Article(id=1304921832612716899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751644800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-05, revisedDate=1757606400000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047209169, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047209169, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047209169, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047209169, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921832184897890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047209067, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118050557, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218963043021063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218963043021064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=48, endPage=57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921833023758692, articleId=1304921832612716899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on high-temperature energy storage performance of fluorinated interface modified PI/PVDF organic composite films, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the problem of poor interfacial compatibility between polyimide (PI) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) during blending, a fluorinated copolyimide (FPI) was synthesized by introducing -CF3 groups into the PI main chain via copolymerization, and then FPI/PVDF all-organic composite films were prepared by blending FPI with PVDF. The chemical structure, micromorphology, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the composite films were characterized, with a particular focus on their dielectric and energy storage performance at high temperature. The results show that after introducing -CF3 groups into the PI main chain, the interfacial gap between the FPI phase and PVDF phase is reduced to below 100 nm, and the conduction loss of the composite films is significantly suppressed at high temperature. The improved compatibility between PI and PVDF remarkably reduces the dielectric loss factor of the composite films at high temperature and enhances the frequency stability and temperature stability of the dielectric constant. When the mass fraction of PVDF is 5% and the molar fraction of 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) in FPI is 30%, the FPI/PVDF composite films achieve an electric strength of 515.30 kV/mm and a maximum energy storage density of 2.96 J/cm3 at 150℃, which is 85.0% higher than that of the PI/PVDF composite film with the same PVDF content but without fluorinated interfacial modification. Furthermore, the introduction of 6FDA and PVDF contributes to an increase in both the trap density and the deep trap energy level of the composite, thereby enhancing the high-temperature energy storage performance of the composite films.

, authors=Benqin ZHU, Yongpeng MENG*, Shiqi QU, Yu CHEN, Ding AI, Yonghong CHENG, authorsList=Benqin ZHU, Yongpeng MENG, Shiqi QU, Yu CHEN, Ding AI, Yonghong CHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yongpeng MENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921836861546890, articleId=1304921832612716899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=含氟界面改性的PI/PVDF有机复合薄膜高温储能性能研究, columnId=1190369066813591720, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=材料研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决聚酰亚胺(PI)与聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)共混时两相界面相容性差的问题,采用共聚的方式将-CF3基团引入到PI主链中得到含氟共聚聚酰亚胺(FPI),再将FPI与PVDF共混制备FPI/PVDF全有机复合薄膜。测试复合薄膜的化学结构、微观形貌、热稳定性和力学性能,重点分析复合薄膜在高温下的介电性能和储能性能。结果表明:将-CF3基团引入PI主链后,FPI与PVDF两相之间的界面间隙减小至100 nm以下,在高温下复合薄膜的电导损耗得到显著抑制。PI与PVDF之间相容性的改善,显著降低了复合薄膜在高温下的介质损耗因数,提高了复合薄膜介电常数的频率稳定性与温度稳定性。当PVDF质量分数为5%且FPI中4,4′-(六氟异丙烯)二酞酸酐(6FDA)摩尔分数为30%时,FPI/PVDF复合薄膜在150℃下的电气强度达到515.30 kV/mm,最大储能密度达到2.96 J/cm3,比相同PVDF含量且未经氟化界面改性的PI/PVDF复合薄膜提升了85.0%。此外,6FDA与PVDF的引入有助于增加复合材料的陷阱密度与深陷阱能级,进而提升复合薄膜高温储能性能。

, authors=朱本钦, 孟永鹏*, 曲仕齐, 陈玉, 艾玎, 成永红, authorsList=朱本钦, 孟永鹏, 曲仕齐, 陈玉, 艾玎, 成永红, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孟永鹏, authorNote=

朱本钦(2000-),男(汉族),山东济宁人,助理工程师,主要研究方向为高温储能电介质材料

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孟永鹏(1976-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,高级工程师,博士,主要研究方向为电介质储能材料。
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朱本钦(2000-),男(汉族),山东济宁人,助理工程师,主要研究方向为高温储能电介质材料

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朱本钦(2000-),男(汉族),山东济宁人,助理工程师,主要研究方向为高温储能电介质材料

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(a) PI/PVDF-5 (b) 30FPI/PVDF-5

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(a) FPI共聚薄膜 (b) 30FPI/PVDF复合薄膜

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922119536660761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921832612716899, language=CN, label=图8, caption=FPI及其复合薄膜DSC测试结果, figureFileSmall=CX5U6q8tzjCXmRNc76Mc2Q==, figureFileBig=w0fHWjwsA5Y1aqaG8OZBdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922119603769626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921832612716899, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Mechanical properties of FPI/PVDF composite films, figureFileSmall=6kL8aiXRKkndM9RQ46f26g==, figureFileBig=2UP0heZMDS5nkUyAlFeJwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922119658295579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921832612716899, language=CN, label=图9, caption=FPI/PVDF复合薄膜的力学性能, figureFileSmall=6kL8aiXRKkndM9RQ46f26g==, figureFileBig=2UP0heZMDS5nkUyAlFeJwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922119721210141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921832612716899, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Dielectric properties of FPI/PVDF composite films, figureFileSmall=SGaUv328uqQsLuOz2oJqtw==, figureFileBig=u2/a46S6niYkQ3crh7foxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922119792513310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921832612716899, language=CN, label=图10, caption=FPI/PVDF复合薄膜的介电性能, figureFileSmall=SGaUv328uqQsLuOz2oJqtw==, figureFileBig=u2/a46S6niYkQ3crh7foxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922119888982303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921832612716899, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=High-temperature dielectric spectra of PI/PVDF and 30FPI/PVDF composite films., figureFileSmall=mheOwdirmBDL2gQVyy1VAg==, figureFileBig=RMw289aaXDYDYl9oglxSsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304922119951896864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921832612716899, language=CN, label=图11, 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articleId=1304921832612716899, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Hoping distance of different composite films at high temperature

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试样斜率αd/nmR2
PI0.029 352.1420.992 98
PI/PVDF-50.023 291.7000.992 23
30FPI/PVDF-50.014 701.0730.991 95
), ArticleFig(id=1304922121319239982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921832612716899, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同复合薄膜在高温下的跳跃距离

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试样斜率αd/nmR2
PI0.029 352.1420.992 98
PI/PVDF-50.023 291.7000.992 23
30FPI/PVDF-50.014 701.0730.991 95
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Trap parameters of different composite films

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试样高温峰温度/℃陷阱深度/eV陷阱密度/m-3
PI/PVDF-5148.811.055.96×1019
30FPI/PVDF-5162.430.945.07×1020
192.551.481.26×1020
), ArticleFig(id=1304922121436680496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921832612716899, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同复合薄膜陷阱参数

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试样高温峰温度/℃陷阱深度/eV陷阱密度/m-3
PI/PVDF-5148.811.055.96×1019
30FPI/PVDF-5162.430.945.07×1020
192.551.481.26×1020
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含氟界面改性的PI/PVDF有机复合薄膜高温储能性能研究
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朱本钦 , 孟永鹏 * , 曲仕齐 , 陈玉 , 艾玎 , 成永红
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2026,59(5): 48-57
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绝缘材料 |材料研究 2026 , 59 (5) : 48 -57
含氟界面改性的PI/PVDF有机复合薄膜高温储能性能研究
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朱本钦, 孟永鹏*, 曲仕齐, 陈玉, 艾玎, 成永红
作者信息
  • 西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
通讯作者:
孟永鹏(1976-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,高级工程师,博士,主要研究方向为电介质储能材料。
作者简介:

朱本钦(2000-),男(汉族),山东济宁人,助理工程师,主要研究方向为高温储能电介质材料

Study on high-temperature energy storage performance of fluorinated interface modified PI/PVDF organic composite films
Benqin ZHU, Yongpeng MENG*, Shiqi QU, Yu CHEN, Ding AI, Yonghong CHENG
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.006
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为解决聚酰亚胺(PI)与聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)共混时两相界面相容性差的问题,采用共聚的方式将-CF3基团引入到PI主链中得到含氟共聚聚酰亚胺(FPI),再将FPI与PVDF共混制备FPI/PVDF全有机复合薄膜。测试复合薄膜的化学结构、微观形貌、热稳定性和力学性能,重点分析复合薄膜在高温下的介电性能和储能性能。结果表明:将-CF3基团引入PI主链后,FPI与PVDF两相之间的界面间隙减小至100 nm以下,在高温下复合薄膜的电导损耗得到显著抑制。PI与PVDF之间相容性的改善,显著降低了复合薄膜在高温下的介质损耗因数,提高了复合薄膜介电常数的频率稳定性与温度稳定性。当PVDF质量分数为5%且FPI中4,4′-(六氟异丙烯)二酞酸酐(6FDA)摩尔分数为30%时,FPI/PVDF复合薄膜在150℃下的电气强度达到515.30 kV/mm,最大储能密度达到2.96 J/cm3,比相同PVDF含量且未经氟化界面改性的PI/PVDF复合薄膜提升了85.0%。此外,6FDA与PVDF的引入有助于增加复合材料的陷阱密度与深陷阱能级,进而提升复合薄膜高温储能性能。

聚酰亚胺  /  聚偏氟乙烯  /  共混  /  共聚  /  相容性  /  高温储能

To address the problem of poor interfacial compatibility between polyimide (PI) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) during blending, a fluorinated copolyimide (FPI) was synthesized by introducing -CF3 groups into the PI main chain via copolymerization, and then FPI/PVDF all-organic composite films were prepared by blending FPI with PVDF. The chemical structure, micromorphology, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the composite films were characterized, with a particular focus on their dielectric and energy storage performance at high temperature. The results show that after introducing -CF3 groups into the PI main chain, the interfacial gap between the FPI phase and PVDF phase is reduced to below 100 nm, and the conduction loss of the composite films is significantly suppressed at high temperature. The improved compatibility between PI and PVDF remarkably reduces the dielectric loss factor of the composite films at high temperature and enhances the frequency stability and temperature stability of the dielectric constant. When the mass fraction of PVDF is 5% and the molar fraction of 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) in FPI is 30%, the FPI/PVDF composite films achieve an electric strength of 515.30 kV/mm and a maximum energy storage density of 2.96 J/cm3 at 150℃, which is 85.0% higher than that of the PI/PVDF composite film with the same PVDF content but without fluorinated interfacial modification. Furthermore, the introduction of 6FDA and PVDF contributes to an increase in both the trap density and the deep trap energy level of the composite, thereby enhancing the high-temperature energy storage performance of the composite films.

polyimide  /  polyvinylidene fluoride  /  blending  /  copolymerization  /  compatibility  /  high-temperature energy storage
朱本钦, 孟永鹏, 曲仕齐, 陈玉, 艾玎, 成永红. 含氟界面改性的PI/PVDF有机复合薄膜高温储能性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (5) : 48 -57 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.006
Benqin ZHU, Yongpeng MENG, Shiqi QU, Yu CHEN, Ding AI, Yonghong CHENG. Study on high-temperature energy storage performance of fluorinated interface modified PI/PVDF organic composite films[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (5) : 48 -57 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.006
近年来,随着经济与科技的飞速发展,介电电容器在新能源并网、脉冲功率装置、电动汽车、航空航天等领域得到了广泛应用[1]。以电动汽车为例,根据SJ/T 11633—2016《电动汽车电机控制器用高压电容器选型规范》[2],电动汽车用电容器的使用温度为-40~85℃,但在试验过程中发现最高温度可达105℃。目前介电电容器常用的材料为双向拉伸聚丙烯薄膜(BOPP),工作温度在70℃以下,当温度升高时其储能性能会大幅降低。为满足电容器的正常应用,势必要在电动汽车中安装大体积散热系统,这会导致产品的复杂性和制造成本增加。因此,研究具有耐高温且储能性能良好的电介质材料对于降低设备制造成本、减小设备占地面积,实现设备集成化、小型化具有重要意义。
目前常见的高温储能材料主要有聚酰亚胺(PI)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚苯硫醚(PPS)、聚苯并咪唑(PBI)和液晶聚合物(LCP)等[3]。其中PI因其成本低廉、结构简单、改性方便等优点,成为高温储能领域的重要介电材料。然而,在150℃及以上的高温环境下,PI在高电场强度下的电导损耗会迅速增大,导致储能效率迅速下降。为解决此问题,研究人员对PI进行了复合改性,常见的方式包括有机-无机改性和有机-有机改性[4]。在有机-有机改性中,复合材料的基体与填料均为有机材料,所采用的改性方式包含共聚、掺杂、共混、叠层4种方式[5]。其中共混改性的工艺相比共聚、掺杂、叠层更为简单,可直接与工业生产中的生产线进行对接而无需升级设备,因此在原料、设备投入方面成本较低,特别适合工程应用。
在以往的研究中,以耐热性能良好的PI为基体,与具有高介电常数的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)进行共混,制备出的PI/PVDF全有机复合薄膜具有比纯PI薄膜更高的介电性能。MAO X等[6]对PI/PVDF复合薄膜的介电性能进行测试,发现其相对介电常数最高提升至5.7(1 kHz下)。但由于共混后PVDF以较大粒径存在于PI基体中,在两相界面之间引入了2~10 μm的间隙,导致复合薄膜的耐击穿性能显著降低,从而限制了储能性能的提升。针对此问题,MAO X等[7]通过在PI/PVDF复合薄膜内引入硅烷偶联剂KH570进行改性,利用KH570与填料之间的氢键改善PI与PVDF的相容性,使复合薄膜电气强度提高至未改性时的两倍,储能密度提升了约0.6 J/cm3。然而,与PI本身的电气强度相比仍存在较大差距,并且随着温度的升高,复合薄膜的电气强度还会进一步下降,从而限制了高温储能性能的提升。FENG Q K等[8]将聚(偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯)共聚物(P(VDF-HFP))作为分散相与PI进行共混,两者之间的相容性相比PI与PVDF有一定改善,利用P(VDF-HFP)对空间电荷良好的抑制作用,使PI/ P(VDF-HFP)复合材料的介电常数得到增强,高温储能性能得到显著提升。然而随着P(VDF-HFP)质量分数的增加,PI/P(VDF-HFP)复合薄膜的电气强度和电导率都有不同程度的下降,影响了其高温储能性能的进一步提升。另外,随着P(VDF-HFP)质量分数的增加,复合薄膜仍然存在两相界面相容性较差的问题,并且P(VDF-HFP)的制备成本也相对较高,限制了其在工业中的大规模应用。
随着使用温度的升高,PI和PVDF之间的界面间隙对复合薄膜介电和储能性能的影响会进一步加剧,必须找到在高温下提升界面相容性的有效方法。本文采用含有-CF3基团的4,4′-(六氟异丙烯)二酞酸酐(6FDA)与PI单元进行共聚,制备含氟改性PI(FPI)。之后将FPI与PVDF共混,进行热亚胺化后得到FPI/PVDF有机复合薄膜。然后研究-CF3基团的引入对FPI/PVDF复合薄膜两相相容性的影响规律,探究在不同共聚比例以及不同PVDF含量下FPI/PVDF复合薄膜的高温介电和储能性能。最后通过电导电流与热刺激电流测试分析复合薄膜陷阱特性对高温储能性能的影响机制。
制备PI的单体为均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA,纯度为99%)和4,4′-二氨基二苯醚(ODA,纯度≥98%);制备含氟共聚聚酰亚胺FPI的二酐单体为4,4′-(六氟异丙烯)二酞酸酐(6FDA,纯度≥98%);制备FPI/PVDF复合薄膜的PVDF分子量约为400 000,纯度≥99%;溶剂为N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc,纯度≥99.8%)。所有原材料均来源于阿拉丁生化科技有限公司。
为确保-CF3基团含量在共聚FPI中的准确性与均匀性,以及避免6FDA对PVDF性能的影响,实验分为两个步骤合成FPI/PVDF复合薄膜,制备流程如图1所示。
(1)共聚物FPI的前驱体溶液(FPAA)与PVDF溶液的制备。称取一定量的ODA、6FDA、PMDA,控制ODA、6FDA、PMDA的摩尔比为(m+n)∶1.02m∶1.02nmn分为6FDA和PMDA在总二酐中所占的摩尔分数)。将一定量DMAc置于通有氮气的三颈烧瓶中,将ODA溶于DMAc中,待二胺完全溶解后,采用分次聚合的方式将PMDA与6FDA交叉地加入至三颈烧瓶中,每次加料的间隔时间为20 min。最后将溶液在冰水浴中搅拌约12 h形成FPAA溶液。由于FPAA极易水解,整个制备过程需在氮气环境下进行。同时,取适量的PVDF置于玻璃瓶中,并向其加入一定量的DMAc,之后置于60℃的加热搅拌台中搅拌约6 h,得到PVDF溶液。
(2)FPAA与PVDF的共混与热亚胺化。将相同质量分数的PVDF溶液与FPAA溶液进行共混,并在室温下用磁力搅拌器剧烈搅拌约12 h,设置转速为500 r/min,功率为25 W。之后取适量共混溶液进行真空脱泡,采用自动涂覆机在洁净玻璃片上涂覆成膜并转移至高温真空烘箱中进行热亚胺化。温控程序为70℃/6 h+100℃/1 h+200℃/1 h+250℃/1 h+300℃/1 h,升温速率为1℃/min。最后将薄膜在去离子水中进行脱膜并放置在80℃的真空烘箱内烘焙,去除残留水分与溶剂,得到具有不同-CF3基团含量以及不同PVDF含量的有机复合薄膜。为了区分不同-CF3基团含量和PVDF含量的试样,将试样记为mFPI/PVDF-X,其中m代表含有-CF3基团的共聚单元在FPI分子链中的含量,即6FDA在总二酐中所占的摩尔分数,X代表复合薄膜中PVDF的质量分数。例如30FPI/PVDF-5代表6FDA摩尔分数为30%的FPI与质量分数为5%的PVDF共混得到的有机复合薄膜。本文制备的复合薄膜的厚度为12~15 μm。
采用红外光谱仪(FTIR,Nicolet In10型,美国赛默飞公司)对复合薄膜的分子结构进行测试,测试时选择全反射衰减模式(ATR),测试波长为3 500~500 cm-1;采用X射线衍射仪(XRD,D8 ADVANCEA25型,德国布鲁克公司)测试复合薄膜的晶相结构,并根据布拉格公式计算复合薄膜的分子链间距;采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,VE9800型,日本电子株式会社)对复合薄膜断面进行观察;采用热重/差示扫描量热联用分析仪(TGA/DSC,Mettler Toledo型,高铁检测仪器(东莞)有限公司)进行热分解性能与玻璃化转变温度测试,升温速率为10 K/min,氮气氛围;采用万能拉伸试验机(CMT450-5kN型,深圳市楚英豪科技有限公司)对薄膜的力学性能进行测试。
采用宽频介电谱测试系统(Concept80型,德国Novocontrol公司)对复合薄膜的高温介电性能进行测试,测试前需对所有薄膜表面进行喷金处理。介电频谱测试频率范围为0.1 Hz~1 MHz,测试温度为150℃;介电温谱的测试温度范围为20~195℃,测试频率为50 Hz。电气性能测试采用铁电分析仪(PK-WGCM20型,美国PolyK公司)中的击穿测试模块进行,设置升压速率为0.5 kV/s,电极为球-板电极。电导损耗测量采用由高压直流电源与精密电流表(6514B型,美国Keithley公司)搭建的电导电流测试系统进行。复合薄膜的高温储能性能采用上述铁电分析仪进行测试,测试前薄膜表面喷镀直径为3 mm的圆形金电极,测试频率为10 Hz。采用热刺激电流仪(Concept90型,德国Novocontrol公司)测试复合薄膜的去极化电流并计算其陷阱能级与陷阱密度。
图2为含氟界面改性前后的复合薄膜试样实物图。从图2可以看出,制备的复合薄膜表面光滑平整,厚度均匀,柔韧性较好,且无宏观的两相分离现象。当PVDF含量相同时,含氟界面改性的FPI/PVDF复合薄膜相比改性前的PI/PVDF复合薄膜透光度增强。
图3为复合薄膜的断面SEM图像。由图3(b)可以看出,当引入少量的-CF3基团后,共混得到的10FPI/PVDF-5复合薄膜两相之间最大的间隙约为142.8 nm,与图3(a)改性前的PI/PVDF-5复合薄膜两相界面间隙(471nm)相比大幅减小。图3(c)表明随着-CF3基团含量的进一步增加,两相之间的间隙减小至100 nm以下,表明-CF3基团含量越多,两相之间的界面相容性和粘接力越好。由图3(d)可见,当6FDA的摩尔分数从30%增加至50%时,两相之间的最大间隙基本维持在80 nm左右。说明通过增加-CF3基团含量提升PI与PVDF之间的相容性存在一定的阈值,当-CF3基团超过一定含量后,两相间的相容性几乎不再提高,因此制备时需选取适当含量的6FDA。
图4给出了引入-CF3基团后FPI共聚薄膜的红外光谱图。从图4可以看出,红外光谱中已无代表FPAA的1 624 cm-1处特征峰,而在1 770、1 710、1 362、720 cm-1处出现了较强的FPI特征峰,这表明在热亚胺化过程中聚酰胺酸已全部转化为聚酰亚胺[9]。此外,在红外光谱中还出现了代表C-F键的1188 cm-1处特征峰,说明-CF3基团已经通过共聚反应进入到PI主链中形成含氟共聚聚酰亚胺FPI,其分子结构如图5所示[10]
图6为FPI共聚薄膜和FPI/PVDF复合薄膜的XRD测试结果。由图6(a)可以看出,随着-CF3基团含量的增加,FPI共聚薄膜的XRD衍射峰峰值逐渐向小角度偏移,表明分子间的链间距增大。这是由于-CF3基团自身具有强大的电负性,可形成较大的空间位阻[11]。从图6(b)可以看出,随着PVDF含量增多,FPI/PVDF复合薄膜的结晶度增大,主要晶型为α晶型[12-14],与PVDF的晶型保持一致。这说明FPI与PVDF之间的复合方式为物理共混,在热亚胺化过程中并无新的基团或结晶结构出现。
图7图8分别为复合薄膜的TGA与DSC测试结果。从图78可以看出,在PI中引入-CF3基团以及与PVDF共混都会使复合薄膜的起始热分解温度(T5%)以及玻璃化转变温度(Tg)降低,但由于PI自身的苯环结构未在氟化界面改性过程中发生改变,对热性能的影响并不大,50FPI/PVDF-5复合薄膜的T5%降低至494.64℃,Tg降低至302.57℃,与10FPI的T5%(554.31℃)和Tg(315.06℃)相比分别降低了10.76%和3.96%。虽然引入-CF3后降低了PI的部分耐热性能,但由于-CF3含量有限,且PVDF的起始热分解温度一般高于400℃[15-16],远高于热亚胺化时采用的最高反应温度,使得复合薄膜的热分解温度仍可以保持在300℃以上,能够满足150℃的高温应用需求。
图9是FPI/PVDF复合薄膜的机械拉伸测试结果。从图9可以看出,随着-CF3基团含量的增加,复合薄膜的杨氏模量与断裂伸长率呈先升高后降低的趋势,说明引入适量-CF3有利于增强两相界面分子间的作用力,从而提升复合薄膜的力学性能。但过量的-CF3会增加FPI本身的刚性,导致复合薄膜更容易发生脆断,反而引起力学性能的下降。
考虑到复合材料制备过程中填料分散性、薄膜厚度均匀性以及随机误差等因素的影响,在进行复合薄膜介电和储能性能测试中,对每一类薄膜均筛选基本性能一致性较好的试样进行测试。图10为50 Hz下复合薄膜的介电温谱测试结果。从图10可以看出,相同-CF3基团含量的FPI/PVDF复合薄膜中,随着PVDF含量的增多,复合薄膜的相对介电常数与介质损耗因数(tanδ)整体上均增大。特别是在140~150℃出现了一个tanδ峰值,这是由于复合薄膜中的PVDF在此温度区间下由α晶型转变为β晶型,分子极化损耗增大,导致介质损耗有所增加[17]。在20~195℃温度范围内,10FPI/PVDF-9试样相对介电常数极大值和极小值之差为0.59,而50FPI/PVDF-9试样在同样温度范围内相对介电常数极大值与极小值的差为0.24,这表明随着-CF3基团含量的增多,FPI/PVDF复合薄膜相对介电常数随温度变化的波动减小,温度稳定性得以提升。复合薄膜相对介电常数温度稳定性的增加说明-CF3基团削弱了界面极化效应,在界面处限制分子链段自由移动的作用力增强,从而使FPI与PVDF之间的相容性得到提高[18-19]
图10还可以看出,-CF3基团的引入也降低了复合薄膜在高温下的tanδ。50FPI/PVDF-3复合薄膜在150℃下的tanδ维持在0.02以下。说明引入的-CF3基团越多,在相同PVDF含量下FPI/PVDF复合薄膜的tanδ随温度变化的稳定性也越好。
对引入适量CF3基团的30FPI/PVDF-5有机复合薄膜进行150℃高温介电频谱测试,并与相同PVDF含量下未经含氟界面改性的PI/PVDF-5复合薄膜进行对比,结果如图11所示。从图11可以发现,30FPI/PVDF-5复合薄膜的相对介电常数相比PI/PVDF-5复合薄膜略有下降,这是由于-CF3基团的对称结构使得分子内的自由体积增大,同时主链中氟含量的增多提升了PI与PVDF之间的界面相容性,导致界面极化有一定程度减弱。
对比图11(a)图11(b)可以看出,在10 Hz以下的低频段,未进行含氟界面改性的复合薄膜tanδ最大为0.13,而经含氟界面改性后复合薄膜的tanδ在该频率范围内保持在0.02以下,与未改性复合薄膜相比显著降低。此外,在测试频率范围内,改性后复合薄膜tanδ仅在0.002~0.03内波动,其波动幅度小于未改性复合薄膜在测试频率范围内的波动幅度。在高温下氟化界面改性复合薄膜的相对介电常数与tanδ随频率变化的稳定性得到了一定提升。
图12为复合薄膜在150℃下的电气测试结果。对同一类薄膜分别测试3组试样,取3组试样电气强度的平均值以推出FPI/PVDF复合薄膜的电气强度随PVDF含量的变化,如图13所示。从图13可以看出,随着PVDF含量的升高,相同-CF3基团含量的FPI/PVDF复合薄膜的电气强度均呈现先升高后降低的趋势。而对于相同PVDF含量的复合薄膜,其电气强度随-CF3基团含量的增加而增大。这一方面是由于-CF3基团具有较强的电子吸引力,在高温下可以阻碍电子的迁移,从而提升薄膜的耐击穿能力[20];另一方面,-CF3基团的引入使得FPI与PVDF之间的界面相容性得到显著提升——不仅减小了界面之间的间隙,还使得共混时PVDF在PI基体中分散更为均匀,均匀性的改善有利于提高载流子的捕获效率,进而提升电气强度。然而,当-CF3基团含量过多而PVDF含量较少时(如50FPI/PVDF-1复合薄膜),复合薄膜的杨氏模量会突然下降,发生电-机械击穿的概率上升,导致电气强度降低[21]。当-CF3基团含量过少而PVDF含量较多时,此时PVDF无法均匀分散,同样会降低复合薄膜的电气性能。
图13还可以看出,对于含氟界面改性的10FPI/PVDF复合薄膜,当PVDF质量分数为3%时电气强度达到最大值497.49 kV/mm。而对于30FPI/PVDF和50FPI/PVDF复合薄膜,当PVDF质量分数为5%时电气强度达到最大值,分别为515.30 kV/mm和567.71 kV/mm。这进一步说明-CF3基团的引入提升了FPI与PVDF之间的相容性,使复合薄膜在高温下保持较高电气强度的同时,可以容纳更多PVDF的引入。
对纯PI、PI/PVDF-5和30FPI/PVDF-5三种薄膜在150℃高温下进行了电导电流测试,结果如图14所示。由于电介质的电导特性在高温、高场强下为非欧姆特性,以跳跃电导为主[22],采用式(1)对电导电流进行拟合,并采用式(2)计算电子跳跃距离,结果如表1所示。
J=2nedvexp[(-UkbT)]sinh(deE2kbT)=J0sinh(αE)
d=2kbTα/e
式(1)~(2)中:J为电介质中的电流密度;U为电导激活能;d为跳跃距离;v为跳跃几率;n为载流子浓度;kb为玻尔兹曼常数;T为温度;e为电子电荷量;E为电场强度;J0α均为常数。
图14可知,在150℃高温下,30FPI/PVDF-5复合薄膜在不同场强下的电流密度均低于PI/PVDF-5和纯PI薄膜,如在150 kV/mm场强下的电流密度仅为纯PI薄膜的1/10,更低的电流密度意味着PVDF的引入使复合薄膜在高温、强电场下的传导损耗更低,可以耐受更高的场强。由表1可知,PI/PVDF-5在高温下的跳跃距离约为1.700 nm,而30FPI/PVDF-5在相同温度下的跳跃距离降低至1.073 nm。平均跳跃距离的降低说明复合薄膜内的临近局域态密度升高,陷阱密度增加,从而更容易捕获载流子,最终提高电气强度[23]
图15为PI/PVDF和FPI/PVDF复合薄膜在150℃高温下的储能性能测试结果。
图15可以看出,在PI中引入-CF3基团后,FPI/PVDF复合薄膜在高温下的充放电效率提升幅度比PI/PVDF更为显著。这一方面得益于FPI与PVDF之间界面相容性的改善,一定程度上减少了团聚和桥接等不利因素;另一方面,适量PVDF的引入有利于降低电导电流,提高电气强度,减小复合薄膜在高温、强电场下的传导损耗。
对同一类薄膜分别进行3次储能密度测试,可以得到在不同-CF3基团含量下,当复合薄膜的充放电效率η>60%时最大储能密度随PVDF含量的变化,如图16所示。
图16可以看出,对于不同-CF3基团含量的复合薄膜,最大储能密度对应的PVDF含量也不同。-CF3基团含量越多,达到最大储能密度需要共混的PVDF含量就越多。这说明-CF3基团在改善FPI与PVDF界面相容性的同时,促进了PVDF在材料中的均匀分散,使复合薄膜内存在更多的微小界面,进而产生更多的电荷陷阱,提升复合薄膜的电气强度。与电气强度变化规律类似,当-CF3基团过多而PVDF较少时,薄膜力学性能的下降不利于储能性能的进一步提高;PVDF过多而-CF3基团较少时,-CF3改善PVDF均匀分散的作用有限,同样使储能性能有所下降。
图16还可以得到,30FPI/PVDF-5复合薄膜在150℃下获得的最大储能密度为2.96 J/cm3,相比PI/PVDF-5复合薄膜的最大储能密度(1.60 J/cm3)提升了85.0%。对PI/PVDF-5和30FPI/PVDF-5复合薄膜分别进行TSDC测试,并根据式(3)进行高斯分峰拟合[24],结果如图17所示。图17中拟合曲线峰值的高低与陷阱密度相关,而峰值对应的温度则与陷阱能级有关。得到复合薄膜的陷阱参数如表2所示。
ITSCT=pτ0exp-ETkbT-1βτ0T0Texp(-ETkbT)dT
式(3)中:ITSC为热刺激电流的大小;p为极化强度;τ0为松弛时间常数;ET为活化能;kb为玻尔兹曼常数;T为温度;β为升温速率。
图17可以看出,PI/PVDF-5试样仅有一个高温峰,而30FPI/PVDF-5试样出现两个高温峰,这是由于进行含氟界面改性后,复合薄膜内出现了更为复杂的界面结构,引入新的陷阱能级,从而导致峰的数量增多。由图17表2还可以看出,在引入一定量的-CF3基团后,30FPI/PVDF-5复合薄膜的深陷阱密度比未经含氟界面改性的PI/PVDF-5复合薄膜有所提升。同时出现了新的192.55℃高温峰,对应的陷阱深度增加至1.48 eV。陷阱密度的增加可以使复合薄膜捕获更多载流子,而更深陷阱的出现可以降低载流子的脱陷概率,也有利于提升复合薄膜在高温下的储能性能[25-26]
(1)通过共聚的方式将-CF3基团引入PI主链中得到FPI,并将其与PVDF进行共混得到含氟界面改性的FPI/PVDF有机复合薄膜。在适量的-CF3基团含量下,PI与PVDF之间的界面相容性得到了改善,两相间的最大间隙由未经氟化界面改性的近500 nm降低至100 nm以下。
(2)PI与PVDF之间相容性的改善能够显著提升复合薄膜的介电性能,使高温下的介质损耗因数降低,介电常数的频率稳定性与温度稳定性提高。引入-CF3基团降低了复合薄膜在高温、高场强下的电导损耗,减小了载流子的跳跃距离,从而提升了复合薄膜的电气性能。其中50FPI/PVDF-5复合薄膜电气强度最大,达到567.71 kV/mm。
(3)-CF3基团含量和PVDF含量对FPI/PVDF复合薄膜储能性能的影响机制不同。在一定的PVDF含量下,-CF3基团的引入一方面提升两相界面相容性,另一方面使复合薄膜能容纳更多的PVDF,从而增加材料的陷阱密度与深陷阱能级,提升复合薄膜在高温下的电气强度和储能密度。在不同-CF3基团含量下,最大储能密度对应的PVDF含量也不同,其中30FPI/PVDF-5复合薄膜的储能密度最大,为2.96 J/cm3,相比未经含氟界面改性的复合薄膜提升了85.0%。

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2026年第59卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.006
  • 接收时间:2025-07-05
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-05
  • 修回日期:2025-09-12
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    西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

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孟永鹏(1976-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,高级工程师,博士,主要研究方向为电介质储能材料。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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