Article(id=1304921845782831620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749657600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-12, revisedDate=1756742400000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047212310, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047212310, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047212310, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047212310, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921832184897890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047209067, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118050557, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218963043021063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218963043021064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=151, endPage=160, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921845971575301, articleId=1304921845782831620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Detection of thermal ageing state of composite insulators based on non-linear ultrasound, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the thermal ageing problem of composite insulator silicone rubber sheds, relevant research using nonlinear ultrasonic detection technology was conducted in this paper. First, accelerated thermal ageing tests were conducted on the silicone rubber sheds of composite insulators, and the material parameters of samples with different thermal ageing time were measured. Then, a simulation model for nonlinear ultrasonic detection of composite insulator silicone rubber was established, and a nonlinear ultrasonic detection platform was built to carry out ultrasonic detection experiments. Finally, the relationship between the thermal ageing time of the composite insulator silicone rubber material and the ultrasonic nonlinear coefficient obtained from both simulations and experiments was verified. The results show that as thermal ageing time increases, both the fundamental and second harmonic amplitudes of the thermally aged samples exhibit a decreasing trend, while the relative nonlinear coefficient increases significantly. The linear fitting degree between the relative nonlinear coefficient measured in the experiment and the thermal ageing time is high. Thermal ageing leads to changes in the macroscopic mechanical properties of the material, manifested as decreased density and increased elastic modulus, which causes attenuation of acoustic wave energy, while the change in internal structure of material enhances the nonlinear effect. The second-order relative nonlinear coefficient can effectively characterize the thermal ageing degree of composite insulator silicone rubber materials, providing a new method for the non-destructive testing of the thermal ageing state of composite insulators.

, authors=Jinhao SI1, Chunhua FANG1, *, Peng LI1, Tian WU1, Ziheng PU1, Hao YUE2, Qiang LIU1, Xiangmeng XU1, authorsList=Jinhao SI, Chunhua FANG, Peng LI, Tian WU, Ziheng PU, Hao YUE, Qiang LIU, Xiangmeng XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chunhua FANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921848572043806, articleId=1304921845782831620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=基于非线性超声的复合绝缘子热老化状态检测, columnId=1192878364483531003, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=测试与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对复合绝缘子硅橡胶伞裙热老化问题,本文引入非线性超声检测技术展开相关研究。首先对复合绝缘子硅橡胶伞裙进行加速热老化试验,测量不同热老化时间试样的材料参数。然后建立了复合绝缘子硅橡胶非线性超声检测仿真模型,并搭建非线性超声检测平台开展超声检测试验。最后验证仿真与试验测得的复合绝缘子硅橡胶材料热老化时间与超声非线性系数的关系。结果表明:随着热老化时间的增加,热老化试样的基波与二次谐波幅值均呈下降趋势,相对非线性系数呈现明显增大趋势;试验测得的相对非线性系数与热老化时间的线性拟合度较高。热老化导致材料宏观力学特性变化,表现为密度下降和弹性模量增大,进而导致声波能量衰减,材料内部结构的改变增强了非线性效应。二阶相对非线性系数可有效表征复合绝缘子硅橡胶材料的热老化程度,为复合绝缘子热老化状态的无损检测提供了一种新方法。

, authors=司金皓1, 方春华1, *, 黎鹏1, 吴田1, 普子恒1, 岳浩2, 刘强1, 徐祥梦1, authorsList=司金皓, 方春华, 黎鹏, 吴田, 普子恒, 岳浩, 刘强, 徐祥梦, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=方春华, authorNote=

司金皓(2001-),男(汉族),河北邯郸人,硕士生,主要从事电力设备状态检测与故障诊断的研究

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方春华(1980-),男(汉族),湖北天门人,副教授,主要从事高电压试验技术和电力设备状态检测的研究。
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司金皓(2001-),男(汉族),河北邯郸人,硕士生,主要从事电力设备状态检测与故障诊断的研究

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司金皓(2001-),男(汉族),河北邯郸人,硕士生,主要从事电力设备状态检测与故障诊断的研究

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Dumbbell-shaped silicone rubber specimen size

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尺寸参数具体数值
总长度A/mm75
端部宽度B/mm12.5±1.0
狭窄部分长度C/mm25.0±1.0
狭窄部分宽度D/mm4.0±1.0
外侧过渡边半径E/mm8.0±0.5
内侧过渡边半径F/mm12.5±1.0
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哑铃状硅橡胶试样尺寸

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尺寸参数具体数值
总长度A/mm75
端部宽度B/mm12.5±1.0
狭窄部分长度C/mm25.0±1.0
狭窄部分宽度D/mm4.0±1.0
外侧过渡边半径E/mm8.0±0.5
内侧过渡边半径F/mm12.5±1.0
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Density of specimens with different thermal ageing time

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老化时间密度/(g/cm3)
/h12345平均值
01.2411.2411.2411.2421.2401.241
1441.2401.2401.2401.2401.2401.240
2881.2381.2371.2381.2381.2391.238
4321.2351.2341.2331.2341.2341.234
5761.2291.2291.2291.2291.2291.229
7201.2241.2241.2241.2251.2231.224
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不同热老化时间试样的密度

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老化时间密度/(g/cm3)
/h12345平均值
01.2411.2411.2411.2421.2401.241
1441.2401.2401.2401.2401.2401.240
2881.2381.2371.2381.2381.2391.238
4321.2351.2341.2331.2341.2341.234
5761.2291.2291.2291.2291.2291.229
7201.2241.2241.2241.2251.2231.224
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Elastic modulus of specimens with different thermal ageing time

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老化时间弹性模量/MPa
/h12345平均值
04.204.204.204.204.204.20
1444.444.454.434.454.454.45
2884.714.714.724.704.714.71
4325.235.235.235.235.235.23
5765.655.655.665.645.655.65
7206.336.316.326.326.326.32
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不同热老化时间试样的弹性模量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
老化时间弹性模量/MPa
/h12345平均值
04.204.204.204.204.204.20
1444.444.454.434.454.454.45
2884.714.714.724.704.714.71
4325.235.235.235.235.235.23
5765.655.655.665.645.655.65
7206.336.316.326.326.326.32
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Yeoh model parameters for specimens with different thermal ageing time

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老化时间/hC10C20C30
00.203-9.10×10-41.88×10-5
1440.192-9.94×10-41.79×10-5
2880.188-1.03×10-31.74×10-5
4320.184-1.19×10-31.67×10-5
5760.180-1.24×10-31.62×10-5
7200.175-1.31×10-31.59×10-5
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不同热老化时间试样的Yeoh模型参数

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老化时间/hC10C20C30
00.203-9.10×10-41.88×10-5
1440.192-9.94×10-41.79×10-5
2880.188-1.03×10-31.74×10-5
4320.184-1.19×10-31.67×10-5
5760.180-1.24×10-31.62×10-5
7200.175-1.31×10-31.59×10-5
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基于非线性超声的复合绝缘子热老化状态检测
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司金皓 1 , 方春华 1, * , 黎鹏 1 , 吴田 1 , 普子恒 1 , 岳浩 2 , 刘强 1 , 徐祥梦 1
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2026,59(5): 151-160
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绝缘材料 |测试与分析 2026 , 59 (5) : 151 -160
基于非线性超声的复合绝缘子热老化状态检测
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司金皓(2001-),男(汉族),河北邯郸人,硕士生,主要从事电力设备状态检测与故障诊断的研究

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司金皓1, 方春华1, *, 黎鹏1, 吴田1, 普子恒1, 岳浩2, 刘强1, 徐祥梦1
作者信息
  • 1三峡大学 电气与新能源学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 2中国电力工程顾问集团中南电力设计院,湖北 武汉 430071
通讯作者:
方春华(1980-),男(汉族),湖北天门人,副教授,主要从事高电压试验技术和电力设备状态检测的研究。
作者简介:

司金皓(2001-),男(汉族),河北邯郸人,硕士生,主要从事电力设备状态检测与故障诊断的研究

Detection of thermal ageing state of composite insulators based on non-linear ultrasound
Jinhao SI1, Chunhua FANG1, *, Peng LI1, Tian WU1, Ziheng PU1, Hao YUE2, Qiang LIU1, Xiangmeng XU1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Electrical Engineering and New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
  • 2Central Southern China Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd. of China Power Engineering Consulting Group, Wuhan 430071, China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.017
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针对复合绝缘子硅橡胶伞裙热老化问题,本文引入非线性超声检测技术展开相关研究。首先对复合绝缘子硅橡胶伞裙进行加速热老化试验,测量不同热老化时间试样的材料参数。然后建立了复合绝缘子硅橡胶非线性超声检测仿真模型,并搭建非线性超声检测平台开展超声检测试验。最后验证仿真与试验测得的复合绝缘子硅橡胶材料热老化时间与超声非线性系数的关系。结果表明:随着热老化时间的增加,热老化试样的基波与二次谐波幅值均呈下降趋势,相对非线性系数呈现明显增大趋势;试验测得的相对非线性系数与热老化时间的线性拟合度较高。热老化导致材料宏观力学特性变化,表现为密度下降和弹性模量增大,进而导致声波能量衰减,材料内部结构的改变增强了非线性效应。二阶相对非线性系数可有效表征复合绝缘子硅橡胶材料的热老化程度,为复合绝缘子热老化状态的无损检测提供了一种新方法。

非线性超声  /  复合绝缘子  /  热老化状态  /  相对非线性系数  /  硅橡胶

Aiming at the thermal ageing problem of composite insulator silicone rubber sheds, relevant research using nonlinear ultrasonic detection technology was conducted in this paper. First, accelerated thermal ageing tests were conducted on the silicone rubber sheds of composite insulators, and the material parameters of samples with different thermal ageing time were measured. Then, a simulation model for nonlinear ultrasonic detection of composite insulator silicone rubber was established, and a nonlinear ultrasonic detection platform was built to carry out ultrasonic detection experiments. Finally, the relationship between the thermal ageing time of the composite insulator silicone rubber material and the ultrasonic nonlinear coefficient obtained from both simulations and experiments was verified. The results show that as thermal ageing time increases, both the fundamental and second harmonic amplitudes of the thermally aged samples exhibit a decreasing trend, while the relative nonlinear coefficient increases significantly. The linear fitting degree between the relative nonlinear coefficient measured in the experiment and the thermal ageing time is high. Thermal ageing leads to changes in the macroscopic mechanical properties of the material, manifested as decreased density and increased elastic modulus, which causes attenuation of acoustic wave energy, while the change in internal structure of material enhances the nonlinear effect. The second-order relative nonlinear coefficient can effectively characterize the thermal ageing degree of composite insulator silicone rubber materials, providing a new method for the non-destructive testing of the thermal ageing state of composite insulators.

nonlinear ultrasound  /  composite insulator  /  thermal ageing state  /  relative nonlinear coefficient  /  silicone rubber
司金皓, 方春华, 黎鹏, 吴田, 普子恒, 岳浩, 刘强, 徐祥梦. 基于非线性超声的复合绝缘子热老化状态检测. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (5) : 151 -160 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.017
Jinhao SI, Chunhua FANG, Peng LI, Tian WU, Ziheng PU, Hao YUE, Qiang LIU, Xiangmeng XU. Detection of thermal ageing state of composite insulators based on non-linear ultrasound[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (5) : 151 -160 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.017
绝缘子作为输变电系统中的重要组成部分,在保证电气绝缘的同时还承担着机械负荷。复合绝缘子由于电气绝缘性好、耐污闪能力优异、机械强度高等特点,在110 kV及以上电压等级的输电线路中应用广泛,目前数量已经超过1 000万支[1]。长期运行过程中,复合绝缘子受光照、潮湿、污秽、闪络、机械应力等因素的影响[2-3],不可避免地出现老化问题,导致绝缘性能降低、机械强度减弱从而引发输电线路闪络事故[4-5],影响电网安全运行。复合绝缘子老化程度的评估及对应的维护策略制定(包括优化更换周期或实施分级巡检制度)已成为保障输电安全的关键环节[6],提出有效的检测方法具有重要的实际意义。
目前针对复合绝缘子老化状态的检测方法众多,各有优缺点[7]。文献[8]通过扫描电镜技术解析材料表面形貌特征,并采用傅里叶红外光谱技术检测复合绝缘子内部部分基团的相对变化,实现对复合绝缘子的老化程度评估。文献[9]采用X射线光电子能谱分析复合绝缘子元素含量的变化,以反映复合绝缘子的老化状态。文献[10]通过热重分析与热刺激电流检测手段将材料质量变化与介电响应特性联系起来,建立了绝缘子老化定量分析模型。综合而言,扫描电镜技术虽然可以实现微观形貌的分析但对样品制备要求较高。傅里叶红外光谱可以检测内部基团变化但难以量化,其可靠性难以保证。X射线光电子能谱可对元素含量变化进行检测但操作复杂不适用现场检测。热重分析和热刺激电流法可实现定量评估,但对试验样本预处理及仪器精度存在严苛要求。目前主要的评估方法集中在对复合绝缘子硅橡胶伞裙的理化分析,虽能提供微观信息,但均需破坏样品且依赖实验室环境,无法满足在役绝缘子的现场检测需求。
无损检测技术主要包括基于电学特性检测、高频检测等方法[11],虽然不会破坏样品,但其应用范围受限于材料属性或环境条件。而超声检测技术因灵敏度高、穿透性强和操作简单等特点已成为绝缘材料性能评估的重要手段[12]。王若丞等[13]应用超声声速的变化对电缆接头硅橡胶的热老化状态进行检测。然而传统超声检测技术在评估材料早期老化状态时的有效性较低。与传统线性超声检测技术相比,非线性超声检测技术因对微观损伤具有高敏感性,能够对材料的早期性能退化进行检测[14-16]
焦敬品等[17]利用二次谐波非线性效应对有机材料的热老化状态进行了研究。张琦等[18]提出了聚乙烯(PE)管道热老化的非线性超声检测方法,建立了基于管材老化程度的非线性超声检测特征表征模型,并用于PE管道热氧老化的无损检测。CHEN C L等[19]采用非线性超声技术实现了聚乙烯材料的老化状态检测,并将其引入有机高分子材料的老化程度评估中。柯力等[20]利用非线性超声检测方法实现了电缆接头硅橡胶的热老化状态评估。非线性超声检测技术在评估材料老化状态中已广泛应用,而将其应用于检测复合绝缘子老化状态的研究报道较少。针对现有复合绝缘子老化状态检测手段存在易损伤样品、设备繁多或操作复杂的问题,非线性超声检测技术可以实现无损检测,且操作简单,能够避免上述不足。
本文利用非线性超声检测技术对复合绝缘子伞裙的老化状态进行无损检测。首先制备不同热老化程度复合绝缘子硅橡胶试样,基于试样老化参数,利用COMSOL软件建立二维仿真模型,实现非线性超声检测仿真,验证热老化时间与非线性系数间的关联性;然后通过搭建非线性超声检测平台对复合绝缘子硅橡胶热老化试样进行检测,得到不同热老化试样的相对非线性系数并进行拟合,验证该方法的有效性;最后分析超声非线性特性随老化时间的变化趋势及其原因。希望可为复合绝缘子硅橡胶伞裙老化状态无损检测提供新的思路。
为了解释固体材料中高阶谐波的产生,描述材料的非线性应力-应变关系可以用二阶项[21]表示,如式(1)所示。
σ=Eε1+βε+
式(1)中:σ为应力;ε为应变;E为弹性模量;β为二阶非线性系数。
考虑到单频超声纵波在材料中传播的情况,纵波的运动方程可以表达为式(2)。
ρ2ut2=ux
式(2)中:ρ为材料密度;x为波传播的距离;t为时间;u为介质内位于x处质点的位移。根据式(1)~(2),不考虑高阶项,可得到式(3)。
2ut2=c22ux2+2c2βux2ux2
式(3)中,c为介质中的波速。一列单频正弦超声纵波进入介质中,由微扰法可得式(4)。
A2=18βk2A12x
式(4)中:A1为基波幅值;k为波数;A2为二次谐波幅值。
由式(4)可以看出,β可以作为描述介质非线性的一个参数,如式(5)所示。
β=8k2xA2A12
在实际应用中保持波数k和声波传播距离x不变,定义相对二阶非线性系数β′来代替β
β'=A2A12
当超声波经过由于热老化而内部结构发生变化的材料时,会产生高次谐波,基波幅值和二次谐波幅值均发生改变,相对二阶非线性系数随之改变,因此可以采用相对二阶非线性系数表征材料的热老化程度。
试样来自某一厂家生产的同一批次110 kV复合绝缘子的硅橡胶伞裙。根据Arrhenius加速热老化理论,通过提高环境的温度可以加快材料的热老化速率,从而在较短时间内获得与实际运行条件下长期老化的等效试样。利用热老化试验箱对复合绝缘子硅橡胶伞裙进行加速热老化试验。根据GB/T 3512—2014,选取200℃作为加速热老化试验温度,分别设置6个试验时间:0、144、288、432、576、720 h。待热老化箱加热至预设温度后,将试样放入试样架中进行热老化,到达各热老化时长后将样品取出,在室温下冷却备用。为保证试样各部位温度的均匀性,加热的同时打开鼓风。在整个试验期间,温度波动不超过±0.1℃。
理论上材料的非线性主要是通过材料的高阶弹性常数来描述。在非线性声学中,MURNAGHAN F D引入了3个三阶弹性常数lmn来描述材料的弹性与应变的关系,各向同性的弹性体有两个二阶弹性常数(λμ)和3个三阶弹性常数。非线性系数可以表示为式(7)。
β=3+2l+mλ+2μ
各向同性固体拉密常数即二阶弹性常数完全可以采用弹性模量和泊松比来表示。硅橡胶材料内部存在非线性的应力-应变关系,根据经典声学非线性理论可知,材料内部非线性的应力、应变会导致超声波在传播时出现高次谐波。因此需要通过其应力-应变关系描述材料的本征非线性。橡胶通常被视为各向同性不可压缩超弹性材料,其物理力学特性主要通过应变能密度函数来表示,每种特定类型的本构模型都是应变能密度函数的某种特殊形式。在众多超弹性模型中,Yeoh本构模型拟合精度高,拟合曲线与硅橡胶单轴拉伸力学行为符合。本文采用Yeoh模型代表材料本身的非线性应力-应变本构关系。
Yeoh本构模型的应变能密度函数关系如式(8)所示。
W=C10I1-3+C20I1-32+C30I1-33
式(8)中:W为应变能密度;I1为第一格林应变不变量;C10C20C30为Revlin系数。
材料出现热老化后,其宏观力学特性会发生变化,即弹性模量和密度等随之改变[22]。宏观参数的变化会影响声波在材料内部的传播速度,声波的传播时间增加或减少,非线性效应的累积也会发生变化。密度的变化会引起材料声阻抗的变化,使得透射波频域特征量发生变化。弹性模量是材料抵抗弹性形变能力的核心参数,其变化会影响材料的非线性力学行为。老化过程中Yeoh模型的参数也会发生变化,该变化可以反映材料的应力-应变关系的变化,直接影响材料的非线性声学效应。因此在热老化试验完成后,测量不同热老化时间下的样品密度和杨氏模量,并对试样进行单轴拉伸试验拟合Yeoh模型获得参数,可为后续仿真提供必要参数。
采用梅特勒-托利多仪器公司的XS105型精密天平测量不同热老化试样的质量,采用排水法测量体积,最后根据密度公式计算试样的密度。
根据GB/T 528—2009,使用2型哑铃状裁刀对试样进行裁切,得到标准的2型哑铃状试样。根据HG/T 3321—2012,使用电子万能试验机测量试样的弹性模量。每组试验包含5个试样,取平均值作为试验结果。哑铃状硅橡胶试样实物如图1所示,试样尺寸见表1表2为测量得到的试样密度结果。表3为测量计算得到的试样弹性模量结果。
表2可以看出,复合绝缘子硅橡胶的密度随热老化时间增加呈下降趋势。密度改变源于热老化过程中材料内部的微观结构演变,热老化促使部分分子形成新型褶叠结构,这种结构重组打破了原有分子链的有效排列,导致分子链排列逐渐变得疏松,使得整体密度下降。另外,硅橡胶试样的密度还与其内部氢键的强弱有关,长期热老化过程中,低键能氢键的断裂进一步加剧了密度的下降趋势[22]。从表3可以看出,试样的弹性模量随老化时间增加呈现上升趋势,表明长期的热老化作用破坏了硅橡胶良好的柔顺性,导致材料逐渐变硬。
参照GB/T 528—2009对硅橡胶试样开展拉伸试验。将试样上下对称且与试验机上、下夹具垂直,传感器精度设置为1%,拉伸速度为500 mm/min,停机条件为试样断裂。利用试验得到的应力、应变数据,拟合出不同老化时间试样的Yeoh本构模型参数,结果如表4所示。
根据非线性超声检测的原理和特点,当材料的应力-应变关系呈现非线性时,需要使用非线性求解器来准确模拟这种复杂的物理行为。非线性求解器需要占用大量的计算资源,建立完整的三维模型进行非线性超声检测仿真,计算时间也会成倍增加,且极易发生不收敛的情况。由于超声纵波的波束方向与被测工件的探测面相互垂直,在硅橡胶绝缘内部,超声纵波是在二维截面内纵向传播的,因此建立复合绝缘子伞裙样品的二维几何模型进行非线性超声仿真足以反映其传播的准确性。
复合绝缘子实物如图2所示。裁剪复合绝缘子伞裙,测量其截面的数据进行建模。模型底部长度为50 mm,最左侧厚度为7 mm,最右侧厚度为2 mm。鉴于样品为单层材料且厚度较小,为了避免底面回波引起的波形混叠现象,本研究采用透射法进行检测,即采用一发一收双探头布置。在仿真模型的下部设置激励源,并在激励源正上方设置信号接收探针,探针中心点在厚度为5 mm处。同时,为了减少边界反射波对接收信号的干扰,在模型两侧设置了低反射边界。仿真中使用指定位移作为等效激励信号。
对同一频率的超声波而言,纵波比横波的衰减幅度小且穿透能力强,因此选择超声纵波进行检测。硅橡胶试样对超声波能量具有较强的吸收能力,导致声波在传播过程中存在显著衰减。高频超声波在材料中传播时,衰减速度较快,容易被吸收,可能导致信号减弱,从而降低探测灵敏度。相比之下,低频超声波虽然衰减较慢,但其分辨率较低,难以清晰分辨细小的缺陷或结构[23]。因此选取信号频率为1.5 MHz,周期数为5的汉宁窗调制信号。仿真选择在固体力学(弹性波)模块下进行。模型网格大小设置为波长的1/8,时间步长设置为0.05 μs,仿真总时长设置为20 μs。伞裙简化模型如图3所示。
将第二节中测得的相关参数导入到对应的仿真模型中,材料的泊松比设置为常数,使得仿真中的参数设置与实际老化试样相对应,并对各老化时间的试样模型进行仿真。
为了使结果更加清晰直观,本文对不同老化时间试样的结果绘制在同一图中进行对比分析。图4为不同老化时间试样的透射波仿真结果。从图4可以看出,透射波的幅值随老化时间增加呈现下降趋势。
对透射波时域信号进行快速傅里叶变换,获得不同热老化时间下的频谱图,如图5所示。
图5可以看出,透射波的基频段位于1.5 MHz处,二次谐波在3 MHz处出现了波峰。通过对不同热老化时间下透射波信号的基波和二次谐波变化情况进行比较,可以发现频域特征量中基波幅值和二次谐波幅值均随热老化时间的增加而逐渐减小。幅值变化与热老化时间之间呈现规律性关系,表明热老化时间与超声响应之间存在一定的联系。
提取不同热老化时间试样频谱图中的基波及二次谐波幅值,代入式(6)计算得到不同热老化时间试样的二阶相对非线性系数变化趋势,如图6所示。从图6可以看出,随着热老化时间的增加,相对非线性系数呈现明显的增大趋势,该显著相关性从仿真上验证了采用非线性超声检测技术对复合绝缘子伞裙的热老化状态进行检测的可行性。
图7为非线性超声检测系统示意图及现场测试图。超声检测系统主要由功率放大器、信号发生器、双工器、示波器和超声探头等仪器组成。
本试验选择奥林巴斯公司的纵波超声换能器,换能器的频带宽度满足试验需求。由信号发生器发射与仿真中相同频率和周期数的汉宁窗调制信号,将信号发生器产生的周期信号经过功率放大器放大处理,使得激励信号能量足以传播到接收探头,再将信号经过低通滤波器滤除高频杂波,确保透射波信号中的二次谐波信号与输入信号无关。然后将信号通过双工器与探头连接以发出信号,由接收探头连接至示波器显示透射波信号。本试验采用一发一收的双探头布置,探头与试样的耦合程度会影响试验结果。为降低声波传输过程中的能量损耗并抑制因界面气隙引起的非线性畸变,试验中采用超声耦合剂对换能器与待测样品接触界面进行均匀涂覆。
系统仪器本身存在的非线性特性、超声探头涂抹耦合剂等很可能引入并非源于材料本身的非线性干扰因素。因此,排除检测系统自身产生的非线性干扰因素,对检测结果的准确性至关重要。通过设置不同的激励电压,测量不同激励电压下的二次谐波幅值与基波幅值平方,分析两者之间的变化情况,即拟合A12A2的关系。图8为基波幅值平方与二次谐波幅值的比值变化曲线,可决系数R2为0.99。由图8可知,随着激励电压增大,A2A12有较强的线性关系,说明搭建的试验平台稳定性较好。
试验测得的透射波信号的两端和每个脉冲的始端都含有大量的毛刺,表现为噪声信号。这些噪声主要来源于检测设备的本底噪声,其可能会影响回波信号的幅值等关键特征,并影响后续的时频域分析,因此首先对其进行去噪处理。根据实际需求选择dB4小波函数对不同热老化时间试样时域波形进行去噪处理,获得的透射波如图9所示。从图9可看出,透射波幅值随热老化时间增加呈下降趋势。对比图4发现,该趋势与仿真结果中透射波的幅值变化趋势基本一致。
对试验获得的不同热老化时间试样的透射波时域图进行快速傅里叶变换,获得不同热老化时间试样的频谱图如图10所示。从图10可以看出,基波幅值和二次谐波幅值随热老化时间的增加而逐渐减小,其变化趋势与仿真结果基本一致。在仿真中观测到的二次谐波较明显,这是由于试验不具备仿真一样的理想环境。
提取多次频谱图测量结果中的基波和二次谐波幅值,计算不同热老化时间试样的二阶相对非线性系数,绘制相对非线性系数的误差棒散点图并进行线性拟合,结果如图11所示。从图11可以看出,随着热老化时间的增加,相对非线性系数逐渐增大,且增幅在热老化中后期明显变大。
相对非线性系数与老化时间的拟合表达式如式(9)所示。
y=0.003675+3.6276×10-6xR2=0.9458
式(9)中,R2为可决系数,拟合所得R2=0.945 8,说明试验测得的相对非线性系数与热老化时间的线性拟合度较高。非线性超声检测方法的表征参数变化趋势明显,且与热老化时间具有良好的关联性,说明利用相对非线性系数可以有效表征试样的热老化程度。
硅橡胶作为典型的高分子聚合物,随着老化程度的加深,材料弹性模量增大,交联密度增加,力学性能下降[24-25],这是因为材料内部出现了以下特征:①分子链段运动受限,增加了声波传播过程中的能量耗散,使得基波幅值降低;②交联点形成了更多的声阻抗不连续界面,这些界面会促进声波的散射和非线性相互作用。虽然这种结构变化使得绝对声波能量(A1A2)都有所降低,但由于高频谐波(A2)在通过这类非均质结构时会产生更强的非线性调制效应,导致A2/A12值反而增大。
在硅橡胶中,密度降低说明材料内部自由体积增加,这种结构变化会产生双重效应:一方面降低了声波的整体能量(A1A2减小),另一方面由于孔隙或自由体积的存在,使得声波传播过程中产生更显著的非线性振荡效应。特别是高频谐波成分在通过这些微结构时,会激发更丰富的非线性响应,这种选择性增强使得非线性系数的计算值反而升高。
在老化过程中,材料发生劣化反应会导致材料表面的颗粒物增多,如填料Al2O3析出。同时填料析出会造成材料出现孔洞[26]。超声波在试样内部传播时,颗粒物和孔洞会使得声波传播路径增加,能量衰减增大,基波和二次谐波幅值减小。但颗粒物和孔洞会起到非线性响应源的作用,增强超声非线性响应,造成相对非线性系数增大。
从超声波传播动力学角度看,弹性模量增大和密度降低共同导致声速显著提高,这会改变声波波长与材料内部特征尺寸的匹配关系[27-28]。当声波波长与硅橡胶内部的填料团聚尺寸或自由体积分布特征尺寸达到某种特定比例时,会显著增强声波能量向高频成分的转换效率,从而在整体能量降低的情况下,仍能观测到非线性系数的升高。在老化的中后期,观察到基波幅值和二次谐波幅值下降趋势加快,同时相对非线性系数增速逐渐加快。这说明长期的高温环境会使得硅橡胶材料的老化速度加快,造成其在中后期的变化幅度增大。在仿真与试验研究中,由于激励信号表征方式的差异性,导致超声非线性系数量化结果存在区别。
仿真采用指定位移边界条件等效激励源,而试验通过电压幅值对基波和二次谐波进行表征,这使两者在幅值量纲上失去可比性,即超声非线性系数的大小不具备直接对比意义,但仿真与试验所得结果变化趋势一致,两者之间相互印证。
本文提出了复合绝缘子硅橡胶热老化状态的非线性超声检测方法,通过分析不同热老化状态下超声非线性特征量的变化规律,得到如下结论:
(1)长期高温环境会加速复合绝缘子硅橡胶伞裙的热老化,复合绝缘子硅橡胶伞裙在热老化过程中材料特性发生变化,具体表现为密度下降,弹性模量增大,试验和仿真结果表明随着复合绝缘子硅橡胶热老化程度的加深,超声波在传播过程中的能量损失增大,基波与二次谐波幅值逐渐减小。不同老化时间下透射波信号的非线性响应呈现规律性变化,相对非线性系数随热老化时间逐渐增大,且在热老化的中后期的增幅明显变大。
(2)试验和仿真获得的相对非线性系数随老化时间的变化趋势一致。对试验获得的相对非线性系数和热老化时间进行拟合,结果表明相对非线性系数与热老化时间呈强线性相关性,表明可以利用非线性超声检测方法对复合绝缘子硅橡胶伞裙的热老化程度进行有效检测。
(3)结合不同热老化状态的复合绝缘子硅橡胶材料宏观参数和超声时频域特征量变化趋势,可揭示非线性超声检测复合绝缘子硅橡胶热老化状态的机理:热老化造成材料微观组织结构发生变化,导致其宏观性能发生改变,这种变化会造成声波的能量减小,超声非线性特征量中基波与二次谐波幅值的降低,而内部组织结构的变化导致非线性效应增强,最终导致二阶相对非线性系数呈增大趋势。

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2026年第59卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.017
  • 接收时间:2025-06-12
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-12
  • 修回日期:2025-09-02
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    1三峡大学 电气与新能源学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
    2中国电力工程顾问集团中南电力设计院,湖北 武汉 430071

通讯作者:

方春华(1980-),男(汉族),湖北天门人,副教授,主要从事高电压试验技术和电力设备状态检测的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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