Article(id=1304921984865952000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749139200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-06, revisedDate=1752595200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047245469, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047245469, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047245469, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047245469, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921832184897890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047209067, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118050557, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218963043021063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218963043021064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=77, endPage=85, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921986493341953, articleId=1304921984865952000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Spectral radiation characteristics of 2 m rod-plane air gap discharge, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The emission spectra of meter-scale long air gap discharge are of great significance for revealing its microscopic physical characteristics and discharge mechanism. In this paper, an experimental platform for a 2 m rod-plane positive polarity long air gap discharge was established. Using a slitless transmission grating and a high-speed camera, the emission spectra of the leader discharge channel in the wavelength range of 400-900 nm were obtained under standard switching impulse voltage. By comparing and analyzing the light intensity distribution and spectral characteristics at six different positions along the main discharge channel, the spectral evolution law before and after air gap breakdown was revealed. Combined with the theory of plasma spectroscopy, the electron temperature at different positions in the discharge channel was further estimated, and its spatiotemporal evolution characteristics were obtained. The results show that the radiation in different wavelength regions of the spectrum corresponds to spectral lines of different ionization states and elements. During the main discharge stage, the ion lines (such as NII) rapidly intensify, while the neutral atomic lines (such as NI and OI) develop more slowly. During the breakdown process, intense radiation simultaneously appears in the visible region (NII lines) and the near-infrared region (NI and OI lines) of the discharge channel, both reaching peak intensities. Based on the Boltzmann plot method, the average electron temperatures of the discharge core channel and the corona sheath layer are estimated using the characteristic spectral line groups of NII and OI, respectively. It is also found that the electron temperature in the discharge channel exhibits a rapid decreasing trend over time.

, authors=Pengkang XIE1, Songzhuang YANG2, Changzhi PENG2, *, Haohao JIN2, Yu ZHENG2, Xuzhu DONG2, authorsList=Pengkang XIE, Songzhuang YANG, Changzhi PENG, Haohao JIN, Yu ZHENG, Xuzhu DONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Changzhi PENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921996932960566, articleId=1304921984865952000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=2 m棒-板空气间隙放电光谱辐射特征, columnId=1190369198724452531, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=绝缘技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

米级长空气间隙放电的发射光谱对于揭示其微观物理特性和放电机制具有重要意义。本研究搭建了2 m棒-板正极性长空气间隙放电实验平台,采用无狭缝透射光栅和高速摄像机,在标准操作冲击电压下获取了先导放电通道400~900 nm的发射光谱。通过对主放电通道6个不同位置的光强分布和光谱特征进行对比分析,揭示了空气间隙击穿前后的光谱演变规律,并结合等离子体光谱理论,进一步估算了放电通道不同位置的电子温度,获取其时空演变特性。结果表明:光谱不同波长区域的辐射对应于不同电离态和元素的谱线,在主放电阶段,离子谱线(如NII)迅速增强,而中性原子谱线(如NI和OI)发展较慢;击穿过程中,放电通道的可见光区域(NII谱线)和近红外区域(NI和OI谱线)同时出现强烈辐射,且均达到峰值强度;基于玻尔兹曼图法,利用NII和OI特征谱线组分别估算得到放电核心通道和电晕鞘层的平均电子温度,并发现放电通道电子温度随时间呈快速下降趋势。

, authors=谢鹏康1, 杨松壮2, 彭长志2, *, 靳浩昊2, 郑宇2, 董旭柱2, authorsList=谢鹏康, 杨松壮, 彭长志, 靳浩昊, 郑宇, 董旭柱, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=彭长志, authorNote=

谢鹏康(1988-),男(汉族),湖南邵阳人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事电网防灾减灾的研究工作

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彭长志(1993-),男(汉族),湖北荆州人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事气体放电观测与模拟的研究工作。
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谢鹏康(1988-),男(汉族),湖南邵阳人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事电网防灾减灾的研究工作

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谢鹏康(1988-),男(汉族),湖南邵阳人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事电网防灾减灾的研究工作

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2 m棒-板空气间隙放电光谱辐射特征
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谢鹏康 1 , 杨松壮 2 , 彭长志 2, * , 靳浩昊 2 , 郑宇 2 , 董旭柱 2
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2026,59(5): 77-85
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绝缘材料 |绝缘技术 2026 , 59 (5) : 77 -85
2 m棒-板空气间隙放电光谱辐射特征
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谢鹏康(1988-),男(汉族),湖南邵阳人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事电网防灾减灾的研究工作

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谢鹏康1, 杨松壮2, 彭长志2, *, 靳浩昊2, 郑宇2, 董旭柱2
作者信息
  • 1国网湖南省电力有限公司防灾减灾中心 电网防灾减灾全国重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410100
  • 2武汉大学 电气与自动化学院 电网环境保护全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430072
通讯作者:
彭长志(1993-),男(汉族),湖北荆州人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事气体放电观测与模拟的研究工作。
作者简介:

谢鹏康(1988-),男(汉族),湖南邵阳人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事电网防灾减灾的研究工作

Spectral radiation characteristics of 2 m rod-plane air gap discharge
Pengkang XIE1, Songzhuang YANG2, Changzhi PENG2, *, Haohao JIN2, Yu ZHENG2, Xuzhu DONG2
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention & Reduction for Power Grid, Disaster Prevention and Reduction Center of State Grid Hunan Electric Power Co., Ltd., Changsha 410100, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.009
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米级长空气间隙放电的发射光谱对于揭示其微观物理特性和放电机制具有重要意义。本研究搭建了2 m棒-板正极性长空气间隙放电实验平台,采用无狭缝透射光栅和高速摄像机,在标准操作冲击电压下获取了先导放电通道400~900 nm的发射光谱。通过对主放电通道6个不同位置的光强分布和光谱特征进行对比分析,揭示了空气间隙击穿前后的光谱演变规律,并结合等离子体光谱理论,进一步估算了放电通道不同位置的电子温度,获取其时空演变特性。结果表明:光谱不同波长区域的辐射对应于不同电离态和元素的谱线,在主放电阶段,离子谱线(如NII)迅速增强,而中性原子谱线(如NI和OI)发展较慢;击穿过程中,放电通道的可见光区域(NII谱线)和近红外区域(NI和OI谱线)同时出现强烈辐射,且均达到峰值强度;基于玻尔兹曼图法,利用NII和OI特征谱线组分别估算得到放电核心通道和电晕鞘层的平均电子温度,并发现放电通道电子温度随时间呈快速下降趋势。

长空气间隙放电  /  发射光谱  /  等离子体  /  电子温度

The emission spectra of meter-scale long air gap discharge are of great significance for revealing its microscopic physical characteristics and discharge mechanism. In this paper, an experimental platform for a 2 m rod-plane positive polarity long air gap discharge was established. Using a slitless transmission grating and a high-speed camera, the emission spectra of the leader discharge channel in the wavelength range of 400-900 nm were obtained under standard switching impulse voltage. By comparing and analyzing the light intensity distribution and spectral characteristics at six different positions along the main discharge channel, the spectral evolution law before and after air gap breakdown was revealed. Combined with the theory of plasma spectroscopy, the electron temperature at different positions in the discharge channel was further estimated, and its spatiotemporal evolution characteristics were obtained. The results show that the radiation in different wavelength regions of the spectrum corresponds to spectral lines of different ionization states and elements. During the main discharge stage, the ion lines (such as NII) rapidly intensify, while the neutral atomic lines (such as NI and OI) develop more slowly. During the breakdown process, intense radiation simultaneously appears in the visible region (NII lines) and the near-infrared region (NI and OI lines) of the discharge channel, both reaching peak intensities. Based on the Boltzmann plot method, the average electron temperatures of the discharge core channel and the corona sheath layer are estimated using the characteristic spectral line groups of NII and OI, respectively. It is also found that the electron temperature in the discharge channel exhibits a rapid decreasing trend over time.

long air gap discharge  /  emission spectrum  /  plasma  /  electron temperature
谢鹏康, 杨松壮, 彭长志, 靳浩昊, 郑宇, 董旭柱. 2 m棒-板空气间隙放电光谱辐射特征. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (5) : 77 -85 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.009
Pengkang XIE, Songzhuang YANG, Changzhi PENG, Haohao JIN, Yu ZHENG, Xuzhu DONG. Spectral radiation characteristics of 2 m rod-plane air gap discharge[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (5) : 77 -85 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.009
长空气间隙放电特性是特高压输电工程外绝缘设计的核心依据,直接影响绝缘结构的空气净距设计与安全裕度评估[1]。随着全球能源互联网的快速发展,特高压输电线路电压等级持续提升[2],长空气间隙放电的物理机制研究成为保障电网安全运行的关键课题[3]。放电过程中产生的发射光谱信息不仅能够反映放电通道内部的微观物理过程,如电子碰撞电离、分子解离、激发态粒子辐射等,还能为建立高精度的放电物理模型提供关键实验数据。通过系统研究长空气间隙放电的光谱辐射特性,可深入解析放电通道的温度以及电子密度、粒子浓度这些等离子体参数的时空演化规律,从而优化外绝缘设计、完善雷电放电机理解析,并为电力系统防雷保护技术提供理论支撑[4-5]
空气放电的光谱研究可以追溯至1960年,早期基于时间平均光谱的观测证实了闪电通道内存在分子(N2、O2)、中性原子(OI、NI)及电离态物质(OII、NII)共存现象[6-7]。这些研究揭示了闪电回击过程中CN分子谱带,离子谱线OII、NII与原子谱线OI的同步辐射特征,初步建立了放电等离子体的组分框架[8-11]。随着高时间分辨率探测手段的进步,美国国际雷电研究与测试中心首次获取人工触发闪电不同阶段的高速光谱数据,时间分辨率达1.5 μs,并在回击阶段检测到双电离NIII和OIII光谱,发现直窜先导的光谱与回击阶段相似且持续时间更短,闪电通道温度超过30 000 K等[12-13]。王雪娟等[14]考虑相机和光栅的仪器响应对闪电光谱的影响并进行校正,计算得到回击通道温度超过31 000 K,与不考虑仪器响应的温度相比低4 600 K。
近年来,实验室放电光谱测量研究也开展了系列工作,M PASSAS-VARO等[15]通过帧率高达900 000 fps的狭缝光谱仪研究了类闪电放电的径向通道与时间分辨光谱特性,发现光发射呈现核心区、鞘层、外围辉光区三部分,且各区域的光谱辐射线存在明显差异,通道温度约为34 000 K。N KIEU等[16-17]利用超快光谱仪对1 m空气间隙放电开展系统性研究,在645~665 nm波段测得操作冲击与雷电冲击下的最大电子密度分别为1×1024 m-3与3×1023 m-3,气体温度约为32 000 K。尽管实验室电弧放电的峰值电流低于自然闪电,但其等离子体通道温度、电子密度参数与自然回击和触发闪电具有类似特征和可比性。研究还发现,玻尔兹曼平衡在放电触发前保持稳定,但触发后的2~10 μs内冲击前沿速度因能量耗散显著降低,导致放电通道压力迅速减小至环境压力。CHEN B H等[18]通过1 m棒-板间隙的发射光谱研究了雷电冲击电压下空气间隙放电参数及其受水雾影响的规律。在无水雾条件下,放电通道电子密度与温度分别为3×1023 m-3和13 000 K,显著低于自然闪电的电子密度1×1025 m-3和温度30 000 K;在含50%湿度水雾条件下OH(306.4 nm)与OH⁺(318.5 nm)自由基的发射光谱强度增加,电子密度降低8.8%~10.7%,但通道温度无明显变化。张宛霞[19]设计了时间分辨率为0.5 μs的300~800 nm光谱测量系统,系统研究了1 m棒-板间隙放电预击穿过程的光谱特性,发现流注茎形成阶段的光谱以N2(337.1 nm)和N2⁺(391.4 nm)分子辐射为主;暗区阶段OI(777.4 nm)与NI(746.8 nm)原子线强度显著上升;在不稳定先导阶段首次检测到氮原子正离子N⁺(674.3 nm)的激发辐射,并观测到NII(472.4 nm、481.5 nm)与OII(468.9 nm)离子线的空间梯度分布。
尽管光谱诊断技术已在局部放电、油中放电及闪电研究中广泛应用,但在米级长间隙放电研究中仍应用较少[20-22]。实验室研究多聚焦厘米级短间隙放电,对米级长空气间隙放电,尤其是先导击穿后通道恢复过程的光谱演化规律缺乏系统性数据,制约了特高压工程外绝缘设计的精细化建模需求。动态参数演化机制的缺失使得放电通道内的温度、电子密度及粒子分布的动态演变机制尚未明确,现有模型多基于稳态假设,难以准确描述微秒级时间尺度下的能量输运与化学反应过程。
本研究拟通过高时间分辨率光谱观测技术,系统研究正极性操作冲击电压下米级棒-板正极性长空气间隙放电的光辐射特性,分析放电中间核心通道和周围电晕鞘层的温度-时间演化规律,为揭示放电通道微观物理过程和发生机制提供新的实验依据和理论参考。
本文中使用的数据均由武汉大学高压试验大厅获得,实验平台示意图和实物图如图1所示。实验平台中的正极性操作冲击电压发生器为3 000 kV,所施加的峰值电压为780 kV,峰值电压时间为250 μs。试验采用的棒-板间隙为2 m,其中高压棒电极采用直径为2 cm的铜棒电极,地电极为良好接地的铁板。通过电容式分压器测量施加的冲击电压波形,并由数字示波器记录。电流分流器和数字采集系统嵌于高压棒电极中采集放电电流信号,利用电极屏蔽防护避免电磁干扰导致的数据失真;电流通过无感电阻进行测量,避免被放电电流产生的感抗影响;电流采集系统的带宽为18.3 MHz,采样率为500 MHz,电流测量范围为0~60 A。分压器输出的电压信号触发示波器,并进一步将示波器的触发输出信号作为光电转换器的输入信号,然后产生3路触发信号,经光纤进行传输,分别触发电流测量装置、高速摄像机和单反相机。所有触发信号都转换成光信号,通过光纤传输,从而避免电磁干扰。实验场地的相对湿度为60.5%~64.8%,气压为1个标准大气压。
长空气间隙先导放电光谱通过无狭缝光谱仪进行测量,采用高速摄像机(Phantom V2512型)记录,无狭缝光谱仪结构如图2所示。高速摄像机帧率为99 057 fps,曝光时间为9.60 μs,图像分辨率为512 px×384 px,光谱响应范围为400~1 000 nm。分光装置为放置在相机物镜前的平面衍射光栅(透射型),光栅刻线密度为600 L/mm,有效波长范围为400~900 nm。
为对比分析放电通道的光辐射特性,选取两次不同的放电数据,编号分别为放电1#和放电2#。放电1#的发光通道原始光谱如图3所示,其中图3(a)图3(b)分别对应零级光谱与一级光谱,零级光谱直接反映原始先导通道的特征。为研究放电通道不同高度的光辐射特性,在通道底端至顶端区域选取6个观测位置,如图3(a)中的位置1~6所示。
主放电通道轴向6个位置的灰度值变化情况如图4所示。从图4可以看出,灰度值分布呈现出具有明显峰值的良好对称分布特征。通道中心位置的灰度值曲线趋于平坦,这是因为放电通道击穿时入射光强超过高速摄像机的饱和阈值,输出响应保持在最大值[22]。放电通道径向分为3个不同的区域:核心通道、电晕鞘层和暗淡辉光区域[15]。通道中心位置处灰度值曲线略微下凹是因为等离子体火花通道核心区产生大量热量并沿通道径向进行传输,然后激发粒子跃迁产生大量光辐射,导致放电通道核心与外护套边界不明显。通道外围存在较弱发光区,以此分辨辉光放电与电晕鞘层[23]。从位置1~6相对强度分布曲线空间展宽由窄变宽,表明放电通道击穿时,板电极附近放电较为剧烈。
本文中定义每一次放电的起始时刻为0,并将每一帧高速相机图像曝光时间的结束时刻作为该帧的相对积分亮度的代表时间。为深入研究放电通道亮度特性及其动态演变规律,本文综合考虑放电通道的高速照片灰度值,将某一行像素的相对积分亮度定义为该行各像素灰度值的总和。对于图片区间内的相对积分亮度,定义为该区间内各行像素相对积分亮度的平均值。2 m棒-板长空气间隙放电发展过程如图5所示,其中图5(b)为放电图像灰度值的反转图像,为的是使发光通道更加明显。从图5(d)可以看出,首次流注放电产生于t=25.5 μs时,且电流幅值较大。随后在空间正电荷的屏蔽作用下,电极头部与流注头部之间的空间电场强度显著降低,流入正电极的电子数量较少,放电电流几乎为0。直至t=32 μs时,流注-先导转换过程完成,并形成持续向下发展的正极性先导,最终先导与板电极相连接,形成贯穿整个空气间隙的放电通道。
放电通道电流与相对积分亮度的拟合曲线如图6所示。由图6可知,放电通道击穿后在先导电流下降过程中,通道相对积分亮度与电流可通过二次多项式进行拟合,其相关系数约为0.999 6,呈高度正相关。说明随着电流的增加,通道相对积分亮度迅速增长。这是因为电流增强提高了通道内电子密度与电子温度,从而增强了碰撞激发与辐射过程,放电通道由弱电离向强电离转变,最终导致发光强度呈非线性增大[23-25]
为了更好地研究光谱随时间的变化,将放电1#和放电2#的发光通道图像中对应观测位置4的一级原始光谱图片转换为谱线图,如图7所示,其中放电通道击穿的时间定义为0。从图7可以看出,光谱中不同的波长区域辐射出不同电离态、不同元素的谱线。在连续先导发展阶段,放电1#的NII谱线迅速发展,而原子谱线发展较慢。放电通道击穿时,放电1#、2#的可见光区域辐射出强烈的NII谱线,近红外区域则辐射出强烈的中性NI和OI原子谱线,且可见光区域的电离线和近红外区域的中性线同时被探测到并达到峰值。在10.1 μs时电离线迅速衰减,而近红外区域内的中性线(Hα、NI、OI)衰减较慢。
D T WALKER等[12-13]发现人工触发闪电回击阶段NII(463.0 nm)、NII(500.5 nm)、NII(568.0 nm)和OI(777.4 nm)谱线相对强度最高。王雪娟等[14]得到的高建筑物雷电回击光谱中NII(444.7 nm)、NII(463.0 nm)和NII(500.5 nm)谱线相对强度最高。不同环境下得到的自然闪电谱线的不同波长处相对强度变化较大;而在实验室环境下,谱线在特定波长处的相对强度较为稳定。此外与实验室放电相比,大气闪电的放电通道更长、能量更高,其光谱特征更复杂,除空气中N2和O2的辐射外,还包含大量原子态O、N及NO分子的谱线,且常伴随明显的连续谱,表现出更强的宽谱辐射特性。
连续先导电流注入过程中氮离子NII(500.5 nm)光强的时域变化如图8所示,每组试验取7次有效放电进行测量。从图8可以看出,当空气间隙击穿时,NII(500.5 nm)光辐射强度达到最大,随着放电时间增加,氮离子光强呈现减小的趋势。在空气间隙击穿时,注入电流迅速减小,温度快速升高。在0~10.1 μs时,由于注入电流下降,注入能量降低,辐射光强减小了88.46%,仅为最大值的1/9左右,辐射强度已经较难检测。此时通道内氮原子电离转化为氮离子,氮离子进一步在电子碰撞激发下转化为激发态NII,而NII又随注入能量下降淬灭回到原子态。在第20.2 μs时,通道温度明显降低,低于激发态NII产生的温度。
氧原子OI(777.4 nm)的时域演化结果如图9所示。从图9可以看出,随着电流注入时间的增加,氧原子辐射光强降低,当触发时间延迟大于30.3 μs时,由于注入电流大幅减小,无法检测到OI(777.4 nm)的光辐射,说明OI(777.4 nm)激发态产生的阈值较低,跃迁几率较高。
图9中氧原子OI(777.4 nm)在30.3 μs仍有光强,而NII(500.5 nm)无法观测可知,原子激发态的辐射功率表现出较慢的下降趋势,这是由于先导电流能够满足OI产生的条件,其光强随着电流的减小而下降,电子密度降低,辐射功率也缓慢降低。与中性原子的辐射功率随时间的变化相比,离子的辐射功率衰减更快。这主要是因为离子的产生及其激发态的维持需要更高的能量。当注入电流减小时,输入的能量不足以持续维持离子的激发态布居,因此离子辐射功率会快速衰减。
等离子体光谱理论涉及等离子体的基本性质、能级结构、辐射过程等多个方面。假设先导放电通道为光学薄介质,且满足局部热力学平衡。在此状态下,谱线的通道温度和跃迁参数满足如式(1)[24]
lnIλgA=-1kTE+c
式(1)中:I为发射谱线的相对强度;λ为发射谱线波长;g为发射谱线统计权重;A为发射谱线跃迁几率;k为玻尔兹曼常数;T为放电通道温度;E为上激发能;c为常数。在实际计算中,根据谱线相对强度和跃迁参数,令y=lnIλgA为纵坐标,激发能E为横坐标,绘制二维玻尔兹曼图,随即由拟合的斜率可以计算出通道温度。需要说明的是,本文所提及的温度为基于谱线强度计算得到的激发温度,可在局部热力学平衡下近似表征放电通道的电子温度变化特征,但并不完全等同于气体温度。
放电通道由三部分组成,中间是狭窄的电流核心通道,围绕在其周围的是电晕鞘层,最外围是暗淡辉光区域。当放电通道击穿时,先导电流急剧上升,大量能量注入先导通道,引发剧烈放电。由于放电通道中间是电流核心通道,其电子密度和电场强度较高,能量积累更充分,导致局部温度显著升高。相比之下,电晕鞘层位于核心通道外围,电子和离子的密度较低,能量传输相对较弱,因此温度明显低于核心层。此外,电晕鞘层与周围较冷的气体接触,热量容易扩散,会进一步降低温度。综上,在放电通道击穿瞬间,核心通道能量密度高,主要辐射具有较高激发能的NII离子谱线,而电晕鞘层温度较低,放电强度较弱,其辐射则以激发能较低的NI和OI原子谱线为主。
由于单条谱线易受噪声影响,采用多个谱线拟合可降低误差。由式(1)采用同种元素不同波长发射谱线计算先导通道温度。利用激发能较高的NII谱线(NII 444.7 nm、NII 463.0 nm、NII 500.5 nm、NII 568.0 nm和NII 594.2 nm)计算核心通道温度,利用激发能较低的OI谱线(OI 715.7 nm、OI 777.4 nm、OI 794.7 nm和OI 844.6 nm)计算电晕鞘层温度。计算中使用的谱线跃迁参数都来自美国NIST(National Institute of Standards and Technology)数据库。沿放电通道高度均匀选取26个采样点,其中核心通道温度随通道高度的变化如图10所示,电晕鞘层温度沿通道高度的变化如图11所示。
图1011可以看出,不同编号核心通道温度与电晕鞘层温度随高度的增加变化不同。可能由于放电过程中,操作冲击电压下的长间隙放电先导为梯级发展,先导头部电场较强,先导逐步推进过程中,其头部周期性释放能量,导致局部温度升高,形成温度沿高度的“峰-谷”变化。此外通道的热传导、热对流等能量耗散过程,导致先导通道轴向部分区域温度降低。
在操作冲击电压作用下,2 m棒-板间隙放电击穿时,通过玻耳兹曼图法计算放电通道平均温度,得到基于NII谱线的放电通道平均温度为46 405 K,而采用OI谱线计算得到的平均温度为38 999 K。数据对比显示,选用NII离子谱线是选用OI原子谱线的1.19倍。光谱图观测到了NII在444.7、463.0、500.5、568.0、594.2 nm的特征谱线。在连续先导发展阶段,由于离子迁移率较小,其受电场加速的作用有限;相比之下,电子可在电场作用下获得较高的能量,并通过碰撞电离N2分子产生激发态氮离子。激发态氮离子还可由激发态氮原子经电子碰撞电离形成。由于激发态氮离子的产生与通道温度密切相关,当能量足够高时,可以在电离过程中直接产生。而氮原子激发态的产生主要通过电子碰撞解离氮气分子及热解离产生。由于处于高能级的激发态原子不稳定,其会自发跃迁至低能级,辐射出特定波长的光子。
随着放电的发展,NII离子线迅速衰减,无法用NII离子线计算放电通道温度。而OI 777.4 nm与OI 844.7 nm原子线衰减较慢,可以使用其计算击穿后的通道温度。在10.1 μs,OI谱线计算得到放电通道平均温度为29 400 K,20.2 μs时计算得到放电通道平均温度降至8 803 K,可以看出放电通道温度随时间下降速度较快。
本研究基于光谱诊断方法,对2 m棒-板正极性长空气间隙放电过程中的光谱演变特性进行了分析,得到主要结论如下:
(1)放电通道不同区域的辐射谱线具有明显差异。核心通道主要以激发能较高的NII离子谱线辐射为主,而外围电晕鞘层则主要辐射激发能较低的NI和OI中性原子谱线。
(2)在主放电阶段,离子谱线如NII谱线迅速增强并在较短时间内达到较高强度,随后快速衰减;中性原子谱线如NI和OI谱线发展相对较慢,但持续时间更长。
(3)基于玻尔兹曼图法,选取NII和OI特征谱线组分别估算放电通道不同区域的平均电子温度,结果表明核心通道与外围电晕鞘层温度在空间分布上存在差异,且二者随高度变化的规律并不完全一致,反映出放电通道温度场具有明显的空间非均匀性。

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2026年第59卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.009
  • 接收时间:2025-06-06
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-06
  • 修回日期:2025-07-16
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    1国网湖南省电力有限公司防灾减灾中心 电网防灾减灾全国重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410100
    2武汉大学 电气与自动化学院 电网环境保护全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430072

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彭长志(1993-),男(汉族),湖北荆州人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事气体放电观测与模拟的研究工作。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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