcDMFDMSOCPATHF
PI-128.343.868.712.25++++++++++++
PI-216.363.267.422.27++++++++++++
PI-ref118.3715.5723.291.50++++++++++++
PI-ref218.379.0615.391.70++++++++++++
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PI树脂的分子量以及溶解性

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样品重复单元氟含量/%分子量溶解性
Mn/(×104 g/mol)Mw/(×104 g/mol)PDI(Mn/Mw)NMPDMAcDMFDMSOCPATHF
PI-128.343.868.712.25++++++++++++
PI-216.363.267.422.27++++++++++++
PI-ref118.3715.5723.291.50++++++++++++
PI-ref218.379.0615.391.70++++++++++++
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Optical properties of PI films

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样品λcut/nmT450/%nTEnTMnavΔnL*a*b*雾度/%
PI-135975.41.577 31.552 41.569 00.024 994.89-1.076.792.13
PI-235475.31.622 71.596 11.613 90.026 694.03-1.148.501.59
PI-ref135376.91.606 21.566 61.593 10.039 694.93-2.619.021.62
PI-ref235083.51.605 21.574 81.595 10.030 495.68-0.100.873.19
), ArticleFig(id=1304921890284401596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921701234533138, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PI薄膜的光学性能

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样品λcut/nmT450/%nTEnTMnavΔnL*a*b*雾度/%
PI-135975.41.577 31.552 41.569 00.024 994.89-1.076.792.13
PI-235475.31.622 71.596 11.613 90.026 694.03-1.148.501.59
PI-ref135376.91.606 21.566 61.593 10.039 694.93-2.619.021.62
PI-ref235083.51.605 21.574 81.595 10.030 495.68-0.100.873.19
), ArticleFig(id=1304921890376676285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921701234533138, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Thermal and dielectric properties of PI films

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样品Tg,DMA/℃T5%/℃Td1max/℃Td2max/℃Rw750/%CTE/(×10-6 K-1DkDfW/%
PI-1313.2545.1555.3622.856.846.92.970.007 70.68
PI-2309.7539.4548.9621.462.147.73.010.006 30.79
PI-ref1389.4514.1555.9640.160.439.03.030.015 90.73
PI-ref2358.3539.7551.4621.458.332.83.050.009 40.71
), ArticleFig(id=1304921890678666174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921701234533138, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

PI薄膜的热性能与介电性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Tg,DMA/℃T5%/℃Td1max/℃Td2max/℃Rw750/%CTE/(×10-6 K-1DkDfW/%
PI-1313.2545.1555.3622.856.846.92.970.007 70.68
PI-2309.7539.4548.9621.462.147.73.010.006 30.79
PI-ref1389.4514.1555.9640.160.439.03.030.015 90.73
PI-ref2358.3539.7551.4621.458.332.83.050.009 40.71
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三联苯桥联的溶液可加工型低氟含量低介电聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与性能
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王睿轩 1 , 许磊 2 , 郎继甲 1 , 王晓涵 3 , 李端怡 1 , 王振中 1 , 任茜 1 , 刘金刚 1, 4, *
绝缘材料 | 2026,59(6): 113-122
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绝缘材料 | 2026 , 59 (6) : 113 -122
三联苯桥联的溶液可加工型低氟含量低介电聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与性能
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王睿轩1, 许磊2, 郎继甲1, 王晓涵3, 李端怡1, 王振中1, 任茜1, 刘金刚1, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1中国地质大学(北京) 材料科学与工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2合肥中聚和成光电材料股份有限公司,安徽 合肥 231600
  • 3北华航天工业学院 材料工程学院,河北 廊坊 065000
  • 4笛斯安新材料研发(三河)有限公司,河北 廊坊 065200
通讯作者:
刘金刚(1973-),男(汉族),内蒙古赤峰人,教授,博士,主要从事高性能高分子材料的基础与应用研究。
作者简介:

王睿轩(2003-),男(汉族),甘肃白银人,硕士生,主要从事高性能聚酰亚胺薄膜的研究

Preparation and properties of terphenyl-bridged and solution-processable polyimide films with reduced fluorine contents and low dielectric features
Ruixuan WANG1, Lei XU2, Jijia LANG1, Xiaohan WANG3, Duanyi LI1, Zhenzhong WANG1, Xi REN1, Jingang LIU1, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2Hefei Sinopise Materials Co., Ltd., Hefei 231600, China
  • 3College of Material Engineering, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China
  • 4Disan New Materials Research & Development (Sanhe) Co., Ltd., Langfang 065200, China
出版时间: 2026-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.011
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采用三联苯桥联的含氟二胺单体1,4-双[(4-氨基-2-三氟甲基)苯基]苯(BATFB)分别与芳香族二酐单体4,4′-(六氟异亚丙基)双邻苯二甲酸酐(6FDA)和4,4′-(异亚丙基)双邻苯二甲酸酐(6HDA)通过两步化学亚胺化工艺制备了两种含氟型聚酰亚胺(PI)树脂,即PI-1(6FDA-BATFB)和PI-2(6HDA-BATFB)。作为参比,采用同样的工艺,以6FDA和6HDA为二酐单体,2,2′-双甲基联苯二胺(DMBZ)和2,2′-双三氟甲基联苯二胺(TFMB)为二胺单体,分别制备了具有同分异构特征的PI-ref1(6FDA-DMBZ)以及PI-ref2(6HDA-TFMB)两种参比树脂。采用上述树脂的N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)溶液加工成相应的PI薄膜。结果表明:以上树脂在极性非质子性溶剂,包括N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、DMAc等以及常规溶剂,包括环戊酮(CPA)和四氢呋喃(THF)中均具有良好的溶解性。含氟基团的引入赋予PI-1和PI-2薄膜良好的介电特性,PI-1与PI-2薄膜在10 GHz测试频率下的介电常数(Dk)分别为2.97和3.01,而介电损耗因子(Df)分别为0.007 7和0.006 3,上述数值均优于参比PI薄膜。热性能方面,三联苯桥联的PI-1和PI-2薄膜的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)超过309℃,而线性热膨胀系数(CTE)低于50.0×10-6 K-1,较参比PI薄膜稍有劣化。同时,PI-1和PI-2薄膜在可见光区域还具有较好的透明性,450 nm波长处的透光率(T450)超过75%。

聚酰亚胺  /  低介电  /  三联苯  /  三氟甲基  /  热性能

Two fluorine-containing polyimide (PI) resins, including PI-1(6FDA-BATFB) and PI-2(6HDA-BATFB) were prepared from two aromiatic dianhydrides 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) and 4,4′-(isopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6HDA) and an aromatic diamine 1,4-bis[(4-amino-2-trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzene (BATFB), respectively via two-step chemical imidization procedure. For comparison, two referenced PI resins, including PI-ref1 (6FDA-DMBZ) and PI-ref2 (6HDA-TFMB) were prepared using the dianhydrides 6FDA and 6HDA and the diamines 2,2′-dimethylbenzidine (DMBZ) and 2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine (TFMB) as the monomers, respectively. The corresponding PI films were prepared by the solution processing procedure. The testing results show that all the PI resins have good solubility not only in the polar aprotic solvents of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), but in the common solvents of cyclopentanone (CPA) and tetrahydrofuran (THF). The incorporation of trifluoromethyls endow the PI-1 and PI-2 films good dielectric features. The dielectric constants (Dk) of PI-1 and PI-2 at 10 GHz are 2.97 and 3.01, respectively, and the dielectric dissipation factors (Df) of PI-1 and PI-2 are 0.007 7 and 0.006 3 for PI-2, respectively, which are superior to those of the referenced PI films. As for the thermal properties, the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the terphenyl-bridged PI-1 and PI-2 films is over 309℃, and the linear coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) value is lower than 50.0×10-6 K-1, which are a bit inferior to those of the referenced PI films. Meanwhile, the PI-1 and PI-2 films exhibit good optical transparency with the optical transmittance higher than 75% at the wavelength of 450 nm.

polyimide  /  low dielectric  /  terphenyl  /  trifluoromethyl  /  thermal properties
王睿轩, 许磊, 郎继甲, 王晓涵, 李端怡, 王振中, 任茜, 刘金刚. 三联苯桥联的溶液可加工型低氟含量低介电聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与性能. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (6) : 113 -122 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.011
Ruixuan WANG, Lei XU, Jijia LANG, Xiaohan WANG, Duanyi LI, Zhenzhong WANG, Xi REN, Jingang LIU. Preparation and properties of terphenyl-bridged and solution-processable polyimide films with reduced fluorine contents and low dielectric features[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (6) : 113 -122 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.011
1965年美国杜邦公司首次实现了标准型聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜Kapton®的商业化[1],1967年美国杜邦公司即获得了含有六氟异丙基结构单元的含氟型PI(FPI)薄膜的专利[2]。含氟基团通常具有较高的键能、较低的摩尔极化率、较高的电负性、较低的表面能、较好的疏水性等特性,因此FPI薄膜材料在耐高温氧化稳定性、紫外-可见光区透明性、光通信波段信号透过性以及低介电特性等方面具有标准型PI薄膜无法比拟的优势[3-6]。这些优势使得FPI薄膜材料在先进光电领域中广泛用作柔性显示与柔性储能等电子器件衬底、光纤通信用涂层以及集成电路层间介质等组件[7-11]。特别是近年来,随着第5代(5G)、第6代(6G)移动通信技术的迅猛发展,可满足高频信号传输应用需求的具有低介电常数(low-Dk)与低介电损耗因子(low-Df)特性的FPI介质材料的研究与开发得到了越来越广泛的关注[11-13]
在实际应用中,PI介质材料的low-Dk特性可赋予信号在介质材料中更快的传输速度,减少高频场景下的信号延迟,同时还可减少因线路间距降低而引起的信号串扰问题,提高芯片或电路板的集成度。而low-Df特性则可有效防止信号在传输中因能量损耗导致的信号衰减,避免高频信号(如毫米波)传输后的失真问题,同时还可减少介质材料在传输信号时的发热问题,避免因局部过热导致的材料老化或性能失效[14-16]。在降低PI薄膜Dk值方面,J O SIMPSON等[17]报道了low-Dk型PI薄膜的设计思想并系统考察了PI分子链的极化率、氟含量以及自由体积对其Dk值的影响。研究认为减小PI分子链的极化率、增加自由体积以及氟含量是降低PI薄膜Dk值较为有效的途径。基于上述指导思想,他们以含氟二酐4,4′-(六氟异亚丙基)双邻苯二甲酸酐(6FDA)与含氟二胺2,2-双(4-氨基苯基)六氟丙烷(4,4′-6F)作为起始单体,成功制备了PI薄膜材料,其在10 GHz频率下的Dk为2.39。在降低PI薄膜Df值方面,J KIM等[18]提出了开发low-Df型PI薄膜的结构设计思想,包括:①降低PI分子链的极化率,从源头上减少偶极的产生;②提高PI主链刚性或引入交联结构,以限制链段运动;③引入适当大位阻基团,一定程度上抑制分子链间的紧密堆积,从而减弱链间摩擦。而氟化依然是实现上述结构设计思想最为有效的途径。采用6FDA与4,4′-6F(或6FPDA)单体制备的FPI薄膜在10 GHz测试频率下的Df值低至0.006 0。研究表明,除了氟化外,其他改性手段在同时降低PI薄膜的DkDf值方面往往存在较强的制约关系。例如,由于醚键(-O-)的引入可以降低PI分子极性和π-π堆积作用,通常会赋予PI分子链良好的柔性,进而降低其Dk,但同时也可能因PI分子链段运动的增强而导致其Df升高。再如,酯键因其自身较大的刚性和平面结构,引入酯键在一定程度上能够促进PI分子链的结晶以及增强其分子内聚力,从而有效抑制分子链段偶极重新取向,最终降低PI薄膜的Df值,但酯键的刚性结构会导致PI分子链的自由体积降低,进而导致PI薄膜的Dk值保持相对较高的水平。但是国际上关于全氟与多氟烷基物质(PFAS)的日益限制可能会阻碍FPI的长期工业应用[19-20]
此外,从性能方面而言,氟化虽然可以有效降低PI薄膜的DkDf值,但同时也可能带来某些负面影响,例如线性热膨胀系数(CTE)的升高等。而low-CTE是先进光电器件领域对介质薄膜材料另一个重要的性能要求。由于PI介质材料在实际应用过程中经常与硅基(CTE约为3.0×10-6 K-1)、碳化硅基(CTE约为2.4×10-6 K-1)等半导体基材接触使用[21],因此要求其具有尽可能低的CTE值,以避免因二者CTE的不匹配而引发脱层、开裂等问题[22]。因此,在FPI薄膜的结构设计方面,通常需要将DkDf以及CTE等参数综合加以考虑。王振中等[23]针对传统的基于6FDA含氟二酐的FPI薄膜CTE较高的性能缺陷,采用多环含氟二酐单体9,9-双(三氟甲基)氧杂蒽-2,3,6,7-四酸二酐(6FCDA)与含氟芳香族二胺单体2,2ʹ-双(三氟甲基)-4,4ʹ-二氨基二苯醚(6FODA)等聚合制备了FPI薄膜。FPI薄膜的CTE由65.0×10-6 K-1(6FDA-6FODA)降低到37.1×10-6 K-1(6FCDA-6FODA)。但FPI(6FCDA-6FODA)薄膜的介电性能(Dk=3.00,Df=0.006 7,10 GHz)较FPI(6FDA-6FODA)薄膜(Dk=2.72,Df=0.008 2,10 GHz)有所劣化。王睿轩等[24]同样针对传统FPI薄膜CTE较高的性能缺陷,采用6FDA与含酯键二胺单体2-(4-氨基苯甲酸酯)-5-胺基联苯(ABABP)制备了FPI薄膜。测试结果显示,与传统的基于6FDA与含氟二胺2,2-双[(4-氨基苯氧基)苯基]六氟丙烷(BDAF)的FPI(6FDA-BDAF)薄膜(CTE=55.4×10-6 K-1)相比,FPI(6FDA-ABABP)薄膜的CTE值降至38.0×10-6 K-1。但酯键的引入同样使得FPI薄膜的介电常数有所劣化。
本研究一方面通过分子结构设计制备溶液可加工型FPI薄膜,在保持其固有耐热性能的同时赋予其low-Dk、low-Df以及low-CTF特性,同时考虑到采用非氟单体来降低FPI的含氟量,以适应未来该类材料在先进光电领域中的应用需求。
芳香族二酐单体,包括含氟的4,4′-(六氟异亚丙基)双邻苯二甲酸酐(6FDA)和非氟的4,4′-(异亚丙基)双邻苯二甲酸酐(6HDA),纯度≥99.5%,天津众泰材料科技有限公司,均在180℃真空干燥24 h后使用。二胺单体,包括氟含量相对低的1,4-双[(4-氨基-2-三氟甲基)苯基]苯(BATFB,含氟量为28.76%)、高氟含量的2,2′-双(三氟甲基)联苯二胺(TFMB,含氟量为35.60%)以及非氟的2,2′-双(甲基)联苯二胺(DMBZ),纯度≥99.5%,天津众泰材料科技有限公司,直接使用。超干N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF),水含量≤50×10-6,分析纯,北京伊诺凯科技有限公司,直接使用。其他分析纯试剂,包括乙酸酐、吡啶、环戊酮(CPA)、四氢呋喃(THF)、无水乙醇等均购自商业化渠道。
以PI-1(6FDA-BATFB)为例说明PI树脂的合成过程。在一个配备机械搅拌、温度计和氮气通入口的500 mL三口瓶中加入DMAc(130.0 g),打开氮气通入阀。在搅拌条件下加入BATFB(19.817 0 g,50 mmol)并于室温下搅拌10 min。在得到的二胺溶液中加入6FDA(22.212 0 g,50 mmol),并采用额外的DMAc(38.1 g)清洗加料漏斗,最终得到固含量为20%的聚合溶液。将该聚合溶液在室温下继续搅拌反应24 h,得到浅棕色黏稠的聚酰胺酸(PAA)溶液。聚合过程中如果黏度较大可以补加DMAc调整到适合搅拌的程度。在该PAA溶液中加入乙酸酐(40.8 g,400 mmol)和吡啶(23.7 g,300 mmol),并于室温下继续搅拌24 h,得到浅棕色PI溶液。将该溶液缓慢沉淀在乙醇/水混合溶液(75%)中,得到浅黄色树脂。浸泡过夜后更换无水乙醇,继续浸泡24 h。最后将树脂经室温鼓风干燥以及80℃真空干燥处理后得到PI-1树脂39.3 g,产率为97.7%。其他PI树脂,包括PI-2(产率为97.3%)、PI-ref1(产率为96.8%)和PI-ref2(产率为97.1%)采用类似工艺制备,单体投料量如表1所示。
将PI-1树脂(10.0 g)在温下溶解于DMAc(56.7 g)中,配制得到固含量为15%的PI溶液。经过滤纯化后采用刮刀均匀涂覆在玻璃基板上,湿膜厚度采用不同规格的刮刀进行控制。将玻璃基板置于氮气气氛的烘箱中,经80℃/1 h+120℃/1 h+150℃/1h+180℃/1 h+250℃/1 h+280℃/1 h的工艺加热后得到PI-1薄膜。用去离子水浸泡PI-1薄膜后经120℃真空干燥处理再进行各项性能测试。其他薄膜采用类似的工艺制备。
PI树脂:数均分子量(Mn)、重均分子量(Mw)采用凝胶渗透色谱仪(GPC,LC-20AD型,日本岛津株式会社)测定,NMP作为流动相。核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)通过核磁共振仪(AV 400,日本电子株式会社)测定,溶剂采用氘代二甲基亚砜(DMSO-d6)。X射线衍射谱图(XRD)通过X射线衍射仪(D8 Advance型,德国Bruker公司)测定,2θ为10°~90°。溶解性测试:将充分干燥的PI树脂加入到盛有测试溶剂的三口瓶中,固含量控制为10%,室温下搅拌24 h,静置脱泡,观察树脂的溶解情况,包括完全溶解(++)、部分溶解(+–)和不溶解(–)。
PI薄膜:傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)采用FTIR光谱仪(Tensor-27型,德国Bruker公司)测试,波数为4 000~400 cm-1。紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)通过紫外可见分光光度计(U-3210型,日本日立公司)测试。CIE Lab颜色参数通过分光光度计(Ci7800,美国X-rite公司)测试,薄膜厚度为25 μm,分别记录L*(亮度),红-绿参数(a*)、黄-蓝参数(b*)以及雾度(haze)。折射率,包括面内折射率(nTE)、面外折射率(nTM)通过棱镜耦合仪(Model 2010/M型,美国Metricon公司)测试,测试波长为632.8 nm。平均折射率(nav)按照nav=[(2nTE2+nTM2)/3]1/2计算,双折射率(Δn)按照Δn=nTE-nTM计算。热分解温度通过热重分析仪(TGA,STA-8000型,美国Perkin-Elmer公司)测试,测试温度为30~760℃,升温速率为20℃/min,测试环境为氮气。玻璃化转变温度(Tg)通过动态机械分析仪(DMA,242E型,德国耐驰公司)测试,测试温度为30~350℃,升温速率为5℃/min,测试环境为氮气,Tg采用损耗角正切(tanδ)曲线峰值温度判定。线性热膨胀系数(CTE)通过热机械分析仪(TMA,402F3型,德国耐驰公司)测试,升温速率为10℃/min,测试温度为30~400℃。介电常数(Dk)与介电损耗(Df)通过采用网格分析仪(E5063A型,美国安捷伦公司)测试,测试温度为室温,相对湿度为51%,频率为10 GHz,样品尺寸为5 cm×12 cm×0.025 mm,测试结果采用5个平行样品测试数据的平均值。PI薄膜的吸水率(W)按照文献[25]采用重量法测试,具体流程如下:将尺寸为20 mm×20 mm×0.025 mm的薄膜样品(质量为W1)置于去离子水中(20℃)至恒重状态,测试最终薄膜样品质量(W2),并按照W=(W2-W1)/W1×100%计算。
设计并按照图1反应式制备了FPI树脂,包括PI-1(6FDA-BATFB,重复单元含氟量为28.34%)、PI-2(6HDA-BATFB,重复单元含氟量为16.36%)以及两种互为同分异构体的参比树脂PI-ref1(6FDA-DMBZ,重复单元含氟量为18.37%)和PI-ref2(6HDA-TFMB,重复单元含氟量为18.37%)。单体选择兼顾3个方面的考虑:①衍生的PI树脂可溶解于有机溶剂中,即PI薄膜具备溶液可加工特性;②衍生的PI薄膜具有尽可能低的DkDf值;③衍生的PI薄膜具有低的CTE值等。为此,二酐单体选择了常规的6FDA二酐以及结构类似的非氟型6HDA二酐,而二胺单体选择了含有刚性联苯单元的DMBZ、TFMB以及三联苯单元的BATFB。与传统的含氟二胺TFMB相比,BATFB一方面保持了TFMB的刚性联苯结构,有望降低PI薄膜的Df与CTE值,同时含有的-CF3基团有利于降低PI薄膜的Dk值,另一方面二胺BATFB的氟含量较TFMB有较大程度的降低。以上结构设计均符合当前高性能PI介质薄膜的研发方向。
实验发现4种PI树脂在制备过程中均顺利得到了均相溶液,经过沉淀、干燥处理后得到了PI树脂。实验过程中也曾尝试采用6HDA与DMBZ制备无氟可溶性PI树脂,但该体系在化学亚胺化过程中出现了微凝胶现象,虽然沉淀后也得到了PI树脂,但该树脂在极性非质子性溶剂,如NMP、DMAc等中均无法溶解。相比之下,这4种含氟型PI树脂在NMP、DMAc、DMF、DMSO、环戊酮(CPA),甚至是四氢呋喃(THF)中均具有较好的溶解性,如表2所示。1 g PI树脂可在24 h室温环境中完全溶解于9 g测试溶剂中,得到均相透明的固含量为10%的溶液。分析认为,-CF3或-(CF3)2基团的存在显著增加了PI分子链的自由体积,减少了PI分子链的有序堆积,进而更有利于溶剂的渗透与溶解。这一点可从图2 PI树脂的XRD谱图中看出。首先,4种PI树脂均显示出典型的非晶特性。其次,按照布拉格方程(2dsinθ=n:衍射级数,n=1;λ:入射X射线波长,λ=0.154 nm;d:分子链间距;θ:衍射角的1/2)可以计算出4种PI分子链的d值按照PI-ref1(0.584 nm)、 PI-1(0.580 nm)、PI-ref2(0.521 nm)、PI-2(0.488 nm)的顺序依次降低。与标准型的Kapton®d≈0.48 nm[26])薄膜相比,上述PI薄膜的分子链间距均有显著的增加。
PI树脂的GPC测试结果如图3所示,相应的分子量测试结果总结于表2中。从表2可以看出,4种PI树脂的数均分子量(Mn)均高于104 g/mol,表明聚合单体均具有较好的活性。对于同一种二胺单体而言,基于6FDA的PI-1树脂较基于6HDA的PI-2树脂表现出稍高的Mn值。图4对比了6HDA与6FDA两种二酐单体的化学结构,以及基于密度泛函理论采用Gaussian 09软件模拟计算的两种二酐单体前线分子轨道中的最低未占有分子轨道(LUMO)的能量(εLUMO[23]。通过对比二酐单体的εLUMO数值大小可以近似地判断其聚合反应活性。二酐单体的εLUMO数值越低,则其在与二胺单体聚合过程中表现出的活性越高。6HDA与6FDA的εLUMO值分别为-3.04 eV与-3.42 eV,说明6FDA具有稍高的聚合反应活性。对比两种单体的扭转角可以发现,6HDA分子结构中两个苯环与异丙基间的扭转角(θ1)为109.4°,略低于6FDA的扭转角(θ2=111.3°),这表明基于6HDA的PI树脂分子链相对基于6FDA的PI树脂具有相对更高的堆砌密度。这一点从PI薄膜的分子链间距也可以得到解释。PI-2薄膜的d值(0.488 nm)显著低于PI-1薄膜(d=0.580 nm),表现出更为紧密的分子堆砌。这也解释了为什么6HDA与DMBZ聚合无法得到可溶性PI树脂,而采用6FDA与DMBZ聚合时可制得PI-ref1可溶性树脂。对比PI-ref1(6FDA-DMBZ)与PI-ref2(6HDA-TFMB)的Mn值也可发现,6FDA制备的PI树脂显示出更高的分子量。尽管如此,GPC测试结果显示,通过选择适合的二胺单体,采用6HDA二酐仍可制得高分子量可溶性PI树脂,这对于未来实现对6FDA的替代是较为有利的。
PI-1与PI-2树脂的核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)测试结果如图5所示。从图5可以看出,两种PI树脂的1H-NMR谱图最大的差异在于PI-2谱图位于1.9 化学位移处出现了甲基H质子的特征吸收峰(8#氢质子)。此外,受-CF3强吸电子特性的影响,其邻位的H质子(H4)吸收峰均出现在谱图的低场区域。二酐单元中,受到强吸电子酐羰基的影响,其邻位的H质子(1#、2#)吸收峰也出现在谱图的低场区域。不同的是,对于PI-1树脂而言,1#与2#氢质子的吸收还同时受到吸电子-C(CF3)2的影响,因此其吸收峰出现在谱图的最低场位置。而对于PI-2树脂而言,由于不存在-C(CF3)2的影响,因此2#与4#氢质子的吸收峰出现在谱图的最低场位置,而H1的吸收峰则出现在谱图的次低场位置,这与上述PI的分子结构特征一致,表明制备的PI化学结构符合预期。
将PI树脂溶解于DMAc中,采用溶液加工工艺制备了PI薄膜。与传统采用PAA溶液经过300℃以上高温的热亚胺化工艺制备PI薄膜相比,直接采用PI溶液制备PI薄膜的工艺具有固化温度低、薄膜内应力小、缺陷少、不易高温氧化变色等优势,特别适合应用于温度敏感型场景。采用FTIR表征PI薄膜的化学结构,结果如图6所示。从图6可以看出,基于6HDA的PI薄膜(PI-2、PI-ref2)在2 974 cm-1处可清晰地观察到饱和C-H键的伸缩振动吸收峰。PI-1薄膜中存在两种C-F键,一种是连接于芳香族苯环的-CF3中的化学键,另一种是存在于脂肪-C(CF3)2链中的化学键,前者的吸收峰出现在1 341 cm-1处,而后者的吸收峰则出现在1 102 cm-1处。对于PI-2与PI-ref2薄膜而言,仅在1 341 cm-1处出现C-F键的特征吸收峰,而对于PI-ref1薄膜而言,则仅在1 102 cm-1处出现C-F键的特征吸收峰(图中“**”标记处),而在1 341 cm-1处(图中“*”标记处)未观察到相应的吸收峰。对于所有PI薄膜而言,共同的吸收峰包括苯环位于1 496 cm-1处的不饱和C=C键伸缩振动峰,酰亚胺环分别位于1 779 cm-1处的羰基不对称伸缩振动吸收峰、位于1 725 cm-1处的羰基对称伸缩振动吸收峰,位于1 383 cm-1处的C-N键伸缩振动吸收峰等。以上信息与PI薄膜的预期结构相符。
PI薄膜的结构与性能关系可以很好地反映在光学性能的差异上。通过测试PI薄膜的紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)、折射率与CIE Lab光学参数等考察PI薄膜的结构-性能关系,结果如图7表3所示。从图7表3数据可以看出,4种PI薄膜在波长为450 nm处的透光率(T450)按照PI-2、PI-1、PI-ref1、PI-ref2的顺序依次升高,而紫外截止波长(λcut)的变化顺序正好相反,表明PI-ref2薄膜具有最优的光学透明性。对比表2中PI薄膜的含氟量可以看出,PI薄膜的光学透明性与其氟含量的高低并不具有绝对的对等关系,分子链单元的骨架结构也是影响PI薄膜光学透明性的重要因素。对于PI-1与PI-2薄膜而言,其分子结构中BATFB单元的高共轭三联苯结构会对可见光产生较为显著的吸收,造成薄膜T450的降低以及λcut值的升高。这一点也体现在CIE Lab光学参数上,例如,PI-1与PI-2薄膜的明度(L*)也略低于参比PI薄膜,而其黄度指数(b*)则显著高于PI-ref2薄膜。含氟量最低以及具有较高共轭结构的PI-2薄膜显示出相对最低的光学性能。
折射率方面,4种PI薄膜的平均折射率(nav)按照PI-1、PI-ref1、PI-ref2、PI-2的顺序依次升高。互为同分异构体的PI-ref1与PI-ref2薄膜显示出相近的nav值,而PI-2薄膜的nav值明显高于PI-1薄膜。这主要是由于PI-1薄膜在二酐单元与二胺单元分别含有庞大的六氟异丙基与-CF3,因此其分子链具有较低的摩尔极化率(P)和较高的摩尔体积(V)。按照Lorentz-Lorenz方程[27],低的P/V值往往可赋予材料更低的nav值。双折射方面,4种PI薄膜由于均含有较为刚性的骨架结构,联苯或者三联苯的刚性结构使得这类薄膜在微观上存在一定的有序结构,增加了其分子链的堆砌密度,造成薄膜在面内方向上的折射率(nTE)增大[28],进而造成薄膜显示出相对较高的双折射率(Δn),均超过了0.02。
图8为PI薄膜TGA曲线以及相应的微分TGA(DTG)曲线,具体热性能数据列于表4。从图8表4可以看出,PI薄膜在测试温度超过450℃以后开始发生分解,其5%失重温度(T5%)按照PI-ref1、PI-ref2、PI-2、PI-1的顺序依次升高。PI-ref1分子结构中二胺单元存在的-CH3是造成其T5%值相对较低的主要原因。PI-2与PI-ref2分子结构的6HDA二酐单元存在异丙基,在一定程度上降低了其耐热稳定性。随着测试温度的升高,这些热敏感性基团(异丙基、甲基等)首先开始分解,造成DTG曲线中出现首个吸收峰。该分解过程对应的分解速率最快时的温度(Td1max)约为550℃。随着加热的进行,PI的主链结构开始分解,对应的DTG曲线中出现第二个吸收峰,此时对应的分解速率最快时的温度(Td2max)约为620~650℃。最终,4种PI薄膜在750℃时的残余质量分数(Rw750)均超过56%。
图9为PI薄膜的DMA测试曲线。从图9可以看出,刚性的分子链结构赋予了PI薄膜较高的储能模量,储能模量在温度超过275℃时才缓慢下降。随着温度达到PI薄膜的玻璃化转变温度,DMA谱图中的损耗模量与损耗角正切(tanδ)曲线均出现拐点,而后者的峰值温度被记为PI薄膜的玻璃化转变温度(Tg,DMA)。4种PI薄膜的Tg,DMA值按照PI-2 (309.7℃)、PI-1(313.2℃)、PI-ref2(358.3℃)、PI-ref1(389.4℃)的顺序依次升高。首先,所有PI薄膜的Tg,DMA值均超过了300℃,显示出良好的耐热稳定性,这主要与其分子链中存在刚性联苯或者三联苯骨架结构在有关。其次,PI-ref1与PI-ref2薄膜的Tg,DMA值远高于PI-1与PI-2薄膜,这主要是2,2′-位置的取代基限制了其分子链段在高温下的自由运动所致。这种高Tg特性对于上述PI薄膜的实际应用是较为有利的。
随后研究了PI薄膜在TMA测试过程中的热膨胀行为,结果如图10所示。从图10可以看出,在室温~350℃范围内,所有PI薄膜的尺寸变化均符合高Tg型PI薄膜的行为,即先在T<Tg温区内的线性膨胀,然后在TTg时开始收缩。本研究中,PI薄膜的收缩开始出现在275~280℃左右,这主要是由于薄膜制备所采用的最高温度就是280℃,当测试温度超过该温度点并接近薄膜的Tg时,薄膜内部会发生分子链的重排以及残余应力释放现象,造成薄膜尺寸的收缩[29]。当这种分子链重排结束,应力释放完全时,薄膜会继续表现出正常的膨胀现象。通过记录PI薄膜在线性膨胀温度段(50~200℃)的尺寸变化可以得出其线性热膨胀系数(CTE),结果列于表4中。4种PI薄膜的CTE数据按照PI-ref2(32.8×10-6 K-1)、PI-ref1(39.0×10-6 K-1)、PI-1(46.9×10-6 K-1)、PI-2(47.7×10-6 K-1)的顺序依次升高。基于二胺BATFB的PI薄膜表现出明显高于参比PI薄膜的CTE值,表明三联苯结构在降低PI薄膜CTE方面的效果明显差于联苯结构。虽然三联苯结构具有更长的分子链共轭效应,但苯环间可沿着单键自由旋转,而三联苯相对于联苯单元具有更多的可旋转苯环单元,增加了PI分子链在高温时的自由运动,从而导致CTE升高,这一点与文献报道的现象是一致的[30]。虽然如此,PI-1与PI-2薄膜的CTE与标准含氟型PI(6FDA-TFMB)的CTE值(53×10-6 K-1~64×10-6 K-1[31])相比仍有所改善。特别是PI-2作为一种低氟含量PI薄膜,其CTE保持在相对较低的水平,未来通过有机-无机杂化手段有望将其CTE降到更低的水平。
PI薄膜在10 GHz测试频率下的DkDf值如表4所示。PI薄膜的Dk值按照PI-1(2.97)、PI-2(3.01)、PI-ref1(3.03)、PI-ref2(3.05)的顺序依次升高。PI薄膜的Df值按照PI-2(0.006 3)、PI-1(0.007 7)、PI-ref2(0.009 4)、PI-ref1(0.015 9)的顺序依次升高。含氟量最高的PI-1薄膜显示出最低的Dk值,表明6FDA二酐在降低PI薄膜的Dk值方面相对于结构类似的6HDA二酐而言更具优势。同时,BATFB二胺较DMBZ和TFMB二胺在降低PI薄膜Df特性方面则具有更为显著的优势。BATFB基PI薄膜同时实现了相对较低的DkDf值,这可能是因为这类薄膜在主链刚性、分子链极化率以及摩尔体积等方面实现了较好的平衡。另一方面,含氟基团的引入在一定程度上降低了PI薄膜的吸水率,这也有利于提升薄膜的介电特性。由表4中PI薄膜的吸水率数据可以看出,含氟量最高的PI-1薄膜(28.34%)显示出最低的吸水率(0.68%),而含氟量相对较低的PI-2薄膜(16.36%)则显示出相对较高的吸水率(0.79%)。但该类PI薄膜的吸水率均远低于标准型Kapton®薄膜的吸水率(W≈2.5%)[32]
PI-2作为一类低含氟量薄膜材料,其相对较低的Dk值和Df值有望作为介质材料使用时显示出良好的信号传输特性。
本研究设计并制备了低氟含量型低介电PI薄膜,通过总结PI薄膜结构与性能关系,得出如下结论:
(1)所制备的PI-1与PI-2均为高分子量可溶性树脂,在NMP、DMAc、CPA、THF等极性非质子溶剂与常规溶剂中均表现出优异溶解性能,可通过低温溶液涂覆成膜,具备良好的可加工性。
(2)光学性能方面,三联苯刚性共轭结构使PI-1、PI-2薄膜在450 nm处透光率超过75%;PI-ref2因结构优势表现出最优透明性,表明透明性不仅与氟含量相关,更受主链共轭与空间位阻共同调控。
(3)热性能方面,PI-1与PI-2的玻璃化转变温度均高于309℃,5%热失重温度超过539℃,750℃残炭率大于56%,展现出优异的耐热稳定性;其线性热膨胀系数(CTE)低于48×10-6 K-1,较传统含氟 PI 显著改善,低氟型PI-2仍保持较低热膨胀特性。
(4)在10 GHz下,PI-1与PI-2薄膜的介电常数分别低至2.97、3.01,介电损耗仅0.007 7、0.006 3,显著优于参比树脂;同时吸水率低于0.8%,兼具低吸湿与低介电损耗优势。
综合来看,基于三联苯桥联结构的低氟PI薄膜在耐热性、透明性、溶解性、高频低介电之间实现良好平衡,尤其PI-2以更低氟含量实现优异介电与热性能,为PFAS限制背景下低氟、环保、高频通信用聚酰亚胺材料提供了可行的分子设计与制备路线。

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2026年第59卷第6期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.06.011
  • 接收时间:2025-09-19
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-19
  • 修回日期:2025-11-01
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    1中国地质大学(北京) 材料科学与工程学院,北京 100083
    2合肥中聚和成光电材料股份有限公司,安徽 合肥 231600
    3北华航天工业学院 材料工程学院,河北 廊坊 065000
    4笛斯安新材料研发(三河)有限公司,河北 廊坊 065200

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刘金刚(1973-),男(汉族),内蒙古赤峰人,教授,博士,主要从事高性能高分子材料的基础与应用研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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