Article(id=1304921892226359417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752595200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-16, revisedDate=1760371200000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047223383, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047223383, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047223383, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047223383, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921832184897890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047209067, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118050557, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218963043021063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218963043021064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=95, endPage=103, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921892431880314, articleId=1304921892226359417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on enhancing transformer oil-paper insulation performance based on plasma technology, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the oil-paper insulation performance in oil-immersed transformers, this paper utilized hexamethyldisilazane coupled with dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma to modify cellulose insulation paper. The physical morphology and chemical composition of the surface and cross-section of the modified insulation paper were characterized, and the influence of the medium flow rate on the insulation paper properties and oil-paper insulation performance was investigated. The results show that at a medium flow rate of 15 mL/min, the oil-paper insulation performance is significantly enhanced. The dielectric constant of the modified insulation paper decreases to 2.5, the flashover voltage and electric strength increase by 33.8% and 25.0%, respectively, the water contact angle increases by 194.3%, and the water absorption decreases by 44.9%. Silicon-containing thin films are deposited on the surface of the insulation paper and penetrate into the interior of the fibers, which can introduce deep traps to restrict charge migration and fill the fiber pores with hydrophobic substances. The introduction of the low-polarity film reduces the dielectric constant of the insulation paper, mitigates the electric field distortion at the oil-paper interface, and improves the interfacial bonding ability of the oil-paper interface, thereby enhancing the oil-paper insulation performance.

, authors=Ming WANG1, Aiwu GUO1, Bifang CHEN2, Runhua LI1, *, Xiaoli LIU3, Changjun TANG4, Xinglei CUI5, authorsList=Ming WANG, Aiwu GUO, Bifang CHEN, Runhua LI, Xiaoli LIU, Changjun TANG, Xinglei CUI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Runhua LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921894008938635, articleId=1304921892226359417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=基于等离子体技术的变压器油-纸绝缘性能提升研究, columnId=1190369198724452531, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=绝缘技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了实现油浸式变压器油-纸绝缘性能的提升,本文利用六甲基二硅氮烷添加介质阻挡放电等离子体对纤维素绝缘纸进行改性处理,并检测改性绝缘纸表面和截面的物理形貌和化学成分,研究媒质流速对绝缘纸性能和油-纸绝缘性能的影响。结果表明:在媒质流速为15 mL/min的条件下,油-纸绝缘性能显著提升,改性绝缘纸的介电常数下降至2.5,闪络电压和电气强度分别提升了33.8%和25.0%,水接触角提升了194.3%,吸水性下降了44.9%。含硅薄膜沉积在绝缘纸表面并深入纤维内部,可引入深陷阱限制电荷移动并利用憎水物质填充纤维孔隙,低极性薄膜的引入降低了绝缘纸介电常数,减少了油-纸界面电场畸变并提升了油-纸界面结合能力,进而提升油-纸绝缘性能。

, authors=王铭1, 郭爱武1, 陈碧芳2, 李润华1, *, 刘晓丽3, 唐常军4, 崔行磊5, authorsList=王铭, 郭爱武, 陈碧芳, 李润华, 刘晓丽, 唐常军, 崔行磊, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李润华, authorNote=

王铭(1982-),男(汉族),黑龙江牡丹江人,高级工程师,主要从事变压器检测及故障分析的研究工作

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李润华(1999-),男(汉族),辽宁沈阳人,助理工程师,主要从事绝缘纸材料改性与油-纸绝缘性能提升的研究工作。
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王铭(1982-),男(汉族),黑龙江牡丹江人,高级工程师,主要从事变压器检测及故障分析的研究工作

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(a) 未处理 (b) 处理后

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Changes in the content of Si and N elements in the cross-section of insulating paper after DBD plasma treatment

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元素种类测试位置
截面深20 μm处截面深40 μm处截面深60 μm处截面深80 μm处
Si60.123.19.51.4
N2.11.30.50.2
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DBD等离子体处理后绝缘纸截面的Si、N两种元素含量变化

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元素种类测试位置
截面深20 μm处截面深40 μm处截面深60 μm处截面深80 μm处
Si60.123.19.51.4
N2.11.30.50.2
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基于等离子体技术的变压器油-纸绝缘性能提升研究
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王铭 1 , 郭爱武 1 , 陈碧芳 2 , 李润华 1, * , 刘晓丽 3 , 唐常军 4 , 崔行磊 5
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2026,59(5): 95-103
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绝缘材料 |绝缘技术 2026 , 59 (5) : 95 -103
基于等离子体技术的变压器油-纸绝缘性能提升研究
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王铭1, 郭爱武1, 陈碧芳2, 李润华1, *, 刘晓丽3, 唐常军4, 崔行磊5
作者信息
  • 1国家能源集团科学技术研究院有限公司沈阳分公司,辽宁 沈阳 110102
  • 2桂林电器科学研究院有限公司,广西 桂林 541004
  • 3辽宁东科电力有限公司,辽宁 沈阳 110122
  • 4国能双鸭山发电有限公司,黑龙江 双鸭山 155136
  • 5南京工业大学 电气工程与控制科学学院,江苏 南京 211816
通讯作者:
李润华(1999-),男(汉族),辽宁沈阳人,助理工程师,主要从事绝缘纸材料改性与油-纸绝缘性能提升的研究工作。
作者简介:

王铭(1982-),男(汉族),黑龙江牡丹江人,高级工程师,主要从事变压器检测及故障分析的研究工作

Study on enhancing transformer oil-paper insulation performance based on plasma technology
Ming WANG1, Aiwu GUO1, Bifang CHEN2, Runhua LI1, *, Xiaoli LIU3, Changjun TANG4, Xinglei CUI5
Affiliations
  • 1Shenyang Branch of National Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110102, China
  • 2Guilin Electrical Equipment Scientific Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guilin 541004, China
  • 3Liaoning Dongke Electric Power Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110122, China
  • 4Guoneng Shuangyashan Power Generation Co., Ltd., Shuangyashan 155136, China
  • 5College of Electrical Engineering and Control Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.011
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为了实现油浸式变压器油-纸绝缘性能的提升,本文利用六甲基二硅氮烷添加介质阻挡放电等离子体对纤维素绝缘纸进行改性处理,并检测改性绝缘纸表面和截面的物理形貌和化学成分,研究媒质流速对绝缘纸性能和油-纸绝缘性能的影响。结果表明:在媒质流速为15 mL/min的条件下,油-纸绝缘性能显著提升,改性绝缘纸的介电常数下降至2.5,闪络电压和电气强度分别提升了33.8%和25.0%,水接触角提升了194.3%,吸水性下降了44.9%。含硅薄膜沉积在绝缘纸表面并深入纤维内部,可引入深陷阱限制电荷移动并利用憎水物质填充纤维孔隙,低极性薄膜的引入降低了绝缘纸介电常数,减少了油-纸界面电场畸变并提升了油-纸界面结合能力,进而提升油-纸绝缘性能。

纤维素绝缘纸  /  油-纸绝缘  /  介质阻挡放电  /  等离子体薄膜沉积  /  六甲基二硅氮烷

To improve the oil-paper insulation performance in oil-immersed transformers, this paper utilized hexamethyldisilazane coupled with dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma to modify cellulose insulation paper. The physical morphology and chemical composition of the surface and cross-section of the modified insulation paper were characterized, and the influence of the medium flow rate on the insulation paper properties and oil-paper insulation performance was investigated. The results show that at a medium flow rate of 15 mL/min, the oil-paper insulation performance is significantly enhanced. The dielectric constant of the modified insulation paper decreases to 2.5, the flashover voltage and electric strength increase by 33.8% and 25.0%, respectively, the water contact angle increases by 194.3%, and the water absorption decreases by 44.9%. Silicon-containing thin films are deposited on the surface of the insulation paper and penetrate into the interior of the fibers, which can introduce deep traps to restrict charge migration and fill the fiber pores with hydrophobic substances. The introduction of the low-polarity film reduces the dielectric constant of the insulation paper, mitigates the electric field distortion at the oil-paper interface, and improves the interfacial bonding ability of the oil-paper interface, thereby enhancing the oil-paper insulation performance.

cellulose insulating paper  /  oil-paper insulation  /  dielectric barrier discharge  /  film deposition with plasma  /  hexamethyldisilazane
王铭, 郭爱武, 陈碧芳, 李润华, 刘晓丽, 唐常军, 崔行磊. 基于等离子体技术的变压器油-纸绝缘性能提升研究. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (5) : 95 -103 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.011
Ming WANG, Aiwu GUO, Bifang CHEN, Runhua LI, Xiaoli LIU, Changjun TANG, Xinglei CUI. Study on enhancing transformer oil-paper insulation performance based on plasma technology[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (5) : 95 -103 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.011
油浸式变压器作为输配电过程中的核心部件,承担着电压变换和能量传输的重要任务。油-纸绝缘作为油浸式变压器内部主要绝缘结构,其性能优劣决定了变压器的可靠性。在油-纸绝缘结构中,矿物绝缘油的介电常数通常在2~3,而绝缘纸的主要成分纤维素的本征介电常数通常在4以上。在实际工况中,绝缘纸表面易发生电场局部集中,这会加速绝缘老化,甚至引发局部放电或沿面闪络[1-4]。此外,由于外部侵入和内部老化等原因,水分广泛存在于油-纸绝缘中,而绝缘纸大多采用天然纤维素制备,具有显著亲水性,易从绝缘油中吸收水分发生水解老化[5]。已有研究者通过物理掺杂法、化学接枝法、表面氟化法等方式进行绝缘纸改性,并取得了一定成效[6-7],但仍存在局限,尤其在同时实现介电性能匹配和水分吸收抑制方面存在巨大挑战。
低温等离子表面改性技术因其处理条件简单、耗能少、效率高、无污染等优点受到人们的广泛关注[7]。目前等离子体改性技术为了提高材料的性能,通常需要根据改性需求添加反应媒质,反应媒质可以通过等离子体内部的碎片化过程,引发沉积交联聚合反应,从而得到沉积薄膜,通过调控薄膜的物理形貌和化学成分实现对材料的功能化改性。含硅媒质因具有无毒无害、种类丰富和反应可控等优势,适用于绝缘纸改性处理。近年来,国内外利用低温等离子体技术对绝缘材料表面进行薄膜沉积以提高表面性能的研究已经取得了一些进展。WANG R X等[8]在Ar放电等离子体中加入四乙氧基硅烷,通过控制处理时间在环氧树脂表面沉积了低极性无机硅氧薄膜,从而引入浅陷阱,加速电荷消散,提升表面电导和闪络电压。CUI X L等[9]使用Ar/聚二甲基硅氧烷等离子体在柱状陶瓷表面沉积了纳米级粗糙度的薄膜,结合动态处理,获得了比等离子体羽流直径长6倍的均匀超疏水膜,该膜水接触角超过150°。Y PARK等[10]使用Ar等离子体活化十甲基环五硅氧烷和四(三甲基硅氧基)烷,在硅片上沉积了低介电常数的坚硬薄膜,其绝缘性能满足应用需求。综合现有研究发现,经过添加含硅媒质的等离子体处理,材料的电学性能、憎水性能、力学性能等特性发生了改变,在合适的处理条件下,可在材料表面引发接枝、聚合反应以形成具有特定功能的薄膜,在物理化学结构构造和表面性能优化等方面具有更高的灵活性和可控性,这为绝缘纸改性和油-纸绝缘性能提升提供了新的途径。
绝缘纸具有厚度较薄和表面平整的形状特征,介质阻挡放电(dielectric barrier discharge,DBD)是目前材料表面改性应用中最常见的大气压低温等离子体技术,适合处理轻薄的平面材料。然而含硅媒质DBD改性纤维素绝缘纸的反应条件有待研究,反应运行参数与绝缘纸改性效果之间的变化规律尚不清楚,媒质活化机制与薄膜沉积反应路径优化仍不明确。
本文针对绝缘纸改性的实际应用需求,提出利用含硅DBD等离子体在绝缘纸表面构建和引发物理化学反应,以得到沉积介电特性优良且具有防水功能的绝缘薄膜,并研究媒质流速对改性效果的影响,最终实现对油浸式变压器油-纸绝缘结构性能的提升,为等离子体薄膜沉积在绝缘纸改性中的应用提供指导。
本研究搭建的实验系统如图1所示。等离子体源电极采用板-板结构,使用纳秒脉冲电源激励电极放电产生等离子体。DBD反应器的高压电极和地电极为不锈钢金属电极,选用石英玻璃作为阻挡介质,以防止纸张样品被电弧放电损坏,处理间隙控制为7 mm[11],阻挡介质上设计了进气口与出气口用于工作气体流通,进而控制放电空间内部气氛。六甲基二硅氮烷(hexamethyldisilazane,HMDSN)由于具有低毒性和高饱和蒸汽压,是常用于类硅氧烷薄膜沉积的媒质[12],因此本文选用HMDSN作为媒质。实验平台的部分工作气体使用高纯度氩气(99.999%),气体流速通过质量流量控制器(Sevenstar D07-19型)控制。气路主要分为两路,主气路为工作气体Ar,另一路辅气路以Ar作为载气,通过鼓泡法将媒质分子带出并进入混气腔与主气路气体充分混合后进入反应器[13],控制两路气体总流量为1 L/min。放电电压和电流分别由高压探头(Tektronix P6139A型)和电流线圈(Pearson 4100型)测得,通过示波器(Tektronix TDS-3054c型)进行数据采集。采用光纤光谱仪(Ocean Optics HR4000CG型)测量发射光谱,探头距离放电区域20 mm。放电图像采用相机进行拍摄,曝光时间为1/4 s。
实验用纤维素绝缘纸购自双峰公司,为圆形样片,直径为75 mm,厚度为0.12 mm;克拉玛依25#矿物绝缘油购自中国石油化工股份有限公司,其介电常数约为2.2[14]。为了保证DBD放电的稳定性并实现良好的改性效果,通过前期实验,确定电源电压为12 kV,频率为5 kHz。为了研究处理前后油-纸绝缘的性能变化,将绝缘纸按照以下步骤进行绝缘油浸渍[15]:先将绝缘纸及绝缘油在130℃下真空干燥48 h,而后按照绝缘纸与绝缘油质量比为1∶15将绝缘纸浸渍在绝缘油中,并置于40℃真空干燥箱中真空浸渍48 h。
绝缘纸的工作温度通常不超过105℃,而DBD放电会产生电流热效应导致处理过程中样品温度提升[16]。实验发现,当处理时间超过6 min时,放电热效应的积累会使得绝缘纸的温度超过105℃,该条件下绝缘纸的绝缘性能、防水性能和拉伸强度均会发生显著的下降,因此将处理时间选为6 min。
采用宽带介电光谱仪(德国Novocontrol concept 80型)测试绝缘纸的介电常数。为考察等离子体处理对样品绝缘性能的影响,分别对处理前后样品的闪络电压、表面电荷消散过程和电气强度进行测量。测试闪络电压时施加交流高压,样品放置于绝缘底座上,两个半径为20 mm的指型电极分别压接于样品的高压电极和地电极侧,间距为5 mm。实验在25℃室温的空气介质中进行,电压以0.5 kV/s升压速率持续升高直至闪络发生。每个样品测试15次,采用双参数Weibull模型分析数据。
采用表面电荷测试系统进行正极性电晕充电,记录表面电荷衰减过程[17]。充电电压为3 kV,针尖与样品上表面垂直间距为5 mm,在充电5 min后迅速将样品移动至Kelvin静电探头(Trek-6000B型)下进行测试,探头距样品上表面2 mm。
采用球-球电极测试样品的电气强度,以0.5 kV/s的速度升压,直到发生击穿,将此时的电压除以样品厚度获得电气强度。每个样品测试15次,采用双参数Weibull模型分析数据。
改性前后样品表面憎水性的变化由水接触角测量仪(ZJ-CAZ2型)进行表征。实验时将1.5 μL蒸馏水滴在材料表面,每个样片测量3次取平均值。为了测试绝缘纸的本体防水性能,以处理前后的绝缘纸吸水率作为表征。吸水率测试使用Cobb法[18],记录纸张的质量变化百分比。
采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,Mira 4型),与配备的X射线能谱仪(EDS,Oxford Ultim Max 65型)结合,检测等离子体处理前后绝缘纸的表面物化特性。通过傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR,Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS 50型)分析样品的化学成分。
图2给出了DBD等离子体放电特性诊断结果,其中图2(a)为电学特性结果。从图2(a)可以看出,正、负半周期的放电中均仅产生了一个电流脉冲,说明放电空间中的放电模式接近均匀放电。正向放电脉冲电流峰值为3.9 A,且正、负半周期呈现显著的不对称性。图2(b)为光学特性结果,由图2(b)发光图像可见,放电空间等离子体呈暗紫色。根据发射光谱测试结果,等离子体中含有丰富的Ar激发态粒子,这是由于该放电以Ar作为工作气体,Ar原子与自由电子碰撞频率高,致使其光谱强度高。高能电子、激发态Ar与气体分子发生非弹性碰撞,引发电离和激发反应,生成大量活性粒子及自由基。根据图2(b)中光谱检测结果可知,生成的粒子主要为N2(C3Пu→B3Пg),这是由于HMDSN分子中的N-H键在等离子体中与水分子或自由基反应生成NH3,而NH3在高能粒子的激发和解离作用下,产生了NH以及300~390 nm范围内属于N2(C3Πu→B3Πg)的N元素谱线,这与常见的氮气等离子体放电的发射光谱非常相似,因此添加HMDSN时放电的发光图像呈现类似氮气放电的蓝紫色[19]。此外,光谱中检测到-OH自由基,这是空气中微量的水参与反应所致[19]
图3给出了等离子体处理前后绝缘纸表面的SEM图像。由图3(a)可知,未处理的样品表面存在许多纤维交错的复杂层状结构,呈现为不同尺度的凹凸结构,纤维之间的气隙与表面微小褶皱的存在使得材料表面具有较高的粗糙度,从而使得绝缘纸具有较高的吸湿性。图3(b)为HMDSN薄膜沉积后绝缘纸的表面微观形貌,可以看出处理后的样品表面出现大量簇状珊瑚形结构,各簇状凸起结构间的交联明显,同时媒质颗粒深入绝缘纸的气隙、皱褶和层状结构中。结合表1所示的绝缘纸截面EDS检测结果可知,处理后的样品截面由表到里的Si元素原子数百分比呈现递减的趋势,Si元素深入的深度达到近80 μm,处理后样品截面的N元素是由于处理过程中引入了-NH2
等离子体处理前后绝缘纸表面的FTIR检测结果如图4所示。由图4可见,处理前后的表面化学基团种类存在显著区别。未处理的样品表面在3 100~3 700 cm-1处存在大量-OH。而在2 898 cm-1处出现了较低透过率的特征峰,可能来源于杂质中-CH3对称伸缩振动的干扰。处理后的样品表面存在1 025~1 110 cm-1处的Si-O-Si振动峰、1 260 cm-1处的-CH3振动峰以及740~840 cm-1处的Si-(CH3)x振动峰。此外,还检测出了3 500~3 300 cm-1处的-NH2、1 360~1 020 cm-1处的C-N以及900~650 cm-1处的N-H振动峰,这是由于向等离子体中添加的HMDSN中含有N元素。以上结果表明含硅薄膜成功沉积在绝缘纸的表面,且薄膜中存在N元素,这与上文中的EDS检测结果相符。Si-O-Si、-CH3、Si-(CH3)x等憎水基团特征峰的存在能够显著提升薄膜的交联聚合程度和憎水性,进而提升薄膜性能;而-NH2的引入能够与纤维素分子形成氢键,氢键的束缚作用能够降低绝缘纸在电场中的极化率,实现介电常数的降低。
等离子体处理前后绝缘纸的介电常数测量结果如图5所示。
图5可以看出,未处理的绝缘纸的介电常数为4.6,这是因为其含有大量高极性基团-OH,偶极矩较大,在外部电场加持下极化率高,从而介电常数较大。随着媒质流速的增加,绝缘纸的介电常数呈现先减小后增大的趋势。由此说明,薄膜沉积会使得绝缘纸的介电常数减小,这是由于HMDSN等离子体中所包含的低极性含硅碎片小分子在绝缘纸表面交联聚合,通过薄膜沉积改变了材料的化学结构。结合图4的FTIR检测结果,处理后的 Si-(CH3)x和Si-O-Si等低极性基团含量增加,使绝缘纸在电场中的极化率降低,进而实现介电常数的减小。此外,HMDSN等离子体处理在绝缘纸表面引入了-NH2,这些基团与纤维素分子上的基团反应形成氢键以阻碍极性分子在电场下的取向极化,进一步使介电常数减小。当媒质流速为15 mL/min时,处理后的绝缘纸的介电常数减小至2.5,相比于未处理样品减小了45.7%,改性效果最佳。随着媒质流速进一步提升,样品的介电常数增大,这是由于过量媒质的添加导致其碰撞解离反应吸收了大量激发态Ar粒子的能量,致使活性粒子数目降低,放电受到抑制,大量未充分活化的媒质颗粒沉积在样品表面,影响了-NH2和小分子碎片的沉积,从而造成了改性效果的劣化。
图6为不同媒质流速下绝缘纸的绝缘性能测量结果。根据图6(a)的闪络电压测试结果可知,未处理绝缘纸表面闪络电压为7.7 kV。随着闪络次数的增加,样品闪络电压均有一定的下降趋势。随着媒质流速的增加,绝缘纸的闪络电压呈现先增加后减小的趋势,在媒质流速为15 mL/min时,闪络电压提升至10.3 kV,较未处理时提升33.8%,沿面耐压性能达到最高水平,表明等离子体处理使得沿面耐压性能提升。图6(b)为不同媒质流速下等离子体处理后绝缘纸的表面电荷消散过程曲线。由图6(b)可知,当媒质流速增加到15 mL/min时,处理后的绝缘纸表面电荷消散速率最低,结合该条件下的样品闪络电压最高,说明样品表面电荷消散速率的降低能够显著提升样品的表面绝缘性能。由图6(b)计算得到的陷阱电荷密度结果如图6(c)所示。从图6(c)可以看出,未处理的样品表面陷阱能级为0.884 eV,处理后样品表面引入了深陷阱,在媒质流速为15 mL/min时,其表面陷阱能级为0.927 eV,且表面深陷阱密度较高。这说明处理后绝缘纸表面束缚电子的能力增强,电荷被深陷阱捕获,从而有效地抑制电荷移动并抑制闪络。图6(d)为不同媒质流速下绝缘纸的电气强度测试结果。由图6(d)可知,未处理绝缘纸的电气强度为20 kV/mm,在媒质流速为15 mL/min时,处理后的绝缘纸电气强度为25.0 kV/mm,与未处理样品相比提高了25.0%。结合上文中关于样品表面电荷迁移速率的变化可知,含硅薄膜的沉积同时也影响了电荷在样品本体内部的迁移过程,从表1中的数据可知,含硅薄膜深入样品内部纤维结构,因此样品的本体绝缘性能得到了提升[20],同时极性降低,抑制了电荷迁移和局部放电,从而提升了绝缘纸的电气强度。
等离子体处理前后绝缘纸的防水性能测试结果如图7所示。
图7(a)可以看出,未处理的绝缘纸的表面水接触角为51.2°,呈现显著亲水性,这是由于绝缘纸表面存在大量极性-OH。随着媒质流速的增加,绝缘纸表面的水接触角呈现先增大后减小的趋势。当媒质流速为15 mL/min时,绝缘纸表面的水接触角提升至150.7°,相比于未处理样品提升了194.3%,绝缘纸表面转变为超憎水状态。图7(b)为绝缘纸的吸水性测试结果,未处理的绝缘纸由于具备亲水性,故吸水性较高,达到了65.1%。经过含硅薄膜沉积处理后的绝缘纸的吸水性显著降低,在媒质流速为15 mL/min时,绝缘纸的吸水性降至36.2%,相比未处理时下降幅值达44.9%,该条件下绝缘纸的表面呈现超憎水状态。由于本文对绝缘纸进行的是单面薄膜沉积,因此最优条件下绝缘纸仍有一定的吸水性。综合图56中关于绝缘纸性能测试结果可知,低极性含硅薄膜不仅能够显著提升绝缘纸的表面憎水性,还能深入绝缘纸内部的纤维结构,因此绝缘纸的吸水性大幅下降。
图8为不同处理条件下绝缘纸浸渍绝缘油后的绝缘性能测量结果。
图8(a)可以看出,未处理的绝缘纸浸油后闪络电压为8.6 kV,相比浸渍绝缘油前提高了11.7%。HMDSN等离子体处理后的样品浸油后,其闪络电压进一步提升,如媒质流速为15 mL/min时绝缘纸闪络电压提升至12.2 kV,比浸油前提升了18.4%,比未处理时的提升幅度更大。从图8(b)可以看出,未处理样品浸渍绝缘油后的电气强度为24.5 kV/mm,比浸渍绝缘油前的电气强度提升了22.5%。媒质流速为15 mL/min时的绝缘纸浸油后,其电气强度进一步提升至32.5 kV/mm,与浸油前相比提升了30%,比未处理时的提升幅度更大。这是由于绝缘油作为一种矿物油,其主要成分为低极性的烷烃、环烷烃和芳香烃,根据极性相似相溶原理,处理后绝缘纸表面和本体内的低极性薄膜能够显著提升油、纸之间的结合能力。结合上文中的描述可知,等离子体处理减小了油、纸间的介电常数差距,减弱了界面处的电场畸变;同时薄膜引入深陷阱将电荷束缚在表面的薄膜层中,本体内电荷的移动受到限制[21],进而提升绝缘性能。
当媒质流速较低时,等离子体内部参与活化的含硅媒质较少,最后沉积到样品表面的低极性物质也较少,无法充分覆盖样品表面和填充样品内部缝隙,因此该条件下处理后的样品介电常数下降幅度较小且绝缘性能提升幅度较小。当媒质流速适当时(15 mL/min),促进了放电空间中的彭宁电离,提升了放电强度,含硅媒质在放电空间中得到充分活化,通过等离子体处理沉积至样品表面以及内部形成低极性薄膜,降低样品的介电常数并提升样品的表面和本体绝缘性能。当媒质流速过大时,过量的媒质含量抑制了彭宁电离过程,导致放电强度减弱,大量的媒质没有得到充分活化,会以大分子颗粒甚至是油状膜的形式沉积在绝缘纸表面且难以深入样品内部,媒质颗粒无法与样品基体发生充分的接枝、交联聚合反应,因此样品介电常数下降幅度较小且绝缘性能提升幅度下降。上述结果表明,低极性薄膜的沉积改变了样品的物理形貌和化学成分,从而改变了绝缘纸样品的性能。低极性的含硅物质在沉积过程中深入样品纤维孔隙中,同时处理过程中引入的-NH2所形成的氢键阻碍纤维素分子的取向极化,两者共同作用使样品介电常数降低;绝缘薄膜的沉积覆盖了样品原本纤维交错的结构,同时引入化学深陷阱束缚电荷移动,阻碍其参与放电,两者共同作用提高了样品的闪络电压;绝缘憎水薄膜沉积至纤维内部结构,填补了孔隙,高密度结构增强了本体电气强度的同时提升了其防水性能;低介电常数薄膜减少了电场畸变,并利用其与绝缘油相似的极性提升了油-纸界面结合能力,最终共同提升了油-纸绝缘性能。
本文采用低温等离子体对绝缘纸进行薄膜沉积改性,研究含硅薄膜沉积对绝缘纸性能及油-纸绝缘性能的影响,主要得到以下结论:
(1)绝缘纸的绝缘性能随着媒质流速的增加均呈现先优化后劣化的规律。HMDSN薄膜的沉积将绝缘纸的介电常数降至2.5,闪络电压和电气强度分别提升了33.8%和25.0%。含硅薄膜沉积在绝缘纸表面并深入本体内,引入了深陷阱束缚电荷移动使其无法参与后续的放电过程。通过改变绝缘纸表面物理形貌、本体密度以及电荷输运路径实现了绝缘纸绝缘性能的提升。
(2)绝缘纸的表面防水性能和本体防水性能在等离子体处理后均得到了显著提升。处理后绝缘纸样品的水接触角提升了194.3%,吸水性下降了44.9%。处理后的样品表面沉积了致密薄膜,内部空隙和褶皱由憎水沉积物质填充,水分的输运过程受到显著抑制,从而提供较好的防水性。
(3)等离子体沉积处理降低了绝缘纸的介电常数,减小了油与纸的介电梯度差距,油-纸界面处的电场畸变得到减弱,从而提升了表面绝缘强度。薄膜沉积在绝缘纸表面和内部引入了非极性物质,根据极性相似相溶原理,处理后的绝缘纸表面和内部的非极性薄膜能够提升油与纸间的结合能力,同时化学深陷阱的引入束缚了电荷移动,进而改变电荷迁移特性,两个因素共同作用提升油-纸绝缘性能。

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2026年第59卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.011
  • 接收时间:2025-07-16
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-16
  • 修回日期:2025-10-14
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    1国家能源集团科学技术研究院有限公司沈阳分公司,辽宁 沈阳 110102
    2桂林电器科学研究院有限公司,广西 桂林 541004
    3辽宁东科电力有限公司,辽宁 沈阳 110122
    4国能双鸭山发电有限公司,黑龙江 双鸭山 155136
    5南京工业大学 电气工程与控制科学学院,江苏 南京 211816

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李润华(1999-),男(汉族),辽宁沈阳人,助理工程师,主要从事绝缘纸材料改性与油-纸绝缘性能提升的研究工作。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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