Article(id=1304921868989915973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748448000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-29, revisedDate=1755187200000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047217843, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047217843, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047217843, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047217843, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921832184897890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047209067, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118050557, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218963043021063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218963043021064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=142, endPage=150, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921869199631174, articleId=1304921868989915973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Terahertz spectroscopy detection and analysis of transformer oil-based nanofluids, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the electrical performance of transformer oil under high electric field strength and extreme operating conditions, in this paper, modified transformer oils containing different concentrations of SiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles were prepared, the terahertz time-domain spectra of different oil samples were measured experimentally, and the differences in their terahertz time and frequency domain spectral characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the absorption coefficients of different oil samples exhibit similar variation trends in the lower frequency range of 0.2-1.0 THz, while absorption is enhanced in the higher frequency range of 1.0-2.0 THz, where the differences in absorption characteristics among the oil samples are significant. Compared with pure transformer oil, the refractive index and permittivity of the nano-modified transformer oils in the terahertz frequency range increase significantly. In the frequency range of 0.2-2.0 THz, as the nanoparticle concentration increases, the average dielectric constant of both types of nano-modified transformer oils first increases and then decreases slightly. Meanwhile, the average dielectric loss factor of the ZnO nano-oil exhibits a fluctuating downward trend, whereas that of the SiO2 nano-oil first decreases and then increases.

, authors=Shuhua LI, Ming DONG*, Qian WU, Zhili TIAN, Yizhuo HU, Ji CHEN, Qiang ZENG, Ming REN, authorsList=Shuhua LI, Ming DONG, Qian WU, Zhili TIAN, Yizhuo HU, Ji CHEN, Qiang ZENG, Ming REN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ming DONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921870776689495, articleId=1304921868989915973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=变压器油基纳米流体的太赫兹光谱检测与分析, columnId=1192878364483531003, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=测试与分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高变压器油在高电场强度与极端工况下的电气性能,本研究制备了不同浓度SiO2和ZnO纳米粒子的改性变压器油,实验测定了不同油样的太赫兹时域光谱,并分析了其太赫兹时域和频域光谱特性差异。结果表明:不同油样的吸收系数在0.2~1.0 THz较低频段内的变化趋势相近,而在1.0~2.0 THz较高频段内的吸收增强,油样间的吸收特性差异明显;相比于纯变压器油,纳米改性变压器油在太赫兹频段的折射率和介电常数有明显的升高;在0.2~2.0 THz频段内,随着纳米粒子浓度的升高,两种纳米改性变压器油的介电常数均值呈现先升高后小幅度下降的趋势,而ZnO纳米油介质损耗因数均值呈现波动下降的趋势,SiO2纳米油介质损耗因数均值则呈现先降低再升高的趋势。

, authors=李树华, 董明*, 吴倩, 田志立, 胡一卓, 陈骥, 曾强, 任明, authorsList=李树华, 董明, 吴倩, 田志立, 胡一卓, 陈骥, 曾强, 任明, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=董明, authorNote=

李树华(2002-),男(汉族),陕西宝鸡人,硕士生,主要从事电力设备电气绝缘技术、状态监测等方面的研究

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董明(1977-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,教授,主要从事电力设备电气绝缘技术、状态监测等方面的研究。
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李树华(2002-),男(汉族),陕西宝鸡人,硕士生,主要从事电力设备电气绝缘技术、状态监测等方面的研究

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李树华(2002-),男(汉族),陕西宝鸡人,硕士生,主要从事电力设备电气绝缘技术、状态监测等方面的研究

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变压器油基纳米流体的太赫兹光谱检测与分析
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李树华 , 董明 * , 吴倩 , 田志立 , 胡一卓 , 陈骥 , 曾强 , 任明
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2026,59(5): 142-150
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绝缘材料 |测试与分析 2026 , 59 (5) : 142 -150
变压器油基纳米流体的太赫兹光谱检测与分析
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李树华, 董明*, 吴倩, 田志立, 胡一卓, 陈骥, 曾强, 任明
作者信息
  • 西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
通讯作者:
董明(1977-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,教授,主要从事电力设备电气绝缘技术、状态监测等方面的研究。
作者简介:

李树华(2002-),男(汉族),陕西宝鸡人,硕士生,主要从事电力设备电气绝缘技术、状态监测等方面的研究

Terahertz spectroscopy detection and analysis of transformer oil-based nanofluids
Shuhua LI, Ming DONG*, Qian WU, Zhili TIAN, Yizhuo HU, Ji CHEN, Qiang ZENG, Ming REN
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.016
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为提高变压器油在高电场强度与极端工况下的电气性能,本研究制备了不同浓度SiO2和ZnO纳米粒子的改性变压器油,实验测定了不同油样的太赫兹时域光谱,并分析了其太赫兹时域和频域光谱特性差异。结果表明:不同油样的吸收系数在0.2~1.0 THz较低频段内的变化趋势相近,而在1.0~2.0 THz较高频段内的吸收增强,油样间的吸收特性差异明显;相比于纯变压器油,纳米改性变压器油在太赫兹频段的折射率和介电常数有明显的升高;在0.2~2.0 THz频段内,随着纳米粒子浓度的升高,两种纳米改性变压器油的介电常数均值呈现先升高后小幅度下降的趋势,而ZnO纳米油介质损耗因数均值呈现波动下降的趋势,SiO2纳米油介质损耗因数均值则呈现先降低再升高的趋势。

纳米改性变压器油  /  太赫兹时域光谱  /  光谱分析  /  介电常数  /  介质损耗因数

To improve the electrical performance of transformer oil under high electric field strength and extreme operating conditions, in this paper, modified transformer oils containing different concentrations of SiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles were prepared, the terahertz time-domain spectra of different oil samples were measured experimentally, and the differences in their terahertz time and frequency domain spectral characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the absorption coefficients of different oil samples exhibit similar variation trends in the lower frequency range of 0.2-1.0 THz, while absorption is enhanced in the higher frequency range of 1.0-2.0 THz, where the differences in absorption characteristics among the oil samples are significant. Compared with pure transformer oil, the refractive index and permittivity of the nano-modified transformer oils in the terahertz frequency range increase significantly. In the frequency range of 0.2-2.0 THz, as the nanoparticle concentration increases, the average dielectric constant of both types of nano-modified transformer oils first increases and then decreases slightly. Meanwhile, the average dielectric loss factor of the ZnO nano-oil exhibits a fluctuating downward trend, whereas that of the SiO2 nano-oil first decreases and then increases.

nano-modified transformer oil  /  terahertz time-domain spectroscopy  /  spectral analysis  /  dielectric constant  /  dielectric loss factor
李树华, 董明, 吴倩, 田志立, 胡一卓, 陈骥, 曾强, 任明. 变压器油基纳米流体的太赫兹光谱检测与分析. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (5) : 142 -150 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.016
Shuhua LI, Ming DONG, Qian WU, Zhili TIAN, Yizhuo HU, Ji CHEN, Qiang ZENG, Ming REN. Terahertz spectroscopy detection and analysis of transformer oil-based nanofluids[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (5) : 142 -150 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.016
电力变压器是电力系统的核心设备,其安全可靠性是电力系统稳定运行的重要保障。近年来,特高压电网的不断发展建设对变压器油-纸绝缘性能提出了更高要求,而纳米改性绝缘油是提升油-纸绝缘性能的有效思路之一[1-5]
纳米改性绝缘油是在传统的绝缘油中添加纳米级材料以提升绝缘性能的绝缘介质,通过物理或化学手段将纳米材料均匀分散在油中,可显著改善其电气、热学和化学性能[6-9]。因此,纳米粒子对绝缘油性能的影响成为了研究者关注的重点。现有针对纳米改性绝缘油性能检测的思路主要为通过实验测定绝缘油的理化性能和电气性能或通过分子模拟手段研究纳米粒子对绝缘油性能改善的微观作用机理。孙长海等[10]利用分子模拟和实验验证相结合的方法研究了Al2O3纳米粒子对植物绝缘油的改性作用,揭示了其微观机理和宏观性能的提升规律,研究表明纳米Al2O3浓度为0.06 g/L时绝缘油综合性能最好。李阳等[11]基于分子动力学模拟技术研究了纯变压器油以及分别添加了Al2O3、SiO2和ZnO纳米粒子的改性变压器油的黏度随温度的变化规律,结果表明添加纳米粒子后的变压器油黏度均有一定上升。
太赫兹时域光谱(terahertz time-domain spectroscopy,THz-TDS)技术凭借其无损分析优势,为材料的微观特性表征提供了新的解决方案。太赫兹时域光谱技术利用太赫兹(THz)脉冲与样品的相互作用,获取作用后的太赫兹电场强度随时间的变化曲线[12-13]。相较于传统光谱检测技术,太赫兹光谱具备瞬态响应特性、低光子能量安全性及特征指纹谱性等优势。其中特征指纹谱性源于多数极性分子与生物大分子的振动-转动跃迁频率位于太赫兹波段,这些特征谱线可作为物质的唯一标识,使太赫兹光谱技术能够实现材料微观结构的非破坏性识别与组分精准鉴别[14]。此外,太赫兹时域光谱技术检测速度快,无须对样品进行预处理,测试结果不会受到电场和磁场干扰,同时结合相关算法可快速对样品在太赫兹频段的光谱特性和介电特性进行计算分析,具备对样品性状进行原位监测的潜力[15-16]。基于上述优势,应用太赫兹时域光谱对变压器油等有机电工材料进行分析具有独特优势,近年来该技术在电力工业领域已有较多应用。当前国内外学者主要将THz-TDS技术用于对绝缘介质缺陷的检测和定位[17-18],以及对绝缘介质状态或组分(如老化状态[19-21]、含水量[22-23]等)的检测评估。谢声益等[17]应用THz-TDS技术对含有隐藏气隙缺陷的交联聚乙烯(XLPE)进行检测,实现了隐藏气隙缺陷的有效检测和定位,并且能够获取气隙缺陷的几何形状信息。XU Nuo等[24]分析了长时间电热老化后XLPE的太赫兹频段介电特性,并结合老化过程化学结构和结晶度变化,揭示了电热应力下XLPE微观结构演化与太赫兹介电响应之间的内在联系。郭丽[25]利用THz-TDS技术获取了APTES/SiO2纳米改性矿物绝缘油在不同老化状态下的太赫兹光谱特性,并分别应用反向传播神经网络(BPNN)、Elman循环神经网络(Elman)、小波神经网络(WNN)和长短期记忆网络(LSTM)算法对绝缘油老化状态进行评估。
现有研究表明,纳米改性变压器油中纳米粒子浓度会影响变压器油的性能[26-27],而现有针对不同种类纳米改性变压器油在太赫兹频段的时域和频域光谱特性及介电响应差异的研究仍存在不足。因此,本文研究分别添加不同浓度SiO2和ZnO纳米粒子的改性变压器油的太赫兹光谱特性,对比不同油样的光谱差异,并分析纳米粒子种类和浓度对油样太赫兹介电响应特性的影响规律。
本研究采用的变压器油为克拉玛依25#变压器油,由于变压器油自身存在气泡、杂质和水分,在实验前需要对变压器油进行过滤及真空干燥,处理后的变压器油可用于纳米改性变压器油的制备。
本文使用的纳米粒子为ZnO(平均粒径约为20 nm)和SiO2(平均粒径小于10 nm)。用油酸作为表面修饰剂,以减少纳米颗粒团聚。应用以上两种纳米粒子配制了6种纳米改性变压器油样:ZnO浓度分别为0.025、0.05、0.1 g/L的ZnO纳米改性油样(分别命名为1#、2#、3#纳米油)以及SiO2浓度分别为0.05、0.1、0.2 g/L的SiO2纳米改性油样(分别命名为4#、5#、6#纳米油)。本研究采用两步法制备纳米改性变压器油[28],具体制备流程为:
(1)根据实验所需的浓度,精确称量相应质量的ZnO和SiO2纳米颗粒,并将其与变压器油一同放入洁净的烧杯中,首先用玻璃棒进行初步搅拌,随后将配置好的油样置于磁力搅拌器上搅拌10 min,直至达到均匀状态;
(2)将烧杯置于超声波振荡器中,在1 200 W功率条件下对油样进行2 h的超声分散。为避免连续分散导致样品温度过热引发纳米粒子团聚,超声分散分4次进行,每次分散30 min,间隔5 min,使得纳米粒子均匀稳定地分布在变压器油中;
(3)完成分散处理后的纳米改性变压器油转移到真空干燥箱中静置12 h,以排除超声振荡过程中产生的气泡和水分,避免对实验结果可能产生的影响;
(4)将制备好的纳米改性油样长时间静置,保持稳定,无明显沉淀。
本研究使用TP-F15K型透射式太赫兹时域光谱仪对纯变压器油和添加不同种类和浓度纳米粒子的改性变压器油进行测试。激光器脉冲波长为1 550~1 560 nm,脉宽小于100 fs,平均功率大于100 mW,重复频率为80~100 MHz。仪器的透射光谱范围为0.2~3.5 THz,峰值动态范围大于60 dB。样品池材料为聚乙烯,该材料对太赫兹波有很好的透射性,油样厚度为5 mm。
透射式太赫兹时域光谱仪系统的基本原理如图1所示,仪器工作时,飞秒激光源发射飞秒激光脉冲,被分光棱镜分为两束,分别为泵浦光和探测光。泵浦光经光导天线形成太赫兹脉冲,太赫兹脉冲直射样品后,其和探测光共线通过电光晶体,然后利用时延模块调整两者到达的时间差,再经过偏振分析即可还原太赫兹时域波形。
鉴于太赫兹波段对水分吸收的敏感性,实验前实验舱中充入高纯度干燥氮气,控制舱内相对湿度低于5%,舱内温度为25℃。实验时,分别检测空样品池与放置油样时样品池的太赫兹时域光谱信号。为减小测试误差,对同一种变压器油样制备两个测试样品,每个样品进行3次太赫兹光谱测试,检测结果取6次测试的平均值。
在获取被测试样的太赫兹时域光谱后,可利用参考信号(太赫兹波直接穿过空样品池传播)和样本信号的频域波形计算样品的折射率、吸收系数、复介电常数以及介质损耗因数等参数。
首先应用T D DORNEY等[29]和L DUVILLARET等[30]提出的可计算物质光学参数的数学模型对所得的太赫兹时域和频域光谱进行分析。然后分别对参考时域信号Er(t)和油样时域信号Es(t)进行快速傅里叶变换以获取参考频域信号Er(f)和油样频域信号Es(f)。对于太赫兹频域信号,可根据此前计算的Er(f)Es(f)得到样品的复透射函数H(f),其表达式如式(1)所示。
H(f)=Es(f)Er(f)=ρ(f)e-jφ(f)
式(1)中:ρ(f)为样品相对于参考信号的振幅比;j为虚数单位;φ(f)为样品信号相对于参考信号的相位差。根据式(1)可以进一步计算样品的折射率n(f)、消光系数κ(f)以及吸收系数α(f),如式(2)~(4)所示。
n(f)=φ(f)c2πfd+1
κ(f)=c2πfdln{4n(f)ρ(f)[n(f)+1]2}
α(f)=4κ(f)πfc=2dln{4n(f)ρ(f)[n(f)+1]2}
式(2)~(4)中,cfd分别代表光速、频率、样品厚度。
现有针对电介质太赫兹光谱特性的研究包含了对太赫兹频段介电常数的探讨,其表达式为式(5)[31]
ε(f)=ε'(f)-jε(f)
式(5)中:复介电常数的实部ε'反映介质极化能力;复介电常数虚部ε″则表征介质松弛极化过程中的能量损耗,也被称为介质损耗指数。复介电常数的实部和虚部可以通过试样的折射率和消光系数进行计算,表达式分别为式(6)和式(7)。
ε'(f)=n2(f)-κ2(f)
ε(f)=2n(f)κ(f)
通过介电常数的实部和虚部可以进一步计算纳米改性变压器油在太赫兹频段的介质损耗因数(tanδ),以反映试样的介质损耗情况,其计算公式为式(8)。
tanδ=εε'
图2给出了参考信号以及不同油样太赫兹时域光谱图。从图2可以看出,油样信号相对于参考信号存在时间延迟和峰值衰减,时间延迟现象的存在是因为太赫兹信号在变压器油中的折射率大于在空气中的折射率,而峰值衰减则是因为变压器油吸收太赫兹波所致。添加不同浓度、种类纳米粒子的变压器油样品的太赫兹时域光谱整体趋势相近,宏观上差异并不显著。因此,可推测纳米改性绝缘油的时域光谱特性是由变压器油自身成分主导的,而纳米粒子对时域光谱的影响并不显著。
为具体分析不同油样的差异,对太赫兹时域光谱峰值处进行放大,放大后的谱图如图3所示。从图3可以看出,相比于纯变压器油,纳米改性绝缘油的时域光谱有明显的时间延迟现象,且SiO2纳米改性绝缘油的时延整体比ZnO纳米改性绝缘油更长,这是因为纳米改性绝缘油中引入了电子极化率强于变压器油的纳米粒子,导致纳米改性绝缘油的折射率相对纯绝缘油有所升高,而SiO2纳米改性绝缘油的折射率高于ZnO纳米改性绝缘油,正是前者时延整体更长的原因。
分析太赫兹时域波形规律可知,本文实验结果和已有研究结果一致,不同油样时域波形的差异不显著,且可以获得的信息不足[32],因此,对试样时域波形进行频域分析。在进行频域分析前,首先需对原始数据进行处理以抑制回波效应和噪声的干扰:应用高斯窗函数,分别对参考信号和样品信号加窗宽为10 ps的高斯窗;然后利用快速傅里叶变换获取参考频域信号Er(f)和油样频域信号Es(f),所得太赫兹频域谱图如图4所示。由于不同油样的太赫兹频域信号在2.0 THz以上的数值很小,信噪比较低,本文主要分析0.2~2.0 THz的光谱特性。
应用式(1)~(2)计算得到的变压器油试样折射率谱图如图5所示。从图5可以看出,在0.2~2.0 THz频域内,不同油样的折射率整体变化趋势相近,宏观上数值差异很小,随着频率的升高,油样折射率整体上升,趋于1.56。其中纳米改性变压器油的折射率整体上明显高于纯变压器油的折射率,这与前文油样太赫兹时域光谱的分析结果一致。
应用式(1)~(4)计算得到的变压器油试样的吸收光谱如图6所示。从图6可以看出,在0.2~2.0 THz频域内,同一油样吸收光谱中存在多个吸收峰,随着频率的升高,不同油样的吸收系数整体呈上升趋势,说明油样对于较高频率太赫兹波吸收能力较强[33]。不同油样在0.2~1.0 THz频段内的光谱变化规律基本一致,且整体吸收系数较小。在1.0~2.0 THz较高频段内,不同油样的光谱特性有着明显差异,即较高频段的变压器油吸收特性对纳米粒子的种类和浓度较为敏感,由此可以推断纳米粒子对绝缘油太赫兹吸收特性的影响主要作用于频率在1.0~2.0 THz内的太赫兹波,较低频段的吸收特性则取决于变压器油本身而非纳米粒子。
图6还可以看出,不同油样在1.62 THz、1.90 THz附近存在明显的吸收峰。在1.62 THz附近纳米油的吸收效应整体强于纯变压器油,而在1.90 THz附近的规律则相反,即纯变压器油在该频段的吸收效应整体强于纳米油。其中SiO2纳米油对太赫兹波的吸收随纳米粒子浓度增大整体增强,SiO2纳米粒子浓度为0.2 g/L的油样吸收增强最为明显;ZnO纳米油对太赫兹波的吸收则随着纳米粒子浓度的增加呈现了非单调增长的趋势,在ZnO浓度为0.05 g/L时油样吸收效应最强。对比添加不同纳米粒子油样的吸收特性可见,除吸收效应增幅最大的6#纳米油外,其余SiO2纳米油的吸收在1.0~2.0 THz频段内整体低于ZnO纳米油。这可能是由于ZnO属于半导体材料,在太赫兹频段除晶格振动响应外,还可能存在自由载流子吸收等额外损耗机制,因此表现出较强的吸收特性,而SiO2作为绝缘材料不具备这类响应。
在完成了太赫兹频段折射率和吸收系数等参数的计算后,可进一步通过式(6)~(8)计算油样在太赫兹波段的介电参数。应当注意的是,由于测试原理和测定频段与传统的电介质介电特性的测量方法不同,且影响太赫兹频段和低频段介电特性的微观过程存在差异,通过太赫兹光谱技术所得的介电参数并不能与传统方法所得的低频介电参数完全等效,但二者仍然存在一定的相关性,因此将太赫兹频段的介电参数差异和变压器油本身的组分差异相对应是具有可行性的[15,34]
应用式(6)~(7)计算得到的不同纳米改性变压器油在0.2~2.0 THz频域内的介电常数实部谱线图如图7所示。
图7可以看出,在频率较低的范围内,随着频率的增加,纳米油极化程度提高,介电常数逐渐增大,处于较高水平。而当频率大于1.5 THz后,各油样的介电常数相继开始出现明显的下降,这是因为当纳米油受到较高频率电场作用时会出现极化松弛现象,由于介质中的部分极化过程跟不上电场的变化,极化过程进行不充分,进而发生极化松弛,极化强度降低,介电常数下降[35]。此外,在较高频段内,不同油样谱线的变化趋势表现出明显的差异,可见高频段对纳米粒子的浓度和种类较为敏感。
利用式(8)计算纳米改性变压器油在太赫兹频段内的介质损耗因数,以反映试样的介质损耗情况。从介电常数实部谱图中可以直接观察到不同油样介电特性的差异不够显著,因此本研究对不同油样的介电常数和介质损耗因数的数值关系作进一步分析。不同油样在0.2~2.0 THz的介电常数实部平均值和介质损耗因数平均值如图8所示。
在常规低频电场作用下的油-纸绝缘中,绝缘纸的介电常数较高(约为4.0),而矿物绝缘油的介电常数较低(2.2~2.5),为使油-纸绝缘系统具有较好的性能,应使油和纸的介电常数较为接近,因此可降低绝缘纸介电常数或提高绝缘油的介电常数。对于本研究测试的油样介电常数,从图8可以看出,分别添加了两种纳米粒子后的变压器油试样的介电常数实部相对于纯变压器油介电常数实部均有明显的上升,这是因为纳米粒子会在电场作用下发生极化,增加了油样的整体极化程度。但是,由于纳米粒子所占比例很小,对试样极化程度的改变有限,纳米油的介电常数相对于纯变压器油的提高幅度并不大。而随着纳米粒子浓度的提高,ZnO纳米油和SiO2纳米油的介电常数均趋于稳定,并出现了小幅下降,这可归因于经过表面改性后的纳米粒子外层的亲油基团可与变压器油充分接触[36],对纳米粒子周围的分子或基团的极化起到了一定的束缚作用,在一定范围随着纳米粒子浓度增加,束缚作用增强,对纳米油极化强度的增加起了抑制作用。
作为弱极性电介质,纯变压器油中所含的极性物质较少,因此其介质损耗因数较小,而添加了ZnO或SiO2纳米粒子后,由于纳米粒子具有一定极性,纳米粒子的引入会改变油样在太赫兹频段内的损耗特性[37-39]。从图8可以看出,ZnO纳米油的介质损耗因数随着纳米粒子浓度的增加呈现了波动下降的趋势,3种ZnO纳米油的介质损耗因数均值均低于纯变压器油;而SiO2纳米油的介质损耗因数随着纳米粒子浓度的增加呈现了先减小后增大的趋势,这一现象可能是由于SiO2粒子在油中浓度较高时,纳米粒子不可避免地出现局部团聚而带来额外的介质损耗。在太赫兹频段内由于许多极化过程没有足够的时间完成,因此介质损耗因数的变化幅度没有低频电场作用下的显著。
综合介电常数实部和介质损耗因数的实验结果,发现ZnO浓度为0.1 g/L的纳米油具有最小的介质损耗因数,ZnO浓度为0.05 g/L的纳米油具有最大的介电常数;而对于SiO2纳米油,在本研究考察的太赫兹介电参数中,4#纳米油表现出相对较优的综合特征。
本文获取了添加不同浓度和种类纳米粒子的变压器油的太赫兹时域光谱,并从频域光谱中提取了折射率、吸收系数和介电常数等参数,揭示了不同纳米油的太赫兹光谱特性差异,得到的主要结论如下:
(1)不同纳米改性变压器油的太赫兹时域光谱特性结果表明,添加不同浓度和种类纳米粒子的纳米油的时域光谱整体趋势相近,但相较于纯变压器油,纳米油的时域峰值位置有明显的时间延迟,SiO2纳米油峰值对应的时间相对于ZnO纳米油的延迟时间更长。
(2)不同油样在太赫兹频段的折射率、吸收系数等频域参数结果表明,不同油样在0.2~1.0 THz低频段内的特性差异较小,差异主要受基础油体系影响,而1.0~2.0 THz高频段内的特性则受纳米粒子种类和浓度的影响,不同油样光谱特性差异较大。
(3)纳米改性变压器油的太赫兹频段介电特性结果表明,油样在大于1.5 THz频段范围内表现出与极化松弛相关的频散特征,而纳米改性变压器油相对于纯变压器油的介电常数实部有明显的升高,ZnO纳米油介质损耗因数则随纳米粒子浓度的增加而波动下降,SiO2纳米油介质损耗因数则呈现先下降后升高的趋势。

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2026年第59卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.016
  • 接收时间:2025-05-29
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-29
  • 修回日期:2025-08-15
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    西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

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董明(1977-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,教授,主要从事电力设备电气绝缘技术、状态监测等方面的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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